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List of figure

Chapter
No.
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2.

3.

4.

5.

Contents

Page
No.

INTRODUCTION TO ONGC
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of the ONGC
1.3 ONGC Network

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4
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INTRODUCTION TO SCADA PROJECT OF ONGC


2.1 Introduction
2.2 Structure of SCADA Project
2.3 Project Objective
2.4 Unique Features of SCADA project ONGC
2.5 Terminologies
2.6 Other application of SCADA

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SCADA FUNCTION
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Data acquisition
3.3 Networked and Data communication
3.4 Data presentation
3.5 Control
3.6 Block Diagram
3.7 Configuration

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INSTRUMENTS
4.1 Introduction

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4.3 Types Of Instruments


4.4 FF Protocol
4.5 ModBus Protocol
4.6 HART Protocol

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RTU(REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT)


5.1 Introduction
5.2 Introduction to AC800F Controller
5.3 Features of AC800F
5.4 Architecture of AC800F

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25
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HMI(HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE)


6.1 Introduction
6.2 Features of HMI
6.3 Function of HMI

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6.4 Layout of HMI

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6.5 Basic Navigation

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KU & C BAND
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7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ku band
7.3 Difficulties of Ku Band
7.4 C band

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INTRODUCTION TO ONGC
1.1 Introduction
2

1.2History of the ONGC


ONGC network

Introduction

ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited) is India's leading oil &
gas exploration company. ONGC has produced more than 600 million metric
tonnes of crude oil and supplied more than 200 billion cubic metres of gas since
its inception. Today, ONGC is India's highest profit making corporate. It has a
share of 77 percent in India's crude oil production and 81 per cent in India's
natural gas production.
The origins of ONGC can be traced to the Industrial Policy Statement of
1948, which called for the development of petroleum industry in India . Until
1955, private oil companies such as Assam Oil Company at Digboi, Oil India
Ltd at Naharkatiya and Moran in Assam, and Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project at
West Bengal, were engaged in exploration work. The vast sedimentary tract in
other parts of India and adjoining offshore were largely unexplored . In 1955,
Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas resources in the
various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector development. To
achieve this objective an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up in1955, as
a subordinate office under the then Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific
Research.
Today, ONGC has grown into a full-fledged horizontally integrated
petroleum company. Recently, ONGC has made six new discoveries, at Vasai
West (oil and gas) in Western Offshore, GS-49 (gas) and GS-KW (oil and gas)
in Krishna-Godavari Offshore, Chinnewala Tibba (gas) in Rajasthan, and
Laipling-gaon (oil and gas) and Banamali (oil), both in Assam.

ONGC has a fully owned subsidiary, ONGC Videsh Ltd (OVL) that looks
for exploration opportunities in other parts of the world. OVL is pursuing
exploration of oil and gas in Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya Myanmar and other
countries. ONGC has also acquired 72% stake in MRPL with full management
control of the 9.69 tonne, state-of-the-art refinery.

History of ONGC
1947 1960
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During the pre-independence period, the Assam Oil Company in the


northeastern and Attock Oil company in northwestern part of the undivided
India were the only oil companies producing oil in the country, with minimal
exploration input. The major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to
be unfit for development of oil and gas resources.
After independence, the national Government realized the importance oil
and gas for rapid industrial development and its strategic role in defense.
Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy Statement of 1948, the
development of petroleum industry in the country was considered to be of
utmost necessity.
In 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas
resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector
development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up
towards the end of 1955, as a subordinate office under the then Ministry of
Natural Resources and Scientific Research.
In April 1956, the Government of India adopted the Industrial Policy
Resolution, which placed mineral oil industry among the schedule 'A' industries,
the future development of which was to be the sole and exclusive responsibility
of the state.
The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission subject to the
provisions of the Act, were "to plan, promote, organize and implement
programmes for development of Petroleum Resources and the production and
sale of petroleum and petroleum products produced by it, and to perform such
other functions as the Central Government may, from time to time, assign to it ".
1961 - 1990

Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the


country's limited upstream sector into a large viable playing field, with its
activities spread throughout India and significantly in overseas territories. In the
inland areas, ONGC not only found new resources in Assam but also
established new oil province in Cambay basin (Gujarat), while adding new
petroliferous areas in the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt and East coast basins (both
inland and offshore).
ONGC went offshore in early 70's and discovered a giant oil field in the
form of Bombay High, now known as Mumbai High. Subsequently, over 5
billion tonnes of hydrocarbons, which were present in the country, were
discovered. The most important contribution of ONGC, however, is its self4

reliance and development of core competence in E&P activities at a globally


competitive level.
After 1990

During March 1999, ONGC, Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) - a


downstream giant and Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) - the only gas
marketing company, agreed to have cross holding in each other's stock.
Consequent to this the Government sold off 10 per cent of its share holding in
ONGC to IOC and 2.5 per cent to GAIL.
In the year 2002-03, after taking over MRPL from the A V Birla Group,
ONGC diversified into the downstream sector. ONGC will soon be entering into
the retailing business. ONGC has also entered the global field through its
subsidiary, ONGC Videsh Ltd. (OVL). ONGC has made major investments in
Vietnam, Sakhalin and Sudan and earned its first hydrocarbon revenue from its
investment in Vietnam.

