CHAPTER 15 SINGLE-PHASE SERIES A.C.

CIRCUITS
Exercise 83, Page 236
1. Calculate the reactance of a coil of inductance 0.2 H when it is connected to (a) a 50 Hz,
(b) a 600 Hz and (c) a 40 kHz supply.

(a) Inductive reactance,

X L 2 f L 2 50 0.2

(b) Inductive reactance,

X L 2 f L 2 600 0.2

(c) Inductive reactance,

X L 2 f L 2 40 103 0.2

= 62.83
= 754
= 50.27 k

2. A coil has a reactance of 120 in a circuit with a supply frequency of 4 kHz. Calculate the
inductance of the coil.

X L 2 f L

hence, inductance, L =

XL
120

2 f 2 4 103

= 4.77 mH

3. A supply of 240 V, 50 Hz is connected across a pure inductance and the resulting current is 1.2 A.
Calculate the inductance of the coil.

Inductive reactance,

X L 2 f L

XL

V 240

I 1.2 = 200

hence, inductance, L =

XL
200

2 f 2 50

= 0.637 H

4. An e.m.f. of 200 V at a frequency of 2 kHz is applied to a coil of pure inductance 50 mH.

Determine (a) the reactance of the coil, and (b) the current flowing in the coil.

(a) Inductive reactance,

X L 2 f L 2 2 103 50 10 3

= 628

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V 200

X
628 = 0.318 A
L
(b) Current, I =

5. A 120 mH inductor has a 50 mA, 1 kHz alternating current flowing through it. Find the p.d.
across the inductor

Inductive reactance,

X L 2 f L 2 1 103 120 10 3

= 753.982

3
P.d. across inductor, VL I X L 50 10 753.982 = 37.7 V

6. Calculate the capacitive reactance of a capacitor of 20 F when connected to an a.c. circuit of

frequency (a) 20 Hz, (b) 500 Hz, (c) 4 kHz

(a) Capacitive reactance,

(b) Capacitive reactance,

(c) Capacitive reactance,

XC

1
1

2 f C 2 20 20 10 6 = 397.9

XC

1
1

2 f C 2 500 20 106 = 15.92

XC

1
1

2 f C 2 4000 20 10 6 = 1.989

7. A capacitor has a reactance of 80 when connected to a 50 Hz supply. Calculate the value of

the capacitor.

Capacitive reactance,

XC

1
2 f C

from which, capacitance, C =

1
1

2 f X C 2 50 80
= 39.79 F

8. Calculate the current taken by a 10 F capacitor when connected to a 200 V, 100 Hz supply.

Capacitive reactance,

XC

1
1

2 f C 2100 10 10 6 = 159.155

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V
200

Current, I = X C 159.155 = 1.257 A

9. A capacitor has a capacitive reactance of 400 when connected to a 100 V, 25 Hz supply.

Determine its capacitance and the current taken from the supply.

Capacitive reactance,

XC

1
2 f C

from which, capacitance, C =

1
1

2 f X C 2 25 400
= 15.92 F

V 100

X
400 = 0.25 A
L
Current, I =

10. Two similar capacitors are connected in parallel to a 200 V, 1 kHz supply. Find the value of
each capacitor if the current is 0.628 A.

XC

i.e.

V
200

I 0.628 = 318.47
1
1
CT
318.47
3
2 10 318.47
2 f C
, hence, total capacitance,
= 0.50 F

Since for parallel connection of capacitors, CT C1 C 2 2C1 , then

C1

0.50
2 = 0.25 F

i.e. each capacitor has a capacitance of 0.25 F

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Exercise 84, page 239

1. Determine the impedance of a coil which has a resistance of 12 and a reactance of 16

Impedance, Z =

R 2 X L 2 122 162

= 20

2. A coil of inductance 80 mH and resistance 60 is connected to a 200 V, 100 Hz supply.

Calculate the circuit impedance and the current taken from the supply. Find also the phase angle
between the current and the supply voltage.

