1. Internet l g?

5 thnh phn chc nng, 3 thnh phn vt l c bn, 3 c

trng (nguyn l) hot ng, 2 dch v?
+Internet l g:
Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh v cc thit b khc (cc nt), chng
s dng mt giao thc mng chung chia s ti nguyn vi nhau nh cc phng
tin truyn thng mng.
+5 thnh phn chc nng:
- Mobile network: 3G, WAP, GPRS
- Home network: mng cp hoc khng dy, ADSL kt ni ti ISP.
- Institutional network (mng cng ty): LAN, ethernet
- Regional ISP: cc ISP tm khu vc nh VNPT, FPT, Viettel
- Global ISP: cc ISP quc t nh Verizon, AT&T, Level3
Trong : Mobile network, Home network, Institutional network (mng cng ty) l
mng ngoi vi (network edge). Regional ISP, Global ISP l mng li (network core).
+3 thnh phn vt l:

Cc thit b u cui (host / end system) kt ni vi nhau to thnh mng

c th l cc my tnh (computer) hoc cc thit b khc. Ni chung hin nay
ngy cng nhiu cc loi thit b c kh nng kt ni vo mng my tnh nh
in thoi di ng, PDA, ti vi . . . . .

Mi trng truyn (media / communication link) m truyn thng c

thc hin qua . Mi trng truyn c th l cc loi dy dn (cp - cable),
sng (i vi cc mng khng dy - wireless). V d: cp truyn thng c th l
cp xon i (twisted-pair), cp ng trc (coaxial), v cp si quang (fiberoptic cable)... Truyn thng khng dy c th l sng radio (gm sng cc ngn
hay vic truyn thng qua v tinh), bc x hng ngoi.

Router l mt thit b dng ghp ni cc mng cc b vi nhau thnh mng

rng. Router thc s l mt my tnh lm nhim v chn ng cho cc gi tin
hng ra ngoi. Router c lp v phn cng v c th dng trn cc mng
chy giao thc khc nhau

+3 c trng (nguyn l) hot ng:

- Giao thc (protocol) l quy tc quy nh cch thc trao i d liu gia cc
thc th. y khi nim thc th bao gm c cc thit b phn cng cng nh cc
tin trnh phn mm. Giao thc mng cng nh ngha khun dng d liu c trao
i gia cc bn. vd: TCP, IP, HTTP
- Internet: network of network (thng qua mng trung gian)
- Internet standards:
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
RFC: Request For Comment
1

+2 dch v:
-

Phn cng (h tng)

communication infrastructure hin thc vic phn phi cc ng dng:
Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, file sharing

Phn mm (ng dng)

communication services cung cp ng dng:
reliable data delivery from source to destination: truyn tin cy d liu t
ngun n ch
best effort (unreliable) data delivery:n lc ti a (khng tin cy) vn
chuyn d liu

2. Mng bin( network edge) cc m hnh, cc phng thc kt ni, m hnh kt

ni h tng 3 lp, cc phng tin(media)?
Mng bin: applications and hosts. c Mobile network, Home network, Institutional
network.
+Cc m hnh:
end systems (hosts):chy chng trnh ng dng. vd: Web, email. ti cnh
bin ca mng edge of network.
client/server model: client host yu cu dch v, nhn dch v t my ch lun
chy. vd: Web browser/server; email client/server
peer-peer model: hn ch ti thiu hoc khng dng my ch chuyn dng
(dedicate). vd: Skype, BitTorrent
+M hnh kt ni h tng 3 lp:

Tng li (Core layer hay Backbone)

Tng phn phi (Distribution layer)

Tng truy cp (Access layer)

Mi tng c chc nng nhim v ring bit. Tuy nhin, ba tng ny ch l logic ch
khng phi l phn cng c th no, v vy khi thc hin mng phn tng cc thit b
c th l c nhiu thit b cho mt tng hoc ch mt thit b n l thc hin chc
nng cho nhiu tng.

+Cc phng tin (media):

guided media:
- Twisted-pair: gm 2 cp xon i
Category 3: dy in thoi truyn thng (traditional phone wires), 10 Mbps
Ethernet
Category 5: 100 Mbps Ethernet
- Coaxial cable (cp ng trc):
+ gm 2 dy dn ng tm
+ truyn dn hai chiu
+ baseband:
- knh n trn cp
- k tha Ethernet
+ broadband:
- nhiu knh trn cp
- HFC

- Fiber optic cable (cp quang):

+ si thy tinh mang xung nh sng (light pulses), mi xung 1 bit
+ hot ng tc cao: truyn dn point-to-point tc cao (v d, 10's-100s
Gps)
+ t l li thp: lp li khong cch xa, min dch vi nhiu in t.
unguided media: (mng khng dy)
- tn hiu mang trong ph in t
- khng kt ni vt l bng dy
- truyn dn hai chiu
- nhng tc ng trong mi trng truyn:
+ phn nh
+ cn tr bi cc i tng
+ can thip
- Cc loi lin kt v tuyn:
Sng trn mt t
e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
LAN (vd: Wifi)
2Mbps, 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
wide-area (mng din rng) (vd: cellular)
vd 3G: hng trm kbps
satellite (v tinh)
Kbps ti 45Mbps knh (hoc cc knh nh hn nhiu)
270 msec end-end delay
geosynchronous versus low altitude
+Network access (phng thc kt ni - truy cp mng):
residential (khu dn c) access nets
institutional access networks (school, company)
mobile access networks
cc cch truy cp mng:
+ Dialup via modem (Quay s qua modem)
- ln n 56Kbps truy cp trc tip n b nh tuyn (thng t)

- Khng c th lt web v in thoi ti cng mt thi im: khng th l "lun

lun"
+ ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line (ng dy thu bao s bt i xng)
- ln n 1 Mbps upstream (ngy nay thng <256 kbps)
- ln ti 8 Mbps downstream (ngy nay thng <1 Mbps)
- FDM:
50 kHz - 1 MHz cho downstream
4 kHz - 50 kHz cho upstream
0 kHz - 4 kHz cho in thoi thng thng (ordinary telephone)
+ HFC: hybrid fiber coax (cp ng trc lai)
- asymmetric (bt i xng): ln n 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream.
- mng cp ni t nh ti ISP router.
- cc h dn c chia s truy cp ti router ca ISP.
- trin khai: c sn thng qua cc cng ty truyn hnh cp.
+ Wireless access networks
- chia s mng truy cp khng dy kt ni h thng u cui n router
- thng qua trm c s (base station) hay cn gi l "im truy cp" .
- wireless LANs (mng LAN khng dy):
802.11b (WiFi): 11 Mbps
- wider-area wireless access (mng khng dy din rng)
c cung cp bi nh iu hnh vin thng
3G ~ 384 kbps
WAP/GPRS in Europe
+ Ngoi ra cc t chc cng ty s dng mng cc b (LAN) kt ni cc thit b cui
ti router bin (edge router)
+ Ethernet:
- Lin kt chia s hoc dnh ring kt ni h thng u cui v router.
- 10 Mbs, tc 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet
+ LANs
+ Cc thnh phn mng gia nh in hnh:
- ADSL hoc cp modem
- router / firewall / NAT
- Ethernet

- wireless access point (im truy cp khng dy)

3. Mng li (network core) chuyn mch mch v chuyn mch gi, cu trc
mng li.
Mng li l mng kt ni cc ISP vi nhau, l mt mng li cc interconnected router,
gm Regional ISP, Global ISP.
+Circuit switching network:
L mt dng mng chuyn mch.
c im: kt ni gia hai trm l mt ng dnh ring cho 2 trm .
- D liu i theo mt ng i dnh ring cho 2 trm.
- ng i l chui cc ng kt ni lin tc gia cc node mng.
- Kt ni c th ch l mt knh lun l.
3 giai on:
- To kt ni: to ng i dnh ring cho d liu trao i gia hai trm
- Truyn d liu: d liu c th s hay tng t ty thuc vo mng
- Ngt kt ni: gii phng ng dnh ring c cp
Dn knh trong mng chuyn mch mch (Multiplexing in Circuit-Switched Networks):
-FDM ( Frequency-division multiplexing ) ( dn knh chia theo tn s)
Thng c dng vi tn hiu tng t(analog)
Nhiu tn hiu ging nhau c truyn ng thi trn cng mi trng truyn
bng cch iu ch mi tn hiu vo mt khong tn s khc nhau
iu kin:
- Bng thng mi trng truyn ln hn bng thng m tn hiu c
truyn yu cu
- Bng thng ca cc tn hiu sau khi iu ch khng trng lp nhau nhiu
(guard bands)
Knh truyn c cp pht tnh
Vi FDM, ph tn s ca mt lin kt c phn chia gia cc kt ni c thnh lp
qua lin kt. C th, lin kt dnh ring di tn s cho mi kt ni trong sut thi gian
ca kt ni.Trong mng vin thng, tn s rng thng l 4khz.
-TDM ( Time-division multiplexing ) ( dn knh chia theo thi gian)
- D liu c truyn thnh nhng frame c cu trc ging nhau
- Mi frame gm mt tp cc khe thi gian (time slot)
- Mi ngun d liu c truyn trong mt hoc mt s time slot trong mi frame