ONGC network

network is divide in five parts as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1 ONGC Network

INTRODUCTION TO
SCADA PROJECT OF
ONGC
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2.1 Introduction
Structure of SCADA project
Project Objective
Unique features of SCADA project of
ONGC
Terminologies
Other application of SCADA

2.1 Introduction
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is Indias premier
Organization engaged in exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons and
makes Significant contributions to the industrial and economic growth of the
country. The operations of ONGC in India are organized and managed through
geographically distinct Assets, Basins, Forward Base, Regional & Corporate
office listed.
ONGCs production facilities are spread throughout India from East to
West; from North to South both On-shore as well as Offshore ONGCs
operations are divided into different Assets, Basins, Forward bases and Project
Offices. Apart from these, ONGC has some Refining and Processing facilities
such as Tatipaka Mini Refinery near Rajahmundry, Uran plant near Mumbai and
Hazira Plant near Surat. ONGC owns several Offshore and Onshore drilling
rigs, which are used for drilling developmental and exploratory locations.
ONGC has been deploying SCADA systems for monitoring and controlling its
production operations since late seventies in Offshore. ONGC aims at
revamping of these existing systems in Offshore; deploy new systems in all
onshore production & drilling facilities and Plants and developing an integrated
Enterprise Wide SCADA system for Production and Drilling facilities.
This integrated system shall acquire Real-time Production and Drilling data,
which, apart from efficient day-to-day operations, shall also be used for
supporting scientific and business decisions.
Enterprise Wide SCADA for all Production and Drilling Facility of
ONGC Spread across India and in Arabian Sea. This project is handle by
ABB(Asea brown boveri). Supply of Three Tier SCADA Architecture as
Production SCADA and Drilling SCADA spread across 19 Assets/252
Locations in India. The Production SCADA is ABB SCADA Vision and
Drilling SCADA is NOV solution.

Major ONGC work center where SCADA is being proposed is shown in Fig. 2.1

Fig. 2.1 Major ONGC work center

2.2 Structure of SCADA project


Three-tier system architecture is proposed with Tier-1 at different
Production and Drilling Installations, Tier-2 at Different Asset Head Quarters
and Tier-3 at corporate level. As shown in below Fig.2.2.
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Fig. 2.2 Structure of SCADA project

Tier-1 shall be SCADA Systems, which shall acquire data from Field
Instruments, store Real-time and Historical data and process the data for
generating Alarms, Events and Reports. Tier-2 shall have a Data Center, which
shall acquire data from all the production, & Drilling installations of that Asset
have GUI, Alarming and Reporting functionalities and Interface with various
Applications. Key Performance Indicators shall be sent to Corporate Layer Tier3 for presenting it to corporate level users with the facility to drill down to the
Installation / rig level if required.
Production and Drilling information is required by different
organizational scientific as well as business functional groups and managers in
respective Assets and Basins. This information is vital for planning and
coordination of all E&P activities. Efficient real-time monitoring of this
production and drilling operations shall contribute greatly in efficient and cost
effective operations. Availability of on-line information shall result in timely
and informed scientific and business decisions.
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The Tier 1 SCADA will be used for following facilities with in the asset.
Group Gathering Stations (GGS)
Gas Collecting Station (GCS)
Central Tank Farm (CTF)
Central Processing Facility (CPF)
Early Production System (EPS)
Gas Compressor Plant (GCP)
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)
Water Injection Plant (WIP)

2.3 Project Objective


Efficient Real time Monitoring of the Production and Drilling Parameters
across all the assets in India.
Remote control of the production well in case of Offshore platform.
Facilitate offline analysis of the Valuable/ High Producing Wells through
third party E&P Applications.
Provide summarized information to the management for effective
decision making.
Total Facelift in the day to day operation of ONGC Production and
Drilling facility to improve the efficiency.

2.4 Unique Features of SCADA project


Single Largest Instrumentation- Automation IT Solution project
finalised in India The order value is 95 musd
Largest three tier network of Near real time process data monitoring. The
no of HMI Station in a single largest Network - 1300 Plus HMI Stations
and 600 Plus Servers
Largest Project in term of the FF based Instrumentations and automation
solution 7500 FF instrument and 850 FFH1 segments
First Ever project with FF and Hart based RTU and Asset Management.
Largest project in terms of Field Instrumentation scope of supply
Largest Oil and Gas producing wells connected to the SCADA system
7000 Wells
Single largest contract to build 179 Control rooms, 16 Data centres and
75 Mobile Control rooms at 250 plus locations.

2.5 Terminologies
Asset
Asset is an independent organizational entity. It has the assets in terms of
the productive properties i.e. the Oil & Gas producing Fields and is
responsible for all activities related to production and development of the
field. Asset operation is managed by Asset Manager.
Basin
Basin is an exploration-oriented organizational entity, which caters to
exploration and reservoir management. The Exploratory Drilling is
monitored and governed by Basin Manager.
ForwardBase/Project
Forward Base/Projects are organizational unit, which are producing oil &
gas but they are in those petroliferous basins where the presence of oil &
gas is established and presently in a preliminary stage of
development.Cambay, Cachar-Silchar, Rajasthan, Coal bed methane fall
in this category.
Asset/Baseoffice
These are project offices, which are responsible for E&P activities of their
respective areas. These offices have offices of Asset/ Basin managers,
senior managers of respective functions, domain experts and planning &
coordination cells of Production & Drilling functions.
Group Gathering Station (GGS)
GGS shown in Fig. 2.5. GGS stands for Group Gathering Station which
collects crude oil from wells / EPS / ETP. The well fluid is separated into
oil /gas and effluent. The crude oil / emulsion is dispatched to CTF/ CPF
and natural gas is dispatched to GCS / consumers. GGS is primarily used
for oil wells.

