ARTA 2

SPECIAL PROJECT

VILLAMOR, PAMELA LYNNE T.

BSA 4B

ARCH. ARIEL ALVAREZ TABANG JR.

PROFESSOR

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTS

Michelozzo di Bartolommeo called Michelozzo Michelozz

Michelozzo di Bartolommeo called Michelozzo
Michelozzi (13961472). Florentine architect and
sculptor of the Early Renaissance, a contemporary of
Brunelleschi. He worked first with Ghiberti (141724) and
later with Donatello (c.142532), with whom he
designed and made a series of architectural funerary
monuments. Around 1427 he designed the loggia and
court for the Medici villa at Careggi, near Florence,
having already remodelled the villa at Trebbio (c.1422).
The influence of the essentials of Renaissance
architecture and Brunelleschi's work is clear from his
reconstruction of the cloister, refectory, cells, and
public rooms at the Church and Monastery of San
Marco, Florence (c.143752), including the light,
elegant, triple-aisled, vaulted library. Michelozzi's bestknown work is the enormous astylar Palazzo Medici (later Riccardi), Florence (144459),
which has the lowest storey faced with rock-faced rustication and pierced with arched
openings, channel-rusticated piano-nobile with regularly spaced semicircular Florentine
arches, and a top storey of smooth ashlar, the whole held down under a massive
cornicione. Behind this powerful exterior he designed an arcaded cortile (with echoes
of Brunelleschi's Foundling's Hospital) that was to be enormously influential. Michelozzo
was also responsible for the remarkable tribune in Santissima Annunziata, Florence
(144455), one of the first centrally planned domed spaces of the Renaissance, with a
polygonal plan off which are radiating apsidal chapels. Inspired by Brunelleschi's
unfinished Santa Maria degli Angeli, Florence (1434), it is even more strongly related to
the Antique Roman temple of Minerva Medica, of c. AD 250, and was completed by
Alberti. At Santa Maria delle Grazie, Pistoia (from 1452), he used the cross-in-square plan
of central and four subsidiary domed spaces.
Michelozzi was capomaestro of Florence Cathedral (144655) and supervised the
building of the lantern on the great dome. He designed the fortress-like villa at
Cafaggiolo, Mugello (c.1452), the much more elegant Villa Medici, Fiesole (c.145861),
remodelled the Palazzo Comunale, Montepulciano (1440), and designed the Hospital
of San Paolo dei Convalescenti, Florence (1459). Although he was credited with
introducing Florentine Brunelleschian ideas to Lombardy in the Portinari Chapel,
Sant'Eustorgio, Milan (1460s), based on the Old Sacristy in San Lorenzo, Florence, this
attribution is now rejected, as is his authorship of the Medici Bank, Milan.

NOTABLE WORKS
The Tomb of Antipope John XXIII is the marble-and-bronze tomb
monument of Antipope John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa, c. 13601419),
created by Donatello and Michelozzo for the Florence Baptistry
adjacent to the Duomo. It was commissioned by the executors of
Cossa's will after his death on December 22, 1419 and completed
during the 1420s, establishing it as one of the early landmarks of
Renaissance Florence. According to Ferdinand Gregorovius, the tomb
is "at once the sepulchre of the Great Schism in the church and the
last Papal tomb which is outside Rome itself".

The Tomb of Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci (or Brancaccio) is a

sculptural work in the church of Sant'Angelo a Nilo in Naples, southern
Italy, executed by Donatello and Michelozzo around 1426-1428. Built
in marble, partly gilt and polychrome, it has a height of 11.60 meters
and a width of 4.60.

Palazzo dello Strozzino is a palazzo in Florence, Italy. was a residence

of the Strozzi family, older than the larger and more prestigious Palazzo
Strozzi. It was also called Palazzo delle Tre Porte for its three doorways.
The palace currently houses the Cinema Odeon, designed by
Marcello Piacentini, and the language school of the British Institute of
Florence.

San Girolamo is an Renaissance style church just outside of the

old walled city of Volterra, Italy. The church and attached
Franciscan convent, a complex also known as of San Girolamo
al Velloso, were designed by Michelozzo and construction was
completed by about 1445. Some have questioned the
attribution and even suggested that it was designed another
famous Florentine architect, Lorenzo Ghiberti.