- Chui time slot trong cc frame cp cho mt ngun d liu gi l knh

(channel)
- Time slot c gn trc cho mi ngun v khng thay i - v vy gi l ng
b (Synchronous)
- Time slot c th c gn khng ng u gia ccngun d liu tc khc
nhau
- Ngun pht c tc cao s c gn nhiu timeslot hn
ng dng:
- Tng i ni b (PBX): kt ni cc my in thoi trong cng 1 ta nh hay gia
cc ta nh ca cng mt t chc
- Kt ni n mng in thoi cng cng
- Mng kt ni ring (Private Wire Area Network)
- Kt ni gia cc sites khc nhau ca cng mt cng
ty
- Cc PBX ti cc site c kt ni vi nhau thng qua ng truyn dnh
ring
Tnh cht ca chuyn mch mch
- Dung lng knh truyn c dnh ring cho 2 trm trong sut qu trao
i d liu, k c lc 2 trm rnh.Khng ph hp truyn d liu cho my tnh
- Mt thi gian to kt ni trc khi truyn d liu
- Tc d liu c nh:thit b hai u phi chy cng tc
- Thng dng cho mng in thoi
+ Khng c delay trong lc truyn d liu
+ m bo cht lng ca d liu thoi hiu c
+ S dng ng truyn hiu qu
+Packet Switching Network:
D liu c chia nh thnh cc gi nh, hu ht packet switches s dng
store and forward transmission u vo ca ng truyn. Store and forward
transmission ngha l router phi nhn ht packet v lu tm thi trc khi n bt u
truyn bit u tin vo u ra ca ng truyn. Do store and forward packet
switches to ra transmission delay. Mi packet switch c nhiu link gn vi n.Vi mi
link gn vi n, packet switch c output buffer cha packet m router s gi cc
packet ny vo trong link . Do ,ngoi vic to ra transmission delay, n cn to ra
queuing delay. Nhng gi tr delay ny l khng c ng v ph thuc vo mc tc
nghn ca mng. V b nh ca router l hu hn, nn khi nhng packet mi n trong
khi b nh ca router y th xy ra trng hp packet loss.
Tng hiu sut ng truyn

- Mt kt ni node-node c th dng chung bi nhiu gi

- Cc gi c xp hng v truyn i nhanh nht c th
Chuyn i tc d liu
- Mi trm kt ni vi node cc b bng tc ca trm
- Cc node m d liu nu cn thit cn bng tc
Cc gi c nhn ngay khi mng ang bn
- Thi gian truyn cc gi b chm li
- So vi chuyn mch mch: khng kt ni c
C th phn u tin cho cc gi
- Mt node c th chuyn cc gi c u tin cao i trc
- Cc gi c u tin cao s t tr hn
+ datagram network:
- a ch ch trong gi tin xc nh next hop.
- cc tuyn (routes) c th thay i qua cc phin.
- tng t: driving, hng dn yu cu (asking directions)
+ virtual circuit network (mng mch o):
- mi gi mang theo t kha (virtual circuit ID), tag xc nh hop tip theo.
- c nh ng dn xc nh ti thi gian thit lp cuc gi, gi nguyn cuc gi
n c nh
- thit b nh tuyn duy tr trng thi cho mi cuc gi.
+ cu trc mng li: (theo thy th ly hnh cu 2 b v???)
Trong mng internet, nhng ISP truy cp nm cnh bin internet c kt ni
n phn cn li ca internet thng qua mt tng h thng phn cp (tiered hierarchy)
ca cc ISP. Cc ISP truy cp nm di ca h thng cp bc. Trn cng nht ca
h thng cp bc l mt s lng nh cc ISP cp 1 gi l tier-1 ISPs. Thng th, mt
tier-1 ISP cng ging nh bt k mt network no n cng c ng kt ni v router
v n c kt ni ti network khc. Mt khc, tier-1 ISP c bit hn. Tc ng
truyn ca chng thng khong 622 Mbps hoc cao hn, vi nhng tier-1 ISP ln
hn th c ng truyn trong khong 2.5 ti 10 Gbps; nhng router ca chng phi c
kh nng chuyn tip cc gi tin mc t l rt cao. Nhng c trng ca tier-1
ISP:
- Kt ni trc tip ti cc tier-1 ISP khc
- Kt ni mt s lng ln cc tier-2 ISP v nhng mng khch hng khc
(customer network).
- Bao ph ton cu

Tier-1 ISP cng c bit nh mng internet backbone. Bao gm Sprint, Verizon, MCI,
AT&T, NTT, Level3, Qwest, v Cable & Wireless.
Tier-2 ISP thng bao ph tm khu vc hay quc gia, v ch kt ni ti mt vi trong s
nhng tier-1 ISP. Mt tier-2 ISP c xem l khch hng ca tier-1 ISP m n kt ni
ti, v mt tier-1 ISP c xem l nh cung cp cho nhng khch hng ca n. Nhiu
t chc v cng ty ln kt ni mng doanh nghip ca h ti mt tier-1 hoc tier-2 ISP,
do tr thnh khch hng ca ISP .
Cc tier-3 ISP thng l cc ISP cp thp hay ISP cc b gn hn vi nhng thit b
cui.
4. Mt gi, tr v bng thng : khi nim v ngha cc thnh phn gy tr?
+Cc thnh phn gy tr:
- Processing delay: thi gian yu cu kim tra tiu gi tin v xc nh ni trc
tip gi tin l mt phn ca s chm tr x l.
- Queuing delay: thi gian ch i ti lin kt u ra truyn, ph thuc vo mc
tc nghn ca router. Ngha l thi gian t lc x l gi tin xong n khi t gi tin
vo b m ca router. di ca queuing delay s ph thuc vo s packets n
trc m ang trong hng i v ch truyn. Nu m hng i ny rng v
khng c packet no ang c truyn , th packet queuing delay s l zero. Mt
khc, nu nhiu packet cng ang i truyn, queuing delay s di ra.
- Transmission delay: R=bng thng ng truyn (bps), L=chiu di gi tin
(bits).Transmission delay l L/R. N l tng thi gian yu cu y tt c cc gi tin
vo ng truyn
- Propagation delay: l thi gian m sau khi packet c y vo ng truyn, n
c chuyn ti router B. propagation delay ph thuc vo ng truyn vt l (cp
quang,cp xon i) v phm vi tc truyn nm trong khong: 2x108 meter/sec
ti 3x108 meter sec. l bng, hoc t hn mt cht, tc ca nh sng.
Propagation delay l khong cch gia hai router chia cho tc truyn. Ngha l,
propagation delay l d/s, d l khong cch gia hai router A v router B, v s l tc
truyn gia hai router.
- Nodal delay: bng tng tt c cc thnh phn gy tr trn.
+Mt gi:
- Packet loss: hng i (hay cn gi l b m) c kh nng hu hn. Khi gi tin n
m b m b y s b hu (cn gi l b mt). B mt gi d liu c th c truyn li
bi cc nt trc , h thng u cui ngun, hoc khng tt c cc ni khc.
+Bng thng v thng lng:
Tnh bng t l (bit / n v thi gian) m ti bit c chuyn giao gia ngi gi v
ngi nhn.
- Bandwidth (bng thng): l thng lng ti a m ng truyn c th p ng.
- Throughput: l thng lng truyn ti mt thi im bt k (throughput < bandwidth).
9

Throughput = min { Rs; Rc; R/10 }

5. Kin trc phn tng v lp cc giao thc ( Internet protocol )
+M hnh TCP/IP:
B giao thc TCP/IP (c s dng trn Internet) ra i trc khi c m hnh OSI.
Do vy, cc tng trong b giao thc TCP/IP khng ging ht nh cc tng trong m
hnh OSI. B giao thc TCP/IP thc hin phn chia theo 5 phn: vt l, lin kt d liu,
mng, giao vn v ng dng. Bn tng u tin cung cp cc chun vt l, giao tip
mng, lin mng v chc nng giao vn tng ng vi 4 tng u tin trong m hnh
OSI. Tuy nhin 3 tng trn cng trong m hnh OSI (Application, Presentation,
Session) c nhp thnh tng ng dng (Application) trong m hnh Intemet.
TCP/IP l mt giao thc phn cp, c to thnh bi cc module c lp, mi
module cung cp mt chc nng nht nh, cc module ny khng nht thit phi c
lp vi nhau. M hnh OSI xc nh r chc nng no thuc v tng no; trong khi
cc tng ca b giao thc TCP/IP cha cc giao thc tng i c lp vi nhau,
nhng cc giao thc ny vn c th kt hp vi nhau ty thuc nhu cu h thng.
Thut ng phn cp mang ngha mi giao thc tng trn c h tr bi mt hoc
nhiu giao thc tng di.
-Application layer: h tr nhiu giao thc ng dng mng nh: FTP, SMTP, HTTP.
Giao thc ca tng Application c phn phi trn cc thit b cui (end systems), mt
ng dng trn 1 my s s dng giao thc chuyn cc gi tin ti cng ng dng
trn mt my khc. Mt gi tin ca tng ng dng c gi l thng ip (message).
-Transport layer: vn chuyn d liu, chnh xc l vn chuyn cc message ca tng
ng dng gia cc endpoint , gm 2 giao thc: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
v User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Trong TCP cung cp mt dch v nh hng kt ni (connection-oriented)
cho cc ng dng ca n. Dch v ny bao gm vic phn phi m bo d liu
(cc message ca tng ng dng) t ngun ti ch v kim sot lung (flow
control). TCP cng chia nh cc message di thnh nhng message ngn hn
(segment) v cung cp mt c ch kim sot tc nghn (congestion-control).
Cn UDP li cung cp dch v mt-kt ni (connectionless v c th b mt gi
tin) cho cc ng dng ca n. UDP khng tin cy, n khng kim sot lung,
khng kim sot tc nghn.
-Network layer: nh tuyn cc gi d liu (datagrams) t ngun ti ch, y ch c
giao thc Internetworking Protocol (IP). Tt c cc thnh phn internet m c lp
network u phi chy giao thc IP. Lp network ca internet cng cha cc giao thc
nh tuyn (routing protocols) nh tuyn cc gi d liu (datagrams) t ngun ti
ch.
-Link layer: chuyn d liu gia cc network elements. Tng network s pass gi d
liu (datagram) xung tng Link, tng ny s phn phi datagram n node (host hoc
router) tip theo ca tuyn (route). Cc gi d liu tng ny gi l frames. Vi giao
thc ca tng ny cung cp vic phn phi tin cy t node vn chuyn qua mt ng
truyn ti node nhn. Chng hn nh Ethernet, WiFi, Point-to-point protocol (PPP).