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Fig. 2.5 GGS

Central Tank Farm (CTF)


CTF shown in Fig. 2.6.CTF stands for Central Tank Farm which collects
crude oil from GGS / EPS / ETP. The crude oil / emulsion received at
CTF is given chemical, heat and electrostatic treatment to break the
emulsion of crude oil & effluent. The crude oil is dispatched to Refinery
and the effluent is sent to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The CTF has
many tanks to store the untreated / intermediate and treated crude oil.

Fig. 2.6 CTF/CPF


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Central Production Facility (CPF)


The CPF Gandhar the biggest Onshore Production facility. It is in
Gandhar field in Ankaleshwar Asset. It is spread around 5 Sq. Km area. It
receives well fluid from nearby GGSs and processes them. Different
processing facilities are available within this complex, such as CSU,
GCP, ETP and a Gas based Captive Power Plant (CPP). The well fluid
from nearby GGSs is received in Headers. Oil is processed at Crude
Stabilization Unit (CSU), and then stored in Intermediate Tanks and then
Transferred to Main Tanks. From Main Tanks, oil is pumped to KT
terminal in Koyali Refinery, Vadodara. High Pressure (HP) and Medium
Pressure (MP) Gas from GGS are processed and dispatched to GAIL.
Lean gas from GAIL is received back and compressed and sent to for Gas
Lift wells. It is further compressed for Gas Injection wells. Effluent from
different separators are sent to ETP.
Captive Power Plant (CPP)
ONGC generates Electrical Power through Gas Turbines and Combined
Cycle Power Plants for internal use at various locations. Natural gas is
used as fuel for CPP.
Gas Collecting Station (GCS)
Gas Collection Station collects gas from wells / GGS / EPS / EPT. The
well fluid is separated into gas and liquid / condensate / emulsion. The
gas is dispatched to Gas compressor plant / consumers. GCS is primarily
used for gas wells.
Gas Compression Plant (GCP)
GCP is an Onshore installation where the Gas from nearby GGS and GCS
is received and compressed into pipelines for dispatch to Consumers. It
also has compressors for Gas Lift and Gas Injection depending upon
requirements of the field.

2.6 Other application of SCADA


You can use SCADA to manage any kind of equipment. Typically,
SCADA systems are used to automate complex industrial processes where
human control is impractical systems where there are more control factors,
and more fast-moving control factors, than human beings can comfortably
manage.
Around the world, SCADA systems control:
Electric power generation, transmission and distribution:
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Electric utilities use SCADA systems to detect current flow and line
voltage, to monitor the operation of circuit breakers, and to take sections of the
power grid online or offline.
Water and sewage:
State and municipal water utilities use SCADA to monitor and regulate
water flow, reservoir levels, pipe pressure and other factors.
Buildings, facilities and environments:
Facility managers use SCADA to control HVAC, refrigeration units,
lighting and entry systems.
Manufacturing:
SCADA systems manage parts inventories for just-in-time
manufacturing, regulate industrial automation and robots, and monitor process
and quality control.
Mass transit:
Transit authorities use SCADA to regulate electricity to subways, trams
and trolley buses; to automate traffic signals for rail systems; to track and locate
trains and buses; and to control railroad crossing gates.
Traffic signals:
SCADA regulates traffic lights, controls traffic flow and detects out-oforder signals.

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SCADA FUNCTION
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Data acquisition
3.3 Network &Data communication
3.4 Data presentation
3.5 Control
3.6 Block diagram
3.7 Configuration

3.1 Introduction
A SCADA system performs four function
Data acquisition

Networked data communication

Data presentation
Control
These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA components:
Sensors (either digital or analog) and control relays that directly interface
with the managed system.
Remote telemetry units (RTUs). These are small computerized units
deployed in the field at specific sites and locations. RTUs serve as local
collection points for gathering reports from sensors and delivering
commands to control relays.
SCADA master units. These are larger computer consoles that serve as
the central processor for the SCADA system. Master units provide a
human interface to the system and automatically regulate the managed
system in response to sensor inputs.
The communications network that connects the SCADA master unit to
the RTUs in the field

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3.2 Data acquisition


First, the systems you need to monitor are much more complex than just
one machine with one output. So a real-life SCADA system needs to monitor
hundreds or thousands of sensors. Some sensors measure inputs into the system
(for example, water flowing into a reservoir), and some sensors measure outputs
(like valve pressure as water is released from the reservoir).
Some of those sensors measure simple events that can be detected by a
straightforward on/off switch, called a discrete input (or digital input). For
example, in our simple model of the widget fabricator, the switch that turns on
the light would be a discrete input. In real life, discrete inputs are used to
measure simple states, like whether equipment is on or off, or tripwire alarms,
like a power failure at a critical facility.
Some sensors measure more complex situations where exact
measurement is important. These are analog sensors, which can detect
continuous changes in a voltage or current input. Analog sensors are used to
track fluid levels in tanks, voltage levels in batteries, temperature and other
factors that can be measured in a continuous range of input.
For most analog factors, there is a normal range defined by a bottom and
top level. For example, you may want the temperature in a server room to stay
between 60 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. If the temperature goes above or below
this range, it will trigger a threshold alarm. In more advanced systems, there are
four threshold alarms for analog sensors, defining Major Under, Minor Under,
Minor Over and Major Over alarms.

