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Chng ct hn hp

nhiu cu t

Mc lc
1. Khi nim c bn........................................................................................... 1
2. Cc ng cn bng pha ................................................................................ 1
2.1. Phng trnh c bn................................................................................ 1
2.2. Gin pha ............................................................................................ 2
3. Chng ct hn hp cu t n gin ............................................................... 4
4. Chng ct hn hp cu t phc tp................................................................ 5
4.1. Chng ct du th ................................................................................... 5
4.2. Chng phn ng ................................................................................... 10
4.3. Chng d ng ph ................................................................................ 11
4.4. Chng ng ph .................................................................................... 11
4.5 Chng trch ly ........................................................................................ 12
Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................... 14

1. Khi nim c bn
-

Hn hp nhiu cu t n gin l hn hp m cc cu t c th xc nh c v
s lng, thnh phn, chng loi.

Hn hp nhiu cu t phc tp l hn hp c s lng cu t rt ln v a dng


m ta khng th xc nh c s lng v thnh phn ca chng.

i vi h nhiu cu t phc tp th khi chng ct thu c 2 hoc nhiu hn


phn on (i vi chng 2 cu t th thu c 2 phn on, nh v y) ty vo yu
cu sn phm. thun tin cho tnh ton mt phn on, ngi ta quy c mt phn
on bng 1 cu t gi (pseudo-component).
Trong hn hp nhiu cu t, ta phi chn ra mt cu t cha kha, l cu t trung
tm tnh theo n.

2. Cc ng cn bng pha
2.1. Phng trnh c bn
Trng thi cn bng khi:
-

Nhit pha hi bng vi nhit pha lng


Tng p sut trong ton b pha hi bng trong ton b pha lng
Cu t chuyn t pha lng sang pha hi s bng cu t chuyn t pha hi
sang pha lng

nh lut Raoult th hin y cn bng trn cho hn hp l tng hoc xem


nh l tng:
Pi Pi 0 xi

Trong : Pi l p sut ring phn ca cu t i nhit T


xi l phn mol cu t i trong pha lng.
Nu chn mt cu t j lm cu t cha kha, th bay hi tng i ca cu t i
bt k l:
ij

Pi 0
Pj0

i vi h khng l tng th hng s cn bng c xc nh bng thc nghim


v ph thuc vo nhit v p sut:
ij

Ki yi* x j

K j y*j xi

V bay hi tng i thay i theo nhit t hn theo p sut hi ring phn


nn ta c th xc nh c nng cn bng ca cu t cha kha j:
y*j

xj
n

ij i

Nng cn bng cho cu t i bt k:


yi*

yi*

ij xi

xi*

ij i

ij

ij i

2.2. Gin pha


Trong h 2 cu t gin pha thng l Txy, Pxy,, h 3 cu t th biu th trn
ng cn bng tam gic. i vi h a cu t th biu in bng t l th tch dung dch
ct so vi ban u vi nhit si ca hn hp.
2.2.1 ng cong chng ct thc (TBP)
TBP (True Boiling Point- Hnh 1) l ng cong m t s thay i nhit si
ca dung dch theo dch ngng thu c bng cch chng gin on vi vi chc a v
c ch s hi lu kh ln trong PTN. T ng cong ny ta c th xc nh c s phn
on hay s pseudo trong chng ct v tnh cht ca pseudo.

Hnh 1. ng cong chng ct im si thc.


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2.2.2 ng cong chng n gin (ng ASTM)


ng cong chng ct ASTM (Hnh 2) hay cn gi l ng cong chng ct
angle, thu c bng cch chng n gin, tc l hi bay ln em ngng t ly sn phm
lun. (xem ASTM D86), c ng dng nh gi cht lng mu du th ban u trc
khi sn xut.

Hnh 2. ng cong chng ct n gin


2.2.3 ng cong bay hi cn bng (ng EFV)
ng cong EFV (Equilibrium Flash Vaporization - Hnh 3) hoc ng FC
(Flash Curve) m t mi quan h cn bng 2 pha lng v hi (theo % th tch) nhng
nhit bay hi cn bng khc nhau vi p sut xc nh. ng cong ny bt u t
im si v kt thc im sng ca hn hp v thay i theo nng ban u ca h,
dng xc inh nhit chng ct phn on theo yu cu sn xut.

Hnh 3. ng cong EFV


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2.2.4. Tnh ton cn bng pha


tnh ton cn bng pha cn tnh nhit si cn bng, nhit im sng, p
sut chng, nng pha, phn trm pha (i vi h cu t n gin).
-

Tnh cho h cu t n gin (xem gio trnh ch bin kh).