Leon Battista Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) was an Italian writer,
humanist, and architect. Through his theoretical
writings on painting, sculpture, and architecture, he
raised them from the level of the mechanical arts to
that of the liberal arts.
Leon Battista Alberti, as a scholar and philosopher
who moved in humanist circles in Florence and the
papal court in Rome, was involved in all the central
concepts of the Renaissance. He was concerned with
reforming his society and the arts in the image of
ancient Roman culture. Throughout most of his writings
the problem of man's relation to society is
fundamental.
The Rucellai Palace in Florence was begun by Alberti
about 1447 and completed in 1451. The facade has
three superimposed stories of classical pilasters. His first design for the facade was
probably square and had a single entrance portal, but Bernardo Rossellino, who
executed the building, lengthened the palace and constructed two portals, which
contradicted Alberti's architectural principles.
In 1450 Sigismondo Malatesta commissioned Alberti to refurbish the Gothic church of S.
Francesco at Rimini, later known as the Tempio Malatestiano. Alberti enclosed the
exterior in a classical envelope of arcades at the sides and a triumphal arch motif on
the facade. The great domed sanctuary, depicted in the foundation medal of 1450
and related, according to Alberti in a letter of 1454, to the Pantheon at Rome, was
never executed, as the building was left incomplete at the death of Sigismondo in 1466.
In 1450, under the aegis of Pope Nicholas V, a great building program for the city of
Rome was formulated, including additions to the Vatican Palace and the rebuilding of
St. Peter's and the portion of the city near the Vatican called the Leonine Borgo. Except
for some preliminary work at St. Peter's, this project was not carried out, but several
features of the urban plan and of the palace additions suggest at least the counsel of
Alberti.
Giovanni Rucellai, whose palace Alberti had designed, commissioned him in 1458 to
complete the facade of the great Gothic church of S. Maria Novella in Florence.
Limited by the medieval work of the lower part of the facade, Alberti created an
ingenious compromise design in the classical mode that harmonized with the earlier
portion. He also renovated the family chapel in S. Pancrazio for Rucellai and executed
the Shrine of the Holy Sepulcher for the chapel in 1467.

NOTABLE WORKS
The Tempio Malatestiano (Italian Malatesta Temple) is the
cathedral church of Rimini, Italy. Officially named for St.
Francis, it takes the popular name from Sigismondo
Pandolfo Malatesta, who commissioned its reconstruction
by the famous Renaissance theorist and architect Leon
Battista Alberti around 1450.

Palazzo Rucellai is a palatial 15th-century townhouse on the Via

della Vigna Nuova in Florence, Italy. The Rucellai Palace is believed
by most scholars to have been designed by Leon Battista Alberti
between 1446 and 1451 and executed, at least in part, by
Bernardo Rossellino. Its facade was one of the first to proclaim the
new ideas of Renaissance architecture based on the use of
pilasters and entablatures in proportional relationship to each other.

Basilica of Santa Maria Novella is a church in

Florence, Italy, situated just across from the main
railway
station
which
shares
its
name.
Chronologically, it is the first great basilica in
Florence, and is the city's principal Dominican
church.
The church, the adjoining cloister, and chapterhouse
contain a store of art treasures and funerary
monuments. Especially famous are frescoes by
masters of Gothic and early Renaissance. They were
financed through the generosity of the most
important Florentine families, who ensured themselves of funerary chapels on
consecrated ground.

Filippo Brunelleschi
Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the leading
architects and engineers of the Italian
Renaissance, and is best known for his work
on the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
(the Duomo) in Florence.
Born in 1377 in Florence, Italy, Filippo
Brunelleschi was an architect and engineer,
and one of the pioneers of early
Renaissance architecture in Italy. He was
the first modern engineer and an innovative
problem solver, building his major work, the
dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del
Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence, with the aid
of machines that he invented specifically
for the project
Brunelleschi's disappointment at losing the
baptistery commission might account for his decision to concentrate his talents on
architecture instead of sculpture, but little biographical information is available about
his life to explain the transition. (He continued to sculpt, but architecture was the
dominant thread in his professional career.) Also unexplained is Brunelleschi's sudden
transition from his training in the Gothic or medieval manner to the new architectural
classicism.
Perhaps he was simply inspired by his surroundings, since it was in this period (1402-1404)
that Brunelleschi and his good friend and sculptor Donatello purportedly visited Rome
to study the ancient ruins.
Donatello, nine years Brunelleschi's junior, had also trained to be a goldsmith. After his
training, he even worked in Lorenzo Ghibertis studio. In times past, writers and
philosophers had discussed the grandeur and decline of ancient Rome, but it seems
that until Brunelleschi and Donatello made their journey, no one had studied the
physical presence of Rome's ruins in detail. Although Donatello remained a sculptor, the
trip seems to have had a profound effect on Brunelleschi, and he turned firmly and
permanently to architecture in the following decade.

NOTABLE WORKS
The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore
In 1418 Brunelleschi entered a new competition against
Ghiberti to submit a model for the dome of Santa Maria
del Fiore. Brunelleschi won the contest in 1420 with a
proposal to erect the dome without wooden centering.

The Ospedale degli Innocenti is a historical

building in Florence, Italy. Designed by Filippo
Brunelleschi, who received the commission in 1419
from the Arte della Lana. It was originally a
children's orphanage. It is regarded as a notable
example of early Italian Renaissance architecture. The hospital, which features a nine
bay loggia facing the Piazza SS. Annunziata, was built and managed by the "Arte della
Seta" or Silk Guild of Florence. That guild was one of the wealthiest in the city and, like
most guilds, took upon itself philanthropic duties