10

-Physical layer: tng ny s chuyn ton b cc frame thnh bit truyn t node
ny sang node tip theo. Giao thc ca tng ny ph thuc vo cc loi ng truyn
kt ni (cp xon i, cp quang). Nu mt mng c nhiu giao thc lp vt l: va
dng cp xon i, cp ng trc, cp quang th 1 bit s c di chuyn qua nhiu
ng truyn vi nhng cch khc nhau.
+M hnh OSI:
M rng thm 2 trng: presentation v session
-Presentation layer: Tng trnh din thc hin cc nhim v lin quan n c php v
ng ngha ca cc thng tin c trao i gia hai h thng. tng ny c nhim v:
phin dch, m ha, nn d liu.
-Session layer: Tng phin ng vai tr kim sot vin" hi thoi (dialog) ca mng
vi nhim v thit lp, duy tr v ng b ha tnh lin tc gia hai bn.

6. Cc kiu tn cng v bo mt thng tin

+cc kiu tn cng:
- t malware vo host: viruses, worms, trojan horse.
- Tn cng server v h tng mng:
+ Vulnerability attack (tn cng l hng): ngi tn cng s thc hin gi tin
nhn th cng ti l hng ca ng dng hoc h iu hnh ang chy trn my
mc tiu. Nu trnh t ng ca cc gi tin c gi ti mt l hng ca ng
dng hoc h iu hnh th dch v c th b ngng, hoc xu, hoc my c th
b crash.
+ Bandwidth flooding (trn bng thng): ngi tn cng s gi mt lng ln
cc gi tin ti my mc tiu. Vi qu nhiu gi tin nh vy s lm cho ng
truyn truy cp ca my mc tiu b tc nghn. ngn chn nhng gi tin hp l
ti server.

11

+ Connection flooding (trn kt ni): ngi tn cng thit lp mt s lng

ln m 1 na hoc ton b kt ni TCP trn my mc tiu. My ny c th tr
nn mc kt vo nhng kt ni gi mo ny m n s t chi nhng kt ni hp
l.
+ Tn cng t chi dch v (DOS, DDOS Denial Of Service): ci phn mm
c hi ln cc my tnh hnh thnh mng botnet (l nhng chng trnh tng
t Trojan backdoor cho php k tn cng s dng my ca h nh l nhng
Zoombie ( my tnh thy ma my tnh b chim quyn iu khin hon ton ) v
chng ch ng kt ni vi mt Server d dng iu khin), sau gi mt
lng ln cc packet ti victim (my b hash).
- nh hi gi tin (Packet Sniffing): hacker chuyn trng thi interface vo ch
Promiscuous bt cc gi tin. Ch xi trong mi trng broadcast (ethernet,wireless).
Vd: phn mm wireshark, etercap
- Gi mo ai m bn tin tng:
+ Gi mo gi tin (IP Spoofing): gi gi tin vi a ch ngun o. Muc ch:
vt tng la, thc hin syn flood
- Chnh sa hoc xa message:
+ Ngi th ba ng gia (Man In The Middle Attack): chen vo cuc giao
tip gia hai my tnh. Vd: Cain and Abel
+Cch phng chng:
- Vi malware, dng cc phn mm dit viruses, worms
- Tn cng t chi dch v (DOS, DDOS): khng c cch chng c th, ch c th
phng bng cc h thng IDS nh Snort
- Packet Sniffing: dng cc thut ton m ho mnh nh: SSL, PGP, GPG
- Gi mo gi tin (IP Spoofing): dng chng thc im cui. Vd: Radius Server, AAA
- Ngi th ba ng gia (Man In The Middle Attack): dng CA
7. Tng ng dng: cc nguyn tc c bn, m hnh client-server, p2p, khi nim
socket, cc thng s k thut nh gi dch v
+Cc nguyn tc c bn :
khi pht trin ng dng mi, cn phi vit phn mm s chy trn nhiu thit b cui
(end systems). Giao tip qua 1 network.
Quan trng: khng cn (hay t) phi vit phn mm chy trn thit b mng li, chng
hn nh router hoc switches. V cc thit b mng li khng chy code ng dng ca
ngi dng. Mt khc, ng dng trn cc thit b cui cho php pht trin v lan ta
ng dng nhanh chng.
+Client-server:
- Server:

12

+ lun lun chy

+ a ch Ip c nh
+ c th hnh thnh cm my ch m rng quy m
- Client:
+ giao tip vi my ch
+ c th kt ni gin on
+ c th c a ch IP ng
+ khng giao tip trc tip vi nhau
+P2P:
- Khng c my ch lun chy
- Cc thit b cui ty giao tip trc tip
- Kt ni ngt qung v IP ng
- Kh nng m rng cao nhng kh qun l
+Socket:
Socket l giao din gia tin trnh ng dng v thc th giao vn.
Hai tin trnh lin lc vi nhau bng cch gi v nhn thng ip qua cc socket ca
chng. Socket c th xem nh ca ca tin trnh v tin trnh nhn v gi thng ip
thng qua ca. Khi mun gi thng ip ti tin trnh khc, tin trnh y thng ip
cn gi qua "ca" vi gi nh rng thc th giao vn nm bn kia "ca" s chuyn
thng ip n ca ca tin trnh nhn. Gm IP v port, cn gi l a ch tin trnh.
+a ch tin trnh:
gi thng ip cho tin trnh trn my tnh khc th tin trnh gi phi xc nh
c tin trnh nhn. Tin trnh c xc nh qua hai phn: (1) tn hay a ch ca
my tnh, v (2) nh danh xc nh tin trnh trn my tnh (port).
+ cc thng s k thut nh gi dch v:
- Reliable data transfer (truyn d liu tin cy):
+ mt s ng dng (v d: audio) c th chu ng c mt s tn tht (data
loss)
+ cc ng dng khc (v d: file transfer, telnet) i hi phi truyn d liu ng
tin cy 100%
- Timing (thi gian):
+ mt s ng dng (v d: in thoi Internet, tr chi tng tc) yu cu tr
thp "hiu qu".
- Throughput & Bandwidth (thng lng & bng thng):
+ mt s ng dng (v d: multimedia) yu cu s lng bng thng ti thiu
c th "hiu qu"
13

+ cc ng dng khc ("ng dng elastic") s dng bt c bng thng no chng

nhn c. (xem thm hnh 2.4 trang 95 trong sch)
- Security (an ninh):
+ mt giao thc vn chuyn c th cung cp cho ng dng mt hoc nhiu dch
v bo mt. Chng hn vic m ha v gii m d liu trong qu trnh gi v
nhn.
8. Web v giao thc http: nguyn l hot ng, kt ni bn v khng bn, cc
loi thng ip v cu trc thng ip http, cookie v web proxy
+Web:
- Trang web bao gm cc i tng
- i tng c th l tp tin HTML, JPEG hnh nh, Java applet, tp tin m thanh, ...
- Trang web bao gm cc tp tin HTML c s trong bao gm mt s i tng tham
chiu
- Mi i tng c nh a ch bi mt URL
+HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol):
- L giao thc ca lp ng dng Web
- M hnh client / server:
+ Client: trnh duyt yu cu, nhn, "hin th" i tng Web
+ Server: Web server gi cc i tng p ng cc yu cu
- Hin ti c 2 phin bn:
+ HTTP 1.0: RFC 1945
+ HTTP 1.1: RFC 2068
- S dng TCP:
+ khch hng khi to kt ni TCP (to socket) n server, cng 80
+ server chp nhn kt ni TCP t client
+ Cc thng ip HTTP (cc thng ip giao thc tng ng dng) c trao i
gia cc trnh duyt (HTTP client) v Web server (HTTP server)
+ ng kt ni TCP
- HTTP l "khng trng thi" (stateless): my ch khng duy tr thng tin v yu cu ca
khch hng trong qu kh.
+HTTP connections (kt ni ca HTTP):
- Nonpersistent HTTP (kt ni khng bn):
+ HTTP/1.0 s dng nonpersistent HTTP
+ Hu ht mi mt i tng c gi qua mt kt ni TCP.
14