Tnh cho h cu t phc tp: ta dng cc ng cong cn bng.

3. Chng ct hn hp cu t n gin
Ch s hi lu ti thiu:
=

Trong : yF l nng cu t d bay hi trong pha hi cn bng vi nng trong


pha lng xF ca hn hp u.
Ch s hi lu lm vic thng c xc nh qua ch s hi lu ti thiu:
Rx = b.Rxmin
Trong b l h s d.
Vn chn ch s hi lu thch hp rt quan trng. Khi ch s hi lu nh, th s
a ca thp ln nhng nng lng tiu tn t. Ngc li, khi ch s hi lu ln, th s a
ca thp c t hn, nhng nng lng tiu tn li rt ln.
Trong tnh ton cng nghip, c th la chn h s b:
b = 1,2 2,5 hoc

Rx = 1,3.Rxmin + 0,3

Xc nh s a l thuyt ti thiu
C 3 phng php xc nh s a l thuyt ti thiu:
-

Theo phng trnh chuyn khi

Theo s bc thay i nng

Theo s n v chuyn khi

Cng thc Fenske tnh s a l thuyt ti thiu c s dng ph bin:

N min

x x
lg iD iW
x jD x jW

lg ij

Trong xD, xW l phn mol cu t trong pha lng ca nh v y.

Phng php n gin ha Gilliland xc nh mi quan h gia ch s hi lu R


v s bc thay i nng N
N N min
N 1
R Rmin
(R)
R 1
( N )

Quan h gia 2 h s ny c bin din bng ng cong thc nghim:

4. Chng ct hn hp cu t phc tp
4.1. Chng ct du th
Du m l mt hn hp phc tp, trong du c cha ti hng trm cht khc nhau,
nhng cc nguyn t c bn cha trong du l cacbon v hydro. Trong C chim 8387%, H chim 11,5-14%. Ngoi cc nguyn t chnh trn, trong du cn c cc nguyn t
khc nh lu hunh S chim 0,1 -7%, nit N chim 0,001 1,8 %, oxy O chim 0,051,0 % v mt lng nh cc nguyn t khc nh halogen (Cl, I) cc kim loi nh : Ni,
Vanadi, Volfram

Du m cng cha nhiu hydrocacbon, cng t cc thnh phn d nguyn t (ni


chung tt nht l loi du ngt nh), cht lng cng tt v loi du m c gi tr kinh
t cao.
Qu trnh chng ct du l mt qu trnh vt l phn chia du th thnh cc phn
gi l cc phn on. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cc bin php khc nhau nhm
tch cc phn du theo nhit si ca cc cu t c trong du m khng lm phn hy
chng. Hi nh bay ln, ngng t thnh phn lng. Ty theo bin php tin hnh chng
ct m ngi ta phn chia qu trnh chng ct thnh chng ct n gin, chng ct phc
tp, chng ct nh cu t bay hi hay chng ct trong chn khng.
Qu trnh chng ct du th yu cu l khng lm thay i hay phn hy cu t c
trong du th. Sau khi chng ct kh quyn, cc cu t c mch cacbon cng di, nhit
phn hy cng thp, v vy ngi ta phi tin hnh chng ct chn khng hoc cn ca
qu trnh chng ct kh quyn c th a qua FCC, hoc a i sn xut du nhn, cc
sn phm khc nh nha ng, bitum,
Chng kh quyn

i)

Nguyn liu c gia nhit n nhit si (dng cn bng lng hi) ri c a


vo thp chng. Sn phm ly ra cnh sn l cc phn on xng, kerosen, diesel.
y l cc sn phm trng c gi tr kinh t cao (Hnh 1.4).
Thp chng du th kh quyn ging thp chng thng thng, tuy nhin n c c
mt s cu to c bit khc:
C cc bm hi lu cnh sn (pump around, hnh 1.5) vi mc ch:
-

Gim cng sut thit b ngng t nh v cn bng nhit lng trong thp:
mt phn nhit lng c rt ra sn thp c th c tn dng gia
nhit cho cc dng lu cht khc. Nu khng c PA, ton b nhit lng s b
lng ph ti condenser, mt khc nhit ca dng nc lm lnh tng cao
lm ngng t cc mui carbonate gy h hng cho ng ng.

Trnh hin tng lt a nh (top tray flooding): khi nhit nh thp


tng ln, nu khng c PA, k s vn hnh s tng lng tun hon nh, iu
ny dn n hin tng lt a v lm tng nhit nh (tri vi mong mun
ngi vn hnh). gii quyt trit , cn tng cng sut trao i nhit ca
dng PA. Lng hi i ln a trn v ngng t gim, do lm gim mc
cht lng.