Donato Bramante
The Italian architect and painter Donato Bramante
(1444-1514) was the first High Renaissance architect. He
transformed the classical style of the 15th century into
a grave and monumental manner, which represented
the ideal for later architects.
In the first decade of the 16th century Donato
Bramante was the chief architect in Rome, which had
just replaced Florence as the artistic capital of Europe
because the patronage of Pope Julius II (reigned 15031513) attracted all the leading Italian artists to that city.
It is particularly the triumvirate of artistsMichelangelo
the sculptor and painter, Raphael the painter, and
Bramante the architect who dominated this period,
usually called the High Renaissance, and whose
influence overwhelmed the following generations.
Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio, called Bramante, was
born in 1444 at Monte Asdruvaldo near Urbino. Nothing is known of the first 30 years of
his life. During that period, however, the court of Federigo da Montefeltro at Urbino was
a flourishing humanistic and cultural center, attended by artists such as Piero della
Francesca, Melozzo da Forll, and Luciano Laurana, who probably influenced the young
Bramante. The first notice of Bramante dates from 1477, when he decorated the
facade of the Palazzo del Podestat Bergamo with a frescoed frieze of philosophers.
Lombard Style
In 1481 the engraver Bernardo Previdari issued at Milan a print after a design by
Bramante, who had settled there about that time. The major interest of the engraving,
which depicts the interior of a partially ruined church, is the careful perspective
delineation of the architectural interior. Shortly thereafter Bramante entered into the
service of the Sforza rulers of Lombardy as court architect. His first important commission
was the reconstruction, beginning in 1482, of the church of S. Maria presso S. Satiro in
Milan. As it was a basilica church with transept and dome over the crossing, there was
not enough space for a deep choir. Through the ingenious use of sculptural and
painted relief in perspective, Bramante feigned a choir. He also built a tall, octagonal
sacristy richly decorated in the North Italian manner with relief sculpture covering even
the shafts of the classical orders. Bramante also continued to paint, executing frescoes
of armed men for the Casa Panigarola and the panel painting Christ at the Column.
In 1488 Bramante was called as consultant to the architects Amadeo and Cristoforo
Rocchi for the building of the Cathedral of Pavia, but in 1492 he withdrew from the
project with only the crypt completed. Meanwhile in 1490 he submitted an opinion on
the project to complete the tiburio, or great crossing vault, of the Gothic Cathedral of
Milan, in which he advocated a design conforming to the past style. Although there is
no documentary proof, he presumably designed the large, square tribune with apsidal
arms added to the Gothic church of S. Maria delle Grazie in Milan, beginning the work

in 1492. The interior was made spacious and monumental, and the exterior was
completed in the decorative Lombard style. At the same time Bramante began the
Canons' Cloister of S. Ambrogio in Milan, whose southern wing alone was built; in 1497
he planned four more cloisters there, of which only the Doric and Ionic Cloisters were
completed in the 16th century.
During 1493 Bramante was briefly and mysteriously absent from Milan, as letters of Duke
Lodovico Sforza seeking him in Florence and Rome indicate, but Bramante soon
returned to the ducal seat at Vigevano. He also wrote some sonnets at this time, which
are preserved in a manuscript dated 1497.
Early Roman Style
When the French captured Milan in September 1499 Bramante fled to Rome, where he
frescoed the arms of Pope Alexander VI at St. John Lateran, in preparation for the Holy
Year of 1500, and explored the Roman antiquities. The impact of the ancient
monuments is evident in his cloister of S. Maria della Pace in Rome (1500-1504). The
simple gravity and monumentality of the small square court marks a distinct break with
the Lombard style and foreshadows the new classicism of High Renaissance Rome. The
ground-floor arcade is supported on piers with engaged Ionic pilasters; the upper floor
alternates Corinthian columns and piers bearing an architrave.
The tiny circular Tempietto at S. Pietro in Montorio, in Rome (1502), with a Doric
colonnade surrounding a small cella closed by a semicircular dome on a tall drum,
represents the perfection of Bramante's Roman style. The architect intended the chapel
to stand in the center of a circular, colonnaded court to emphasize its self-containment
and centralization, but the court was never executed. The church of S. Maria della
Consolazione (1504-1617) at Todi, probably executed after Bramante's design, is
likewise centralized, being square with semicircular apses. The mass is built up of simple
geometric forms capped by a drum and dome. The interior is characterized by a sense
of quiet, harmonious spaciousness.
Papal Architecture and Late Works
With the election of Pope Julius II in 1503 Bramante soon became the papal architect,
and he did extensive work in the Vatican Palace and began rebuilding St. Peter's. The
tremendous Belvedere Court of the Palace (begun in 1503) was terraced up a hillside
on three levels joined by monumental stairs and defined by arcaded loggias with
superimposed orders. The lower terrace was to serve as a theater. Completed with
many revisions in the late 16th century, it is now altered almost beyond recognition.
Nearby is a spiral, ramped staircase (begun before 1512) that provides access to the
statue court beyond the Belvedere Court. As a new facade for the Vatican Palace,
Bramante designed a series of superimposed loggias (1509-1518), later converted into
the Court of S. Damaso. Completed by Raphael, there are two superimposed arcades
with Tuscan and Ionic pilasters and above them a colonnade of the Composite order.
In 1505 Bramante prepared a plan for the New St. Peter's which called for a centralized
Greek cross with a large dome on a colonnaded drum at the crossing, four smaller
domes, and corner towers. When the Greek cross plan was not accepted, he planned

to lengthen one arm to form a nave and to add ambulatories in the apsidal arms. The
foundation stone was laid in April 1506, but at the time of his death Bramante had
erected only the four main piers and the arches which were to support the dome.
Bramante accompanied the Pope on the military campaigns to Bologna in 1506 and in
1510, and during the latter campaign he is reported to have entertained the Pope
every evening with his commentary on the writings of Dante. In 1513 the Pope
bestowed the office of Piombatore, or sealer of the papal briefs, on him. Bramante
planned a huge palace on the Via Giulia for the papal courts of justice. It was begun in
1509, but with the death of the Pope in 1513 the work was abandoned, leaving only a
few massive, rusticated blocks of the ground floor.
Bramante's last work was probably the Palazzo Caprini (after 1510; destroyed). It had a
rusticated ground floor with shops and an upper story with coupled Doric half columns.
Owned later by Raphael, it became the prototype for numerous palaces, especially in
northern Italy, by Michele Sanmicheli, Giulio Romano, and Andrea Palladio. Bramante
died on March 11, 1514, and was buried in Old St. Peter's.

