Harvard Referencing Guide

2nd Edition
Prepared and Edited by Vivien Dale and Elizabeth McGregor

Table of Contents- Referencing Guide 2004
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................4
1.1 What is referencing?.......................................4
Why reference?.....................................................4
1.2 What should be referenced?...........................5
What is plagiarism?...............................................5
1.3 What is the difference between a ...................6
Bibliography and a List of References?...................6
1.4 How are direct quotations used? .....................6
1.5 How do I reference fully?................................7
2 COMPILING THE BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................9

SIMPLE SAMPLE:...................................................9
Here is an example of a simple bibliography where

all the items are books, so they are set out as
explained in Section 2.1. You will find a longer
example at the back – it’s the bibliography showing
the research that was done to compile this
Reference Guide...................................................9
2.1 Published Printed Works...............................10

2.1.1 Books by a single author...........................................................................................................10
2.1.2 Books by multiple authors........................................................................................................10
2.1.3.1 Translated works ....................................................................................................................10
2.1.3.2 Compiled works......................................................................................................................11
2.1.4 Periodicals.................................................................................................................................11
2.1.5.1 Author known......................................................12
2.1.5.2 Author unknown................................................12
North Coast Institute of TAFE - Kempsey Campus 1

Table of Contents – Referencing Guide 2004
2.1.6.1 Author known.....................................................12

12
2.1.6.2 Author unknown...................................................12
2.2 Personal Communications ............................13
(eg interviews)....................................................13
2.3 Class Handouts and Study Material...............13

2.3.2 Handouts where no reference details are available....................................................................14
2.3.3 Handouts written by class teacher.............................................................................................14
2.4 TV Programs, Motion Pictures and ................14
Videos 14
Note: ‘ producer’ is preferred; however ‘director’ is

satisfactory if the producer ................................15
is unknown. 15
2.5 Online and Electronic Material.......................15

2.5.1 Internet sources.........................................................................................................................17
Author known 17
2.5.1.2 Author is unknown................................................17
2.5.1.3 Author is unknown but the source organisation . .18
is known. 18
2.5.3 A CD-ROM database...............................................................................................................18
2.5.3.1 Author known....................................................19
2.5.3.2 Author unknown...................................................19
2.5.3.3 Author is unknown but the sponsoring ................19
organisation is known.......................................................19
2.5.3.4 An entire CD-ROM ...............................................19
2.6 Tricky Situations..........................................19

2.6.1 Referring to multiple works .....................................................................................................20
Different authors with the same surname............................................................................................20
2.6.4 When one author refers to another ...........................................................................................20
2.6.4.1 Quotations 20
2.6.4.2 Secondary referencing.........................................20
2.6.5 Work with no publication date .................................................................................................21
2.6.6 Work with an approximate publication date..........................................................................21
2.6.7 Work with an uncertain publication date...................................................................................21
2.6.8 An anonymous work.................................................................................................................21
3 IN-TEXT REFERENCING.............................................23
3.1 Published Printed Works...............................23
3.1.1 Books by a single author...........................................................................................................24
3.1.2 Books by multiple authors........................................................................................................24
3.1.3.1 Translated works ....................................................................................................................25
3.1.3.2 Compiled works......................................................................................................................25
3.1.4 Periodicals.................................................................................................................................26
3.1.5.1 Author known......................................................26

Table of Contents – Referencing Guide 2004
3.1.5.2 Author unknown.................................................26

3.1.6.1 Author known.....................................................27
27
3.1.6.2 Author unknown...................................................27
3.2 Personal Communications..............................29
3.3 Class Handouts and Study Material ...............30

3.3.2 Handouts where no reference details are available....................................................................30
3.3.3 Handouts written by class teacher.............................................................................................31
3.4 Television Programs, Motion Pictures and

Videos 31
3.5 Online and Electronic Material.......................32

3.5.1 Internet sources.........................................................................................................................32
Follow the conventions shown in the examples below. . 32
3.5.1.1 Author known ......................................................32
3.5.1.2 Author is unknown................................................32
organisation is known......................................................33
A CD-ROM database..........................................................................................................................33
3.5.3.1 Author known....................................................34
3.5.3.2 Author unknown...................................................34
organisation is known......................................................34
3.5.3.4 An entire CD-ROM ...............................................34
3.6 Tricky Situations..........................................35

3.6.1 Referring to multiple works .....................................................................................................35
Different authors with the same surname............................................................................................35
3.6.4 When one author refers to another ...........................................................................................36
3.6.4.1 Quotations 36
3.6.4.2 Secondary referencing.........................................36
3.6.5 Work with no publication date .................................................................................................36
3.6.6 Work with an approximate publication date..........................................................................36
3.6.7 Work with an uncertain publication date...................................................................................37
3.6.8 An anonymous work.................................................................................................................37
4. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN TO .....................................38
PRACTISE!!.....................................................................38
BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................39

Introduction – Referencing Guide 2004
1. Introduction
This guide shows you how to reference the many types of sources that
you will use when you do research as part of your studies at Kempsey
Campus.
There are many ways to research and gather the information you will
need for your academic writing. This guide will use examples from a
wide variety of sources to help explain correct referencing.
Your research will be presented mainly in the form of an essay or a

report. When writing your essays and reports, use this guide to assist
you to reference your sources
• ‘in-text’ (ie inside the paragraphs of your essay or report) and
• in the ‘bibliography’ that must be attached at the back.
It is important to note that you are required to reference in both these

ways ie in the text of your essay/report and also at the end, on a
separate page - known as a Bibliography.
If you are in doubt about correct referencing for any task, ask your
subject teacher, that is, the person who has set the assignment.
1.1 What is referencing?

Academic referencing is a systematic way of acknowledging the
sources of information in academic writing.
There is no one universally correct way to reference. However, there

are several referencing styles which have been developed. Different
academic institutions, and faculties within those institutions, have
guidelines for referencing style which students are expected to follow.
The system you will use as a student at Kempsey Campus of TAFE is

based on the Harvard Referencing System (also known as the
‘author-date’ system). Remember, if you study at other academic
institutions, you will need to find out, and follow, the referencing style
and conventions that are required by that particular institution or
faculty.
Why reference?
Academic writing is broadly based on the concept of
developing an argument. This is usually done by reading
widely on the particular topic, critically evaluating what you

have read, and finally, presenting your argument in the form of

an essay or report.
There are differences in style and structure between essays and

reports, and these differences will be explained by your
teachers. However, both essays and reports do require
referencing.
This referencing
• demonstrates that you have researched and
considered the ideas of others in presenting your
argument
• prevents you from ‘plagiarising’, which can lead to
an automatic ‘Fail’ result (see 1.2 below).
1.2 What should be referenced?

