Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Content
Page
Acknowledgement
......I
Preface
II
Chapter One
1. Geographical Settings of Adigrat
town1
1.1 Meskel Celebration and Its meanings
1.2 Meskel Celebration in the World Wide
1.3 Meskel Celebration in Ethiopia
Chapter Two
2.1
Chapter Three
3.1Meskel Celebration Its Cultural Aspect
Chapter Four
4.1 Meskel Celebrations Its Relevance for Tourism
Conclusion
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Chapter One
1. Geographical Settings Of Adigrat
Adigrat is one of the most important towns of Tigray which involved from earlier
political centers and camps of regional governers.Some of them were antalo,
alanqot and adigrat.The decline of antalo was followed by the rise of adigrat, as
another, yet short lives, capital of tigray.
Prominent Adigrat is located 1416N and 3927E.it is used to serve as the capital
of Agawa,surrounded by a range of mountains (the peak of alaqwa).Adigrat held
a strategic position at the junction of the cross roads between Adwa in the west,
Asmara and Massawa in the north and Mekelle in the south. Towards the east, it is
delimited by the spectacular edge of the north eastern Ethiopia escarpment
dropping into the prominent trade routes linking Tigray and the red sea, on the
other hand, and such old market towns as Adwa, Hawzen, Antalo and Maqale on
the other.it has a settlement history dating back at least to the 14th c.
Tradition attributes the origin of the name Adigrat which means the country of
farmland, to the popular tigrians chief, daggazmach kefla wahid, the victory of
atse fasiledes during the first half of the 17 c.
Adigrat emerges as the political capital of tigray when daggazmach sabagadis
waldu of Agama assumed the govern ship of the region in the period 182230.sabagadis set up some palaces, churches and markets. This increasingly
attracted both natives and foreigners to establish permanent residences and a
few shops in the town.
Adigrat was an important market-center for salt, which was mined in the afar
districts of Araho and Barale in eastern Tigray. However, it declined after the
death of its patron Sabagadis, in 1830. It was repeatedly attacked, sacked and
plundered by the low landers and political rivals of sabagadis.in the late 1860s
the town had a rural appearance and much of it is still under cultivation today.
However, Adigrat like most Ethiopian towns, increased its commercial and
administrative importance during the period of the Italian occupation (Italian war,
1935-36) the Italians introduced the first elements of modern infrastructure,
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including stronger fortresses, rear ants, residential houses, health center, schools,
roads, piped water, an electric generator etc.
Climatic condition of adigrat town
As I already mention it, adigrat with an elevation of 2457 meters above sea level,
below a high ridge to the west. The weather is neither too hot nor too cold,
between June and August; it has high level of rain fall. The cold months are
between October and December. The driest seasons are January to April. There is
also the administrative center of Ganta afeshum woreda.it has an estimated
population of about 71,631 people. The city of A1digrat and its envious boast of
one of the best climate on the earth.
1.1 Meskel Celebration And Its Meanings
Prior the era of our hard and savior Jesus Christ, a cross was used as an
instrument of punishment. This is method of painful; execution was started in
Persia (the present day Iran). During that time, the Persians were worshiping an
earth god called Ormond. they believed that if an offender is punished while
in contact with the ground, he would desecrate
they started crucifying criminals for above the ground on across execution by
crucifixion
The word meskel has two meanings. One literal meaning is the holy cross. The
other meaning is the
celebrated in all world commemoration of the finding of the holy cross. The holy
cross is very significant in the world orthodox churchs.it saves the world from
enemy; the devil, it is true that holy cross has saved the entire world; therefore; the
feast of meskel was celebrated by all Christians of the world in ancient times
specially the Jerusalem where our lord was crucified on the cross.
she expressed her interest to search for and find the holly cross. He gave her a lot of
money and sent a lot of aids with her to Jerusalem to assist her in her searching for
the holy cross. After her arrival In Jerusalem, she ordered the digging of all
mountains in search of the holy cross.