NOTABLE WORKS
The Church of San Pietro in Montorio was built on the site
of an earlier 9th-century church dedicated to Saint
Peter on Rome's Janiculum hill. According to tradition, it
was the site of his crucifixion.
In the 15th century, the ruins were given to the Amadist
friars, a reform branch of the Franciscans, founded by
the Blessed Amadeus of Portugal, who served as
confessor to Pope Sixtus IV from 1472. Commissioned by
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
It is a titular church, whose current title holder, since 1 March 2008, is Cardinal James
Francis Stafford.
Santa Maria presso San Satiro is a church of Milan.
The church lies on the site of a primitive worship place erected
by the archbishop Anspertus in 879, dedicated to Saint Satyrus,
confessor and brother of Saints Ambrose and Marcellina. The
current church was instead built from 1472 to 1482 under
commission from Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza. According to
some sources, the designer was Donato Bramante, who had
recently moved from the Marche. However, recent
documents prove that Bramante had a minor role, most of the
work being attributable to Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, who
designed the faade. Certainly from Bramante is the sacristy
perspective.

St. Peter's Basilic) is a Late Renaissance church

located within Vatican City.
Designed
principally
by
Donato
Bramante,
Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo
Bernini, St. Peter's is the most renowned work of
Renaissance architecture[1] and remains one of the
largest churches in the world.[2] While it is neither the
mother church of the Catholic Church nor the
Catholic Roman Rite cathedral of the Diocese of
Rome, St. Peter's is regarded as one of the holiest
Catholic sites. It has been described as "holding a unique position in the Christian
world"[3] and as "the greatest of all churches of Christendom".

Antonio da Sangallo was born in Florence in 1483. Trained by his uncles, Giuliano da
Sangallo and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder (1455-1534), he joined the family design,
engineering and sculpture business. In 1503 he accompanied Giuliano to Rome where
he remained and enjoyed the patronage of several popes.
Sangallo succeeded Raphael as master of works on St. Peter's Basilica in 1520. The
efficient infrastructure of the Sangallo business allowed him to take on commissions for a
large number of clients while he continued to devote a large portion of his energies on
St. Peter's.
Although Sangallo was often viewed as more of a builder and engineer than an artist,
he resisted the "mannerism" with which so many of his contemporaries attempted to
emulate Michelangelo.
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Palazzo Baldassini is a palace in Rome, Italy,
designed by the Renaissance architect
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger in about
1516-1519. It was designed for the papal
jurist from Naples, Melchiorre Baldassini. The
ground floor was used for shops or
workshops, and the piano nobile consisted
of private apartments.

Santa Maria di Loreto is a 16th-century church in Rome,

central Italy, located just across the street from the
Trajan's Column, near the giant Monument of Vittorio
Emanuele II.

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino

A leading figure of Italian High Renaissance
classicism, Raphael is best known for his
"Madonnas," including the Sistine Madonna, and
for his large figure compositions in the Palace of
the Vatican in Rome.
By 1514, Raphael had achieved fame for his work
at the Vatican and was able to hire a crew of
assistants to help him finish painting frescoes in the
Stanza dellIncendio, freeing him up to focus on
other projects. While Raphael continued to accept
commissions -- including portraits of popes Julius II and Leo X -- and his largest painting
on canvas, The Transfiguration (commissioned in 1517), he had by this time begun to
work on architecture. After architect Donato Bramante died in 1514, the pope hired
Raphael as his chief architect. Under this appointment, Raphael created the design for
a chapel in Sant Eligio degli Orefici. He also designed Romes Santa Maria del Popolo
Chapel and an area within Saint Peters new basilica.
Raphaels architectural work was not limited to religious buildings. It also extended to
designing palaces. Raphaels architecture honored the classical sensibilities of his
predecessor, Donato Bramante, and incorporated his use of ornamental details. Such
details would come to define the architectural style of the late Renaissance and early
Baroque periods.