• General knowledge and information that the general public
could be assumed to know does not require referencing.
For example:
‘The human immune system fights infections’.
• However, information that the general public would have to

research to learn about does need to be referenced.
An example would be the information that:

‘Neutrophils fight infections by phagocytosing bacteria’.
• Also, information that is contentious (arguable or an opinion

rather than a fact) should also be referenced
eg ‘Garlic is effective in fighting against viral infections’.
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the action or practice of taking and using someone
else’s thoughts, ideas or writings as if they were your own. It is,
really, a form of stealing – it’s just that what is being ‘taken’ is
intellectual (ideas), not material or physical.
All academic institutions regard plagiarism as a serious breach

of ethics and students are strongly advised to be diligent in
acknowledging their sources of information. Referencing is the
way in which we acknowledge that we have been informed by

the work of others. Thorough referencing prevents

plagiarism.
1.3 What is the difference between a

Bibliography and a List of
References?
A bibliography lists both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but which you did not explicitly cite (meaning, ’refer to’)
in the text of your essay or report. A bibliography is comprehensive, as it lists
all the reading you did, including background reading.
A list of references, on the other hand, contains only the works you have cited
in the text of your essay/report.
In some academic institutions/faculties you may be required to include a List

of References instead of a Bibliography.
At Kempsey Campus, in the General Education Faculty, you are required

to submit a Bibliography.
1.4 How are direct quotations used?

How much can I quote?
Direct quotes (word for word) should be kept to a minimum (no more
than 10% of the essay).
Avoid making your essay/report just a chain of quotes, as this does not
show any evidence that you have understood or critically evaluated
what you have read. (Your subject teacher will show you how to
critically evaluate).
How do I set out a quote?

Occasionally, though, you may wish to use a direct quote. If the
quotation is short – less than about thirty words – it should be
contained within the text inside single quotation marks.
For example:
Marriage in Australian society may be characterised by a sense of

partnership, while, at the same time, providing the opportunity for
individual growth. This philosophy was perhaps best expressed by the
poet Gibran (1923 p.37) who said ‘Love one another but make not a
bond of love’.
Longer quotations should be set out as separate passages without

quotation marks. The passage should be indented and typed in a
smaller font or narrower line spacing than the rest of your text.
For example:
Marriage in Australian society may be characterised by a sense of

partnership while at the same time, providing the opportunity for
individual growth. This philosophy was perhaps best expressed by the
poet Gibran (1923 pp.37-38)
Love one another, but make not a bond of love, rather, let it be a moving sea between
the shores of your souls. Fill each other’s cup, but drink not from the same cup. Sing
and dance together and be merry, but let each one of you be alone, as the strings of
the lute are alone, though they quiver with the same music.
1.5 How do I reference fully?

The easiest way to approach referencing is to prepare for it from the moment
you begin your research. This preparation will save you rushing
around madly the day before your essay or report is due, trying to
find your sources again so that you can complete your bibliography.
Do the following 2 things and you will never find yourself in this situation:
1 As soon as you find a source, list the details that you’ll need for
the bibliography. Check the relevant part of Section 2 to see what
you’ll need to include.
For instance, if you are using a book by a single author, look up

Section 2.1.1. It shows that you will need the publishing information
(name of publisher, place & date of publication, edition/volume number
if there is one) as well as the author’s surname and initials and the title
of the book. So be sure to take note of this before you return books to
libraries etc.
2 Keep a record of the author, date and page number as you

are reading and taking your notes.
One method of doing this is by taking notes under the following

headings:
Who Said? What ? When? Page Number

So, if you had read a book by Robert Cook published in 1997 that stated on
page 67 that 95% of teenagers aged between 13-18 years used marijuana at
least once per week, your notes might look like this:
Who Said? What? When? Page Number
Cook, R 95%13-18 years 1997 67

Marij. at least 1 per week
The two essential types of referencing that you will use are:
• In-Text
• The Bibliography (presented at the end of your essay or
report on a separate page).
The remainder of this booklet takes a more detailed look at both in-text and
bibliographical referencing.
• For compiling the bibliography refer to Section 2.

• For referencing in-text refer to Section 3.
 Note that the item numbers are cross-matched between Sections 2 and 3.
What if a source type I have used isn’t listed in this guide?

If you come upon a source type that is not listed here (eg an Act of
Parliament), ask a teacher for help – or use some of the sources we used to
compile this guide. You will find them listed in the bibliography at the back.

Section 2 – Compiling the Bibliography - Referencing Guide 2004
2 Compiling the
Bibliography
At the end of your assignment you will need to start a separate page and put
the heading: Bibliography
This is where you provide complete details about the sources that you have
used in your assignment. The bibliography should provide enough specific
details to allow your reader to physically access the same source that you
have used. It should also follow the conventions of a recognised system. The
system described here is the Harvard system.
Bibliographies are always alphabetical
SIMPLE SAMPLE:
Here is an example of a simple bibliography where all the items are books, so
they are set out as explained in Section 2.1. You will find a
longer example at the back – it’s the bibliography showing the
research that was done to compile this Reference Guide.
Notice how the second line of any long entry is indented – this helps the
reader scan the list.
Bibliography
Brown, D.J. 1993, Contemporary Australian Health, Melbourne University Press,

Melbourne.
Brown, P.L., Jones, W.T. & Barrow, L.N. 1996, Television Violence, Bridge, Sydney.
Brown, S.W. (ed) 1991, Beating the Big C, Random House, Sydney.
Freud, S. 1933, Interpretation of Dreams, Norton Press, New York.
Harris, J. 1998, The Nurture Assumption, The Free Press, New York.
Jung, C.G. 1923, Awakening the Shadow, Brown Publishing, New York.
Zimbardo, P.G. 1992, Psychology and Life, 13th Edition, Harper Collins, New York.
Remember, some academic institutions /faculties will require a reference list

instead of a bibliography.
 A bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which

may have informed your thinking but which may not have been explicitly
cited.

 A reference list includes only works cited in the text.
 Both bibliographies and references lists are alphabetical.

