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The Chao
Prelude
The span layout of Chongqing Chaotianmen
Yangtze River Bridge is 190 + 552 + 190 m
to adopt half-through continuous steel truss
arch with tie girders in double-level traffic
arrangement type. The upper deck carries
6 lanes in two ways and a pedestrian lane
on each side, and the lower deck carries dual municipal light rails in the middle and 2
lanes on each side. The span of this Bridge
(552 m) is larger than the recent worldwide
record of 550 m span of the Lupu Bridge [34] completed in Shanghai in 2003, and after
being completed, it will become new record.
This article introduces the design of the main
bridge and the fabrication and installation of
steel components, and deals with also simply
the static and dynamic analyses.
Keywords: continuous truss, half-through
arch bridge, tie, lane, light rail, structural
design, double-level traffic, fabrication,
installation, anti-corrosion coat.
Location of the bridge in Chongqing, across Yangtze River.
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1. Introduction
of engineering
Chongqing Chaotianmen Yangtze River
Bridge is located at 1,2 km of lower reaches from Chaotianmen (the joint of Yangtze River and Jialing River). It is an important passage connecting west and east
banks of Yangtze River and facilitating the
south bank and the central commercial district in the north of Jianling River in Chongqing City. The total length of the main bridge
and both west and east approaches is 1741
m, among which the 932m main bridge is a
190 + 552 + 190 m half-through continuous
steel truss arch with tie girders. The lengths
of west and east approaches are 314 m and
495 m respectively, both of them being continuous PC box girder bridges (PC = prestressed concrere). Double-level traffic arrangement is adopted with upper deck to be
designed in two-way 6 lanes and both side
pedestrian lanes, with lower deck in middle
two-way municipal light rails and 2 two-way
lanes on each side.
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3. Design loads
3.1 Permanent load
1) For members and joints of main truss,
bridge deck system, plane joining system,
transverse joining system, and portal frames,
etc. all their weights are calculated according
to the practical ones and considered as joint
loads applying to main truss.
2) Pavement of upper deck: 22 kN/m; pavement of lower deck: 12 kN/m; guarding railing of upper deck: 1,35 kN/m; railing of lower deck: 2,7 kN/m; pavement and railing of
pedestrian: 0,6 and 1,0 kN/m respectively,
open bridge of rail communication on lower
deck (including inspection footpass): 8,0 kN/
m, all of the above are the load on a truss,
considered following joint loads applying on
main truss.
3.2 Variable loads
1) traffic load: calculated traffic load according to urban highway grade I and checked
following load of urban-A. Total bridge designed according to 6 lanes, overall loading
should be reduced following corresponding
stipulations of relevant code.
2) rail communication load: executing according to Agreement Letter of relevant
problems about ring line of rail traffic and
Chaotianmen Yangtze River Bridge by the
load standard of General Railway Company
in Chongqing City adopting B-typed metro
trains as those of light rail traffic with 5 trains
61
62
degree VII.
4. Materials and
fundamental allowable
stresses
etc should all meet the requirements in National Standard Technical Conditions of
High-Strength Large Hexagonal Head Bolts,
Large Hexagonal Nuts, Washers Used for
Steel Structures (GB/T1228-1231).
5. General situation
of structural design
5.1 General layout and
main structural characteristics
3-span 190 + 552 + 190 m continuous steel
truss arch bridge with tie girders has whole
length of 934,1 m (including end cross
beams). The full width of main bridge is 36,5
m and that of truss 29,0 m, with truss of variable depth in end span, the middle span is
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29,0 m
36,5 m
552,0 m
11,8 m
36,5 m
Cross-section
of the deck.
29,0 m
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63
The horizontal longitudinal joining of lower deck is set crosswise with welded I-shape
members adopted, and also the transverse
girder as bracings. For the horizontal longitudinal joining, in the upper and lower chords,
diamond-type trusses are adopted, for this
joining in the stiffening chords, K-type trusses are set. Because there are included angles between adjacent panels, the gussets of
horizontal joining must adopt to transit with
bending. For upper chords A9-A11, horizontal joining is taken as temporary one during
construction and will be removed after the
main truss is closed.
5.7 Transverse joining and portal frames
For the arch ribs of main truss, in every 2 panels a trussed transverse joining is set, located
at the centroid of -typed upper and lower horizontal longitudinal joining in arch rib;
for every panel in the segments of stiffening
leg, there is set a truss-type transverse joining. At middle support, there is set truss-type
portal frame, at end support A1-E1 and at
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Constructing the
bridge by help of
hoisting towers.
