Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

Reservoir Monitoring

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear
TOOL
MODE

NEUTRON
PULSE

GAMMA-RAY
SIGNAL

MEASUREMENTS

capture

Inelastic/Capture Log

inelastic

IC
100 ms

Energy

C/O Saturation
Three Phase Holdup
Lithology

Sigma/Porosity Log

S
1500 ms

Time

Formation sigma
Formation porosity
Borehole salinity

Water Flow Log

WFL
seconds

Time

Water velocity
Water flow index

Phase Velocity Log

Oil or water velocity
using marker fluids

PVL
100 ms

Time

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

The minitron shown is essentially a ceramic tube

containing tritium and deuterium at low pressure. This device
creates neutrons at an energy of 14 MeV by accelerating
deuterium ions into a tritium target.

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

One of the most important aspects of the scintillation detector is

that it can output a voltage pulse which is proportional to the energy
of the original incident gamma ray

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear
Inelastic Neutron Scattering:
Neutron Bounces of Nucleus
Nucleus is excited and quickly gives inelastic g-ray
Measurements of g-ray energies yields relative
concentrations of various atoms
This can be used to obtain Carbon and Oxygen
concentrations

Neutron Absorption:
Neutrons are slowed down by
elastic and inelastic interactions
to thermal energies (0.025 MeV)
Nucleus absorbs slow neutrons
Nucleus is excited and emits a gray
This is used to measure
abundance of elements that
capture neutrons

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

Improved Neutron Generator

Counts

Enhance separation
of inelastic from
capture gamma rays
Long life
Reliability
Greater Output

10

20

30

Time (m.sec)

40

50

60

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

Timing of the inelastic capture mode:

Gates B and C: Record capture spectra
Net Inelastic = A - bB

b is determined from tool response

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

Inelastic-Capture
Mode
Spectra are recorded with
256 channels
Covering energy range
from 0.1 to 8 MeV
Large database with
more than 100 different
downhole situations
characterize the tool
response
Characterization consists
of at least 500 laboratory
measurements for each
tool

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

Oil and
Water
Spectra
Counts

Hyd rogen

O
Energy (MeV)

4
E n e r g y [Me V ]

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear
Number
of g-rays
detected

Burst

g-ray
time-of-arrival
at detector

g-ray energy
Arriving at
detector

3-D Image:
Neutron Counts - Energy spectrum - Neutron Decay

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear
Number
of g-rays
detected

Burst

Inelastic data used

for C/O Saturation

g-ray energy
Arriving at
detector

g-ray
time-of-arrival
at detector

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear
Number
of g-rays
detected

Pulsed
Neutron
Capture

IC Mode
Burst

Number
of g-rays

Pulsed
Neutron
Spectroscopy
Number
of g-rays

g-ray
time

g-ray
energy

g-ray energy

g-ray

Arriving at
detector

time-of-arrival
at detector

Pulsed Neutron Capture Spectra

Capture data
For S

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear
A Burst cycle
showing the
decay of
neutrons.
A cycle lasts for
around 220
m.sec. This
allows the
neutrons to decay
to thermal level
and are captured.
Subsequent burst
(cycle) starts after
that.

220 m.sec / cycle

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear

Capture-Sigma and Sigma Modes

The sigma mode
provides capture
cross section data
in a faster logging
pass.

This mode uses a

timing sequence
identical to the
capture-sigma
mode but records
only the time-decay
data, burst-off
background gamma
ray spectra and
associated quality
curves.

Cased Hole Evaluation

RM >> Reservoir Monitoring - Nuclear
TOOL
MODE

NEUTRON
PULSE

GAMMA-RAY
SIGNAL

MEASUREMENTS

capture

Inelastic/Capture Log

inelastic

IC
100 ms

Energy

C/O Saturation
Three Phase Holdup
Lithology

Sigma/Porosity Log

S
1500 ms

Time

Formation sigma
Formation porosity
Borehole salinity

Water Flow Log

WFL
seconds

Time

Water velocity
Water flow index

Phase Velocity Log

Oil or water velocity
using marker fluids

PVL
100 ms

Time