Architectural Internet

ARP:-Address Resolution Protocol

Network Layer
TTL:-Time To Live
No. of Hops Available

Broadcast:-
Unicast :-PTP
Data Physical Address
Link:-

Q:-Why ARP Packet are not Encapsulation into IP data grams ?

-Because ARP packets Never Leave LAN.
Q:-Explain in details the need for ARP Protocol?
Before The IP Protocol can deliver a packet form a source HOST to the
-Destination HOST.
It Need to New How to Deliver it to the next HOP first
Q:-What is the size of an ARP request and reply packet?
-The size of an ARP request or reply packet is 28 Bytes.
Q:- in Proxy ARP Routers . if a router receive can an ARP request for HOST on
another network. The router will send an ARP reply message announcing .
-It's Own Hardware (physical) address.
Q:- Explain The Step of ARP Request and reply?
if system A need to Communication with system B it first send an ARP
request Packet to all Host on the network to obtain the physical address of B
but only system B will reply to that massage with an ARP reply packet
stating its physical address.
-solution

a-ARP request is broad cast

b.ARP reply is unicast

Q:-A Host with IP address 130.13.43.10 and physical address 0xb23455102210

Host Packet to send to another host with IP address 130.23.13.15 and physical
address 0XAU6EF45983AB. The two Hosts are on the same Ethernet network.
Show the ARP Request and Reply packets encapsulation in Ethernet frame
ARP Request From A to B

ARP Reply From B to A

130 4 bit 130.23.43.20 ...

128
+ 3 22 1 0

7 6 5 4
2222
1000
8

2222
0010
2

Q:-Show by Diagram the format of ARP packet and compare between ARP
request and reply.
Solution
ARP packet
Hardware type
Protocol Tope
Hardware
Protocol
Opcode
Length
Length
(1=request , 2=reply)
Sender Hardware address
Sender Protocol address
Target Hardware address
Target Protocol address
Request
Reply
1- A host requesting the destination
1-The host replies with hardware
physical address
address
2- Operation filed value = 1
2- Operation filed value = 2
3-Target hardware address = all zero 3-Target hardware address is the
(because it is known)
physical address of request host
Q: Explain with diagram the proxy ARP

The proxy ARP Router

Replies To Any ARP request
received for destination
192.168.0.1, 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.3

Example:State

Queue

Attempt

Time out

Protocol address

R
P
F
P

12
5
-7

-2
-1

900
----

10.0.0.1
192.168.0.1
-192.168.7.3

Hardware address
AF:FC:33:00:56:66
----

Sol:
1-ARP Output model Receive an IP data gram to Destination IP 10.0.0.1
After 200MS.
State Queue Attempt Time out Protocol address
Hardware address
R
12
-700
10.0.0.1
AF:FC:33:00:56:66
P
5
2
-192.168.0.1
-F
-----P
7
1
-192.168.7.3
-2-ARP Input model Receive an ARP packet with largest IP address 192.168.0.1
and (AC:AE:32:45:73:42)
State

Queue

Attempt

Time out

Protocol address

Hardware address
R
12
-700
10.0.0.1
AF:FC:33:00:56:66
R
5
-900
192.168.0.1
AC:AE:32:45:73:42
F
-----P
7
1
-192.168.7.3
-3-After 700 MS ARP Output Model Receive an IP Data gram with destination IP
(192.168.7.4).
State Queue Attempt Time out Protocol address
Hardware address
F
-R
5
-900
192.168.0.1
AC:AE:32:45:73:42
P
15
1
900
192.168.7.4
-P
7
1
-192.168.7.3
-R=Resolved
P=Pending
F=Free
Queue=Number of Queue where packet are wailing For address resolution
Attempt=Number of ARE request Sent
Time Out= Life time of the entry (sec)
State

Queue

Attempt

Time out

Protocol address

F
R
P

Hardware address

Q:-Show by Diagram the process of encapsulation the ARP packet into farm?
Solution

Q:-What are the four cases of using the ARP protocol ?

Case 1:-

Same network Packet A

Case 2:-

Another network Packet A

Case 3:-

Another network Host Packet A Router

Case 4:-

Same network Host Packet A Router

ICMP | Internet Control Message Protocol
ICMP go to Source
Datagram PCKET
Network Layer
Q:-if the port on the destination HOST is unreachable the type and code for this
ICMP Message.
-Type 3 Code 3.

Q:Show how the encapsulation of ICMP packet contains bath ip header first 8
byte 8 datagram data?
Or (contents of data field for error messages)
IP
8byte
IP Data
Header
ICMP
IP
8byte
ICMP
Header
Header
Packet
Sent IP
IP
ICMP
IP
8byte
Datagram
Header
Header
Header
Q: For the following network diagram show the needed temp message to be
generated .
(if Host A send data to D)

Solution:- Destination Host D will send to informs the source host that the
destination unicast address is unreachable.
Q:Why is that an ICMP packet descend have source and destination port number?
-ICMP does not use a port ; it is an echo reply protocol communication protocol .
Echo Protocol ICMP
Not Communication Protocol
Time stamp
Synchronization of both ends clocks
Time difference = receive time stamp = original time stamp
One way = Synchronization
One-way
(delay)
Checksum

ICMP
Network Layer
ICMP:-is a message control and error-reporting between a Host server and get
way to the internet.
Function :- Manages network communication and error reporting mechanisms.
Q:-Why ICMP is Considered to be the IP companion ?
-Because message not send of through encapsulation IP Header

Q:-Compare Between ICMP and ARP in terms of message

ARP
ICMP
Address resolution protocol ,it is
trace or ping are using ICMP when
helping which IP address is
you send ping Host needs to find
working on which MAC address.
get way MAC

Q:- Sketch the general ICMP message format and label?