3.3 Networked data communication


In our simple model of the widget fabricator, the network is just the
wire leading from the switch to the panel light. In real life, you want to be able
to monitor multiple systems from a central location, so you need a
communications network to transport all the data collected from your sensors.
Early SCADA networks communicated over radio, modem or dedicated
serial lines. Today the trend is to put SCADA data on Ethernet and IP over
SONET. For security reasons, SCADA data should be kept on closed
LAN/WANs without exposing sensitive data to the open Internet.
Real SCADA systems dont communicate with just simple electrical
signals, either. SCADA data is encoded in protocol format. Older SCADA
systems depended on closed proprietary protocols, but today the trend is to
open, standard protocols and protocol mediation.
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Sensors and control relays are very simple electric devices that cant
generate or interpret protocol communication on their own. Therefore the
remote telemetry unit (RTU) is needed to provide an interface between the
sensors and the SCADA network. The RTU encodes sensor inputs into protocol
format and forwards them to the SCADA master; in turn, the RTU receives
control commands in protocol format from the master and transmits electrical
signals to the appropriate control relays.

3.4 Data presentation


The only display element in our model SCADA system is the light that
comes on when the switch is activated. This obviously wont do on a large scale
you cant track a lightboard of a thousand separate lights, and you dont want
to pay someone simply to watch a lightboard, either.
A real SCADA system reports to human operators over a specialized
computer that is variously called a master station, an HMI (Human-Machine
Interface) or an HCI (Human-Computer Interface).
The SCADA master station has several different functions. Themaster
continuously monitors all sensors and alerts the operator when there is an
alarm that is, when a control factor is operating outside what is defined as
its normal operation. The master presents a comprehensive view of the entire
managed system, and presents more detail in response to user requests. The
master also performs data processing on information gathered from sensors it
maintains report logs and summarizes historical trends.
An advanced SCADA master can add a great deal of intelligence and
automation to your systems management, making your job much easier.

3.5 Control
Unfortunately, our miniature SCADA system monitoring the widget
fabricator doesnt include any control elements. So lets add one. Lets say the
human operator also has a button on his control panel. When he presses the
button, it activates a switch on the widget fabricator that brings more widget
parts into the fabricator.
Now lets add the full computerized control of a SCADA master unit that
controls the entire factory. You now have a control system that responds to
inputs elsewhere in the system. If the machines that make widget parts break

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down, you can slow down or stop the widget fabricator. If the part fabricators
are running efficiently, you can speed up the widget fabricator.
If you have a sufficiently sophisticated master unit, these controls can run
completely automatically, without the need for human intervention. Of course,
you can still manually override the automatic controls from the master station
In real life, SCADA systems automatically regulate all kinds of industrial
processes. For example, if too much pressure is building up in a gas pipeline,
the SCADA system can automatically open a release valve. Electricity
production can be adjusted to meet demands on the power grid. Even these realworld examples are simplified; a full-scale SCADA system can adjust the
managed system in response to multiple inputs.

3.6 Block diagram


Block diagram is shown in Fig. 3.1. It shows four stage structures.

Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram of SCADA function

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3.7 Configuration
Typical Tier 1 Production & drilling SCADA Configuration contain following
parts.
Measurement instruments
RTU( Remote Terminal Unit)
HMI( Human machine interface)
L2(layer-2) Switch
SCADA server
Converter.

Tier-2 SCADA contain following Parts.


Servers
Redundant Production SCADA Server
Redundant Drilling SCADA Server
Dual Redundant Common Database Server
Application Server (Production)
Application Server (Drilling)
Web server
HMIs
Projection display system.

Typical Tier 3 SCADA (Corporate Office) Configuration


Tier-3 SCADA at Delhi have large memory servers for store data coming from
Tier-2.
Its have

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SCADA server(Production)
SCADA server(Drilling)
Web server
Networkmanagement server
Conman Database(on ORACLE)
Colobration server
HMIs,
Projection display system

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INSTRUMENTS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of instrument
4.3 FF Protocol
4.4 Modbus Protocol
4.5 HART Protocol

4.1 Introduction
A basic instrument system consists of three elements:
SENSOR or INPUT DEVICE
SIGNAL PROCESSOR
RECEIVER or OUTPUT DEVICE
A block diagram of a
basic system is shown but they are usually more complex.

Fig. 4.1 Basic block diagram of instrument


Most modern analogue equipment works on the following standard signal
ranges.
Electric 4 to 20 mA
Pneumatic 0.2 to 1.0 bar
Older electrical equipment use 0 to 10 V. Increasingly the instruments are
digital with a binary digital encoder built in to give a binary digital output.
Pneumatic signals are commonly used in process industries for safety especially
when there is a risk of fire or explosion. The advantage of having a standard
range or using digital signals is that all equipment may be purchased ready
calibrated. For analogue systems the minimum signal (Temperature, speed,
force, pressure and so on ) is represented by 4 mA or 0.2 bar and the maximum
signal is represented by 20 mA or 1.0 bar. This tutorial is an attempt to
familiarise you with the many types of input sensors on the market today.
Usually such sensors are called PRIMARY TRANSDUCERS.

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The block diagram of a sensor is shown below.

Fig. 4.2 B/D of sensor

4.2 Types of instrument


In SCADA project of ONGC following Instruments is used for measure
different quantity. In bracket shows protocol used for that instruments.

Differential Pressure Transmitter (FF)


Pressure Transmitter (FF)
Temperature Transmitter (FF)
Coriolis Mass Flow Meters-Oil Despatch (Modbus)
Ultrasonic Clamp-on Flow Meter-Water Injection Header (Modbus)
Thermal Mass Flow Meter-Flare Line (HART)
Level Transmitters- Storage & Test Tanks (FF,HART)
Magnetic Flow Meters-Effluent Line (FF)
Turbidity Meters-Effluent Line (Modbus)
Total Flow RTU-Custody Transfer for Gas (Modbus)

4.3 FF(Field Foundation)


Fieldbus is a generic-term which describes a new digital communications
network which will be used in industry to replace the existing 4 - 20mA
analogue signal. The network is a digital, bi-directional, multidrop, and serialbus communications network used to link isolated field devices, such as
controllers, transducers, actuators and sensors. Each field device has low cost
computing power installed in it, making each device a smart device. Each
device will be able to execute simple functions on its own such as diagnostic,
control, and maintenance functions as well as providing bi-directional
communication capabilities. With these devices not only will the engineer be
able to access the field devices, but they are also able to communicate with
other field devices. In essence fieldbus will replace centralized control networks
with distributed-control networks. Therefore fieldbus is much more than a
replacement for the 4 - 20mA analogue standard.