+ Mt kt ni TCP phi c khi to v duy tr cho mi i tng yu cu. Vi

mi kt ni, TCP buffers phi c phn b v bin TCP phi c gi trn c
client v server.
+ Yu cu 2 RTT cho mi i tng (RTT: thi gian gi mt gi tin nh t
client ti server v nhn v, cn 2 RTT v: mt khi to kt ni TCP, mt cho
p tr request v truyn d liu)
+ H iu hnh overhead cho mi kt ni TCP
+ Cc trnh duyt thng xuyn m cc kt ni TCP song song ly i tng
tham chiu
- Persistent HTTP (kt ni bn):
+ HTTP/1.1 s dng kt ni bn ch mc nh
+ Nhiu i tng c th c gi qua cng mt kt ni TCP duy nht gia
server v client.
+ My ch li kt ni m sau khi gi phn hi
+ Sau HTTP nhn tin gia client /server c gi qua kt ni m
+ Persistent khng c pipelining:
- client ch pht yu cu khi phn hi trc c nhn
- mt RTT cho mi i tng tham chiu
+ Persistent vi pipelining:
- mc nh trong HTTP/1.1
- client gi yu cu ngay sau khi n gp mt i tng tham chiu
- t nht l mt RTT cho tt c cc i tng tham chiu
+Cc loi thng ip v cu trc thng ip HTTP:
- http request message:
- request line: gm ba trng
+ method:
HTTP1.0:
- get, post, head (yu cu my ch li i tng yu cu
ra khi phn hi)
HTTP1.1:
- get, post, head
- put (ti file trong entity body ti ng dn ch nh trong
trng URL)
- delete (xa file ch nh trong trng URL)
+ url

15

+ version: vd:http 1.1

- header line: host (a ch host), user-agent (l loi trnh duyt v phin bn ca
n), connection, accept language (loi ngn ng chp nhn).
- body
- http response message:
- status line:
+ version.vd:HTTP/1.1
+ status code: mt vi code in hnh:
200 OK
yu cu thnh cng, i tng c yu cu sau trong tin
nhn ny
301 Moved Permanently ( di i vnh vin)
i tng yu cu di chuyn, v tr mi c ch nh sau
trong tin nhn ny
400 Bad Request
Tin nhn yu cu khng c hiu bi my ch
404 Not Found
Ti liu yu cu khng c tm thy trn my ch ny
505 HTTP Version Not Supported (Phin bn HTTP khng c h
tr)
- header line:
+ connection.vd:close
+ date: header line ch ra thi gian v ngy m HTTP response c to
ra v gi bi server
+ Server: ch ra loi my ch server
+ Last Modified: ch ra ngy to ra ci objects hoc l ln cui cng chnh
sa
+ Content-length:ch ra s bytes ca objects c gi
+ Conten- type:ch ra bn trong body ca objects vit bng g.Vd:html text
- Body
+Cookie:
Cookie l k thut khc c server s dng ghi li u vt ca ngi truy
cp. N c c t trong RFC 2109. V d ln u tin ngi dng truy cp vo mt
server no c s dng cookie. Thng ip tr li ca server c trng Set-cookies:
trong tiu cng vi mt chui k t do web server to ra.

16

V d Set-cookies :1678453. Khi nhn c thng ip tr li, client xc nh

c trng Set-cookies v chui k t i km, Trnh duyt s thm mt dng vo cui
file cookie (v mt file c bit trn my client). Dng ny thng l dng cha tn my
ch v chui k t cookie. Gi s mt tun sau, client gi thng ip yu cu n
server, client s t ng chn trng Cookies: trong tiu ca thng ip yu cu vi
gi tr l chui gi tr cookie lu trong file cookie. Trong v d trn, tiu cha trng
cookies l Cookie:1678453. Theo cch ny, server khng xc nh c tn ca ngi
dng (user name) nhng xc nh c user ny chnh l ngi truy cp mt tun
trc .
- 4 thnh phn:
+ cookie header line ca tin nhn HTTP response
+ cookie header line trong tin nhn HTTP request
+ file cookie c gi trn host ca user, c qun l bi trnh duyt ca user
+ back-end database ti web site
- Web server s dng cookie cho nhiu mc ch:

Nu server yu cu kim chng nhng khng mun i hi ngi dng ng

nhp qua tn v mt khu th c th s dng cookie cho mi ln ngi dng
truy cp vo server. (user session state)

Server s dng cookie nu mun ghi nh cc hot ng ca ngi dng,

phc v mc ch qung co.

Nu user mua hng trn mng th server s dng cookie ghi li nhng g
m user mua. chnh l cc ca hng o.

- Nhc im, hn ch:

+ S dng cookie gy kh khn cho ngi dng khng c my c nh m truy
cp vo server t nhiu my khc nhau. Server s coi l nhng ngi dng
phn bit.
+ web site c th bit nhiu v ngi dng v tim n kh nng bn li thng tin
cho bn th ba.
+Web proxy:
Web cache (proxy server) l thc th p ng yu cu t client. My tnh lm
nhim v Web cache c a ring lu tr bn sao cc i tng tng c yu
cu. Ngi s dng c th cu hnh cho trnh duyt sao cho tt c cc yu cu u
c gi n web cache trc (vic ny tng i n gin vi cc trnh duyt ca
Microsoft v Nescape). Khi tt c yu cu ca trnh duyt v mt i tng no
s c chuyn n webcache trc.
- Nguyn tc hot ng: (nn v hnh 2.11 trang 113 trong sch)

Trnh duyt khi to mt kt ni TCP ti webcache v gi yu cu ti

webcache

17

Webcache s kim tra v tm i tng, nu tm c th webcache s gi i

tng cho client qua kt ni TCP c thit lp.

Nu webcache khng c i tng th n s khi to mt kt ni ti server

tht s cha i tng. Sau webcache gi thng ip yu cu ti cho
server ny thng qua kt ni TCP va khi to. Sau khi nhn c yu cu t
webcache, server s gi li i tng cho webcache.

Khi nhn c i tng, webcache s lu li bn sao ca i tng v gi

i tng trong thng ip HTTP tr li cho my client (thng qua kt ni TCP
c thit lp trc ).

Nh vy webcache va l client va l server. Webcache ng vai tr server khi

nhn yu cu v tr li, ng vai tr client khi gi yu cu v nhn thng ip tr li.
- Li ch:
- gim thi gian response cho client.
- gim lu lng truy cp vo lin kt truy cp ca mt t chc, do s gim
lu lng (traffic) trn ng truyn kt ni internet. (gim ti mng)
9. FTP : nguyn l hot ng, cc loi thng ip v cu trc thng ip FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l giao thc truyn file gia cc my tnh. Giao thc
ny xut hin t nhng nm 1971 (khi Internet vn ch l mt d n th nghim) nhng
vn cn c s dng rng ri cho n tn ngy nay. FTP c c t trong RFC 959.
FTP s dng hai kt ni TCP song song truyn file, mt kt ni iu khin(21) v
mt kt ni d liu(20): (v hnh 2.15 trang 119)
- Kt ni iu khin th c s dng cho vic gi thng tin kim sot thng tin
gia hai my nh l nhn dng ngi dng, mt khu, lnh thay i th mc
t xa, v lnh put v get file.
- Kt ni d liu c s dng thc s gi mt tp tin. Bi v ftp s dng kt
ni iu khin ring bit, ftp c cho l gi thng tin kim sot ca n ngoi di
(out of band).
- Quy trnh hot ng ca FTP:
+ FTP client lin lc FTP server cng 21, TCP l giao thc truyn ti.
+ Client c y quyn iu khin kt ni.
+ Client duyt th mc t xa bng cch gi lnh qua kt ni iu khin.
+ khi my ch nhn c lnh chuyn tp tin, my ch s m ra kt ni TCP th
2 (file) cho Client.
+ sau khi chuyn mt tp tin, my ch ng kt ni d liu.
+ my ch s m ra mt kt ni d liu TCP khc chuyn mt tp tin khc.
+ kim sot kt ni: "ngoi di"(out of band).

18

+ FTP server duy tr "trng thi": th mc hin ti, xc thc trc .