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni

Michelangelo is widely regarded as the most famous
artist of the Italian Renaissance. Among his works are
the "David" and "Pieta" statues and the Sistine Chapel
frescoes.
Several commissions followed, including an
project for the tomb of Pope Julius II, but
interrupted when he asked Michelangelo
from sculpting to painting to decorate the
the Sistine Chapel.

ambitious
that was
to switch
ceiling of

The project fueled Michelangelos imagination, and

the original plan for 12 apostles morphed into more
than 300 figures on the ceiling of the sacred space.
(The work later had to be completely removed soon
after due to an infectious fungus in the plaster, and then recreated.) Michelangelo fired
all of his assistants, whom he deemed inept, and completed the 65-foot ceiling alone,
spending endless hours on his back and guarding the project jealously until revealing
the finished work, on October 31, 1512.
The resulting masterpiece is a transcendent example of High Renaissance art
incorporating the Christian symbology, prophecy and humanist principles that
Michelangelo had absorbed during his youth. The vivid vignettes of Michelangelo's
Sistine ceiling produce a kaleidoscope effect, with the most iconic image being the
"Creation of Adam," a portrayal of God touching the finger of man. Rival Roman
painter Raphael evidently altered his style after seeing the work.
Although he continued to sculpt and paint throughout his life, the physical rigor of
painting the chapel had taken its toll on Michelangelo, and he soon turned his focus
toward architecture.
Michelangelo continued to work on the tomb of Julius II for the next several decades.
He also designed the Medici Chapel and the Laurentian Librarylocated opposite the
Basilica San Lorenzo in Florenceto house the Medici book collection. These buildings
are considered a turning point in architectural history. But Michelangelo's crowning
glory in this field came when he was made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica in 1546.

NOTABLE WORKS
The Medici Chapels (Cappelle medicee)
are two structures at the Basilica of San
Lorenzo, Florence, Italy, dating from the 16th
and 17th centuries, and built as extensions
to Brunelleschi's 15th-century church, with
the purpose of celebrating the Medici family,
patrons of the church and Grand Dukes of
Tuscany. The Sagrestia Nuova, ("New
Sacristy"), was designed by Michelangelo.
The larger Cappella dei Principi, ("Chapel of
the Princes"), though proposed in the 16th
century, was not begun until the early 17th
century, its design being a collaboration between the family and architects.

The Capitoline Hill ,between the Forum and the

Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome.
It was the citadel (equivalent of the ancient
Greek acropolis) of the earliest Romans. By the
16th century, Capitolinus had become Capitolino
in Italian, with the alternative Campidoglio
stemming from Capitolium, one of the three
major spurs of the Capitolinus (the others being
Arx and Tarpeius). The English word capitol
derives from Capitoline. The Capitoline contains
few ancient ground-level ruins, as they are almost
entirely covered up by Medieval and
Renaissance
palaces
(now
housing
the
Capitoline Museums) that surround a piazza, a
significant urban plan designed by Michelangelo.

MODERN ARCHITECTS

Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright has been called America's most
famous architect. During his 70-year career, Wright
designed 1,141 buildings, including homes, offices,
churches, schools, libraries, bridges, and museums.
Five hundred and thirty-two of these designs were
completed, and 409 still stand.
Leaving school after a few semesters, Frank Lloyd
Wright apprenticed with J.L. Silsbee and eventually
with Louis Sullivan.
After working with Adler and Sullivan for several
years, Sullivan discovered that Wright was
designing houses outside the office's work. Frank Lloyd Wright split from Sullivan and
opened his own practice in 1893.
Frank Lloyd Wright never attended architecture school, but working with blocks while in
the Froebel Kindergarten must have whetted his appetite for building. Now called
Anchor Blocks, these German Toys for the Budding Builder are still available.
As a child, Wright worked on his uncle's farm in Wisconsin, and he later described
himself as an American primitive - an innocent but clever country boy whose education
on the farm made him more perceptive and more down-to-earth.
Frank Lloyd Wright pioneered a long, low style known as the Prairie house. He
experimented with obtuse angles and circles, creating unusually shaped structures such
as the spiral Guggenheim Museum (1943-49). He developed a series of low-cost homes
that he called Usonian. And most importantly, Frank Lloyd Wright changed the way we
think of interior space. See Frank Lloyd Wright Interiors The Architecture of Space for
examples.

NOTABLE WORKS
Fallingwater may look like a loose pile of concrete
slabs about to topple into the stream... but there is
no danger of that! The slabs are actually anchored
through the stonework of the hillside. Also, the
largest and heaviest portion of the house is at the
rear, not over the water. And, finally, each floor has
its own support system.
When you enter the recessed front door of
Fallingwater, your eye is first drawn to a far corner, where a balcony overlooks the
waterfall. To the right of the entryway, there is a dining alcove, a large fireplace, and
stairs leading to the upper story. To the left, groups of seating offer scenic views.
The very first Prairie House designed by Frank
Lloyd Wright resulted from his "moonlighting."
Wright's bootleg homesthe residences he
built while still working at Adler & Sullivan in
Chicagowere traditional Victorian styles of
the day. These Pre-1900 Queen Anne Styles
were a source of frustration to the young
architect. By 1893 a twenty-something
Wright had parted ways with Louis Sullivan
and embarked on his own practice and his
own designs.
Wright yearned to build what he considered a "sensible house," and a client named
Herman Winslow gave Wright the opportunity. "I was not the only one then sick of
hypocrisy and hungry for reality," Wright has said. "Winslow was something of an artist
himself, sick of it all."

Frank Lloyd Wright created the

Guggenheim Museum as a series
of organic shapes. Circular forms
spiral down down like the interior
of a nautilus shell. Visitors to the
museum begin on the upper level
and follow a sloping ramp
downward through connected
exhibition spaces. At the core, an open rotunda offers views of artwork on several levels.
Frank Lloyd Wright, who was known for his self-assurance, said that his goal was to
"make the building and the painting an uninterrupted, beautiful symphony such as
never existed in the World of Art before."