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The fieldbus technology promises to improve quality, reduce costs and


boost efficiency. These promises made by the fieldbus technology are derived
partly from the fact that information which a field device is required to transmit
or receive can be transmitted digitally. This is a great deal more accurate than
transmitting using analogue methods which were used previously. Each field
device is also a smart device and can carry out its own control, maintenance
and diagnostic functions. As a result it can report if there is a failure of the
device or manual calibration is required, this increases the efficiency of the
system and reduces the amount of maintenance required.
Each field device will be more flexible as they will have computing
power. One fieldbus device could be used to replace a number of devices using
the 4 - 20mA analogue standard. Other major cost savings from using fieldbus
are due to wiring and installation - the existing 4 - 20mA analogue signal
standard requires each device to have is own set of wires and its own connection
point. Fieldbus eliminates this need so only a single twisted pair wiring scheme
is required.

4.4 Modbus
The Modbus protocol provides an industry standard method that Modbus
devices use for parsing messages. This protocol was developed by Modicon,
Incorporated, for industrial automation systems and Modicon programmable
controllers.
Modbus devices communicate using a master-slave technique in which
only one device (the master) can initiate transactions (called queries). The other
devices (slaves) respond by supplying the requested data to the master, or by
taking the action requested in the query. A slave is any peripheral device (I/O
transducer, valve, network drive, or other measuring device) which processes
information and sends its output to the master using Modbus. Acromag Series
900MB I/O Modules are slave devices, while a typical master device is a host
computer running appropriate application software.
Masters can address individual slaves, or can initiate a broadcast message
to all slaves. Slaves return a response to all queries addressed to them
individually, but do not respond to broadcast queries.
A master's query consists of a slave address (or broadcast address), a
function code defining the requested action, any required data, and an error
checking field. A slave's response consists of fields confirming the action taken,
any data to be returned, and an error checking field. Note that the query and
response both include a device address, plus a function code, plus applicable
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data, and an error checking field. If no error occurs, the slave's response
contains the data requested. If an error occurs in the query received, or if the
slave is unable to perform the action requested, the slave will return an
exception message as its response (see Modbus Exceptions). The error check
field of the message frame allows the master to confirm that the contents of the
message are valid. Additionally, parity checking is also applied to each
transmitted character in its data frame.
In RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) Mode, each 8-bit message byte contains
two 4-bit hexadecimal characters, and the message is transmitted in a
continuous stream. The greater effective character density increases throughput
over ASCII mode at the same baud rate.

4.5 HART
Field networks are not the only solution when plant operators want to use
the advantages of smart field devices. The HART protocol provides many
possibilities even for installations that are equipped with the conventional 4 to
20 mA technique.
HART devices communicate their data over the transmission lines of the
4 to 20 mA system. This enables the field devices to be parameterized and
started up in a flexible manner or to read measured and stored data (records).
All these tasks require field devices based on microprocessor technology. These
devices are frequently called smart devices.
Introduced in 1989, this protocol has proven successful in many industrial
applications and enables bidirectional communication even in hazardous
environments. HART allows the use of up to two masters: the engineering
console in the control room and a second device for operation on site, e.g. a PC
laptop or a handheld terminal.
The most important performance features of the HART protocol include:
proven in practice, simple design, easy to maintain and operate
compatible with conventional analog instrumentation
simultaneous analog and digital communication
option of point-to-point or multidrop operation
flexible data access via up to two master devices
supports multivariable field devices
sufficient response time of approx. 500 ms
open de-facto standard freely available to any manufacturer or user
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RTU (Remote Terminal


Unit)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Introduction to AC800 F
Controller
5.3 Features of AC800F
5.4 Architecture of AC800F

5.1 Introduction
SCADA RTUs need to communicate with all your on-site equipment and
survive under the harsh conditions of an industrial environment. RTU
functionality is Collects all analog & digital field signals (FF,Modbus,Hart,4-20
mA,On- Off States) .Digitize the Field Signal. Load the data into OPC server
So RTU required
Sufficient capacity to support the equipment at your site but not more
capacity than you actually will use. At every site, you want an RTU that
can support your expected growth over a reasonable period of time, but
its simply wasteful to spend your budget on excess capacity that you
wont use.
Rugged construction and ability to withstand extremes of temperature and
humidity. You know how punishing on equipment your sites can be. Keep
in mind that your SCADA system needs to be the most reliable element in
your facility.
Secure, redundant power supply. You need your SCADA system up and
working 24/7, no excuses. Your RTU should support battery power and,
ideally, two power inputs.
Redundant communication ports. Network connectivity is as important to
SCADA operations as a power supply. A secondary serial port or internal
modem will keep your RTU online even if the LAN fails. Plus, RTUs
with multiple communication ports easily support a LAN migration
strategy.
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Nonvolatile memory (NVRAM) for storing software and/or firmware.