- Hai thng ip: commands and replies
+ commands: c m ho bng bng m ASCII 7 bit. Mi cu lnh cha 4 k t ASCII
in hoa, mt s lnh c tham s. Sau y l mt s cu lnh hay gp:
- USER username: s dng gi thng tin nh danh ngi dng cho server
- PASS password: dng gi password cho server
- LIST: dng yu cu server gi mt danh sch cc file trong th mc hin
thi. Danh sch ny c gi thng qua mt kt ni d liu TCP.
- RETR filename: dng ly mt file t th mc hin thi (trn my xa)
- STOR filename: dng ti mt file vo th mc hin thi (trn my xa)
+ replies: Cu tr li l mt m 3 ch s v c th c mt thng bo km theo.
- 331 Username OK, password required
- 125 data connection already open; transfer starting
- 425 Cant open data connection
- 452 Error writing file
10. cc giao thc email SMTP, POP3, IMAP: nguyn l hot ng, cc loi thng
ip v cu trc thng ip
+Mail: (phn mail ny c th b)
- Gm 3 thnh phn: user agent, mail server v SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- User agent: (cn c gi l mail reader - trnh c th) Chng trnh giao tip ngi
dng cho php c, hi m, gi, lu gi v son tho cc th. Hin nay, nhng phn
mm son e-mail thng dng l Eudora, Microsoft Outlook v Nescape Messenger.
- Mail server:
+ mail box cha cc tin nhn c gi n cho user.
+ Nu mail server khng th gi c v l do no , n s gi nhng th
trong hng i gi thng ip v s c gng gi li cc thng ip.
+ Dng giao thc SMTP gi tin nhn email gia cc mail server.
+SMTP:
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) l giao thc gi th in t ca tng ng dng.
- SMTP s dng dch v truyn d liu tin cy ca TCP truyn th trc tip t mail
server ca ngi gi n mail server ca ngi nhn. Dng port 25.
- 3 bc chuyn th:
+ bt tay (handshaking)
+ chuyn cc thng ip
19

+ ng kt ni
- Command / Response:
+ command: l ASCII text
- Cc lnh SMTP command: HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, QUIT
+ response: m trng thi (status) v cm thng bo
Vd:
220 theo sau l a ch server
250 theo sau l mt thng ip trng thi
221 thng ip ng kt ni
- SMTP dng kt ni persistent.
- Tin nhn phi l 7-bit ASCII.
- minh ho hot ng c bn ca SMTP, hy xt v d sau gi s Alice mun gi
cho Bop mt thng ip ASCII n gin: (phn ny quan trng)
u tin, Alice s dng user agent ca mnh, nh a ch e-mail ca Bop (bop
somechool.edu), son e-mail v yu cu user agent gi th i.
User agent ca Alice gi th ti mail server ca Alice. Ti y th c t vo
hng th i gi .
SMTP client chy trn mail server ca Alice thy th trong hng i. N to kt
ni TCP ti SMTP server trn mail server ca Bop.
Sau giai on khi to 3 bc, SMTP client gi th ca Alice qua kt ni TCP.
Ti mail server ca Bop, SMTP server nhn th v t th vo mail box ca
Bop.
Cui cng, khi thun tin Bop s s dng user agent ca mnh c th.
+POP3:
POP3 c c t trong RFC 1939 l giao thc ly th cc k n gin v c rt t
chc nng. POP3 c khi to khi user agent (client) to kt ni TCP ti mail server
(server) qua port 110.
- Sau khi thit lp c kt ni TCP, POP3 gm 3 giai on: authorization (kim
chng), transaction (tin hnh x l) v update (cp nht).
user agent thc thi lnh v server p li mi lnh vi li p. C hai
response kh thi:+OK s dng bi server ch ra cu lnh trc l n,ERR s dng vi server ch ra cu lnh trc l sai.
+ Trong giai on kim chng u tin, user agent s dng tn v mt khu
xc nhn ngi s dng. c hai commands chnh: user <username> v pass
<password>

20

+ Trong giai on tin hnh x l th hai user agent tin hnh ly th. N c
th nh du cc th xo hay hy b vic nh u xo. Ngi s dng c
th cu hnh user agent mt trong hai ch ti v xo ("download and
delete") hay "ti v gi" (download and keep"). Chui lnh c user agent
gi ph thuc vo cu hnh ny.
- ch "download and delete", user agent ch thc hin ba cu lnh:
list (danh sch s ca tin nhn), retr (ly tin nhn t s) v dele (xa),
sau khi xong thc hin lnh quit -> kt thc phin lm vic.
- Trong ch th hai download and keep, user agent vn li th
trn mail server sau khi ti v.
+ Giai on ba - cp nht, xy ra sau khi client ra lnh quit kt thc phin
lm vic POP3 . Ti thi im mail server xo tt c th c nh du
(nu ch "download and delete" ).
- POP3 mc nh ch "download and delete". Do ngi dng khng th c
li th nu i client khc v mail trn server b xa.
- Trong ch download and keep, user agent vn li th trn mail server sau
khi ti v (n copy th n client).
- POP3 ch lu gi thng tin trng thi trong 1 phin lm vic (1 session). POP3 server
khng lu gi trng thi ca mi ngi dng sau khi phin lm vic kt thc.
+IMAP:
- IMAP c thit k cho php ngi dng thao tc trn nhng hp th xa mt cch
d dng.
- IMAP gi tt c message trn server.
- Cho php ngi dng to nhng th mc th khc nhau trong mailbox, c th t th
vo trong th mc hay dch chuyn th t th mc ny n nhng th mc khc.
- Tnh nng quan trng khc ca IMAP l cho php user agent ch ly mt s thnh
phn ca bc th. Vd: c th ti trc mt phn cua bc th.
- Nhng thng tin trng thi c mail server lu gi cho tt c cc phin lm vic.
11. DNS: cu trc DNS, hot ng, cc loi thng ip, bn ghi DNS
+Chc nng, dch v ca DNS:
- Chuyn i hostname sang IP
- t b danh cho my tnh (Host aliasing)
- t b danh cho mail server (Mail server aliasing)
- Phn tn ti (Load distribution)
+Hot ng ca DNS: (v hnh 2.21 /139 v hnh 2.22 /140 d hiu hn)

21

- Khi cn phn gii tn hay IP, client s truy vn n DNS server. DNS c thit k
phn tn. DNS s dng nhiu DNS server t chc phn cp v phn tn trn ton cu.
Khng c DNS server no cha tt c tn v a ch IP cc my tnh trn Internet
nhng thng tin ny c phn tn trn nhiu DNS server.
- C ba lp DNS server: root DNS server, top-level domain (TLD) server v
authoritative DNS server. Cc DNS server trao i thng tin vi nhau v vi cc
my tnh khc.
+ Root DNS server: Trn Intemet c 13 root DNS server, hu ht t ti Bc M.
+ Top-level domain server: nhng server phn hi cho cc top-level domain
nh com, org, net, edu, gov v tt c cc top-level domain quc gia nh uk, fr,
ca, jp.
+ Authoritative DNS server: Mi my tnh phi ng k ti mt Authoritative
name server. Thng thng authoriative name server ca mt my tnh l name
server trong min ISP ca my tnh (thc t mi my tnh phi c t nht hai
authoritative name server, phng trng hp mt name server b hng).
C th nh ngha, Authoriative name server ca mt my tnh l nameserver
lun lu tr bn ghi DNS cho php xc nh a ch IP ca my tnh t tn.
- Ngoi ra cn 1 loi DNS server quan trng khc l local DNS server: Mi t chc nh
cc ISP, trng i hc, cng ty u c local DNS server (cn c gi l default name
server). Khi my tnh trong c quan to ra mt thng ip truy vn DNS th u tin
thng ip c gi ti local DNS server ca t chc. a ch IP ca local DNS
server phi c cu hnh trong my tnh.
- Nu mt local DNS server khng th tr li truy vn ca 1 my tnh, n s truy vn ln
cc DNS server cp cao hn bn ngoi, chng hn nh root DNS server. Nu root DNS
server c thng tin ca my tnh c hi, n s gi mt thng ip hi m DNS ti
local DNS server v sau thng tin ny c local DNS server gi tr li cho my
tnh yu cu. Nu root DNS server khng c thng tin, n s truy vn ngc xung cc
TLD server v authoritative server khc ly thng tin v, sau gi tr li cho local
DNS server yu cu truy vn.
+DNS caching:
- khi DNS Server nhn c tr li DNS (nh x hostname sang IP), n lu li
kt qu .
- Cc TLD server mc nh c cache trong cc local DNS server.
+Bn ghi DNS (resource record):
- Bn ghi ti nguyn gm 4 trng sau: (Name, Value, Type, TTL)
+ TTL l thi gian tn ti ca bn ghi ti nguyn, dng xc nh thi im c
th xo bn ghi ti nguyn khi b nh lu tr. ngha ca trng Name v
Value ph thuc vo trng Type:
Nu Type = A th Name l tn my v Value l a ch IP ca my . Bn ghi
kiu A l nh x Tn my - a ch IP chun. V d, (relay1.bar.foo.com,
145.37.93.126, A) l mt bn ghi Type A.
22

 Nu Type = NS th Name l mt min (nh l foo.com) v Value l tn my

ca authoriative name server ca cc my tnh trong min . Bn ghi ny
thng c s dng gi tip cc truy vn DNS. V d 1 bn ghi Type NS:
(foo.com, dns.foo.com, NS)
Nu Type = CNAME th Name l tn b danh (alias) v Value l tn y
ca my c tn b danh t trong Name.
Bn ghi kiu ny cho php xc nh tn y ca mt my tnh t tn b
danh. V d mt bn ghi CNAME: (foo.com, relay1.bar.foo.com, CNAME).
Nu Type = MX th Value l tn my ca mail server c tn b danh t
trong Name. V d, bn ghi kiu MX (foo.com, mail.bar.foo.com, MX). Bn ghi
MX cho php mail server c tn b danh n gin.
+Cc loi thng ip DNS:
Gm hai loi l query v reply. Chng c cng nh dng.

-Header: 12 byte, gm 6 trng, mi trng 16 bit (1byte=8bit)

+Identification: Trng u tin l mt nh danh 16 bit cho mi thng ip yu
cu. 16 bt nh anh ny c ghi li vo thng ip tr li, cho php client xc
nh c y l cu tr li cho thng ip yu cu no.
+Flags:
- 1 bit query/reply ch ra khi no message l query(0) hay reply(1).
- C authoritiative flag c t trong thng ip tr li khi DNS server
l authoriative DNS server ca tn my tnh cn xc nh a ch IP.