The way that you record reference details in your bibliography will depend on
the source of the information. For that reason, each source will be considered
separately in the following guidelines.
2.1 Published Printed Works

2.1.1 Books by a single author
To document references for books, include:
• Author’s surname and initials
• Year of publication
• Title of publication – this should be in italics (or
underlined if your bibliography is handwritten)
• Title of series, volume number, edition (if
applicable)
• Publisher followed by city of publication
eg’s Brown, D.J. 1993, Contemporary Australian Health, Melbourne

University Press, Melbourne.
Zimbardo, P.G. 1992, Psychology and Life, 13th Edition, Harper

Collins, New York.
2.1.2 Books by multiple authors

Document as for single authors, using the punctuation shown in
this example:
eg Brown, P.L., Jones, W.T. & Barrow, L.N. 1996, Television Violence,
Bridge, Sydney.
2.1.3 Edited books

Some books have an array of different authors listed inside the
cover, but it’s not clear which parts each of them wrote, nor is it
clear that they all co-authored the whole book. In these cases,
there is usually an editor named clearly on the cover and on the
title page inside.
Document such books as for authored books, but show that an

editor put the book together by using ‘ed’ in brackets after the
editor’s name:
eg Brown, S.W. (ed) 1991, Beating the Big C, Random House, Sydney.
2.1.3.1 Translated works

Even though your in-text reference will only cite

the person whose ideas you are using (in the

following example, Nietzche’s), your bibliography
should tell your reader whose translated version
you used (here, it’s Kaufmann’s):
eg Nietzche,1954, The Portable Nietzche, trans, W.

Kaufmann, Penguin Books, New York.
2.1.3.2 Compiled works

These are books where each chapter or item is
contributed by a different author or where
someone compiles a collection (or ‘anthology’) of
works such as poems or short stories. List the
author etc of any item that you use, then show the
details of the book it was printed in.
.
eg’s Tulving,E.T., 1983, ‘Memory Systems’ in Roediger,
H.L., Weldon, M.S. & Challis, B.H. (eds),
1989, Varieties in Memory and
Consciousness, Lawrence Erlaum
Associates, New York.
Utemorrah, D. ‘Mary’s Plea’ in Mafia-Williams,

L.(comp.) 1993, Spirit Song, Omnibus
Books, South Australia
Note: the title of the shorter item (poem, chapter, article) is in inverted
commas, but the title of the book is in italics (equivalent to underlining if you
are handwriting the bibliography)
2.1.4 Periodicals
A ‘periodical’ is a printed publication that is issued ‘periodically’
ie daily, weekly, monthly etc. It includes magazines,
professional journals and so on.
In your bibliography, details of each article you use should be

shown separately, and should include:
• Author’s surname and initials
• Title of article(in single quotation marks)
• Title of periodical (italicised)
• Title of series, if applicable
• Volume or issue number, if applicable
• Page numbers of entire article
eg’s Hill, S.R. 1999, ‘Working more and enjoying life less’, Journal of
Social Psychology, vol.12, pp.23-28.
Shea, T.W. 1959, ‘Barriers to economic development in traditional

societies: Malabar, a case study’, Journal of Economic

History, vol.19, pp. 504-522.
Notice: there is minimal capitalisation in the title of the article.
2.1.5 Newspaper articles

Use the conventions shown for periodicals in 2.1.4 above, since
newspapers are essentially this sort of source.
2.1.5.1 Author known

eg Leech, G. 1993, ‘Call for research shake-up’, The
Australian, 11 August, p.13.
2.1.5.2 Author unknown

Here, the title becomes the first entry, and is used
to determine where in the alphabetical order of the
bibliography this source should be listed.
eg ‘Drink driving – a national disgrace’, Sydney
Morning Herald, 15 January 2000, p26.
2.1.6 Sponsored works (eg company reports,

brochures)
A sponsoring organisation is usually a company that pays for a
report or paper to be written, or a government or non-
government organisation that pays people to conduct research
on their behalf.

Follow procedures for books (see 2.1.1) or
periodicals (2.1.4), depending which category your
source best fits.
eg’s Vukovic, A. 2003, IT Graduate Outcomes Survey

2003, TAFENSW, Sydney
Davis, J. 2004, Peregrine Pursuits, summer 2004,

Peregrine Adventures, Sydney

source best fits, but show the sponsoring
organisation as the author.
eg’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission,

1998, The Future of Self Determination,
ATSIC Publishing, Canberra.

TAFENSW, 2001, Longitudinal Study of IT&T

Graduate Career Paths Survey
2001,TAFENSW, Sydney
2.1.7 Literary works

These follow the conventions for books. Literary works on film
can be referenced using the conventions shown in 2.4.
2.1.7.1 Novels
eg Hemingway, E. n.d. The Sun Also Rises, Fiesta,

New York.
2.1.7.2 Plays
eg Shakespeare, W. 1977, The Collected Works of

Shakespeare, 19th Edition, Oxford University
Press, Oxford.
2.1.7.3 Poems
eg MacKellar, D. 1986, The Poems of Dorothea

MacKellar, Omnibus Press, South Australia.
2.2 Personal Communications

(eg interviews)
Personal Communications are NOT listed in the bibliography.
However, you can make reference, in-text, to ideas and opinions gathered this
way.
2.3 Class Handouts and Study

Material
2.3.1 Study booklets
Follow procedures for sponsored works (2.1.6). Where the
author is unknown, use the name of the educational institution
as the author.
eg’s Blackwell, L.J. 2004, Introduction to Computing, North Coast

Institute of TAFE, Kempsey Campus.

Open Learning Australia, 2004, Accounting B - Learner’s Guide,

Open Learning Australia, Melbourne.
2.3.2 Handouts where no reference details are available

Provide as much detail as you can so that the source can be
located. The heading on the handout is used as the title; the
fact that it was a handout is shown in brackets, and the year it
was handed out is given as the date. Give the details of the
subject and the institution that conducted the class as well.
eg Aboriginal Spirituality (handout) 2003, Aboriginal Identity 0064X,

Tertiary Preparation Certificate, North Coast Institute TAFE,
Kempsey Campus.
2.3.3 Handouts written by class teacher

Acknowledge the teacher as the author.
eg Fatnowna, G. (handout) 2004, Aboriginal Kinship, Aboriginal

Identity 0064X, Tertiary Preparation Certificate, North Coast
Institute TAFE, Kempsey Campus.
2.4 TV Programs, Motion Pictures and

Videos
Follow the patterns shown in the examples below:
• For a recording of a TV show, use the date the program was aired:
A Current Affair (video recording) 18 January 2003, Australian Consolidated Press,

Sydney, Director, Megan James.
• For a video recording, use the date it was produced. Sometimes, you
will not be able to find the individual producer or director’s name –
make sure you at least indicate the company or organisation that
produced it.
Babakiueria (video recording) 1991, Australian Broadcasting Commission, Sydney.
• Even if you view a video copy of a film, indicate that it was produced as
a motion picture, and name the producer:

The Dead Poet’s Society (motion picture) 1992, Fox Studios, Los Angeles, Producer,
Peter Weir.
Note: ‘ producer’ is preferred; however ‘director’ is satisfactory if the producer

is unknown.
2.5 Online and Electronic Material

The World Wide Web now makes it possible for us to bring a wide variety of
material right to the ‘desktop’ of a computer. This variety - especially the
different ways the information is structured and presented - can pose some
referencing challenges. Likewise, because this is still a relatively new
phenomenon, the conventions for referencing are still being developed.
What are the basics of referencing online material?