Inductive reactance,
Impedance, Z =

X L 2 f L 2 100 80 10 3

R 2 X L 2 602 50.2652

= 50.265

= 78.27 (see impedance triangle in the diagram

below)

V
200

Current, I = Z 78.27 = 2.555 A

From the impedance triangle,

tan

hence the circuit phase angle, =

XL
R
50.265

60 = 39.95 lagging

tan 1

3. An alternating voltage given by v = 100 sin 240t volts is applied across a coil of resistance 32
and inductance 100 mH. Determine (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.
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across the resistance, and (d) the p.d. across the inductance.

(a) Inductive reactance,

X L 2 f L L 240 100 103

Circuit impedance, Z =

R 2 X L 2 322 24 2

= 24

= 40

V 0.707 100

40
(b) Current flowing, I = Z
= 1.77 A
(Note r.m.s. current = 0.707 maximum value)
(c) P.d. across the resistance,

VR I R 1.77 32

(d) P.d. across the inductance,

VL I X L 1.77 24

= 56.64 V

= 42.48 V

4. A coil takes a current of 5 A from a 20 V d.c. supply. When connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz a.c.
supply the current is 25 A. Calculate the (a) resistance, (b) impedance and (c) inductance of the
coil.

V 20

5 =4
(a) From a d.c. circuit, resistance, R = I
V 200

25 = 8
(b) From an a.c. circuit, impedance, Z = I
2
2
2
(c) From the impedance triangle, Z R X L

2
2
2
2
from which, X L Z R 8 4 = 6.9282

Also, X L 2 f L from which, inductance, L =

XL
6.9282

2 f 2 50

= 22.05 mH

5. A resistor and an inductor of negligible resistance are connected in series to an a.c. supply. The
p.d. across the resistor is 18 V and the p.d. across the inductor is 24 V. Calculate the supply voltage
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and the phase angle between voltage and current.

Supply voltage, V =
VL 24

V
18
R
Tan =

VR 2 VL 2 182 242

= 30 V

from which,

phase angle between voltage and current, =

24

18 = 53.13 lagging (i.e. current lags

voltage in an inductive circuit)

tan 1

6. A coil of inductance 636.6 mH and negligible resistance is connected in series with a 100
resistor to a 250 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the inductive reactance of the coil, (b) the
impedance of the circuit, (c) the current in the circuit, (d) the p.d. across each component, and
(e) the circuit phase angle.
The circuit is shown in the diagram below.

(a) Inductive reactance of coil,

(b) Impedance, Z =

X L 2 f L 2 50 636.6 103

R 2 X L 2 1002 2002

= 223.6

= 200

(from impedance triangle)

V
250

(c) Current, I = Z 223.6 = 1.118 A

(d) Voltage across resistance,
Voltage across inductance,

VR I R 1.118 100

= 111.8 V

VL I X L 1.118 200

= 223.6 V
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(e) From impedance triangle,

tan

XL
R

from which, circuit phase angle, =

X
200
tan 1 L tan 1

R
100

= 63.43 lagging

Exercise 85, page 241

1. A voltage of 35 V is applied across a C-R series circuit. If the voltage across the resistor is 21 V, find the
voltage across the capacitor.

Supply voltage, V =

VR 2 VC 2

i.e.

V 2 VR 2 VC 2
352 212 VC 2

i.e.

2
2
from which, voltage across the capacitor, VC 35 21 = 28 V

2. A resistance of 50 is connected in series with a capacitance of 20 F. If a supply of 200 V,

100 Hz is connected across the arrangement find (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current
flowing, and (c) the phase angle between voltage and current.
The circuit diagram is shown below.

XC
(a) Capacitive reactance,
Impedance, Z =

1
1

2 f C 2 100 20 106

R 2 X C 2 502 79.577 2

= 79.577

= 93.98

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V
200

(b) Current, I = Z 93.98 = 2.128 A

(c)

tan

XC
R

from which, phase angle, =

tan 1

XC
79.577
tan 1

R
50 = 57.86 leading

3. A 24.87 F capacitor and a 30 resistor are connected in series across a 150 V supply. If the current
flowing is 3 A find (a) the frequency of the supply, (b) the p.d. across the resistor and (c) the p.d. across the
capacitor.