23

- C mong mun quy (recursive-desired query) c t khi client

(my tnh hay DNS server ) mong mun DNS server thc hin truy vn
quy khi n khng c bn ghi .
- C chp nhn quy (recursion-available flag) c t trong thng
ip tr li nu name server h tr quy.
Trong phn tiu cng c 4 trng s lng, cc trng ny xc nh s
lng cc bn ghi trong 4 phn d liu sau phn tiu :
+Number of questions: gm thng tin l (1): tn cn truy vn ,(2): loi truy vn.
Vd: google.com,type A
+Number of answer RRs: cha cc bn ghi ti nguyn cho tn c yu cu
trc . Ch rng mi bn ghi ti nguyn c 4 trng: Type (A, NS, CNAME,
MX), Name, Value, TTL. Thng ip tr li c th c nhiu bn ghi ti nguyn v
tn my tnh c th ng vi nhiu a ch IP.
+Number of authority RRs (Mc thm quyn): cha cc bn ghi ca cc
authoritative server.
+Number of additional RRs (mc ph tr): cha cc bn ghi "hu ch" khc.
V d trng tr li trong thng ip tr li mt truy vn MX s cha tn y
ca mail server c tn b danh t trong Name. Phn ph tr c th c mt
bn ghi kiu A cung cp a ch IP cho chnh mail server .
12. dch v ca tng giao vn
- Nm gia tng ng dng v tng mng, tng giao vn l tng trung tm trong kin
trc phn tng vi nhim v cung cp dch v truyn thng gia cc tin trnh ng dng
chy trn cc my tnh khc nhau.
- Giao thc tng giao vn cung cp mt knh truyn logic (o) gia cc tin trnh ng
dng chy trn my tnh khc nhau. Gi l logic v khng tn ti mt ng truyn vt
l thc s gia hai tin trnh.
- Cc giao thc tng giao vn chy trn cc thit b cui:
+ Bn gi: Chia cc thng ip ng dng thnh nhiu on (segment), y qua
cho tng network.
+ Bn nhn: Kt hp cc phn on (segment) thnh thng ip hon chnh, sau
y qua cho tng ng dng.
- Trn mng my tnh c th c nhiu giao thc hot ng tng giao vn. Mi giao
thc c th cung cp cc dch v vi cht lng khc nhau cho ng dng.
- Tt c giao thc tng giao vn u cung cp dch v dn knh (multiplex) v tch
knh (demultiplex), ngoi dch v dn knh / tch knh, tng giao vn cn c th cung
cp cc dch v khc cho tin trnh ng dng nh truyn d liu tin cy, m bo
bng thng hay gii hn tr.
- Tng giao vn c hai giao thc quan trng l TCP (tin cy) v UDP (khng tin cy).

24

- im khc bit gia tng giao vn v tng network l:

+ Tng network giao tip logic gia cc host.
+ Tng transport giao tip logic gia cc tin trnh.
13. UDP: cu trc, ngha cc trng trong header v cch tnh checksum
- UDP c t trong RFC 768 l giao thc giao vn cc k n gin. Bn cnh chc
nng dn knh/phn knh, UDP c thm c ch pht hin li n gin. C th ni nu
s dng UDP th gn nh ng dng lm vic trc tip vi tng mng IP.
- L dch v n lc ti a (best effort), nn cc UDP segment c th b mt hoc gi
khng theo trt t ti ng dng.
- UDP c xem l dch v khng hng ni hay khng lin kt trc (connectionless),
v:
+ UDP khng i hi thc th bn gi v bn nhn phi lin kt trc khi trao
i d liu. (khng c handshaking gia UDP sender v UDP receive)
+ Mi segment l c lp vi cc segment khc.
+ khng duy tr trng thi kt ni.
- Thng dng cho cc lung ng dng multimedia v khng c giai on thit lp kt
ni nn s nhanh. Cc giao thc DNS v SNMP (giao thc qun l mng) thng chy
trn nn UDP cng v l do ny.
- UDP chuyn d liu khng tin cy, khng c iu khin tc nghn (no congestion
control). (phn trn ny c cho bit thi, b cng c)
+Cu trc mt UDP segment v ngha cc trng trong header:

- Header length l 8 byte.

- Tiu (header) UDP c bn trng, ln mi trng l 2 byte (=16 bits):
+ Source port
+ Destination port
+ Length: di (tnh theo byte) ca ton b segment (bao gm c header)
+ Checksum: c bn nhn s dng kim tra trong segment c li hay
khng. Trn thc t, k c tiu ca gi d liu IP cng c tnh checksum.

25

+Cch tnh checksum:

- UDP checksum c s dng pht hin li. Checksum c tnh nh sau: tnh
gi tr b mt ca tng cc t 16 bit trong segment, gi tr nhn c c t
vo trng checksum trong gi d liu UDP segment. Gi s c ba t 16 bit sau
y:
0110011001100110
0101010101010101
0000111100001111
Tng hai t u l:
0110011001100110
0101010101010101
1011101110111011
Cng t th ba vo, ta c:
1011101110111011
0000111100001111
1100101011001010
Cch ly b mt l o 0 thnh 1 v 1 thnh 0. V vy kt qu php ly b mt ca
1100101011001010 l 0011010100110101 v chnh l gi tr checksum. Ti pha
nhn, tt c bn t (k c checksum) c cng li. Nu d liu khng c li th
tng nhn c l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. Nu c mt bit no bng 0 th ta
bit d liu nhn c c li.
- Mc d UDP c th pht hin li nhng n khng lm g khi pht hin ra li. C th n
s loi b segment b li, c th n s chuyn segment b li cho ng dng nhn cng
vi mt thng ip cnh bo.
14. nguyn l truyn tin cy 2.0, 2.1, 2.2 v 3.0
* Ch thch hnh: S kin kch hot vic chuyn trng thi c t pha trn
ng k nm ngang, l nhn s kin. Pha bn di ng k nm ngang l
nhng hnh ng m thc th phi thc hin ngay khi s kin xy ra (thc
hin trc khi thc th chuyn sang trng thi mi).
+Truyn d liu tin cy trn knh truyn c li bit: giao thc rdt 2.0:
- c ch mi trong rdt2.0 (so vi rdt1.0): pht hin li, nhn thng tin phn hi (ACK /
NAK)

26

Trong giao thc rdt 2.0, pha gi c hai trng thi. trng thi th nht, pha gi i
d liu t tng trn. Trong trng thi th hai, pha gi i phn hi ACK hoc NAK t
pha nhn. Nu nhn c ACK (rdt_rcv(rcvpkt ) && isACK(rcvpkt) trong hnh 3.10
tng ng vi s kin ny), pha gi bit c gi d liu chuyn n ch an ton, v
vy n tr v trng thi i d liu t tng trn chuyn tip. Nu nhn c NAK,
pha gi gi li gi d liu ri quay li trng thi i phn hi ACK hoc NAK cho gi
d liu va gi li. Ch rng khi pha gi trong trng thi ch phn hi (ACK hoc
NAK), n khng th nhn thm d liu t tng trn a xung. N ch chp nhn d
liu khi nhn c ACK v chuyn trng thi. Pha gi khng gi d liu cho n khi
n chc chn rng pha nhn nhn ng gi d liu gi. Giao thc rdt 2.0 vi
hnh vi nh vy thuc kiu dng v ch (stop and wait).
FSM bn nhn trong giao thc rdt 2.0 ch c mt trng thi duy nht. Khi nhn c gi
d liu (packet), pha nhn gi thng ip phn hi ACK hoc NAK, ph thuc vo gi
d liu nhn c li hay khng. Trong hnh 3.10, rdt_rcv (rcvpkt) && corrups(rcvpkt)
tng ng vi s kin gi d liu nhn c b li.
- Giao thc rdt 2.0 vn cn nhc im: chng ta cha tnh n kh nng chnh gi
ACK hoc NAK c li.
+Giao thc rdt 2.1: x l ACK hoc NAK b li:
- Gii quyt c trng hp duplicate packet do ACK hay NAK li bng cch thm s
sequence number vo gi tin.
- Pha nhn ch cn kim tra s th t xc nh gi d liu nhn c l gi mi hay
gi truyn li. Vi giao thc stop and wait n gin, ch cn mt bit s th t. Bn
nhn c th xc nh bn gi gi li gi d liu gi ln trc (s th t ca gi d

27

liu nhn c trng vi s th t vi gi d liu nhn c ln trc) hay gi d liu

mi (c s th t khc nhau, tng ln theo module 2).