Louis Sullivan
Louis Sullivan is widely considered America's first truly modern
architect. Instead of imitating historic styles, he created original
forms and details. Older architectural styles were designed for
buildings that were wide, but Sullivan was able to create
aesthetic unity in buildings that were tall.
Sullivan's designs often used masonry walls with terra cotta
designs. Intertwining vines and leaves combined with crisp
geometric shapes. This Sullivanesque style was imitated by other
architects, and his later work formed the foundation for the
ideas of his student, Frank Lloyd Wright.
Louis Sullivan believed that the exterior of an office building
should reflect its interior structure and its interior functions. Ornament, where it was used,
must be derived from Nature, instead of from classical architecture of the past. The
work of Louis Sullivan is often associated with the Art Nouveau movement in
architecture.

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Designed by one of the most important architects of
the 19th century, Louis Sullivan of Chicago, the
building reflects the optimism and prosperity of the
United States at the time. Architectural historians
consider the Guaranty Building one of the greatest
architectural achievements in office buildings by
Louis Sullivan.

WAINWRIGHT BUILDING
Named after Missouri brewer Ellis
Wainwright, the Wainwright Building
revolutionized American architecture. To
empathize the height, architect Louis
Sullivan used a three-part composition:
The first two stories are unornamented
brown sandstone with large, deep
windows.
The next seven stories are uninterrupted
red brick. Between the piers are
horizontal panels decorated with leaf
ornamentation.
The top story is decorated with round
windows and terra cotta leaf scroll
ornaments inspired by the Notre-Dame
de Reims in France.

Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier was a Swiss-born French architect
who belonged to the first generation of the socalled International school of architecture.
Le Corbusier was born Charles-Edouard
Jeanneret-Gris in Switzerland on October 6,
1887. In 1917, he moved to Paris and assumed
the pseudonym Le Corbusier. In his architecture,
he chiefly built with steel and reinforced
concrete and worked with elemental
geometric forms. Le Corbusier's painting
emphasized clear forms and structures, which corresponded to his architecture.
These trips played a pivotal role in Le Corbusiers education. He made three major
architectural discoveries. In various settings, he witnessed and absorbed the
importance of (1) the contrast between large collective spaces and individual
compartmentalized spaces, an observation that formed the basis for his vision of
residential buildings and later became vastly influential; (2) classical proportion via
Renaissance architecture; and (3) geometric forms and the use of landscape as an
architectural tool.
In 1912, Le Corbusier returned to La Chaux-de-Fonds to teach alongside LEplattenier
and to open his own architectural practice. He designed a series of villas and began to
theorize on the use of reinforced concrete as a structural frame, a thoroughly modern
technique.
Le Corbusier began to envisage buildings designed from these concepts as affordable
prefabricated housing that would help rebuild cities after World War I came to an end.
The floor plans of the proposed housing consisted of open space, leaving out
obstructive support poles, freeing exterior and interior walls from the usual structural
constraints. This design system became the backbone for most of Le Corbusiers
architecture for the next 10 years.

NOTABLE WORKS
The Unit d'habitation is the name of a modernist
residential housing design principle developed
by Le Corbusier, with the collaboration of
painter-architect Nadir Afonso. The concept
formed the basis of several housing
developments designed by him throughout
Europe with this name. The most famous of these
developments is located in south Marseille.

Villa Savoye is a modernist villa in

Poissy, in the outskirts of Paris,
France. It was designed by Swiss
architects Le Corbusier and his
cousin, Pierre Jeanneret, and built
between 1928 and 1931 using
reinforced concrete.
A manifesto of Le Corbusier's "five
points" of new architecture, the villa
is representative of the bases of
modern architecture, and is one of the most easily recognizable and renowned
examples of the International style.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Believing that less is more, Mies van der
Rohe designed rational, minimalist
skyscrapers that set the standard for
modernist design.
The United States has a love-hate
relationship with Mies van der Rohe. Some
say that he stripped architecture of all
humanity, creating cold, sterile and
unlivable environments. Others praise his
work, saying he created architecture in its
most pure form.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe began his career in his family stone-carving business in
Germany. He never received any formal architectural training, but when he was a
teenager he worked as a draftsman for several architects. Moving to Berlin, he found
work in the offices of architect and furniture designer Bruno Paul and industrial architect
Peter Behrens.
Early in his life, Mies van der Rohe began experimenting with steel frames and glass
walls. He was director of the Bauhaus School of Design from 1930 until it disbanded in
1933. He moved to the United States in 1937 and for twenty years (1938-1958) he was
Director of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology.
Mies van der Rohe taught his taught students at IIT to build first with wood, then stone,
and then brick before progressing to concrete and steel. He believed that architects
must completely understand their materials before they can design.
Mies van der Rohe was not the first architect to practice simplicity in design, but he
carried the ideals of rationalism and minimalism to new levels. His glass-walled
Farnsworth House near Chicago stirred controversy and legal battles. His bronze and
glass Seagram Building in New York City (designed in collaboration with Philip Johnson)
is considered America's first glass skyscraper. And, his philosophy that "less is more"
became a guiding principle for architects in the mid-twentieth century.
Skyscrapers around the world are modeled after designs by Mies van der Rohe.

