Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In Lieu of RT
9/10/2013
Techniques
Contents
How it works
Typical TOFD Display
Defect Analysis
Defect Example
Application
Advantage
Principle of TOFD
Transmitter
Receiver
Lateral wave
Upper tip
Lower tip
Back-wall reflection
Time-Of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) relies on the diffraction of
ultrasonic energies from 'corners' and 'ends' of internal
structures (primarily defects) in a component being tested
using a set of two probes.
How it works
DEFECT
PROBE
Reflection
Back
How it works
DEFECT
PROBE
Diffraction
How it works
Rx
Tx
DEFECT
Diffraction
How it works
Practically
Rx
Tx
How it works
Rx
Tx
Lateral wave
+ Pos
Amplitud
dB
Tiemper ms
- Neg
How it works
Rx
Tx
Signal
Diffracted
+ Pos
Amplitud
dB
Tiemper ms
- Neg
How it works
Rx
Tx
Reflection
From Back
wall
+ Pos
Amplitud
dB
Tiemper ms
- Neg
How it works
Data Collection
6
5
4
3
2
1
Rx
Tx
How it works
Phase Reversal
+ Pos
Amplitude
dB
- Neg
Time = seconds
or
Millimetres
How it works
Depth
Lenght
Sometimes see
break in back
wall signal
Defect can be
sized using
time-of-arrival
Similar to other
root defects
Should see no
perturbations
in lateral wave
or Back wall
In this case,
top signal is
buried in
lateral (OD)
wave
Can size easier
if signals are
clear.
Example - Porosity
Applications
Critical plant items in construction and in-service
Pressure Systems Vessels, pipelines, pipe-work
Storage facilities Tanks, spheres
Tube Vessels - Boilers, Heat Exchangers, Condensers
High Temperature Inspection Up to 480C
TOFD Advantages
Excellent Repeatability.
Challenges
Hard to interpret
Techniques
Contents
How it works
Scan view
Sectorial scan
Electronic scan
Scan plane
Software
Indication example
Application
Advantage
Code
Equipments
How it works
A NEW ultrasound NDT technology borrowed
from medical
An Array of transducers elements in which
the timing of elements excitation can be
individually controlled to produce certain
desired effects, such as steering the beam
axis or focusing the beam
Each element has its own connector, time
delay circuit and A/D converter
Elements are acoustically insulated from each
other
Elements are pulsed in groups with precalculated time delays for each element;
Phasing
How it works
Transmission (Tx)
Elements pulsed at controlled time intervals
Control of beam direction and focusing
The delays are known as Tx Focal Laws
Beam
Steering
Beam
Focusing
How it works
Reception (Rx)
RF waveforms received by each element are delayed, then
averaged
Delays used to align the signals = Rx Focal Laws
Scan view
Sectorial scan
Back
wall
Electronic scanning
Each PRF cycle
Aperture moves through the length of the array
No raster movement required
Full volumetric coverage achieved
scanning
Scan Plane
Software
A-Scan, E-Scan, and C-Scan, END View
Software
Sectorial Scan, Top view , TOFD
Inadequate penetration
OD connected crack
Root crack
Porosity
Inclusion
Case Study
Present day NDT methodology utilizes radiography is the main
method with a double wall double image technique to check the
integrity of these weld joints.
Natural weld defects were included in 3
pipes of 44.5 mm of diameter and 5 mm
thickness with a single V configuration
such as:
(i) toe crack and lack of incomplete
penetration in Pipe-1
(ii) root crack and lack of side wall
fusion in Pipe-2
(iii) an individual porosity and cluster
porosities were introduced in Pipe-3
The three pipe samples were subjected
to radiography and the results were
analyzed
The samples were also inspected
utilizing the COBRA Phased Array system
Case Study
Toe Crack
Toe crack
Incomplete penetration
Incomplete
penetration
Case Study
Root Crack
LOF
Case Study
Applications
Pressure vessels
Pipelines
Portable weld inspections
Raw material production: ingots, billets, bars
Corrosion Mapping
A scans acquisition
Use of water box
couplant efficiency
improves
Pressure Vessels
Low cost and easy to use
Can use conventional or PA
Uses TOFD and pulse-echo
Good approach for very thick walls
Pipelines
Austenitic Piping
PA instrument, two 5MHz 16
element probes using a
splitter/umbilical, and a mechanical
scanner.
Construction Welding
Sample crack and S-scan image
Corner Crack
Inspection with 40- to 70-degree refracted angle
Real-time display of S-scan and A-scan
Bolts
PA Probe
Threads
15 Degree
Beam
15 Degree Beam
Notch #1
Notch #1
0 Degree
Beam
360 Groove
360 Groove
Mode
Conversions
Notch #2
Notch #2
End of Bolt
0 Degree Beam
End of Bolt
PA Sectorial Scan
Boiler
Advantages
Great resolution
High speed inspection
Instantaneous recording and evaluation of results
Provides immediate feedback to the welders
Reproducibility
Codes
Some quick comments
ASME is the most widely used code.
Specifically accepts phased arrays (as do most codes) as a
technology, but the techniques and procedures need to be developed.
Normal procedure is to demonstrate these through a Performance
Demonstration, e.g. Appendix 14 or CC 2235 in the case of ASME.