Trong rdt 2.1, FSM ca bn gi v nhn u c s trng thi tng gp i. l v

trng thi giao thc phi biu din gi d liu c gi (bi bn gi) v gi d liu
c i (ti bn nhn) c s th t l 0 hay 1. Ch rng cc hnh ng trong trng
28

thi gi d liu c s th t 0 c gi (pha gi) hoc c mong i (pha nhn)

ngc vi trng thi gi d liu c s th t 1 c gi hay c i.
+Giao thc rdt 2.2: khng s dng NAK:
- Ging chc nng ca 2.1, nhng gi nh thay v dng NAK, bn nhn gi ACK cho
packet cui cng nhn c. Nu nhn hai ACK cho cng mt gi d liu (hin tng
trng ACK - duplicate ACK) bn gi xc nh c bn nhn khng nhn ng gi d
liu sau gi d liu bin nhn ACK hai ln.
+ Bn gi:

29

+ Bn nhn:

+Giao thc rdt 3.0: Truyn d liu tin cy trn knh truyn m d liu bi mt, li:
- Gi nh: knh c bn cng c th mt cc gi tin (d liu hoc ACKs):ngha l truyn
trong knh va mt va b li, checksum, s th t, ccACK, cc vic truyn li s h
tr nhng khng .
- Cch gii quyt: bn gi ch ACK trong khong thi gian chp nhn c, truyn li
nu khng nhn ACK trong khong thi gian ny. Nu gi (hoc ACK) ch tr (khng
mt): truyn li s gy trng, nhng dng s th t s gii quyt c. Bn nhn phi
xc nh s th t ca gi ACK va gi. Ci tin l: yu cu ng h m ngc
(timer).

30

15. cc phng thc GBN v SR

+GBN (Go-Back-End):
- Trong giao thc GBN, pha gi phi p ng ba s kin sau:
C d liu t trn chuyn xung : khi rdt_send() c pha trn s dng
chuyn d liu xung, pha gi phi kim tra xem ca s y cha (tc
l c N gi d liu gi i cha c bin nhn khng). Nu ca s cha
y, pha gi to ra v sau gi gi d liu ng thi cp nht cc bin. Nu
ca s y, pha gi khng chp nhn d liu t tng trn v thng bo ca s
y. Khi , tng trn s phi gi li. Trn thc t, pha gi s a d liu
vo vng m (nhng cha gi ngay) hoc c c ch ng b (s dng
semaphore hay c) ch cho php tng ng dng s dng rdt_send() khi ca s
cha y.
Nhn c mt ACK: trong giao thc GBN, gi tr bin nhn gi tin c s
th t n s mang gi tr tch lu, ngha l ton b gi d liu c s th t nh
hn hoc bng n u c pha nhn nhn ng. Chng ta s quay li vn
ny khi xem xt pha nhn trong giao thc GBN.
Ht thi gian i (timeout): tn giao thc - Go-Back-N bt ngun t
hnh vi ca pha gi khi d liu b mt hay b tr. Ging nh trong giao thc
stop and wait, timer c s dng x l vic mt gi d liu hay gi phn
hi. Khi ht thi gian i (timeout), pha gi s gi li tt c cc gi d liu
31

c gi i trc nhng cha c bin nhn. Nu ACK no c

nhn nhng vn cn gi d liu gi i cha c bin nhn th timer s c
khi ng li. Nu tt c cc gi d liu gi u c bin nhn th c th
ngng timer.
- Cc hnh ng ca pha nhn trong giao thc GBN n gin. Nu nhn c ng
gi d liu v gi ny ng th t th pha nhn gi ACK cho gi nhn c v
chuyn d liu trong gi d liu ny ln trn. Trong tt c cc trng hp cn
li, pha nhn loi b gi d liu v gi li ACK cho gi d liu ng th t cui
cng n nhn c. Ch rng gi d liu c chuyn ln tng trn mt ln duy
nht nn nu gi d liu th k c nhn v chuyn ln trn th ngha l tt c cc gi
d liu c s th t nh hn k cng c chuyn ln. S dng ACK tch lu l s
la chn tuyt vi cho giao thc GBN. (on trn ny c cho hiu thi)
>>>Tm li, hot ng ca GBN nh sau:
-

Bn gi s gi gi tin cho bn nhn, gi s ang gi gi N no .

Khi bn nhn nhn c gi tin th N (nu N ng th t), n s gi tr 1 ACK

th N cho bn gi bin nhn cho gi th N.

Nu gi N trong qu trnh gi b mt hay b tr, (Timer c s dng pht

hin mt gi tin), bn gi s vn gi tip cc gi tin tip theo (N+1, N+2,). V
gi th N cha ti c bn nhn (hoc ti tr), nn r rng bn nhn s pht
hin cc gi th N+1, N+2 l sai th t (ang thiu gi th N hoc gi th N
n sau), c mi gi nhn sai th t bn nhn s loi b v gi li ACK ca gi
ng th t cui cng n nhn c ( trng hp ny l ACK th N-1). Khi ht
thi gian i (timeout), pha gi s gi li tt c cc gi d liu c gi i
trc nhng cha c bin nhn. Nu ACK no c nhn nhng vn
cn gi d liu gi i cha c bin nhn th timer s c khi ng li. Nu
tt c cc gi d liu gi u c bin nhn th c th ngng timer.

+SR (Selective Repeat):

- ng nh tn gi, giao thc lp li c la chn (SR - Selective Repeat) trnh vic
truyn li khng cn thit bng cch bn gi ch gi li cc gi tin m n cho l c li
(hoc mt). truyn li tng gi tin khi cn thit, bn nhn cn bin nhn cho tng gi
tin nhn ng.
- SR vn dng timer, tuy nhin, mi gi tin gi i c mt timer ring, bi v ch c duy
nht mt gi tin c gi li khi ht thi gian i.
- Bn nhn Selective Repeat s bin nhn cho bt k gi tin nhn ng, cho d khng
theo ng th t. Gi tin khng ng th t vn c lu gi li cho n khi tt c cc
gi tin cn thiu (gi tin c s th t nh hn) c chuyn n, khi tt c cc gi
tin s c chuyn ln tng trn theo ng th t.

32

16. giao thc TCP: cu trc TCP header v RTT

+TCP segment structure:

- TCp header gm 20 byte: (32 bit word x5)

- 16 bit source port,16 bit destination port
- 32 bit sequence number
- 32 bit acknowledge number,
- 4 bit header length, 6 bit not used, 6 bit flag ,16 bit receive window: dng iu khin
dng.
- 16 bit checksum,16 bit urgendatapointer
Trng s th t (sequence number) 32 bit v trng s bin nhn
(acknowledge number) 32 bit c bn gi v bn nhn s dng trong
vic cung cp dch v truyn d liu tin cy, s c cp k hn trong phn
di y.
Trng ln ca s (window size) 16 bit c s dng kim sot
lu lng. y chnh l s lng byte d liu ti a m bn nhn c th chp
nhn c.
Trng di tiu (length field) 4 bit xc nh di ca tiu TCP
theo n v l cc t 32 bit. Tiu TCP c th c di thay i ph thuc
trng option (Nu trng option rng, th chiu di ca tiu TCP l 20
byte).

33

 Trng option l tu chn, c th thay i tu . Trng ny c s

dng khi bn gi, bn nhn c th thng lng v gi tr MMS hoc gi tr gia
tng ca ca s trong mng cao tc. La chn nhn thi gian (timestamping)
cng c nh ngha.
Trng c (flag) gm 6 bit. Bit ACK c s dng ch ra rng gi tr
t trong trng bin nhn l ng. Cc bit RST, SYN v FIN c s dng
trong vic thit lp hay ng kt ni. Khi bit PSH c bt, th y l du hiu
yu cu bn nhn phi chuyn d liu ln tng trn ngay lp tc. Cui cng,
bit URG c dng bo hiu d liu trong segment c thc th tng trn
pha gi to ra l khn cp. V tr byte cui cng ca d liu khn cp c
xc nh bi con tr d liu khn 16 bit (ptr to urgent data). TCP phi bo cho
tng trn bit c d liu khn v t con tr vo cui d liu khn (Trong thc
t, PSH, URG v con tr d liu khn khng c s dng)
- URG

C cho trng Urgent pointer

- ACK

C cho trng Acknowledgement

- PSH

Hm Push

- RST

Thit lp li ng truyn

- SYN

ng b li s th t

- FIN

Khng gi thm s liu

+RTT (Round Trip Time):

- Thi gian chuyn i vng quanh (RTT) l di ca thi gian cn cho mt tn hiu
c gi cng vi chiu di ca thi gian cn cho mt s tha nhn tn hiu
c nhn. Do , thi gian tr ny bao gm thi gian truyn ti gia hai im ca
mt tn hiu.
- SampleRTT l khong tthi gian t khi gi segment n khi nhn c ack cho
segment ny.
- Thi gian k vng:
EstimatedRTT = (1-)*EstimatedRTT + *SampleRTT
Trong : =0.125
- lch chun:
DevRTT = (1-)*DevRTT + *|SampleRTT - EstimatedRTT|
Trong : =0.25
- Thi gian ch:
TimeoutInterval = EstimateRTt + 4*DevRTT
>>Hay: thi gian ch = thi gian k vng + 4 ln lch chun
17. giao thc TCP: hot ng v kim sot lung, bt tay 3 bc