Thng a rt cho PA cng l a rt sn phm sn, thit b trao i nhit


vi PA s m bo nhit sn phm rt ra ng nh yu cu, m bo cht
lng sn phm.

PA gim cng sut trao i nhit cho top condenser, do lm gim nhit
reflux drum, c nhiu kh i vo sn phm ct v gim lng kh khng mong
mun ra khi drum.

Hnh 1.4. Chng ct du th p sut kh quyn

Hnh 1.5. Hi lu cnh sn (Pump Around)


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C cc side stripper (thp chng cnh sn) v hi lu cnh sn (side stripper)


vi mc ch:
-

Ly phn on sn phm: phn on ly ra c a vo phn trn ca side


striper. Ti y c th dng hi nc qu nhit hoc gia nhit y cho thp
striper. Cc phn nh cn ln trong phn on s c quay tr li thp chng.
Sn phm ly ra tinh khit hn.

C th iu chnh nhit si ca hi bng lu lng hi nc qu nhit hoc


cng sut ca thit b gia nhit. Nu gia nhit bng hi nc qu nhit, c th
h nhit chng ca phn on xung.

Lm gim chiu cao v ng knh ca thp: lng phn on ly ra thp


chng i vo side striper ging nh chng luyn phn on ny. Sn phm
tch trit hn m khng cn thm a nn chiu cao thp chng gim. ng
thi lng lng trn a gim, lng hi cn bng gim nn ng knh thp
gim.

Hnh 1.6. Thp chng du th p sut kh quyn


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ii)

Chng chn khng

Ging thp chng kh quyn nhng c h thng bm chn khng tuy-e (hnh 1.7).

Hnh 1.7. Chng ct chn khng


p sut ca thp chng chn khng c th c xc nh bng gin sau:

Hnh 1.8. Gin xc nh p sut thp chng chn khng


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Trc bn phi l p sut chn khng, trc gia l nhit si p sut kh


quyn, trc bn tri l nhit si ti p sut chn khng. Ni ng gia im th hin
nhit si ca sn phm ti p sut kh quyn v im th hin nhit si mong
mun, ng thng ny ct trc p sut ti gi tr p sut chn khng cn thit (tnh bng
n v torr).

4.2. Chng phn ng


Chng phn ng l qu trnh c din ra ng thi cc phn ng. Vic tch sn
phm ra khi hn hp phn ng khng cn mt thp chng ring, iu ny gip tit kim
nng lng v vt liu. Cng ngh ny thch hp cho nhng loi phn ng b gii hn bi
cn bng nh phn ng este ha hay phn ng thy phn. Hiu sut c th c tng ln
nhiu so vi cn bng do qu trnh phn tch lin tc ca sn phm. iu ny gip gim
chi ph u t, nng cao hiu qu s dng.
Tuy vy c mt s kh khn khi thc hin cng ngh ny, mc d c xut t
nm 1921 nhng n nhng nm 1980 mi c ng dng thng mi:
- Phi ti u ha ng thi cho c phn ng ha hc v qu trnh chng ct.
- Qu trnh phn tch ng thi trong vng phn ng cng nh qu trnh phn ng
c th xy ra trong vng chng ct, to thch thc ln cho vic thit k v xy dng h
thng.
- Vi h thng ni gia thp chng phn ng v thit b phn ng s lm vic tt
nu iu kin ti u ha ca hai thit b
khc xa nhau.

Hnh 1.9 m t mt thp chng phn


ng. Trong thp c vng phn ng l lp
m c nhi xc tc. Vng chng ct c th
l a hoc m. Hn hp phn ng c
a vo trc vng phn ng. nng cao
hiu qu ca qu trnh c th chia nh hn
hp phn ng (hoc 1 cu t phn ng)
thnh nhiu phn a vo cc vng phn
ng khc nhau.