Hoisting a member
onto a small vehicle for
transporting beam.
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65
all of which are adopted in space beam elements, the stiffness and mass of the upper and slower decks are equivalently distributed to longitudinal and cross girders,
the boundary conditions are set according
to the support system after bridge completion, the structural space The result of structural static stability analysis indicates that the
safe coefficient of static stability in the phase
of bridge completion is 6,8 and meets the requirements of related stipulation in Code.
The stability calculation of this bridge structure is conducted by space FEM adopting
current space analysis program. The calculation model is simulated according to the
space arrangement of structural members,
For the analysis of structural dynamic characteristics, the same model used in static stability analysis is adopted. The main analysis
results are given in Tab.2.
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Epilogue
The structural design of Chaotianmen Yangtze River Bridge and substructure engineering have been finished. Now the manufacture of steel girders is being conducted in
factory. In June 2006, the installation of
steel girders has been started, the construction of full bridge is scheduled to be completed at the end of 2008. After completion,
this bridge will become the longest-span
arch bridge in the world, and it shows fully that the level of arch bridge construction
in China occupies temporarily the worldwide
leading position. The steel truss arch bridges
have been adopted in this country more and
more, the authors wish to provide valuable
experience for the design and construction
of bridges with the same type.
The contractor of the bridge is China Harbour Engineering Company and the consultant is Dorman Long Co. The cost is 3 milliard
CNY (360 million USD).
Authors:
DUAN Xuewei,
Juhani VIROLA,
DING Dajun
Illustration:
DING Dajun
Finnish summary:
Chongqingin kaupungissa Kiinassa, linnuntiet n. 1500 km lnteen
Shanghaista, on rakenteilla Yangtse-joen ylitse Chaotianmen Bridge
-niminen suursilta. Valmistuessaan v. 2008 se on maailman pitkjnteisin
(552 m) terskaarisilta [1-2]. Aiempi enntys (550 m) on Shanghaissa
sijaitsevalla Lupu-sillalla vuodelta 2003 [3-4]. Oheisesta jnnevlitaulukosta
huomataan, ett maailman kymmenest pitkjnteisimmst terskaarisillasta eniten eli nelj sijaitsee Kiinassa ja nist kolme Chongqingissa.
Chongqing on todellinen suurten siltojen kaupunki ja siell on mys monia
muita maailman suurimpiin kuuluvia siltoja. Kiina on tll haavaa maailman
suurten siltojen ykksmaa [5]. Teknillisen korkeakoulun (TKK) sivuilla [6]
on seitsemn taulukkoa maailman erityyppisist pitkjnteisist silloista,
joista oheisena terskaarisiltojen taulukko. TKK:n seitsemst taulukosta
viidess Kiinalla on enemmn siltoja kuin milln muulla maalla ja neljss
taulukossa maailmaenntyssilta on kiinalainen.
Bridge
Chaotianmen
Lupu
New River Gorge
Bayonne
Sydney Harbour
Chenab
Wushan
Caiyuanba
Fremont
Numata River Gorge
Span
552 m
550 m
518 m
504 m
503 m
461 m
460 m
420 m
383 m
380 m
Location
Chongqing, China
Shanghai, China
Fayetteville, WV, USA
New York, NY, USA
Sydney, Australia
Katra, India
Chongqing, China
Chongqing, China
Portland, OR, USA
Hiroshima, Japan
Year
2008
2003
1977
1931
1931
2008
2005
2005
1973
2007
References:
[1] DUAN Xuewei, XU Wei, ZHAO Xingya & DING Dajun: Construction starts on world-beating arch bridge. Bridge Design & Engineering 2006:4, p. 10.
[2] Information and illustration of the Chaotianmen Bridge kindly given by Prof. DING Dajun, of the Nanjing Institute of Technology (NIT).
[3] Juhani VIROLA: The Lupu Bridge worlds longest steel arch span. Rakennusinsinri ja -arkkitehti RIA 2003:1, p. 64-65.
[4] LIN Yuanpei, ZHANG Zenhang, MA Biao & ZHOU Liang: Lupu Arch Bridge, Shanghai. Structural Engineering International SEI 2004:1, p. 24-26.
[5] Juhani VIROLA: Chinese great bridges in pictures (in Finnish). Maansiirto 2006:2, p. 40-45.
[6] Long-span bridge tables of the Helsinki University of Technology (TKK): www.tkk.fi/Units/Bridge/longspan.html
[7] Juhani VIROLA: The worlds greatest steel arch bridges. International Civil Engineering, Vol.2, No.5, 1971/72, p. 209-224.
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