However, you will be on the right track when using and citing Internet
sources if you observe the following two guidelines, as the
American Psychological Association has suggested to their students
and professionals (2003):
1. Direct readers as closely as possible to the
information being cited; whenever possible, reference
specific documents rather than home or menu pages.
2. Provide addresses that work.
Do I use the referencing conventions shown

elsewhere in this Guide?
Documents available via the Internet include
• articles from periodicals (e.g. newspaper, newsletter, or

journal)
• complete documents that are probably also available in

printed form in libraries and in the offices of the organizations
that produced them (e.g. research paper, government report,
online book or brochure) – these are mostly what we call
‘sponsored works’, because an organization has supported their
production
• documents developed specially for publishing on the Web

(e.g. Web page, newsgroup, bulletin board).

Where necessary, use the conventions for the particular text type as
shown elsewhere in this Reference Guide (eg Periodicals – section
2.1.4, Sponsored works – section 2.1.6) then add the additional
internet/web information as shown below.
Is it the homepage or the document that matters

most?
Remember that web pages are often visually ‘busy’ and crowded –
your task is to concentrate on providing the details for the actual
document from which you gathered some ideas. This document could
be posted, perhaps, on another website, or available in book form in a
library. It will still tell you the same thing - so it’s the document itself
which your reader needs to be able to track down.
Try to provide the following details in your bibliography to help your reader do
this locating:
 the author/s of the document you are referring to (where possible – this
won’t always be clear)
 the date of publication of the document itself (if shown)
 a document title or description
 an address (in Internet terms, a uniform resource locator, or URL)
 the date you retrieved it (if you print out the information, this date is
usually shown on the bottom of each page) and the date the site itself
was last updated, if that is shown
Examples are shown in 2.5.1 below.
Does the URL matter?

The URL is the most critical element: if it doesn't work, readers won't
be able to find the cited material, and the credibility of your research
will suffer. The most common reason URLs fail is that they are copied
incorrectly; the second most common reason is that the document they
point to has been moved or deleted.
The components of a URL are as follows:

It is important to provide the long address that takes your reader right
to the document you used (not to the home page of the organization
that posted the information), because home pages consist mainly of
links, and it’s not your reader’s job to search these links looking for the
document you are citing.
The easiest way to write out the URL correctly is to copy it directly from
the address window in your browser and paste it into your bibliography
– one of the benefits of learning to use a computer to help do your
essays and reports!
Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines;
instead, break the URL at a ‘neat‘ place eg after a slash or before a
full stop.
Note: Test the URLs in your references before submitting your final draft. If
the document you are citing has moved, update the URL so that it points to
the correct location. If the document is no longer available, you may want to
substitute another source (e.g. if you originally cited a draft and a final
published version now exists) or drop it from the bibliography altogether.
2.5.1 Internet sources

While conventions for online and electronic sources are still
developing, it seems that most universities are now using the
term ‘retrieved’ to indicate the date you gathered the information
from this sort of source.
Author known
eg Canavan, P. 2000, Successful Management,

http://www.now.management.gofast.NZ
[retrieved 18 January 2004, updated 1
January 2004].
2.5.1.2 Author is unknown
eg The Price of Freedom, 1999,

http://www.timor.people.struggle.com.au
[retrieved 4 January 2003, updated 12
December 2002].

2.5.1.3 Author is unknown but the source organisation

is known.
eg Greenpeace, 1999, The Logging Must Stop!

http//www.greenpeace.logging.com.au
[retrieved 4 January 2000].
2.5.1.4 Online forums

These are not the most reliable sources, since
they are hard to authenticate; nevertheless, if you
do need to cite such a source, check out Guffey’s
approach as shown in points 10 & 11 at
http://www.westwords.com/guffey/apa.html .
2.5.2 A web based database

Refer to sources from databases that you access on-line in
much the same way as you do other sources, but add the name
of the database as well, and give enough information (eg web
address or number of the actual article) for your reader to find
the source.
eg Carroll, A. 2000, ‘Mappers Right’, National Geographic, vol. 197,

retrieved 3 June 2002 from Infotrac database,
http://web2.infotrac.apla.galegrou…n_2_0_A65805283?
sw_aep=north-coast
Blackburn-Brockman, E. & Belanger, K. 2001, ‘A national study of

CPA recruiters' preferences for resume length’ The Journal
of Business Communication, 38 (1), 29, retrieved February
28, 2003, from InfoTrac College Edition database, Article
No. A71327300.
2.5.3 A CD-ROM database

When you are referring to an author or article from the CD,
follow the conventions for the type of text you found on the disk
(eg an article, a sponsored work). These conventions are shown
elsewhere in this Guide.
Then, adapt the entry as shown below to make it clear that the
material was found on a CD. Include the publishing or selling
organisation, their city, and the date of publication or production.

CDs, unlike the web and online databases, don’t have their
information updated without you knowing about it, so there is no
need to mention the date you actually retrieved the information.
The key dates are the date the particular document stored on
the CD was written, and the year the CD itself was published
(shown last).

eg’s Begley, S. 1997, ‘Odds on the Greenhouse’,
Newsweek, 1 December, Proquest
Resource One, CD-ROM, UMI,
Springville, 1998.
Cashman, K.V. 1999, ‘Volcano’, World Book

Multimedia Encyclopedia, CD-ROM,
World Book Inc., Chicago, 1999.
Graham, P.W. 1996, ‘The Immune System’, Modern

Medicine, CD-ROM, University of NSW,
Sydney, 1999.
2.5.3.2 Author unknown.
eg ‘Chronic Fatigue Syndrome’, 1996, Microsoft

Encarta, CD-ROM, 2000.
2.5.3.3 Author is unknown but the sponsoring

organisation is known
If it is clear that the item was sponsored by an

organisation, they can be used as the author.
(See 3.1.6 for an explanation or sponsoring
organisations)
2.5.3.4 An entire CD-ROM

The publishing organisation becomes the author
in this situation, and only one date (the date of
production or publication) is necessary.
eg University of New South Wales, 1998,

Study Skills, CD-ROM, Unisearch
Multimedia, Sydney.
2.6 Tricky Situations

2.6.1 Referring to multiple works

Where you have referred to two authors at the same time to
argue your case (see 3.6.1), list each work separately in your
bibliography.
Different authors with the same surname