She also ordered the Jews to clear off the mountains of Golgotha for the same
purpose. But the holy cross was not found as under other mountains so fardug.as a
desperate attempt to get the holy cross to force them to show her where they might
have buried it. But they adamantly refused to cooperate wither.
George; the son of an aid, says that queen Helena asked bishop macarius in
Jerusalem to show her where the holy cross was buried, and the hatred told her that
the renegades had put a lot of garbage on the burial site to the extent that it had
turned into a big mountain.
It so happened that she found an old man called karacious who told her that the
holy cross was buried in calvary (keranib) as his father had told him when he was
young. Thus pointing at that mountain were the holy cross was buried.
At the same time she was in a meditation for the revelation of the site of the holy
cross and her meditation was answered. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church believed
that the angel of god; st.michael, reveled to her that she would find the holy cross
with the help of the smoke of incense. with the help of the calve the old man gave
her and the revelation of the angel, she ordered again all people in Judea and
Jerusalem to bring
brought
their
poles
put
them
together
(demera)
on
September
26
A lot of incense was put on the fire to wake a smoke to show where the holy cross
was buried, so after the smoke was made it a ascended to the sky and then bent
town to the ground indicating to the site where the holy cross remained buried.
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St.yared says, in his hymn book that the incense smoke had shown the site of the
holy cross, the smoke bowed to the holy cross.
Now that the site was known queen Helena ordered the people to begin digging the
site on September 26 after six months of digging, the holy cross was excavated on
march 19 (megabit 10)along with two other crosses on which two criminals named
Titus and darks were hanged with him with the same day at the same place so it
was found difficult to a distinguished among the three crosses on which one was
Christ crusaded .so she asked the assistance of bishop macarius in the mystery of
distinguishing the holy cross.
The bishop advised her that the cross that could heal the sick, and rises the dead
was the holy cross.so the holy cross raised the dead when it was put on the grave
and healed the sick when they touched it.
Thus the holy cross was distinguished from the cross of the two criminals. When the
holy cross was found the people sang ululating and danced saying, the holy cross
has lit; flourished and its flower has borne fruit;
churches the arch bishops of Alexandria Constantinople and Antioch. On the eve of
the inauguration they blessed the churches with religious services on September
26(meskerem16).accompanied by their followers the arch bishops went round the
churches carrying the holy cross and causers smoking with incense. Christians used
to celebrate in Jerusalem the feast of these founding of the holy cross Since Helena
found it, under a hip of mountain of garbage in Jerusalem.
The city of Jerusalem was frequently invaded and people living here made captives.
The holy cross was also carried a way from place by invaders with the captives a lot
of kings had made wars to recover the holy cross from captivity. Among the kings
who fought to recover the holy cross was Heraclius. He got it back after a long battle
when the Persian invaders took it. The crusade is also one other instance where
Christians and shade their blood for the sake of the holy cross. After the Christians
took the possession of the holy cross of the archbishops of Alexandria,
Antiou
Constantinople and Jerusalem had it broken into pieces and each shared a piece
among themselves.
After consultation was held between the Alexandria archbishop and the king of
Egypt they decided to meet the desire of the emperor of Ethiopia.so archbishop
Michael who was designated as a delegation brought to the emperor and presented
with the piece of the holy cross.
The icon of St. Mary pointed by st, Luke, the painting of the thorn put around the
beaten heat of Jesus when he was crucified painted by St. John,
The evangelist as well as holly articles to meet the delegation on their way emperor
David also traveled to Aswan which was at the time the border between Ethiopia
and Egypt. Even through the coming of the holy cross was a joy to the Ethiopian
Christians .It was unfortunate that Emperor David died at sinar (Sudan) while on his
way back home to Ethiopia with the piece of the Holy cross. The piece of the holy
cross stayed in sinar for a long time until son emperor zerayacob brought it to
Ethiopia with the remains of his father.as emperor zerayacob brought it to Ethiopia
with the remains of his father, as emperor zerayacob brought the piece of the holy
cross it was revealed to him by the lord that he should put the cross on a cross.so he
tried to put it on Mt, mengesha debrebirhan and other spots searching a suitable
place. There descended a blazing light the weight the piece of the holy cross
reached at a spot. This site was named debrebirhan, to mean the place of light. That
is show the present debrebrhan town got its current name commutation has been
annually in the church since the light, March 19(megabit 10), the light
Descended on debrbrhan eventually Gishen Mountain was found exactly to be the
right place for the holly cross. This is a mountain and looks a natural cross on the
top of it atse (emperor) zerayacob started to consecrate churchs in the vows of god
the father (Igziabher ab) and st,marry after he kept the piece of holy cross here. The
contraction took three years to be finished and on act 1, 1421 EC.