NVRAM retains data even when power is lost. New firmware can be
easily downloaded to NVRAM storage, often over LAN so you can
keep your RTUs capabilities up to date without excessive site visits.
Intelligent control. As I noted above, sophisticated SCADA remotes can
control local systems by themselves according to programmed responses
to sensor inputs. This isnt necessary for every application, but it does
come in handy for some users.
Real-time clock for accurate date/time stamping of reports.
Watchdog timer to ensure that the RTU restarts after a power failure.

5.2 Introduction toAC800F Controller


In Fig. 5.1 show the AC800F controller which is use in the our RTU.

Fig. 5.1 AC800F Controller


AC 800F opens up the flexibility of Fieldbus technology to the user. The
AC 800F collects and processes diagnostic and process data from four Fieldbus
lines, which may be of different types. It does this in addition to the tasks of a
conventional process station. Up to 4 (different) fieldbus modules can be
plugged into the AC 800F. The communication with other controllers runs via
Ethernet.

25

The basic unit, PM 802F, cyclically scans signals from the fieldbus
sensors via the corresponding fieldbus modules, processes these signals
according the application programs installed by the user and sends appropriate
signals to the fieldbus actuators via the fieldbus modules.
Controller redundancy can be achieved by installing two AC 800F. To ensure
quick and smooth takeover by the secondary AC 800F in case the primary AC
800F fails, a dedicated redundancy communications link through the second
Ethernet module makes sure that both AC 800F are always synchronized.
All inputs and outputs are designed to support redundant operation.
Data communication between AC 800F, process and operator stations
runs over the Ethernet system bus on the first Ethernet module. Data exchange
with the engineering station is also carried via the system bus. engineering
station communications can involve new or updated configuration files being
downloaded to the process stations, or information about the connected modules
being reported back. When fieldbus modules are installed or exchanged, the
required configuration information is automatically updated. Configuration and
real-time process data is stored in RAM. To safeguard this data in case of power
loss, the RAM power is backed up with batteries located either on the Ethernet
modules or on battery modules.
The AC 800F optionally provides several levels of redundancy:
device redundancy with 2 AC 800F
power supply redundancy (24 V DC)
Ehernet communication redundancy (standard)
Cable redundancy for Profibus DP, requires
external equipment (RLM 01)

5.3 Features of AC800F

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Superscalar RISC microprocessor (up to 150 MIPS)


16 K internal CPU cache RAM
4 MB FLASH EPROM
4 MB SRAM with error detection and correction (patent pending)
Battery backup incl. battery watchdog
EEPROM, serial, 16 Kbit
Monitoring of the temperature inside the device
Watchdog
4 slots for fieldbus modules

2 slots for Ethernet communications modules, 32-bit data bus, 100


MBytes

5.4 Architecture of AC800F


Architecture of the AC800f RTU shown in Fig.5.2.

Fig. 5.2 Architecture of RTU

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HMI (Human Machine


Interface)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Features of HMI
6.3 Function of HMI
6.4 HMI layout
6.5 Basic Navigation

6.1 Introduction
Servers (Databases)

* ODBC Open Database Connectivity

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A HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator,


and through this, the human operator, monitors and controls the process. A
supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and
sending commands (control) to the process.

6.2 Features of HMI

It contains two touches Screen Panasonic Monitor.


Windows Server 2003 installed
Open database connectivity
Contain SCADA vantage software.

6.3 Function
Monitoring real data from the field.
For see replication from all the RTU. If we dont get of replication of any
reading there is some problem.
STORE day to Day information accordance to RTU reading.

6.4 HMI Layout


After logging in, the HMI will launch. Fig. 7.2 gives an example of how
the HMI will look at a Tier 1 Facility; in this case ANKGDRGGS03. The
layout of the HMI is summarized as follows:
The top left corner of HMI contains buttons for selecting active Alarm
Group Alarm Lists. The color of the button show the alarm color of
the highest priority alarm in the respective group and the number
shows the number of active alarms.
The top right area contains a summary of recent unacknowledged
alarms. Refer to the alarms section for details about alarms and alarm
groups (Section Error! Reference source not found.).
Navigation is facilitated by the Navigation Menu and shortcut
navigation buttons.
The Display Cycler allows the user to view a slide show of predefined
screens. More information on the Display Cycler is provided in the
navigation section (Section ).
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The main area is used as a space to display site graphics, lists,


applications, and other important screens. In this example, it is
opened to a graphical site overview of ANKGDRGGS03.
The status bar shows present system information, including the
username of the user currently logged in, the server being used, the
date and time, and the server status (RTRDB, APPRDB). Alarms can
be silenced and the checking of the CAM server can be enabled or
disabled.
On each graphic is a navigation toolbar to allow the user to move to
the next display, go back one display, go to the overview display, pin
the display and show the previous display. There are also buttons for
moving the objects on the graphics (left, right, up and down). If the
operator shrinks the form, he can move the objects he is interested into
view. There is also a reset button to return the objects to their original
position.