The bibliography differentiates authors with the same surname
because it provides other details like initials and dates:
eg Brown, D.J. 1993, Contemporary Australian Health, Melbourne
University Press, Melbourne.
Brown, P.L., Jones, W.T. & Barrow, L.N. 1996, Television Violence,
Bridge, Sydney.
Brown, S.W. (ed) 1991, Beating the Big C, Random House, Sydney.
2.6.3 Same author; same year
Sometimes, the same author will write more than one
publication in the same year. For example, two articles by the
author DJ Smith were published in the same year - 1993. The
most common option used here is to add a letter after the year.
Brown, D.J. 1993A, Contemporary Australian Health, Melbourne University
Press, Melbourne.
Brown, D.J. 1993B, Indigenous Health, Oxford University Press, London.
2.6.4 When one author refers to another
2.6.4.1 Quotations
List both the quoted author and the author who

found and quoted the comment. For instance, for
the example used in 3.6.4.1, you would list both
Hall and White, as shown below: Hall’s own
referencing should provide you with White’s details
Hall, J.D. 1993, Environmental Responsibility,

Harper Collins, New York.
White, S.J. 1987, This Delicate Planet, Sun Books,
Melbourne.
2.6.4.2 Secondary referencing

Only the book which you have actually read is
listed.
For instance, for the example used in 3.6.4.2, you

would list only Taylor, as shown below:
Taylor, D.G. 1998, Theories of Management,

Prentice Hall, New York.

2.6.5 Work with no publication date

Replace the year with the intials ‘n.d.’
eg Field, K. n.d., The Taming of Parramatta, Antipodean Press, Sydney.
2.6.6 Work with an approximate publication date

Use the initial ’c.’, which stand for ‘circa’, meaning
‘approximately’
eg Sommers, E.C. c.1855, A Harsh Land, Oxford Press, Oxford.
2.6.7 Work with an uncertain publication date

Use a question mark to show the uncertainty.
eg Harlow, W.T. ?1874, The Mystery of Personality, Camden

Publishing, London.
2.6.8 An anonymous work

Use the title of the work in place of the author’s or sponsoring
organisation’s name, if neither of these is known. Don’t use the
term ‘anon’, unless that is shown as the author (this sometimes
happens with literary works).
Follow the procedures, then, for whatever type of source it is eg

book, periodical, video, etc. The following example is for an
anonymous book.
eg Nepal and its People, 1990, Garland Publishing, London.

Remember, a bibliography also includes those sources that

have informed your thinking for your essay/report, but may
not have been cited in your text.
The next Section – Section 3 – shows you how to cite any of these sources in
the text of your essay or report.

Section 3 – In-text Referencing - Referencing Guide 2004
3 In-Text Referencing
This is the referencing you include in the text of your essay or report. There
are three critical pieces of information that your reader should be able to
find in the text of your essay/report:
1) Whose idea was it?
2) What year was it said/written?
3) On what page number did you find the information?
The following points show how this information should be conveyed to your
reader.
3.1 Published Printed Works

In-text referencing for published printed works should always indicate:
• Author’s surname
• Page number(s)
What if there is no author?

If there is no individual author, use the first item of the
bibliography entry for this source. (This is why it helps to compile
your bibliography as you go – doing so makes it easy to work
out what to put ‘in-text’ – the first item, plus the date and
page).
Sometimes, the first item in the bibliography entry will be the

name of the sponsoring organisation; other times, it will be the
title of the article. Section 2 explains the requirements for most
situations.
What if it doesn’t make sense to refer to a page

number?
There are 2 main situations where this will arise:
1 If there is no specific page, or group of pages, that you

can refer to because the source is not marked that way
(eg some internet sources) or because the source type
doesn’t have page numbers (eg videorecording), then

you don’t include a page number.
2 If the idea you are acknowledging came from a whole

publication, you don’t need to show page numbers. i.e.
Sometimes, a central theme of an entire published work
may be cited. In this case, page numbers are not
included. For example:
Human personality evolves from a complex interaction

between the forces of nature and nurture (Zimbardo,
1996).
Note: ‘pp.’ refers to ‘pages’, while ‘p.’ means ‘page’.
3.1.1 Books by a single author

Use the author’s surname, date and the page (p) or pages (pp)
on which you found the information.
There are several ways this information can be included, for

example:
Put all the details in brackets, not in your words:

eg The assumption that a child’s personality is largely moulded
by parental nurturing has been challenged (Harris,1998, pp.
1-33).
Mention the author in your words:

eg Harris (1998, pp.1-33) argued against the assumption that
parents significantly influence the personality development
of their children.
Mention the author and the date in your words.

eg It was argued by Harris in 1998 (pp.1-33) that parents do not
mould the personality of their children to any significant
extent.
Note: use the latter 2 approaches more than the first. These 2 approaches
show that you understand that this is the author’s argument, not
necessarily outright ‘fact’.
3.1.2 Books by multiple authors

The first time you reference this work, list all the authors. Follow
the order of their names as shown on the book’s title page. For
subsequent references to the same work, you may use the first
author’s name, followed by ‘et al ‘ (a Latin term meaning ‘and
others’).

For example:
The first reference to a work may read:
Brown, Jones and Barrow (1996, pp.45-50) argued that violence on

television might encourage children to use violence in the
playground.
or
It has been suggested that violence on television may encourage
children to use violence in the playground (Brown, Jones & Barrow,
1996, pp. 45-50).
or
Some research, such as that reported in Brown, Jones and Barrow in
1996 (pp.14-50), suggests that violence on television may encourage
children to use violence in the playground.
Subsequent references to that same work may then be written:
Brown et al (1996, p.101) concluded that a strong correlation was

found between excessive viewing of violence on television in
childhood and violent behaviours in adult life.
or
A strong correlation has been reported between excessive viewing of
violence on television in childhood and violent behaviours in adult
life (Brown et al, 1996, p.101).
or
The conclusion reached by Brown et al in their 1996 (p.101)
publication was that excessive viewing of violence on television
correlated strongly with violent behaviours in adult life.
3.1.3 Edited books

Refer to the editor or editors just as if they were the author
(follow the conventions shown in 3.1.2 above)
3.1.3.1 Translated works

Only cite the person whose ideas you are using ie
the original author (in the following example,
Nietzsche).
eg It has been argued that language is the only

adequate expression of all realities (Nietzsche,
1954).
Your bibliography will tell your reader whose

translated version you used (see 2.1.3.1)
3.1.3.2 Compiled works

These are books where each chapter or item is
contributed by a different author or where

someone compiles a collection (or ‘anthology’) of

works such as poems or short stories. In-text, refer
only to the author of the specific item that you
use. The details of the book it was printed in will
be listed in your bibliography (see 2.1.3.2).
eg’s Tulving (1983, p.27) argued that implicit and explicit

memory systems are structurally distinct.
In Mary’s Plea, Utemorrah yearns to “smell / the

smoke / of burnt grass” (verse 1, lines 7-10)
Note: The forward slashes represent the end of a line of a poem. When
drama is written in verse form, the same convention applies.
3.1.4 Periodicals
Refer in-text to the author/s of the article that you found in the
journal or magazine, and give date and page details for that
article.
eg’s It has been reported that the number of hours spent in the workplace
by Australian employees has increased by 8% since 1985 (Hill,
1999, pp.23-28).
Shea (1959, pp.504-522), in an early study of urban Aboriginal

populations in Sydney, argued that governments needed to provide
greater financial assistance to Aboriginal communities.
Section 2.1.4 shows you the full entry for the bibliography.
3.1.5 Newspaper articles

Use the conventions shown for periodicals in 3.1.4 above, since
newspapers are essentially this sort of source.
eg Rimington (2000, p.11) reported that the political

unrest in Indonesia has been heightened by the recent
fighting in Lombok.