The churches were consecrated
It was at this time that by the will of the emperor the holy cross was decided to be
buried under an earth under the temple of god the father of church.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
And there are two occasions of meskel. The first is demera (September 26) in which
bonfires are built topped by across to which flowers are tied .The flowers are daisies.
The patriarch of the Ethiopia church orchestrated the lightening ceremony. After the
bonfires are blessed they are lt. And fancing and singing
Priests in full ceremonial dress sing around the bonfire. While the demera is set of
fire there is an inner feeling of brightness for all those who are around it.
The day after the demera is meskel. This day is observed with plenty of food and
drink as believers go to the spot of the demera and, using ashes from the fire, mark
their heats with the sign of the cross. The festival coincides with mass blooming of
the golden yellow meskel daisies. The best place to see the meskel festival in the
capital city Addis Abba at the famous meskel square, but all along the historic route
(Bahir Dar, Gonder, Axum, and Lalibela) and in other major towns, meskel is
colorfully celebrated.
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Sources
1. The Ethiopian synaxarium
2. Special bulletin prepared by the general office of the Patriarchate of
EOTC occasion of 2009 meskel demera celebration
3. Saints and monasteries in Ethiopia, by kesis kefyalew merahi from the
office website of mahibere kidusan ,http;//multimedia,eotc-m kidusan.org/
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Chapter three
3.Meskel Celebration And Its Cultural Aspects
The idea of culture is broad and wide.it is developed from time to time and can be
varied from time to time, place to place and country to country. It contains both
visible and non-visible things that are transferred from generation to generation. It
helps one society to share its idea, ways of living, eating, dressings and other
activities to another. There are a lot of cultural practices in tigray especially at
eastern tigray.Among those common one are meyies and thilo.
The word
meyies were coined from geez and different writers, historian and tourists called it
The habesha wine. There is no a written information on when meyies ewer
prepared but according to the Greek author Evakrean it had been prepared since the
Axum it evolution. Some geological studies suggest that glasses were found in
Axum. Pop Fancies Allovers also stated that meyies were present during the emperor
in 1530.At 1770 the Scottish writer James brass indicated that it were drunken by
emperors of Ethiopia. At January 1864 E.C Dejazmat Kassa were made lot of meyies
by spending 150,000 dinar with its family, relatives, and other gusts. During 1896EC
drunken meyies using horn of elephant. At 1908 Emerson on his book (Beverages
past and present) indicated that it were drunken using Birlea which is made from
glasses. In 1865 William Dalton indicated that it were highly practiced by the
emperors. In Tigray it was practiced during different cultural practices like kusme,
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Meskeal, Wedding, Epiphany and Teskar. It can also drunken by individuals and
groups. This drinking practice becomes popular in Tigray regions.
be
drunk
according
to
your
level
as
it
can
create
fighting
and
disappointment. There are a lot of poems used during drinking alcohol. Among these
are
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.2 THILO
This cultural practice is commonly practiced in wereda kletew laelo and agame. In
kletew laelo it is eaten daily while in Agame in special cazes. It is prepared to gusts
also as a special meal. It is prepared from barley. The common one are the following:
1. Barley yeha
2. Barley burguda
3. Barley guna
4. Barley atena
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5. Barley tselim
6. Barley demhay
Among those the best once that are highly used in kltew laelo and agame are
burguda and atena respectively.