Hnh 1.9. Thp chng phn ng


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4.3. Chng d ng ph

Hnh 1.10. Chng d ng ph


Hn hp d ng ph l hn hp 2 hoc nhiu cu t to im ng ph, th lng
chng tn ti cc pha khc nhau, nhng cng mt pha kh.
Phng php n gin nht tch hn hp hai cu t d ng ph l s dng mt
h thng 2 thp chng v 1 decanter. Hn hp hai cu t c a vo thp chng u
tin hoc decanter. Mi thp chng s cho sn phm y l mt cu t tinh khit.
Trong s trn, hn hp cu t A v B c np vo thp u tin, sn phm A
c rt ra t y thp. Hn hp hi A v B nh thp c ngng t v chuyn vo
decanter. Ti y xy ra qu trnh tch pha. Pha giu cu t A l dng tun hon quay li
thp u tin. Pha giu cu t B nh hn chuyn sang thp chng th 2. Ti y cu t B
tinh khit thu c y thp v hn hp hi A+B c ngng t quay li decanter.
4.4. Chng ng ph
Hn hp ng ph ca hai hay nhiu cu t ti im ng ph chng c thnh phn
pha lng v pha hi ging nhau nn khng th tch bng phng php chng thng
thng.
Bin php thng dng vi hn hp hai cu t ng ph l thm mt cu t ph
im ng ph. Cu t ny s to hn hp d ng ph vi mt trong hai cu t hoc to
vi c hai (tt nht ch nn to vi mt cu t).
V d hn hp ng ph nc v ru ethanol to hn hp ng ph nng
96.5%. Khng th s dng phng pho chng ct thng thng tip tc tch nc
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thu c ru tinh khit hn. Hn hp gn n im ng ph s c cho vo thp


chng ng ph. C nhiu cu t ph ng ph c s dng nh benzene, pentane,
cyclohexane, hexane, heptane, isooctane, acetone hoc diethyl ether. Benzene v
cyclohexane c s dng nhiu nht. Tuy vy do benzene l tc nhn gy ung th nn
n hin khng c s dng v c th c thay th bi toluene.

Hnh 1.11. Chng ng ph


S trn cho thy h thng chng ng ph gm hai thp chng v mt decanter.
Hn hp ru nc c a vo thp u tin. Cu t ph ng ph s c cho thm
ti decanter v to hn hp d ng ph vi nc. Ti thp th nht, ru tinh khit l sn
phm y, sn phm hi ru nc c ngng t v a sang decanter. Pha nh giu
ethanol c tun hon li lm dng hi lu cho thp th nht, pha nng giu ethanol
c chuyn sang thp th hai, nc tinh khit c tho y, hn hp hi ru
nc c ngng t quay tr li decanter. C th thm mt thp chng v mt decanter
nh h thng chng d ng ph thu c dung mi tinh khit, tuy vy do y khng
phi sn phm chnh nn iu ny khng cn thit.
4.5 Chng trch ly
Chng trch ly s dng cho hn hp to im ng ph hoc hn hp c bay
hi tng i nh, khng th tch bng phng php chng ct thng thng.
Phng php chng trch ly s s dng mt dung mi, thng l cht khng bay
hi, c nhit si ln v d ha tan vi hn hp cn tch nhng khng to im ng
ph v lm thay i bay hi tng i ca hai cu t. Sn phm nh s l cu t c
bay hi ln hn, trong khi sn phm y l hn hp ca dung mi vi cu t cn li.
Hn hp ny khng to im ng ph nn c th d dng phn tch bng mt tp chng
th hai hoc phn tch bng phng php khc. iu ny ngc vi phng pho chng
trch ly khi dung mi to vi mt cu t hn hp c bay hi ln hn v sn phm tinh
khit c tch ra y hai thp chng.
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Vic la chn mt dung mi ph hp l rt quan trng. Dung mi phi lm thay


i bay hi tng i trong mt khong rng, phi d dng tch ra khi sn phm
y, khng phn ng vi cc cu t cn tch, khng gy n mn v c gi thnh hp l.

Makeup
Solvent

Methylcyclohecxane
Product

Fresh Feed

Extractive
Distillation
Tower

Toluene
Product
Solvent
Recovery
Tower

Recycle Solvent

Hnh 1.12. Chng trch ly


Hnh trn minh ha qu trnh chng trch ly tch hn hp toluene v
methylcyclohexane. Dung mi s to hn hp c bay hi nh hn vi touluene.
Methylcyclohexane l sn phm nh ca thp chng u tin. Sn phm y c a
sang thp chng th hai, toluene tch ra bay ln nh cn dung mi y c tun hon
quay tr li thp th nht.

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Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Bin. Cc qu trnh, thit b trong cng ngh ha cht v thc phm (tp 4).
NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 2005.
2. Nguyn Th Minh Hin. Cng ngh ch bin kh t nhin v kh ng hnh. NXB
Khoa hc v k thut, 2010.
3. L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du m. NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 2008.
4. Henry Z.Kister. Disillation Design. McGraw-Hill, 1992.
5. V Th Ngc Ti, Hong Minh Nam. Cc qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc v
thc phm: tp 14: chng ct hn hp nhiu cu t. NXB i hc Quc gia Tp. H
Ch Minh, 2007.
6. Charles Donald Holland. Fundamentals of multicomponent distillation. McGraw-Hill,
1981.
7. Norman Lieberman, Elizabeth Lieberman. Working Guide to Process Equipment, 3rd
ed. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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