Here, the title becomes the author.
eg Arrests for driving while under the influence of

alcohol increased during the 1999 Christmas holiday
period by 24% over the same period in the previous
year. (Sydney Morning Herald, 15 January 2000,
p.26).

The Sydney Morning Herald (15 January 2000, p.26)

reported that…
Section 2.1.7 shows you the full entry for the

bibliography.
3.1.6 Sponsored works (eg company reports,

brochures)
A sponsoring organisation is usually a company that pays for a
report or paper to be written, or a government or non-
government organisation that pays people to conduct research
on their behalf.
This category often includes brochures, annual reports, surveys,

statistical reports etc. If no specific author’s name is on the title
page of a sponsored work, then use the name of the sponsoring
organisation as the author in-text.
For example:
A publication of the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Commission

(1998) supported the argument that…

source best fits.
eg’s Vukovic (2003) outlined the main destinations for

graduates of information technology training
between 1999 and 2002.
Promotional work has been done by Davis (2004) to

increase the levels of tourist activity in the Antarctic
region.
Section 2.1.6.1 shows you how to set out the

bibliography for these sources.

source best fits, but show the sponsoring
organisation as the author.
eg’s Previous work by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait

Islander Commission (1998) will now be superseded.
TAFENSW surveyed its IT graduates in 2001 to

determine the career paths they are most likely

pursue.
3.1.7 Literary works

These follow the conventions for books. Literary works on film
can be referenced using the conventions shown in Section 3.4.
3.1.7.1 Novels
You may wish to take a direct quote from a novel
that you are analysing.
eg The only salvation, for Hemingway, is to go on,

to endure; performing to the end, self-appointed
tasks. For example (page 123, Ch14)
Perhaps as you went along you
did learn something. I did not care
… All I wanted to know was how
to live in it.
Notice: the three points of ellipsis (…) are used to mark the omission of
words in quoted material.
Note also that the longer quote is indented, and written in a smaller font
without quotation marks. (See 1.4 for details)
3.1.7.2 Plays
You may be required to discuss acts, scenes, lines
or verses from a play. Acknowledge both the
playwright and the lines using the following
conventions:
eg Shakespeare’s tragic heroine, Juliet, learns from her

nurse that Romeo has killed Tybalt. In Act 3, Sc 2,
line74, in answer to Juliet’s question, she cries
“It did, it did; alas the day, it did! “
or Shakespeare’s tragic heroine, Juliet, learns from her

nurse that Romeo has killed Tybalt. In answer to
Juliet’s question, she cries “It did, it did; alas the
day, it did!” (Act 3, Sc 2, line74)
3.1.7.3 Poems
When referring to extracts from a poem use the
terms ‘verse’ or ‘stanza’, and ‘lines’.
eg MacKellar’s passion for the Australian landscape is

evidenced in the poem, My Country, verse 2, lines 1-
4:
I love a sunburnt country / A land of sweeping

plains/ Of rugged mountain ranges/ Of droughts and

flooding rains/”
or MacKellar’s passion for the Australian landscape is
evidenced in the second stanza, lines 1-4, where she
extols the strength of the earth:
I love a sunburnt country / A land of sweeping
plains/ Of rugged mountain ranges/ Of droughts and
flooding rains/”
Note: The forward slashes represent the end of a line of a poem. When
drama is written in verse form, the same convention applies.
3.2 Personal Communications

Where information is obtained by letter, interview, email etc, it is referenced in
the text only (personal communication is not listed in the bibliography).
Examples:
It is claimed that addiction to gambling is on the increase in Australia, particularly

amongst females aged 18-30 years (Barrow, Dr L. Psychologist, 2000, personal
communication, 14 January).
or
In a telephone conversation on 3 January 2000, Dr L Barrow, Psychologist, suggested
that …
or
In an email communication on 4 January 2000, Dr L. Barrow, Psychologist,
claimed that…
Note that the in-text reference information is:
1) Name
2) Position, occupation or role
3) Date
By including the position, occupation or role of the person with whom you
have had the personal communication, the reader can then judge the degree
of expertise of that person for the particular topic.
For example, information regarding the history of the Dunghutti Nation

obtained by interview with a Dunghutti Elder would be more reliable than

information obtained from your local mechanic who may not be a Dunghutti
Elder.
3.3 Class Handouts and Study Material
Academic research demands that you gather information from a wide variety
of sources beyond that which is presented to you in class. However, you may,
at times, wish to use handouts and study material that your teacher/lecturer
has provided as a small part of the research that you use for your
essays/reports. In this case there are set procedures for in-text referencing of
that material.
3.3.1 Study booklets

Follow procedures for sponsored works (3.1.6). Where the
author is unknown, use the name of the educational institution
as the author.
eg’s Blackwell (1998, pp.1-15) suggested that students should attempt to

gain a basic understanding of computer hardware.
Recent changes to accounting procedures have been designed in

response to growing concerns about corporate ethics. (Open Learning
Australia, 2004, pp 66-73)
3.3.2 Handouts where no reference details are available

Once you have worked out how this can be written up in the
Bibliography (see 2.3.2), then you are ready to decide what
details to use in-text.
As always, choose the first item in the bibliography entry as

the author. Include the date it was handed out.
Unlike many other sources, you need to show in-text what

source type it is (handout).
eg You are a student in the Tertiary Preparation Certificate

(TPC) course in 2000 and you have been given some
handouts taken from published sources by Garth
Fatnowna for a class on Aboriginal Spirituality. The
author of the information is unidentified.
The in-text reference should read:
There is a strong spiritual connection between Australian

Aboriginal people and the earth (‘Aboriginal Spirituality’,
handout, 2000).