34

+TCP:
- TCP l dch v hng ni (connection-oriented).
- TCP hng ni v trc khi tin trnh ng dng c th bt u gi d liu ti mt tin
trnh khc, hai tin trnh ny phi c th tc bt tay vi nhau, ngha l chng phi gi
mt s gi segment c bit xc nh cc tham s m bo cho qu trnh truyn d
liu.
- Trong giai on thit lp kt ni TCP, hai bn s khi to nhiu bin trng thi TCP
cho kt ni.
- TCP s dng nhiu nguyn l truyn d liu tin cy, bao gm c ch pht hin li,
truyn li, bin nhn tch lu, timer, trng tiu cho s th t v s bin nhn.
- Vn c chc nng dn knh, phn knh.
+Hot ng ca TCP:
cc kt ni TCP c ba pha:
- thit lp kt ni
- truyn d liu
- kt thc kt ni
- Thit lp kt ni:
thit lp mt kt ni, TCP s dng mt quy trnh 3 bc ( 3-way handshake) Trc
khi client th kt ni vi mt server, server phi ng k mt cng v m cng cho
cc kt ni: y c gi l m b ng. Mt khi m b ng c thit lp th mt
client c th bt u m ch ng.
- Truyn d liu:
hai bc u tin trong ba bc bt tay, hai my tnh trao i mt s th t gi ban
u (Initial Sequence Number -ISN). S ny c th chn mt cch ngu nhin. S th
t ny c dng nh du cc khi d liu gi t mi my tnh. Sau mi byte
c truyn i, s ny li c tng ln. Nh vy ta c th sp xp li chng khi ti
my tnh kia bt k cc gi ti ni theo th t th no. C cc c ch:
+ Truyn d liu khng li (do c c ch sa li/truyn li)
+ Truyn cc gi d liu theo ng th t
+ Truyn li cc gi d liu mt trn ng truyn
+ Loi b cc gi d liu trng lp
+ C ch hn ch tc nghn ng truyn
- Kt thc kt ni:
kt thc kt ni hai bn s dng qu trnh bt tay 4 bc v chiu ca kt ni kt
thc c lp vi nhau. Khi mt bn mun kt thc, n gi i mt gi tin FIN v bn kia
gi li tin bo nhn ACK. V vy, mt qu trnh kt thc tiu biu s c 2 cp gi tin trao
i.

35

+Kim sot lung (Flow control):

Cp thit b u cui mi pha ca kt ni TCP u c b m d liu (buffer). Khi kt
ni TCP nhn c ng mt dng byte lin tc (ng th t), n s t dng byte ny
vo b m nhn (receive buffer). Tin trnh ng dng nhn tng ng s c d liu
t b m ny, nhng khng nht thit l phi c ngay khi d liu n. C th tin
trnh ng dng nhn phi thc hin nhiu tc v khc nn cha c c d liu trong
b m. Nu ng dng c d liu chm th bn gi c th lm trn b m nhn do
d liu c gi qu nhiu v qu nhanh. Chnh v l do ny TCP cung cp dch v
kim sot lung (flow control) trnh hin tng bn gi lm trn b m bn
nhn.
- Kim sot lung l qu trnh lm tng thch (matching) v tc : tng thch gia
tc bn gi gi vi tc nhn ca bn nhn.

- cung cp c ch kim sot lu lng, TCP bn gi s dng bin receive

window. y l gi tr m bn nhn bo cho bn gi bit ln vng m cn ri ca
n.
- Trong kt ni hai hng, mi pha kt ni c gi tr receive window phn bit.
- Gi tr receive window ng, c ngha l n s thay i trong thi gian kt ni.
- Gi s my A gi mt file ln ti my B qua kt ni TCP. My B s khi to b m
cho kt ni ny vi ln RcvBuffer. Tin trnh ng dng trn B c d liu t b m.
Chng ta nh ngha mt s bin sau:
+LastByteread = s th t ca byte cui cng trong dng d liu m tin trnh
ng dng trong my B c t buffer.
+LastByteRcvd = s byte cui cng trong dng d liu n t mng v c
trong receive buffer ca my B.
+V TCP khng c php trn b m nn chng ta phi c :
LastByteRcvd LastByteread < RcvBuffer
+Receive window l gi tr RcvWindow, l ln vng m ri:

36

RcvWindow = RcvBuffer - [LastByteRcvd LastByteread]

+My A cng c hai bin LastByteSent v LastByteAcked. lch gia hai bin
ny, LastByteSent - LastByteAcked l s lng d liu cha c bin nhn m
A gi qua kt ni. Bng cch khng ch s lng d liu cha c bin nhn
nh hn gi tr RcvWindow, A m bo khng lm trn b m ti B. Do vy
trong sut thi gian kt ni, A phi m bo:
LastByteSent - LastByteAcked <= RcvWindow
+Bt tay 3 bc:
1. Client yu cu m cng dch v bng cch gi gi tin SYN (gm c SYN=1 v
sequence number) ti server, trong gi tin ny, tham s sequence number
c gn cho mt gi tr ngu nhin X. (client_isn)
2. Server hi p bng cch gi li pha client bn tin SYN-ACK, trong gi tin ny,
tham s acknowledgment number c gn gi tr bng X + 1, tham s
sequence number c gn ngu nhin mt gi tr Y. (server_isn)
3. hon tt qu trnh bt tay ba bc, client tip tc gi ti server bn tin ACK,
trong bn tin ny, tham s sequence number c gn cho gi tr bng X + 1
cn tham s acknowledgment number c gn gi tr bng Y + 1
Ti thi im ny, c client v server u c xc nhn rng, mt kt ni c
thit lp.
(P.S: xem hnh 3.39 trang 266 trong sch, y client_isn l X, server_isn l Y. Cch
nh l ngoi 2 s sequence c to ngu nhin bc 1 v 2 ra th: s ACK sau =
s sequence trc +1; v s sequence sau = s ACK trc)
18. giao thc IP: cu trc IPv4

37

+Khun dng gi d liu IP (IP datagram format):

Phin bn (version): Trng 4 bit ny xc nh phin bn giao thc IP
ca gi d liu. Cc phin bn IP khc nhau s dng cc khun dng d liu
khc nhau.
di tiu (Header length): Gi d liu IPv4 c th c nhiu trng
mang tnh la chn (t trong tiu gi d liu IPv4). 4 bit ny c dng
xc nh v tr bt u ca d liu thc s trong gi d liu IP. Tuy nhin phn
ln gi d liu IP khng cha cc trng la chn nn tiu ca gi d liu
thng c nh l 20 byte
Kiu dch v (Type of service - TOS): Trng kiu dch v (TOS) gip
phn bit cc kiu khc nhau ca gi d liu IP, t c th x l theo
nhng cch khc nhau.
di gi d liu (datagram length): y l tng di tnh theo byte
ca gi d liu IP (c phn tiu ln phn d liu). di trng ny l 16
bit nn v l thuyt kch thc ti a ca gi d liu IP l 65.535 byte. Tuy
nhin, him khi kch thc gi d liu vt qu 1500 byte v thng gii hn
l 576 byte.
nh danh, c v v tr phn on (Identifer, Flags, Fragmention
Offset): 3 trng ny c s dng khi phn mnh gi IP (fragmentation). Ch
phin bn mi ca IP (IPv6) khng cho php phn mnh gi d liu ti cc
router.
Thi gian tn ti (Time-To-live - TTL): Trng thi gian tn ti (TTL)
c s dng bo m gi d liu khng c lu chuyn mi mi (nh
tuyn lp theo cc ng vng) trong mng. Trng ny c gim i mt (1) mi ln gi tin i qua mt router. Nu trng TTL bng 0 th router s loi
b gi tin.
Giao thc (Protocol): Trng ny ch c s dng khi gi d liu IP n
c my tnh ch. Gi tr ca trng ny xc nh giao thc tng giao vn
my tnh ch s nhn c phn d liu trong gi d liu IP. Ch rng vai
tr ca trng giao thc trong gi d liu IP tng t vai tr trng s hiu
cng trong segment ca tng giao vn. Trng giao thc c xem l im
ni gia tng mng v tng giao vn cng nh trng s hiu cng l im
ni gia tng giao vn vi ng dng c th.
Checksum ca tiu (Header checksum): Trng checksum trong tiu
gip router pht hin li trong tiu gi d liu IP c gi n. Gi tr
checksum c tnh bng cch xem phn tiu l mt chui cc t hai
byte, cng cc t ny li v sau ly b mt. S b mt ca tng ny
c gi l Internet checksum. Router tnh li Internet checksum cho mi gi

38

d liu IP nhn c v c th pht hin ra li nu nh gi tr checksum tnh li

khc gi tr checksum trong gi d liu.
ia ch IP ngun v ch: Nhng trng ny l 32 bit a ch IP ca my
tnh gi v my tnh nhn. Tm quan trng ca a ch ch l r rng.
La chn (Option): Cc trng ny cho php m rng tiu IP. Phn
la chn trong tiu him khi c s dng. S tn ti ca phn la chn
trong tiu lm phc tp vic x l cc gi tin v tiu ca gi d liu c
phn la chn khng c di c nh, do khng xc nh c v tr bt
u ca d liu thc s. Nh vy thi gian x l gi d liu IP ti mi router c
th khc nhau. y l nhc im ca cc mng hiu sut cao. V th, IPv6 s
loi b cc trng la chn.
D liu (payload): Cui cng l trng quan trng nht - trng d liu.
Thng thng trng d liu ca gi IP l gi d liu ca tng giao vn (TCP
hay UDP segment) chuyn n ni nhn. Tuy nhin, trng d liu c th l
cc kiu d liu khc, v d thng ip ICMP.

------------------------------------------------------

FIN ------------------------------------------------------

Ch :
- Cu 14 my ci rdt 2.0 ti 3.0 ch cn v hnh l (c th ch
thch bng ting vit), mun th ghi thm vi , xem hnh trong
sch d hn.
- on no b trong du ngoc kp th c th b.
- c hiu ri nh chnh thi, sao hc ht ni >< !

39