How to Prepare Thilo
The first step is to separate un necessary materials that are mixed with barley. After
this it will be pounded on a big hole locally called Mogueh.After this it will be
bathed by sun. Later on it will be roasted. During this process it should be mixed
using Mokester. After this it should be pounded in a big machine. After this take
some part of powdered barley and insert it in water. Now we can mix it with one of
our hand until it became soft. This process is locally called Melwas. Lastly it will be
putted in Kerheit. The stew which can be used for this purpose can be made either
from butter or oil depending on the individuals income. Thilo can be delivered either
from stew of meat or sugo. (A stew made from berbere, tomato and onion. On the
above of the stew we can put Hilbet (made from Hukan and powder of barley).
Finally it will be ready to use. At this time meyies or suwa can be served.
There
is
another
cultural
aspect
of
irob
community
in
eastern
part
of
Tigray.Geezimis a traditional food in irob.it is prepared from both normal meat and
large intestine. First bormal meat is prepared like for other sources without cooking.
Considering the size of the intestine, it already prepared meat filled in it and tied by
its part. Finally its cooked in an outdoor fair so as to be cooked it very well. When
the cooker thinks it already well cooked, its finally ready for mailing by a large
number of people organized to celebrate meskel.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.Meskel, Its Relevance for Tourism
The Agame area is very rich in tourism potentials. There are vast historical places
from the oldest Queen Sheba`s ancient kingdom in Asefe Sebeya area to rock hewn
churches. Agame is also the home of mutual agreement and unity with diversity
between the Muslims and Christian inhabitants. The Ahmed Al Nejashi mosque is the
second Muslim holy land next to mecca which is found in between the capital city
Adigrat and Wukro.
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Traditional games like karsa (Harling), rural Falk music (Goyla), Yahlela, Gebeta,
Dabacho, Baeleydo baelika, Baydo tseba, Tehabki, Ashenda,Shewlalo, Sh`uta (during
wedding time) chguraf haweria...etc. can also use at tourism potential games.
There are also colorful religious celebrations like Meskel (finding of the true cross),
Timket (Epiphany), wishing the holly water of Quaqimen and also very colorfully
celebrated in the
Agame area and in most Tigray. We need to protect and preserve such wonderful
traditional cultures and transfer to the next generation
The people`s traditional song and dances, the religious ceremony and rituals and life
style of the indigenous peoples are also worth seeing. In general living the immense
wealth of tourism; the demand for more services is far from being satisfied. Tigray
and Agame are being an open air museum, needs more hotels, Loges, restaurants,
tour operators and catering institutions.
Conclusion
Adigrat emerged as the political capital of Tigray when daggagzmach sabagadis
waldu of agame assumed the governorship of the region in the period 18221830E.C.Sabgagadis set up some places, churches and markets.
Mesekel is an annual religious holiday in the Orthodox Church. Ethiopia is the one
country which celebrated meskel with the beautiful culture attractions and Damera
has been celebrated in Ethiopia based on the belief that queen Elena was told in
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dream to make a large bonfire Demera and the smoke would show her where true
cross was buried down.
The celebration of Mesekel has a good attention in Ethiopia and Tigray region.
Tourists came to Ethiopia and Tigray regions to visit the celebration of meskel with in
cultural,natural,religious beliefs and heritage sites. Tourists enjoy that celebration
mesekel in Adigrat town and all around Ethihopia.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my deepest thanks to the almighty Gad who helped to
achieve my goal.
Next to that, my profound thanks goes to my adviser Mr. Abrha Adhiena (MA) for his
valuable advice, diligent comments and guidance.
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Preface
This senior essay is written on the celebration of mesekel in Adigrat.
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The paper consists of four chapters. The first chapter tries to Geographical settings
of Adigrat town, celebration of mesekel in Ethiopia and in the world wade .The
second chapter attempts the celebration mesekel in Adigrat town and its religious
aspects. The third chapter covers mesekel celebrations and its cultural aspects. And
the fourth chapter covers Meskel and its relevance for tourism.
Finally, I hope that this paper will be important spring board for those who will
celebrate Meskel conduct further research in Adigrat area.
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