V 150

3 = 50
(a) Impedance, Z = I
Also, impedance, Z =
from which,

R 2 XC2

502 302 X C 2

Capacitive reactance,

XC

i.e. 50 =
and

1
2 f C

frequency, f =

302 X C 2

X C 502 302 = 40

from which,
1
1

2 X C C 2 40 24.87 10 6

= 160 Hz

(b) P.d across the resistor, VR I R 3 30 = 90 V

(c) P.d across the capacitor,

VC I X C 3 40

= 120 V

4. An alternating voltage v = 250 sin 800t volts is applied across a series circuit containing a 30
and 50 F capacitor. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.
across the resistor, (d) the p.d. across the capacitor, and (e) the phase angle between voltage and
current.
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The circuit is shown below.

XC
(a) Capacitive reactance,
Impedance, Z =

1
1
1

2 f C C 800 50 106

R 2 X C 2 302 252

= 25

= 39.05

V 0.707 250

39.05
(b) Current, I = Z
= 4.526 A
(c) P.d across the resistor, VR I R 4.526 30 = 135.8 V
(d) P.d across the capacitor,

(e)

tan

XC
R

VC I X C 4.526 25

from which, phase angle, =

= 113.2 V

tan 1

XC
25
tan 1
R
30 = 39.81 leading

5. A 400 resistor is connected in series with a 2358 pF capacitor across a 12 V a.c. supply.
Determine the supply frequency if the current flowing in the circuit is 24 mA.
The circuit is shown below.

V
12

3
Impedance, Z = I 24 10 = 500

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2
2
2
From the impedance triangle (as in the previous problem), Z R X L

2
2
2
2
from which, capacitive reactance, X C Z R 500 400 300
1
1

2 f C 2 f 2358 1012
Hence,
300 =

from which, supply frequency, f =

1
2 300 2358 1012

= 225 kHz

Exercise 86, Page 244

1. A 40 F capacitor in series with a coil of resistance 8 and inductance 80 mH is connected to a 200 V,
100 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the phase angle between
voltage and current, (d) the voltage across the coil, and (e) the voltage across the capacitor.
The circuit diagram is shown below.

(a) Inductive reactance,

X L 2 f L 2 100 80 10 3 50.265
XC

Capacitive reactance,

1
1

39.789
2 f C 2 100 40 106

X L X C 50.265 39.789 10.476

R 2 X L X C 82 10.4762
2

Impedance, Z =

= 13.18

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V 200

(b) Current flowing, I = Z 13.18 = 15.17 A

(c)

tan

XL XC
R

from which,

phase angle, =

(d)

tan 1

XL XC
10.476
tan 1

R
8 = 52.63 lagging

Zcoil R 12 X L1 2 82 50.2652 50.898

Voltage across coil,

Vcoil I Zcoil 15.17 50.898

(e) Voltage across capacitor,

= 772.1 V

VC I X C 15.17 39.789

= 603.6 V

2. Find the values of resistance R and inductance L in the circuit shown.

V
2400

16035 (131 j91.772)

Circuit impedance, Z = I 1.5 35
Hence, resistance, R = 131

and

X L X C 91.772

Hence,

i.e.

XC
Now,

X L 79.577 91.772

1
1

2fC 2 50 40 106

from which,

= 79.577

X L 91.772 79.577 171.349

2 f L 171.349 and inductance, L =

171.349
2 50

= 0.545 H

3. Three impedances are connected in series across a 100 V, 2 kHz supply. The impedances
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comprise:

(i) an inductance of 0.45 mH and resistance 2

(ii) an inductance of 570 H and 5 resistance, and
(iii) a capacitor of capacitance 10 F and resistance 3

Assuming no mutual inductive effects between the two inductances calculate (a) the circuit
impedance, (b) the circuit current, (c) the circuit phase angle and (d) the voltage across each
impedance. Draw the phasor diagram.
The circuit is shown below.

Total resistance,

RT

= 2 + 5 + 3 = 10

Total inductance, L T 0.45 mH 570 H 1.02 mH

The simplified circuit is shown below.