NOTABLE WORKS
S. R. Crown Hall, designed by the German
Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, is
the home of the College of Architecture at the
Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois.

The Farnsworth House was designed and

constructed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
between 1945-51. It is a one-room weekend
retreat in a once-rural setting, located 55 miles
(89 km) southwest of Chicago's downtown on a
60-acre (24 ha) estate site, adjoining the Fox
River, south of the city of Plano, Illinois. The steel
and glass house was commissioned by Dr. Edith Farnsworth, a prominent Chicago
nephrologist, as a place where she could engage in her hobbies: playing the violin,
translating poetry, and enjoying nature. Mies created a 1,500-square-foot (140 m2)
house that is widely recognized as an iconic masterpiece of International Style of
architecture. The home was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006, after
joining the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The house is currently owned and
operated as a house museum by the historic preservation group, National Trust for
Historic Preservation.

The Seagram Building is a skyscraper, located at 375 Park

Avenue, between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in Midtown
Manhattan, New York City. The structure was designed by
German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe while the
lobby and other internal aspects were designed by Philip
Johnson, including The Four Seasons and Brasserie
restaurants. Severud Associates were the structural
engineering consultants.

POST-MODERN ARCHITECT

Philip Johnson
Philip Johnson was a museum director,
writer, and, most notably, an architect
known for his unconventional designs. His
work embraced many influences, from the
neoclassicism of Karl Friedrich Schinkel and
to the modernism of Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe.
After graduation from Harvard in 1930,
Philip Johnson became the first Director of
the Department of Architecture at the
Museum of Modern Art, New York (19321934 and 1945-1954). He coined the term
International Style and introduced the work
of modern European architects such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier to
America. He would later collaborate with Mies van der Rohe on what is considered the
most superb skyscraper in North America, the Seagram Building in New York City (1958).
Johnson returned to Harvard University in 1940 to study architecture under Marcel
Breuer. For his master degree thesis, he designed a residence for himself, the now
famous Glass House (1949), which has been called one of the world's most beautiful
and yet least functional homes.
Philip Johnson's buildings were luxurious in scale and materials, featuring expansive
interior space and a classical sense of symmetry and elegance. These same traits
epitomized corporate America's dominant role in world markets in prominent
skyscrapers for such leading companies as AT&T (1984), Pennzoil (1976) and Pittsburgh
Plate Glass Company (1984).
In 1979, Philip Johnson was honored with the first Pritzker Architecture Prize in recognition
of "50 years of imagination and vitality embodied in a myriad of museums, theaters,
libraries, houses, gardens and corporate structures."

NOTABLE WORKS
The Crystal Cathedral is a church building
in Garden Grove, Orange County,
California, in the United States. The
reflective glass building, designed by
American architect Philip Johnson, was
completed in 1981 and seats 2,736 people.
The largest glass building in the world,[ it has
one of the largest musical instruments in the
world, the Hazel Wright Memorial organ.
Until 2013, the building had been the
principal place of worship for Crystal
Cathedral Ministries, a congregation of the
Reformed Church in America founded in 1955 by Robert H. Schuller. Crystal Cathedral
Ministries filed for bankruptcy in October 2010 and in February 2012 sold the building
and its adjacent campus to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange for use as the
diocese's new cathedral. The building, especially the interior sanctuary, is currently
being renovated to accommodate the Roman Catholic liturgy and is due to re-open in
2016, at which time it is expected to be consecrated and formally renamed Christ
Cathedral and become the seat of the Diocese of Orange.
PPG Place is a complex in downtown Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, consisting of six buildings within three city blocks
and five and a half acres. Named for its anchor tenant, PPG
Industries, who initiated the project for its headquarters, the
buildings are all of matching glass design consisting of 19,750
pieces of glass.

The Glass House or Johnson house, built in 1949

in New Canaan, Connecticut, was designed by
Philip Johnson as his own residence, and
"universally viewed as having been derived from"
the Farnsworth House design, according to Alice
T. Friedman. Johnson curated an exhibit of Mies
van der Rohe work at the Museum of Modern Art
in 1947, featuring a model of the glass Farnsworth
House.

Robert Venturi
Husband and wife team Robert Venturi and
Denise Scott Brown are known for
architecture steeped in popular symbolism.
Kitsch becomes art in designs which
exaggerate or stylize cultural icons.
Robert Venturi is known for incorporating
stylized cultural icons into his buildings. For
example, there's a playful retro look to the
Celebration, Florida bank building designed
by Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates.
Molded to fit the shape of the street corner
it occupies, the bank resembles a 1950s-era
gas station or hamburger restaurant.
However, Venturi, Scott Brown and
Associates is recognized for much more
than Postmodernist designs. Based in Philadelphia, PA, the firm has completed more
than 400 projects, each uniquely suited to the special needs of the clients.
Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991; the prize was awarded to
him alone, despite a request to include his equal partner Denise Scott Brown. A group
of women architects attempted to get her name added retroactively to the prize, but
the Pritzker Prize jury declined to do so. Venturi is also known for coining the maxim "Less
is a bore", a postmodern antidote to Mies van der Rohe's famous modernist dictum "Less
is more". Venturi lives in Philadelphia with Denise Scott Brown.
The architecture of Robert Venturi, although perhaps not as familiar today as his books,
helped redirect American architecture away from a widely practiced, often banal,
modernism in the 1960s to a more exploratory design approach that openly drew
lessons from architectural history and responded to the everyday context of the
American city. Venturi's buildings typically juxtapose architectural systems, elements
and aims, to acknowledge the conflicts often inherent in a project or site. This "inclusive"
approach contrasted with the typical modernist effort to resolve and unify all factors in
a complete and rigidly structuredand possibly less functional and more simplistic
work of art. The diverse range of buildings of Venturi's early career offered surprising
alternatives to then current architectural practice, with "impure" forms (such as the
North Penn Visiting Nurses Headquarters), apparently casual asymmetries (as at the
Vanna Venturi House), and pop-style supergraphics and geometries (for instance, the
Lieb House).