Codes
Three manual code cases: CC 2451for single angle scanning,
CC 2557 for manual S-scans, manual E-scans (2558)
Two code cases for encoded linear scans:
linear E-scans (2599), and
linear S-scans (2600).
Codes
A Standard Guide for setting up PA is available (E-2491-06)
This SG requires full angular compensated gain (ACG) and TCG over the
side-drilled hole calibration range for S-scans.
Equipments
TD-Handy Scan
Veo-Sonatest
OmniScan MX 2
Equipments
OmniScan MX 2
With hundreds of units being used throughout the world, the
OmniScan MX is Olympus NDTs most successful portable and
modular phased array and eddy current array test instrument. The
OmniScan family includes the innovative phased array and eddy
current array test modules, as well as the conventional eddy
current and ultrasound modules, all designed to meet the most
demanding NDT requirements. The OmniScan MX offers a high
acquisition rate and powerful software featuresin a portable,
modular instrumentto efficiently perform manual and automated
inspections.
Equipments
Veo-Sonatest
The veos robust design, intuitive user interface
and extensive online help brings the power of
Phased Array to the field based technician. The
powerful veo platform unlocks a new level of
performance in a portable instrument. The
Inspection Plan shows the operator in 2D and
3D where probes are positioned on the test
part, simplifying the inspection setup and
providing an inspection reference for reporting.
Multiple scans from different probes may be
displayed and evaluated at the same time.
Multiple Sectorial scans, top, side and end view
extractions plus C scans are all supported by
the veo. TOFD and Phased array inspections
can be carried out in tandem at full scanning
speed and with up to 2GB data files large areas
can be inspected more efficiently. Full
resolution waveform data is stored directly to a
removable USB data key for ease of back up
and transfer to PC.
Equipments
TD-Handy Scan
Reporting
Techniques
Contents
What is AUT?
History
Calibration Block
TOFD
Phased Array
Mapping
Zone Discrimination
Equipment
AUT Advantage
AUT In Iran
Codes and standards
Conclusion
What is AUT?
What is AUT?
History
History
History
Zone Discrimination
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 5
Zone 6
Zone Discrimination
angle variation
focussing
tandem
Zone 2
Zone Discrimination
F5
F4
F3
F2
F1
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
76
Scan Plane
Calibration Block
A calibration plate, made of an original piece of the pipeline
material to be inspected, is prepared with artificial defects
such as flat bottom holes and or notches, which represent
actual flaws.
Artificial defects are present in each depth-zone.
Calibration Block
Calibration Block
Calibration Block
Calibration Block
Calibration Block
Capabilities
TOFD
A-scan
Indication
Lateral
wave
Back-wall
Phased array
Probe angle
Mapping
The mapping feature enables the system to visualise the
presence of the geometrical welding features such as the
position of the weld cap and root penetration, which minimises
the possibility of the system generating false calls. Furthermore
this feature enables the system to cope with most existing UT
procedures and acceptance criteria, because of its capability to
detect and, to a certain extent, quantify volumetric defects.
Mapping
Mapping
Advantages of mapping:
Increase of inspection
integrity
Reducing of false calls
Characterization of
defects
Can be combined with
pulse-echo technique
Zone Discrimination
Phased array, ToFD, Pulse echo
Easy UT set-up and configuration
Configure for code complience
Meets requirements of EN 1712, API 1104, DNV 2000 FS101, ASTM
E1961
Automated or manual data evaluation
Built in reporting
Zone Discrimination
Recording Threshold
Shaded area
shows TOF
Colours indicate
Above / Below
Acceptance thresholds
Amplitude Data
Data from
Up-stream Channels
Data from
Threshold
Down-stream channels
breaking defects.
Calibration Block
LOP
LOF
Porosity
TOFD
AUT Advantages
Can be used On and Offshore
No radiation hazard, No chemicals and films
No equipment inside pipe
Hot and cold operating temperatures
>100 welds/day onshore and>150 welds/day offshore
Digital and real-time results, final report on a DVD
AUT Advantages
AUT Equipments
PipeWizard V4
TD-Handy Scan
AUT in Iran
2004
Siri offshore pipeline by Saipem, 83 Km
SP 4&5 offshore pipeline by Saipem, 190 Km
2006
Salman (EPC 3) offshore pipeline by IOEC, ~30 Km
SP 8 offshore pipeline by Sadra/DOT, 100 km
2007
SP 9&10 offshore pipeline by IOEC, ~190 Km
2008
Siri-Asaluyeh offshore pipeline by IOEC, 282 Km
2009
SP 15 offshore pipeline by IOEC, ~80 Km
2010-2011-2012
SP 12 offshore pipeline by IOEC, ~440 Km
Reshadat in field , ~120 Km
Forozan in field , ~120 Km
SP 15,16 offshore pipeline by IOEC, ~130 Km
SP 15 offshore pipeline by IOEC, ~260 Km
AUT in Iran
2013
SP 19 offshore pipeline by IOEC, ~260 Km
SP 20,21 ~ In progress
12
Record per shift: 107 welds (32 main line and 4 piggy
back)
Reporting
Ekbatan-Tehran
Tel/Fax:
+98-21-44694583
E-mail:
Info@parsinspection.com
Internet:
www.parsinspection.com