3.3.3 Handouts written by class teacher

Acknowledge the teacher as the author.
eg You are in the same class and you are given a handout
that has been made by the teacher. In this case the
teacher assumes the role of the author for referencing
purposes.
The in-text reference should read:
Extended family relationships are extremely important in

Australian Aboriginal culture (Fatnowna, handout, 2000).
3.4 Television Programs, Motion Pictures

and Videos
In-text references to these sources should include the title, date of production
and the format. Note that television programs are identified as video
recordings.
For example:
The pressures on youth to conform to parental expectations were illustrated

poignantly in The Dead Poets’ Society (motion picture, 1992).
or
The video recording Babakiueria (1991) highlighted many of the stereotypes that
hindered racial harmony in Australia.
or
There is increasing confusion amongst retailers regarding the implementation of
the GST (A Current Affair, video recording, 18 January 2000).
Section 2.4 shows you how to list these in your bibliography.

3.5 Online and Electronic Material

For online media (World Wide Web sources such as internet articles, online
databases and forums, or electronic media such as CD-ROMs) in-text
referencing should contain enough information to match it to the bibliography.
From there, your reader can access your references.
3.5.1 Internet sources

While conventions for online and electronic sources are still
developing, it seems that most universities are now using the
term ‘retrieved’ followed by the date written as ‘day month year’
to indicate the date you gathered the information from this sort
of source.
However, the guidelines have also changed away from the need
to show this retrieval date in-text: it is enough that you have
shown this in your bibliography. Nevertheless, It is very
important that you include the date of publication of the
document itself, as your reader will want an indication of the
currency of the information.
Some referencing guides do not recommend including page

numbers for online material, as page numbers may vary
according to the browser used. Also, online search facilities
make it possible to scan documents for the key words of the
quoted material. However, it is still useful to include a page
number if there is one, especially for long documents.
Follow the conventions shown in the examples below.
eg Canavan (2000, pp.1-4) argued that successful

managers actively assist their staff in coping with an
ever-changing work environment.
or
It has been argued that successful managers actively
assist their staff in coping with an ever-changing
work environment (Canavan, 2000, pp.1-4).
3.5.1.2 Author is unknown

Use the title of the article as the author, and give
the publication date (of the document you referred
to) and a page number if there is one.
eg The Australian military forces in East Timor have

provided stability and hope for a country whose
people have paid for their independence with their

blood (The Price of Freedom, 1999, p.12).

Use the organisation as the author. (See 3.1.6 for
an explanation of sponsoring organisations.)
eg The environmental damage caused by logging in

Brazil is devastating the ecosystems of the entire
planet (Greenpeace, 1999, pp.13-18).
Section 2.5.1 shows you how to complete the bibliography for

these internet items.
3.5.1.4 Online forums

These are not the most reliable sources, since
they are hard to authenticate; nevertheless, if you
do need to cite such a source, check out Guffey’s
approach as shown in points 10 & 11 at
http://www.westwords.com/guffey/apa.html .
3.5.2 A web-based database

Refer to sources from databases that you access on-line in
much the same way as you do other sources, ie author, date
and page number if possible. If the individual author can’t be
found, use the approaches shown in 3.5.1.2 & 3.5.1.3
The bibliography details (see Section 2.5.2) will point your

reader to the location of the information.
eg The villagers of the Mazaruni River region have used the power of
their ancient local knowledge combined with modern mapping
technology to substantiate their land rights claim (Carroll, 2000,
pp.1-2).
Blackburn-Brockman & Belanger (2001, p56) contend that a 10-

page resume is too long.
A CD-ROM database

When you are referring to an author or article from the CD,

follow the conventions for the type of text you found on the disk
(eg an article, a sponsored work). These conventions are shown
elsewhere in this Guide.
You will notice that the bibliography entry for CD-ROMs requires
two dates - the date the particular document stored on the CD
was written, and the year the CD itself was published (shown
last). In-text, the first of these dates - the date the document was
written - is the relevant one.
eg’s Graham claimed that 21st century life will lead to an

increase in diseases of the immune system. (1996,
p.21).
It has been claimed that the Greenhouse effect is

overstated (Begley, 1997).
3.5.3.2 Author unknown.

The title of the article – being the first entry in the
bibliography – becomes the ‘author’ for in-text
referencing purposes. Give the publication date (of
the document you referred to) and a page number
if there is one.
eg Chronic Fatigue Syndrome can be diagnosed through

blood and urine tests (‘Chronic Fatigue Syndrome’,
1996).

If it is clear that the item was sponsored by an

organisation, they can be used as the author.
(See 3.1.6 for an explanation or sponsoring
organisations)
3.5.3.4 An entire CD-ROM

The publishing organisation becomes the author
in this situation.
eg Organisation and time management are the keys to

effective study (University of New South Wales,
1998).

3.6 Tricky Situations

3.6.1 Referring to multiple works
In this case, use semicolons to separate the authors’
names with surnames in alphabetical order. For example:
Dreams may provide an insight into what is happening in the

dreamer’s unconscious mind (Freud,1933; Jung, 1928).
or
Both Freud (1933) and Jung (1928) argued that dreams may provide
an insight into what is happening in the dreamer’s unconscious mind.
Each work is separately listed in the bibliography.
Different authors with the same surname

The bibliography differentiates authors with the same surname
because it provides other details like initials and dates, as
shown in Section 2.1 eg:
Brown, D.J. 1993, Contemporary Australian Health,
Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
Brown, P.L., Jones, W.T. & Barrow, L.N. 1996, Television
Violence, Bridge, Sydney.
Brown, S.W. (ed) 1991, Beating the Big C, Random House,
Sydney.
In-text, use the different authors’ initials to distinguish one from

the other. Separate the two with a semicolon.
eg (Brown, D.J., 1993; Brown, S.W., 1991)
If the reference is not contained within parentheses (brackets)

the initials come before the surname.
eg A report from S.W. Brown (1991, p.34) suggested that death from
lung cancer was decreasing. D.J. Brown (1993, p.16), however,
argued that all cancer-related deaths were increasing.
3.6.3 Same author; same year

Sometimes, the same author will write more than one
publication in the same year. For example, two articles by the
author DJ Smith were published in the same year - 1993. The
most common option used here is to add a letter after the year.
eg Brown (1993A, p.62) contends that cancer rates among non-

indigenous people are increasing, while they are remaining static

among indigenous populations around the globe (1993B, p4).
3.6.4 When one author refers to another
3.6.4.1 Quotations
When one author quotes another author, and you
want to use the same direct quote, the procedure
is:
White (1987, p.56, quoted in Hall, 1993, p.35)

argued that Australia would benefit from a reduction
in levels of government.
In this case both authors are listed separately in

the bibliography (see Section 2.6.3.4).
3.6.4.2 Secondary referencing

At other times, you might wish to refer to, but not
quote, the work of a particular author that has been
mentioned in a work that you are reading, even
though you have not read the original. The
procedure in this case would be:
Gregory (1996, cited in Taylor, 1998, pp.12-16)

suggested that schools should do more to educate
students about the dangers of drug abuse.
In this case, only Taylor, whose book you have

read, is listed in your bibliography (see Section
2.6.4.2).
3.6.5 Work with no publication date