Inductive reactance,

X L 2 f L 2 2000 1.02 103 12.818

XC

Capacitive reactance,

1
1

7.958
2 f C 2 2000 10 10 6

X L X C 12.818 7.958 4.86

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R 2 X L X C 102 4.862
2

(a) Impedance, Z =

= 11.12

V 100

(b) Current, I = Z 11.12 = 8.99 A

(c)

tan

XL XC
R

from which,

phase angle, =
(d)

tan 1

X L XC
4.86
tan 1

R
10 = 25.92 lagging

X L1 2 2000 0.45 103 5.655

Z1 R 12 X L1 2 22 5.6552 5.998

V1 I Z1 8.99 5.998

Voltage across first impedance,

= 53.92 V

X L2 2 2000 570 10 6 7.163

Z2 R 2 2 X L2 2 52 7.1632 8.735

Voltage across second impedance,

X C3 7.958
from earlier

V2 I Z 2 8.99 8.735

= 78.53 V

Z2 R 2 2 X L2 2 32 7.9582 8.505

Voltage across third impedance,

V3 I Z3 8.99 8.505

4. For the circuit shown below determine the voltages

V1

and

= 76.46 V

V2

if the supply frequency is 1 kHz.

Draw the phasor diagram and hence determine the supply voltage V and the circuit phase angle.

X L1 2 f L 2 1000 1.9110 3 12
Z1 R X L1 5 12 13
2
1

and

tan 1

XL
12
tan 1 67.38
R
5
lagging

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Voltage,
X C2

V1

I Z1 2 13

= 26.0 V at 67.38 lagging

1
1

32
2 f C 2 1000 4.974 10 6

Z2 R 2 X C2 10 32 33.526
2

and

tan 1

XC
32
tan 1 72.65
R
10
leading

I Z2 2 33.526
Voltage, V2 =
= 67.05 V at 72.65 leading
The voltages are shown in the phasor diagram (i) below.

(i)

(ii)

The supply voltage V is the phasor sum of voltages

V1

and

V2

. V is shown by the length ac in

diagram (ii).
In triangle abc, b = 180 - 72.65 67.38 = 39.97
Using the cosine rule,

ac 2 67.052 26.0 2 2 67.05 26.0 cos 39.97

from which,

ac = 50 V

Using the sine rule,

26.0
50
26.0sin 39.97

sin
0.3340
sin sin 39.97 from which,
50

1
from which, sin 0.3340 19.51 and from diagram (ii), 72.65 19.51 53.14 leading.

Hence,

supply voltage, V = 50 V at 53.14 leading

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Exercise 87, Page 247

1. Find the resonant frequency of a series a.c. circuit consisting of a coil of resistance 10 and inductance
50 mH and capacitance 0.05 F. Find also the current flowing at resonance if the supply voltage is 100 V.

fr

Resonant frequency,

2 LC 2

50 10 0.05 10
3

= 3.183 kHz

V 100

At resonance, current, I = R 10 = 10 A
2. The current at resonance in a series L-C-R circuit is 0.2 mA. If the applied voltage is 250 mV at
a frequency of 100 kHz and the circuit capacitance is 0.04 F, find the circuit resistance and
inductance.
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V 250 10 3

3
i.e. resistance, R = I 0.2 10 = 1.25 k

V
At resonance, current, I = R

At resonance, resonant frequency,

1
Hence, inductance, L =

C 2f

fr

1
2 LC

i.e.

2f

1
LC

and

2f

1
LC

0.04 10 6 2100 103

= 63.3 H

3. A coil of resistance 25 and inductance 100 mH is connected in series with a capacitance of

0.12 F across a 200 V, variable frequency supply. Calculate (a) the resonant frequency, (b) the
current at resonance and (c) the factor by which the voltage across the reactance is greater than
the supply voltage.

fr

(a) Resonant frequency,

1
1

2 LC 2 100 103 0.12 10 6

= 1.453 kHz

V 200

(b) At resonance, current, I = R 25 = 8 A

1
(c) Q-factor = R

L 1 100 103

C 25 0.12 10 6 = 36.51

4. A coil of 0.5 H inductance and 8 resistance is connected in series with a capacitor across a 200 V, 50 Hz
supply. If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, determine the capacitance of the capacitor and the
p.d. across its terminals.
If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, then the circuit is resonant.