30

Fig. 7.2 HMI Overview

6.5 Basic Navigation


For most Tier 1 facilities, the HMI will open to the site overview screen
by default. The site overview screen is displayed in the main area of Error!
Reference source not found., shows a graphical representation of the
site, however, it contains only a minimum amount of dynamic I/O in order to
prevent overcrowding. The user can obtain more information about particular
sections using various navigation methods which are described below. Incase of
Tier-2 a screen displaying the consolidated list of all the Tier 1 is displayed. On
a single click on any of the button, the graphic will open the corresponding Tier
1 graphics (like Fig. 7.2).
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Alternatively, a map opens along with the consolidated list, displaying the
summary of production of the Asset and also displays the Tier-1 sites as per
Latitude and Longitude mapping, double clicking on a particular site icon opens
up the Graphic of the particular site showing the various details corresponding
to the location.
Other navigations methods which can be used by the Operator for
switching between the screens are as follows:
Via buttons (linked to different screens within) on the graphics

Via the navigation toolbar on graphics


i.e. Go Back One Display, Show Overview Display, Go to the Next
Display, Pin the Display.
Via the main navigation toolbar (for accessing standard tools, lists etc)

The first screen is overview (Birds View) of the entire location


under consideration, in this case ANKGDRGGS03. From here the
operator can go the respective locations split mainly as Separator Area,
Test Separator Area, Liquid Storage, Gas Lift etc, by clicking on the
buttons on the right (refer Figure 6 for better understanding).
For example, in order to see additional information regarding the test
separators the user would click the Test Separators button shown in
Error! Reference source not found.. 7.2 to be navigated to
the Test Separator screen which contains detailed process information
not shown on the site overview screen

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Fig.7.3 Detailed View of Test Separators


In the graphics provided, the process piping connects all the areas in a
particular location, in such a case dynamic link buttons are provided. The user
can click these buttons to move between connected screens. Alternatively the
user can open the Navigation Bar using the Display Buttons icon ( ), which
provides links to all areas on the site. Error! Reference source not
found..7.4 shows the Navigation Bar and highlights a dynamic link button.

33

Fig. 7.4 Navigation Bar


Point Description
To obtain details about a specific data point, the user can move the mouse
on top of that point. The fly-over shows the name, current value, and
quality of the database point.

34

Fig.7.5 Point Details on the screen

Points on a black background are read by an RTU, points on a blue


background can be set by the user. Any point that is unreliable due to
communication problems, etc., will be shown with a line through the value (i.e.
stroked value). The color of the point value text indicates the state of that point.
In general,
Green points are normal,
Yellow points are points under the state warning levels, and red points are in
alarm. If the point is flashing between white and black backgrounds (reverse
video), it indicates that the point is currently in an alarm state and has not
been acknowledged. Right clicking the point will bring up the menu shown
in .7.6.
35

Fig. 7.6. Right-Click Menu.

36

Ku & C Band
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ku Band
7.3 Difficulties of Ku Band
7.4 C band

7.1 Introduction
In SCADA Project of ONGC communication for Tier-1 to Tier-2 Ku band
in C band is used. For tier-2 to Tier-3, Delhi 2Mbps line is used.
For this communication is ONGC infocorm department of ONGC.PCS
( Patani computer system) handled total LAN network Tier-2 to Tier-3.

7.2 Ku band
The Ku band (Kurtz-under band) is primarily used for satellite
communications, particularly for editing and broadcasting satellite television.
This band is split into multiple segments broken down into geographical
regions, as determined by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union).
The Ku band is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the
microwave range of frequencies ranging from
11.7 to 12.7GHz. (downlink frequencies)
14 to 14.5GHz (uplink frequencies).
The most common Ku band digital reception format is DVB (main profile video
format) .vs the studio profile digital video format or the full-blown Digicipher II
4DTV format.
The first commercial television network to extensively utilize the Ku
Band for most of its affiliate feeds was NBC, back in 1983.
The ITU Region 2 segments covering the majority of the Americas are
between 11.7 and 12.2 GHz, with over 21 FSS North American Ku-band
satellites currently orbiting.
Each requires a 0.8-m to 1.5-m antenna and carries twelve to twenty four
transponders, of which consume 20 to 120 watts (per transponder), for clear
reception.
37

The 12.2 to 12.7 GHz segment of the Ku Band spectrum is allocated to


the broadcasting satellite service (BSS). These direct broadcast satellites
typically carry 16 to 32 transponders.
Each provides 27 MHz in bandwidth, and consumes 100 to 240 watts
each, accommodating receiver antennas down to 450 mm (18 inches ).
The ITU Region 1 segments of the Ku spectrum represent Africa and
Europe (11.45 to 11.7 GHz band range and 12.5 to 12.75 GHz band range) is
reserved for the fixed satellite service (FSS), with the uplink frequency range
between 14.0 and 14.5 GHz).

7.3 Difficulties of Ku Band


When frequencies higher than 10 GHz are transmitted and received used
in a heavy rain fall area, a noticeable degradation occurs, due to the problems
caused by and proportional to the amount of rain fall (commonly known as
known as "rain fade"
This problem can be combatted, however, by deploying an appropriate
link budget strategy when designing the satellite network, and allocating a
higher power consumption to overcome rain fade loss. In terms of end-viewer
TV reception,
It takes heavy rainfalls in excess of 100 mm per hour to have a noticeable
effect.
The higher frequency spectrum of the Ku band is particularly susceptible
to signal degradation- considerably more so than C band satellite frequency
spectrum, though the Ku band is less vulnerable to rain fade than the Ka band
frequency spectrum.
A similar phenomena, called "snow fade" (when snow accumulation
significantly alters the focal point of your dish) can also occur during Winter
Season.
Also, the Ku band satellites typically require considerably more power to
transmit than the C band satellites. However, both Ku and Ka band satellite
dishes to be smaller (varying in size from 2' to 5' in diameter.)