Replace the year with the initials ‘n.d.’
Choose one of these options
Field (n.d. p.57) found that…
or It was found that…(Field, n.d. p.57).
or Field, whose study was conducted in an unknown year (p.57)

reported that … .
3.6.6 Work with an approximate publication date

Use the abbreviation ‘c’ (for ‘circa’, meaning ‘about’).
eg Sommers (c. 1855) reported…
or
It was reported that…(Sommers c. 1855).
3.6.7 Work with an uncertain publication date

Use a question mark to show the uncertainty.
eg Harlow (?1874) contended that…
or It was contended that … (Harlow, ?1874).
3.6.8 An anonymous work

Use the title of the work if the author or sponsoring organisation
is unknown. Show the date and page number/s just as you
would for any source type.
eg The people of Nepal have, for many years, suffered various forms of
persecution (Nepal and its People, 1990, p.27).
Don’t use the term ‘anon’, unless that is shown as the author
(this sometimes happens with literary works).

Bibliography Exercise - Referencing Guide 2003
4. Now it’s your turn to

practise!!
Section 2 of this guide has provided many examples of the
different types of entries required for a bibliography. All those
examples are listed throughout Sections 2.1 to 2.6.
Exercise:
Select one example from each section (ie one each from 2.1,
2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 & 2.6) and sort them into correct alphabetical
order to create a sample bibliography under the heading
below.
Bibliography

Bibliography - Referencing Guide 2003
Bibliography
Abilock, D. 2002 Noodle Tools - Quick Cite!
http://www.noodletools.com/quickcite/citcdrom.html [retrieved 15 February
2004]
American Psychological Association, 2003, APA Style.org -Electronic References,
http://www.apastyle.org/elecmedia.html [retrieved 15 February 2004]
Champion, L., 1997, Style Guide, North Coast Institute of TAFE, Port Macquarie
Charles Sturt University, A Guide to Writing Better Essays, 1989, Mitchell Printery,
Bathurst.
Columbia University Press, 1998, Basic CGOS Style,

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx_basic.html [retrieved 15 February
2004, updated November 2002].
Germov, J. 1994, The User Friendly Guide to Essay Writing, Department of

Sociology and Anthropology, University of Newcastle.
Guffey, M.E. 2003, APA Style Electronic Formats,

http://www.westwords.com/guffey/apa.html , [retrieved 15 February 2004,
updated September 2003].
Harnack, A. & Kleppinger, E., 2003, Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet
Sources, Chs 5-8, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/shrttoc.html,
[retrieved 28 January 2004].
Munro, C. 2004, Referencing and Style Guides,

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/services/library/training/referencing.
html#general [retrieved 14 February 2004, updated 5 February 2004]
University of New England, n.d. Frequently Asked Questions,

http://www.une.edu.au/tlc/alo/frequently.htm [retrieved 14 February 2004]
University of New England, 2002, Referencing – The Author-date System,

http://www.une.edu.au/tlc/referencing.pdf [retrieved 14 February 2004]
University of Queensland Cybrary – Tutorial on Writing Output Styles, 2003

http://www.library.uq.edu.au/endnote/stylestutorial6/contents.html [retrieved
14 February 2004, updated 24 December 2003].
University of Southern Mississippi, 2003, APA Style Guide, 5th Edition,

http://www.lib.usm.edu/research/guides/apa.html [retrieved 15 February
2004, updated November 2003].
University of Texas at San Antonio Library, n.d., Internet 101/102 Untangling the
Web, http://www.lib.utsa.edu/Research/Internet101/web5.html, [retrieved 28
January 2004].
Web Extension to American Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS)

Proposed Standard for Referencing Online Documents in Scientific
Publications, Revision 1.5.2 http://www.beadsland.com/weapas/ [retrieved 15
February 2004, updated 15 October 1998].

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2nd Edition

Prepared and Edited by Vivien Dale and Elizabeth McGregor

1.2 What should be referenced?...........................5

1.3 What is the difference between a ...................6

Bibliography and a List of References?...................6

1.4 How are direct quotations used? .....................6

1.5 How do I reference fully?................................7

2 COMPILING THE BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................9

Here is an example of a simple bibliography where

2.1 Published Printed Works...............................10

North Coast Institute of TAFE - Kempsey Campus 1

2.1.6.1 Author known.....................................................12

2.2 Personal Communications ............................13

2.3 Class Handouts and Study Material...............13

2.4 TV Programs, Motion Pictures and ................14

Note: ‘ producer’ is preferred; however ‘director’ is

2.5 Online and Electronic Material.......................15

2.6 Tricky Situations..........................................19

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3.1.5.2 Author unknown.................................................26

3.2 Personal Communications..............................29

3.3 Class Handouts and Study Material ...............30

3.4 Television Programs, Motion Pictures and

3.5 Online and Electronic Material.......................32

3.6 Tricky Situations..........................................35

4. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN TO .....................................38

North Coast Institute of TAFE - Kempsey Campus 3

Your research will be presented mainly in the form of an essay or a

It is important to note that you are required to reference in both these

1.1 What is referencing?

There is no one universally correct way to reference. However, there

The system you will use as a student at Kempsey Campus of TAFE is

North Coast Institute of TAFE - Kempsey Campus 4

have read, and finally, presenting your argument in the form of

There are differences in style and structure between essays and

1.2 What should be referenced?

• However, information that the general public would have to

An example would be the information that:

• Also, information that is contentious (arguable or an opinion

eg ‘Garlic is effective in fighting against viral infections’.

All academic institutions regard plagiarism as a serious breach

North Coast Institute of TAFE - Kempsey Campus 5

the work of others. Thorough referencing prevents

1.3 What is the difference between a

In some academic institutions/faculties you may be required to include a List

At Kempsey Campus, in the General Education Faculty, you are required

1.4 How are direct quotations used?

How do I set out a quote?

Marriage in Australian society may be characterised by a sense of

Longer quotations should be set out as separate passages without

Marriage in Australian society may be characterised by a sense of

1.5 How do I reference fully?

For instance, if you are using a book by a single author, look up

2 Keep a record of the author, date and page number as you

One method of doing this is by taking notes under the following

Who Said? What ? When? Page Number

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Who Said? What? When? Page Number

Cook, R 95%13-18 years 1997 67

• For compiling the bibliography refer to Section 2.

What if a source type I have used isn’t listed in this guide?

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Bibliographies are always alphabetical

Brown, D.J. 1993, Contemporary Australian Health, Melbourne University Press,