NOTABLE WORKS
The Vanna Venturi House, one of the first
prominent works of the postmodern architecture
movement, is located in the neighborhood of
Chestnut Hill in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was
designed by architect Robert Venturi for his
mother Vanna Venturi, and constructed
between 1962 -1964.The house was sold in 1973
and remains a private residence. The house is
not open to the public.

Guild House is a residential building in Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania, which is an important and influential
work of 20th-century architectureand was the first
major work by Robert Venturi. Along with the
Vanna Venturi House it is considered to be one of
the earliest expressions of Postmodern architecture,
and helped establish Venturi as one of the leading
architects of the 20th century.

The Seattle Art Museum (commonly known as "SAM") is

an art museum located in Seattle, Washington, USA. It
maintains three major facilities: its main museum in
downtown Seattle; the Seattle Asian Art Museum
(SAAM) in Volunteer Park on Capitol Hill, and the
Olympic Sculpture Park on the central Seattle
waterfront, which opened on January 20, 2007.
Admission to the sculpture park is always free.
Admission to the other facilities is free on the first
Thursday of each month; SAM also offers free
admission the first Saturday of the month. And even
the normal admission is suggested, meaning that the
museum would like visitors to pay the complete
admission but if they cannot pay fully they can still
enjoy the museum.

Frank Gehry
Inventive and irreverent, Frank Gehry has
been surrounded by controversy for most of
his career. Using unorthodox materials like
corrugated metal and chain link, Gehry
creates unexpected, twisted forms that
break conventions of building design. His
work has been called radical, playful,
organic, and sensual.
Buildings: Frank Gehry established his Los
Angeles practice in 1962. Early in his career,
he designed houses inspired by modern
architects such as Richard Neutra and Frank
Lloyd Wright. Gehry's admiration of Louis Kahn's work influenced his 1965 box-like design
of the Danziger House, a studio/residence for designer Lou Danziger. With this work,
Gehry began to be noticed as an architect. As his career expanded, Gehry became
known for massive, iconoclastic projects that attracted attention and controversy.
Many of Gehry's buildings have become tourist attractions, drawing visitors from around
the world.
Furniture: Gehry had success in the 1970s with his line of Easy Edges chairs made from
bent laminated cardboard. By 1991, Gehry was using bent laminated maple to
produce the Power Play Armchair. These designs are part of the Museum of Modern Art
(MoMA) collection in NYC.
Memorials: The Eisenhower Memorial Commission chose Frank Gehry's design for the
Washington, D.C. memorial honoring Dwight D. Eisenhower's command of the Allied
Forces in Europe in World War II and as the 34th President of the United States.
Gehry Designs: Because architecture takes so long to become realized, Gehry often
turns to the "quick fix" of designing smaller products, including jewelry, trophies, and
even liquor bottles. From 2003 to 2006 Gehry's partnership with Tiffany & Co. released
the exclusive jewelry collection that included the sterling silver Torque Ring. In 2004 the
Canada-born Gehry designed a trophy for the international World Cup of Ice Hockey
tournament. Also in 2004, the Polish side of Gehry designed a twisty vodka bottle for
Wyborowa Exquisite, also of Polish descent (see PDF product marketing).
In 1988, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City used Gehry's Santa
Monica house as an example of a new architecture they called deconstructivism.
Deconstruction breaks down the parts of a piece so their organization appears
disorganized and chaotic. Unexpected details and building materials tend to create a
visual disorientation and disharmony.

NOTABLE WORKS
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a
museum of modern and contemporary art,
designed by Canadian-American architect
Frank Gehry, and located in Bilbao, Basque
Country, Spain. The museum was
inaugurated on October 18, 1997, by the
past King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Built
alongside the Nervion River, which runs
through the city of Bilbao to the Cantabrian
Sea, it is one of several museums belonging to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation
and features permanent and visiting exhibits of works by Spanish and international
artists.

The Dancing House or Fred and Ginger is the

nickname given to the Nationale-Nederlanden
building in Prague, Czech Republic, at Ranovo
nbe (Ran's riverbank). It was designed by the
Croatian-Czech architect Vlado Miluni in cooperation with Canadian-American architect Frank
Gehry on a vacant riverfront plot. The building was
designed in 1992 and completed in 1996.
The very non-traditional design was controversial at
the time because the house stands out among the
Baroque, Gothic and Art Nouveau buildings for
which Prague is famous and in the opinion of some it
does not accord well with these architectural styles.
The then Czech president, Vclav Havel, who lived
for decades next to the site, had avidly supported
this project, hoping that the building would become
a center of cultural activity.