Ku Band Dish Antenna Compatibility

38

If a solid dish is taken in use, then there should be no problem in


converting from C band, to Ku band.
However, with a mesh dish- if the "holes" in the mesh are greater than a
quarter inch, the chances of computability are not in your favor, due to the fact
that your dish won't reflect Ku-band signals properly.
Therefore, strongly consider upgrading to either a solid dish, or a mesh
dish in which the hole size under 1/4", and ideally a dish that is 1 piece (or at
least very few pieces); as 4 section dish is more optimal than an 8 section dish.
The fewer the sections, the more accurate your parabola shape is and
thereby the more difficult it is for dish to become warped (the smaller the
number of seams- the better). And insofar as dish mounts go, the H2H
(Horizon-to-Horizon) dish mount is more desirable than a polar mount.
This is due to the fact that the Ku-band demands that the dish antenna
system is well-targeted and able to closely follow the orbital arc, of which the
H2H mount does quite admirably, as compared to a polar mount. Also, bear in
mind that you will be adjusting both the azimuth and elevation, which can be a
bit tricky occasionally.

7.4 C Band
C Band is the original frequency allocation for communications
satellites.C-Band uses 3.7-4.2GHz for downlink and 5.925-6.425Ghz for uplink.
The lower frequencies used by C Band perform better under adverse weather
conditions than the Ku band or Ka band frequencies.

Uplinking and downlinking


A satellite receives television broadcast from a ground station. This is
termed as Uplinking because the signals are sent up from the ground to the
satellite. These signals are then broadcast down over the footprint area in a
process called Downlinking.
Uplinking and Downlinking are shown graphically in Figure below.
To ensure that the uplink and downlink signals do not interfere with each
other, separate frequencies are used for uplinking and downlinking.

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Table 2 : An Overview Of S, C, Ku & Ka Band Frequencies

S BAND
Extended C Band
(Lower)
C Band
Extended C Band
(Upper)
Ku Band
Ka Band

DOWNLINK FREQ
(GHz)
2.555 to 2.635
3.4 to 3.7

UP-LINK FREQ (GHz)

3.7 to 4.2
4.5 to 4.8

5.925 to 6.425
6.425 to 7.075

10.7 to 13.25
18.3 to 22.20

12.75 to 14.25
27.0 to 31.00

5.855 to 5.935
5.725 to 5.925

Noise Temprature
The amount of noise added by the LNA to the received signal is indicated
in terms of Noise Temperature. Noise temperature is specified in degrees
40

Kelvin. For all practical purposes, the lower the noise temperature, the better is
the LNAs performance. Approximately 10 years ago, a noise temperature of 24
degrees Kelvin was excellent performance for commercial units. However, with
todays improved technology, extremely low noise units such as those from
Eurostar, offer a noise temperature of 17 deg. K.
The noise performance depends on the type of amplifying device used for
the LNA stages. While C Band LNBs use bipolar transistors, KU band LNBs
use GaAsFET transistors for the initial amplification. While it is customary to
list the noise temperature for C Band LNBs, KU Band LNBs usually specify
their noise, not as a Noise Temperature, but as a Noise Figure, in dB. The dB
specification helps compute the total system noise, easily, but the more
widespread use of a Noise Figure in db, particularly for Ku Band LNBs
probably helps in specmanship for marketing purposes. KU band LNBs have
much higher noise temperatures, which would not look good on paper. Hence
they are quoted in units that look deceptively low, viz dB.

The LNB
After the C or KU band frequencies are amplified by the LNA, they need to be
processed. The processing is done in the satellite receiver which is usually
located 10 meter to 50 meters away from the dish antenna. Microwave signals
in the S, C or KU Band would suffer very high attenuation if they were carried
via coaxial cable from the LNA to the Satellite Receiver 50 meters away.
To overcome this problem, the microwave signals are converted to a block of
frequencies from 950 MHz to 2150 MHz. Hence, incoming signals received by
the LNA at 2 GHz, 4 GHz and even 12 GHz are even block converted down to
950 MHz to 2150 MHz. This range of frequencies is referred to as Intermediate
Frequencies since their range of temporary or intermediate frequencies in the
chain of satellite reception which receives microwave signals and finally yields
video and audio signals from the satellite receiver. This function is carried out
by a Block Converter located within the LNB. A combination of Low Noise
amplifier + Block converter is referred to as an LNB. A block diagram of a
commercial LNB is shown in Figure below.

41

Mixer
The Block Converter uses the Hetrodyne principle for conversion of a
block of S, C or KU Band frequencies to the IF or Intermediate Frequencies.
The Hetrodyne principle mixes an external fixed frequency with the incoming
frequency. The output from the mixer is a series of signals at the sum and
difference of the two inputs to the mixer. Outputs are also produced at multiples
of these frequencies. A simple filter is used to suppress all frequency
components except those required.

Local Oscillator
The Local Oscillator (LO) is a section of the LNB and gets its name since
it is present locally or within the LNB. The local oscillator produces a fixed
output at a pre-determined frequency. The Local Oscillator (LO) frequencies
have been standardised by LNB manufacturers worldwide for S, C, Ku and even
Ka band frequencies. The LO frequencies have been selected to yield an output
in the IF (950 MHz to 2150 MHz) range, for all types of LNBs. As a result,
universal satellite receivers can be designed for reception of C and KU Band
signals through the same satellite receiver.

42

Filter
As shown in the LNB Block diagram, Bandpass Filters are introduced
both before and after
the mixer. The filters after the mixer suppress or filter out all frequencies except
the required frequency which is the difference between the microwave
broadcast and the local oscillator frequency.

If Amplifiers
The output of the mixer is an IF signal, at a fairly low level. Since this
signal is of a specific bandwidth only, it can be easily amplified, significantly.
An LNB often includes atleast 2 stages of IF amplification. This amplified
signal is then filtered and fed to the output via a DC blocking capacitor. The
capacitor allows the signal to pass through but steers the power coming from the
satellite receiver, to the LNB power supply.

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