At resonance,

X L XC

2 f L

i.e.

capacitance, C =

1
2 f C

from which,
1
1

2
2
2f L 2 50 0.5

= 20.26 F

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P.d. across the capacitor terminals,

VC IX C

2 f C

200

2 50 20.26 10 6

= 3928 V = 3.928 kV
5. Calculate the inductance which must be connected in series with a 1000 pF capacitor to give a resonant
frequency of 400 kHz.

Resonant frequency,

fr

2 LC

from which,

and

2 f r
LC =

1
2 LC

1
fr

LC

and

1
2 f r

and

inductance, L =

1 1
1
1

12
3
C 2 f r
1000 10 2 400 10
= 158 H or

0.158 mH

6. A series circuit comprises a coil of resistance 20 and inductance 2 mH and a 500 pF capacitor.
Determine the Q-factor of the circuit at resonance. If the supply voltage is 1.5 V, what is the
voltage across the capacitor?

1
Q-factor = R
VC
Q= V

L 1
2 103

C 20 500 1012 = 100

hence, voltage across the capacitor,

VC VQ 1.5 100

= 150 V

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Exercise 88, Page 251

1. A voltage v = 200 sin t volts is applied across a pure resistance of 1.5 k. Find the power dissipated in the
resistor.

2
Power dissipated in the resistor, P = I R

200 / 2
V

1500 = 0.09428 A
Current, I = R

(note that in the formula for power I has to be the r.m.s. value)

I 2 R 0.09428 (1500)
2

Hence, power dissipated =

= 13.33 W

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2. A 50 F capacitor is connected to a 100 V, 200 Hz supply. Determine the true power and the
apparent power.

XC
Capacitive reactance,

1
1

2fC 2 200 50 10 6

= 15.915

V
100

Current, I = X C 15.915 = 6.283 A

True power, P = V I cos = (100)(6.283) cos 90 = 0

Apparent power, S = V I = (100)(6.283) = 628.3 VA
3. A motor takes a current of 10 A when supplied from a 250 V a.c. supply. Assuming a power
factor of 0.75 lagging find the power consumed. Find also the cost of running the motor for 1
week continuously if 1 kWh of electricity costs 12.20 p.
P = V I cos = (250)(10)(0.75)

since power factor = cos

= 1875 W
Energy = power time = (1.875 kW)(7 24) = 315 kWh
Hence, cost of running motor for 1 week = 315 12.20 = 3843 p = 38.43

4. A motor takes a current of 12 A when supplied from a 240 V a.c. supply. Assuming a power
factor of 0.70 lagging find the power consumed.
Power consumed, P = V I cos = (240)(12)(0.70)

since power factor = cos

= 2016 W or 2.016 kW
5. A transformer has a rated output of 100 kVA at a power factor of 0.6. Determine the rated power output and
the corresponding reactive power.
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VI = 100 kVA = 100 103 and p.f. = 0.6 = cos

Power output, P = VI cos = (100 103)(0.6) = 60 kW
Reactive power, Q = VI sin
1

If cos = 0.6, then = cos 0.6 = 53.13

Hence sin = sin 53.13o = 0.8
Hence reactive power, Q = (100 103)(0.8) = 80 kvar
6. A substation is supplying 200 kVA and 150 kvar. Calculate the corresponding power and power
factor.
3
Apparent power, S = V I = 200 10 VA

Hence,

200 103 sin = 150 103

and

reactive power, Q = V I sin = 150 10 var

from which,

150 103
0.75
3
sin = 200 10

1
= sin 0.75 = 48.59

and

3
Thus, power, P = V I cos = 200 10 cos 48.59 = 132 kW

and

power factor = cos = cos 48.59 = 0.66

7. A load takes 50 kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the apparent power and the reactive power.
True power P = 50 kW = VI cos and power factor = 0.8 = cos

P
50
Apparent power, S = VI = cos = 0.8 = 62.5 kVA
1

Angle = cos 0.8 = 36.87o hence sin = sin 36.87o = 0.6

Hence, reactive power, Q = VI sin = 62.5 103 0.6 = 37.5 kvar
8. A coil of resistance 400 and inductance 0.20 H is connected to a 75 V, 400 Hz supply.
Calculate the power dissipated in the coil.
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Inductive reactance,
Impedance, Z =

X L 2 f L 2 400 0.20

R 2 X L 2 4002 502.652

= 502.65

= 642.39

V
75

Current, I = Z 642.39 = 0.11675 A

From the impedance triangle,

tan

XL
R

tan 1

and

XL
502.65
tan 1

R
400 = 51.49

Hence, power dissipated in coil, P = V I cos = (75)(0.11675) cos 51.49 = 5.452 W

Alternatively, P =

I 2 R 0.11675

400

= 5.452 W

9. An 80 resistor and a 6 F capacitor are connected in series across a 150 V, 200 Hz supply. Calculate
(a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing and (c) the power dissipated in the circuit.