32 Bit
Type
code
Checksum ICMP
-Type:-Type of Message
Data length depends on type
-Code :- Subtype of Message
and code
-Checksum:-1's compliment
-computed over entire ICMP message
The rest of the ICMP data depends
on the type and code
Q:- Error reporting message ? ICMP handles five (5) type of error
1-Destination unreachable.
2-source Quench.
3-Time exceeded.
4-Parameter problem.
5-redirection.
Q: Show By proper Diagrams the Encapsulation of ICMP into Frame?

Q:-sketch the source Quench error reporting format and give Example?
Solution:
Type

Code
Checksum
Unused (A11 0)

Error Reporting Message :Report Problems

Query Massage:- GET Specific Information

Q:-List type of ICMP Message .

Category
Type
Message
Error Reporting
3
Des. unreachable
Message
4
Sour. Quench
5
Redirection
11
Time exceeded
12
Parameter Problem
Query Massage
0 or 8
Echo request or reply
13 or 14 Time stamp request or reply
Q: What are the necessary Step Calculations for synchronization of clocks?

Original Time=39|Receive Time =45|Time the packet retuned = 56 |Transmit time=46

Sending Time = Receive time Original time == 45-39=6

Receiving Time = return time-Transmit Time stamp == 56-46=10
Round trip time=6+10=16
Time Difference =Receive time (original Time+ one way)== 45-(39+1)=85

Q/ What is difference between intra-domain and inter-domain ?

Intra- domain
-

Distance vector
Popular protocol are :
RIP
OSPF
Protocol for intra domain
routing are also called IGP routing called EGP
Routing within AS

Inter-domain
- Path vector
- Routing protocol:
- EGP
- BGP (more recent)
-Protocol for inter domain
- Routing between AS

Q/Compare between static and dynamic routing table?

Sol//
1- Static routing:2-Dynamic routing:- Minimal CPU / memory overhead
- Simpler to configure on large network
- No bandwidth
-will dynamically choose different
-Granular control on how traffic is routed
- Ability to load balance between multiple links
- Impractical on large network
- Update are shared between routers
Q/What are the four type of links?
Sol// 1- Point to point link : connect two router without any other host.
2- Transient link : is a network with several routers.
3- Stub link: is a network that is connected to only router.
4- Virtual link : when the link between two routers is broken.
Q/ What are the five type of OSPF?
Sol//1-Hello packet
2-Data base description packet
3-Link state request
4-Link state update
5-Link state acknowledgment
Hello packet: is used to discover neighbor and maintain relationship with other router.
Q/ Sketch the RIP message format and explain the function of each one of its fields ?

8-bit

Command
16-bit

8-bit
Reserved

Version

Family

All 0s
Network address
All 0
All 0

32-bit

Distance
Q/ There are five type of link-state update message
Sol// 1- Router link: send this to describe neighbor and own interface
2- Network link: for broadcast network only
3- Summary link to network
4- Summary link to AS boundary router
5- External link
23

Q/What is the difference between routing table and route protocol ?

Sol// -Routing table : is to put the packet into route to it is find destination .
-Routing protocol : to create mange update the routing table in any network .
Q/ What is an autonomous system ?and what is area ?
Sol// AS : is a collection of routers under one persons or more network operator
-So you are responsible for area 0 and area 1 there fore it is on AS
*Although routing is within area there is default route sending it to area 0
Q/ What are the three timers in RIP explain the need for each one of them and give simple
example ?
Sol// 1- Periodic Timer : control the advertising of regular update message .
2- Expiration Timer : governs the validity of a route .
3- Garbage Collection Timer : when the information about a route becomes invalid .
Q/RIP V1

RIP V2

1- class full RIP

1- classless RIP
2- use broad cast to send periodic update
2- use multicast to send periodic update
3- no support authentication
3- support authentication
4- no support VLSM/CIDR
4- support for VLSM/CIDR
Q/ Define the BGP and outline its use ?
Sol// BGP : Border Getaway Protocol is an inter domain routing protocol using path vector
routing .
Q/ What are four type of message in BGP ?
Sol// 1- open

2- update

3- keep alive

4- notification

Q/ Type of system BGP

Sol// 1- stub AS

2- multi homed AS

3- transit AS

4- CIDR

Q/ How RIP pocket are encapsulated in the internet? What layer ?and what port ?
Sol// layer 3

Port 520

Q/ Define link-state routing and what is protocol currently being use that conforms to linkstate routing
Sol// link-state : is a complex routing technique in which each router share information with
other router a bout reach ability of other network and metric .
Protocol : OSPF (Open Short Path First )
24