(a) Capacitive reactance,

Impedance, Z =

XC

1
1

2 f C 2(200)(6 10 6 ) = 132.63

R 2 X L 2 802 132.632

= 154.9

V 150

(b) Current, I = Z 154.9 = 0.968 A

(c) From the impedance triangle,

tan

XC
R

and

tan 1

XC
132.63
tan 1

R
80 = 58.90

Hence, power dissipated in coil, P = V I cos = (150)(0.968) cos 58.90 = 75 W

Alternatively, P =

I 2 R 0.968

80

= 75 W

10. The power taken by a series circuit containing resistance and inductance is 240 W when
connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz supply. If the current flowing is 2 A find the values of the
resistance and inductance.

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240
2 R
i.e. 240 =
V 200

2 = 100
Impedance, Z = I
2

2
Power, P = I R

from which,

resistance, R =

= 60

2
2
2
From the impedance triangle, Z R X L

from which,

i.e.

X L Z2 R 2 100 2 602 = 80

2 f L = 80

from which, inductance, L =

80
2 50

= 0.255 H or 255 mH

11. The power taken by a C-R series circuit, when connected to a 105 V, 2.5 kHz supply, is 0.9 kW and the
current is 15 A. Calculate (a) the resistance, (b) the impedance, (c) the reactance, (d) the capacitance,
(e) the power factor, and (f) the phase angle between voltage and current.
900
2
(a) Power, P = I R

0.9 10 15 R
3

i.e.

from which,

resistance, R =

15

=4

V 105

15 = 7
(b) Impedance, Z = I
2
2
2
(c) From the impedance triangle, Z R X L

2
2
2
2
from which, capacitive reactance, X C Z R 7 4 = 5.745

(d) Capacitive reactance,

XC

1
2 f C

1
i.e. 5.745 = 2 (2500) C

1
from which, capacitance, C = 2(2500)(5.745) = 11.08 F
R 4

(e) Power factor, p.f. = Z 7 = 0.571

X C 5.745

4
(f) Tan = R
and the phase angle between voltage and current, =

5.745

4 = 55.15 leading

tan 1

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12. A circuit consisting of a resistor in series with an inductance takes 210 W at a power factor of
0.6 from a 50 V, 100 Hz supply. Find (a) the current flowing, (b) the circuit phase angle, (c) the
resistance, (d) the impedance and (e) the inductance.

(a) Power, P = V I cos

i.e.

Hence,

210 = (50) I (0.6)

current, I =

210
50 0.6

since p.f. = cos

=7A

1
circuit phase angle, = cos 0.6 = 53.13 lagging

(b) If cos = 0.6 then

210
2
(c) Power, P = I R

i.e.

7
210 =

from which, resistance, R =

= 4.286

V 50

7 = 7.143
(d) Impedance, Z = I
2
2
2
(e) From the impedance triangle, Z R X L

from which,

i.e.

X L Z 2 R 2 7.1432 4.2862 = 5.71425

2 f L = 5.71425

from which, inductance, L =

5.71425
2 100

= 9.095 mH

13. A 200 V, 60 Hz supply is applied to a capacitive circuit. The current flowing is 2 A and the
power dissipated is 150 W. Calculate the values of the resistance and capacitance.

2
Power, P = I R

i.e.

150 =

from which, resistance, R =

R

150

= 37.5

V 200

2 = 100
Impedance, Z = I
2
2
2
From the impedance triangle, Z R X C

from which,

X C Z2 R 2 1002 37.52 = 92.702

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

199

i.e.

1
92.702 = 2 f C

from which, capacitance, C =

1
2 60 92.702

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

= 28.61 F

200