SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo

visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Cartographyandgeovisualisation
SanjeevKumarSrivastava

Cartography
Cartographyistheartandscienceofmap
making
Itappliesthefundamentalscientificproceduresof
accuratemeasurement,generalisation,andthe
identificationofrelationships,tocreatevisual
modelsofourcomplexworld
Mapshavetraditionallybeenmadeusingpenand
paper,buttheadventandspreadofcomputers
hasrevolutionizedcartography

Cartographicalrepresentations

Realworld

Congestion
Coalescence
Conflict
Complication
Mapscale
Theme
Purpose
Audience
Media

Datamodels

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Generalisation
Classification
Simplification
Smoothing
Generalisation istheprocessof
Aggregation
reducingtheinformationcontent Amalgamation
ofthemapcontrolledbymap
Collapse
scale,purpose,intended
Merging
audience,andtechnical
Refinement
constraints
Exaggeration
Generalisation isachieved:
Enhancement
Bysimplifying,weeding,abstracting
Displacement
Aimistoreducethevolumeofdata
withoutadverselyaffectingitsutility Symbolisation
Induction

Classification
Anintellectualprocessthatgroupssimilar
phenomenainordertogainrelativesimplicity
Expressionofsalientcharacterofadistribution
Orderingscaling,andgroupingoffeaturesbytheir
attributesandattributevalues

Simplification
Determiningthekeycharacter
ofafeatureattributeand
eliminatingunwanteddetails
Essentialgeographiccharacter
oftheobjectmustbe
maintainedasfaraspossible
whilelegiblyportraying
informationatthegivenmap
scale

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Exaggeration
Deliberateenlargementandalterationofafeatureto
captureitsrealworldessence
Moreatsmaller(coarser)scale
Smallestwidththatcanbedrawnonamapis~0.5mm
At1:1000000scale0.5mmisequalto500m
Anylinesymbolatthisscalerepresentingdrainageor
transportationnetworkhastobeexaggerated

Symbolisation
Graphicmarksonamaprepresentingreal
worldfeature
Thesemarksareusedtosymboliseaconcept,
aseriesoffacts,orthecharacterofa
geographicaldistribution

Induction
Occurswhenamapusermakesinference
frominterrelationshipsamongmapfeatures
Cartographershavelittlecontroloverit

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Mapcharacteristics
Location
Positioninatwodimensionalgeographicspace

Attributes

Maintheme

Qualityormagnitude

Abstraction
Informationthathasbeenchosentofittheuseofthe
map

SignsandSymbolism
Toexhibitarealityonamapwithlines,colour and
patterns

Information
presentation

Scale
Additional
information

TransformationsandMapprojections

Mapelements

Framelineandneatline
Mappedarea
Inset
Titleandsubtitle
Legend
Datasources
Scale
Orientation

Largesize

Smallsize

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Framelineandneatline
Frameline
Partofthemapthatextendsbeyondtheneatline
Occupiesmaximumspace
Similartothepictureframe
Enclosesallthemapelements

Neatline
Thevisualframeforamaptodifferentiateitfrom
otherelements
Definesthemapextent

Mappedarea
MapFigure
Theprimaryfigure
Thiscanbeanything,thedrainagenetwork,
transportationnetwork,demographicdata,
vegetationtype,soiltypeetc.

Inset
Smallermapincludedwithinacontextoflargermap
Servesseveralpurposes
Todisplaytheprimarymappedareainrelationtoalarger
morerecognisable area
Toenlargeimportanceofacongestedarea
Todisplayarealocatedindifferentgeographiclocationbut
relatedtothemaptheme
Todisplaystateofgeographiclocationatdifferenttime

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Titleandsubtitle
Mostmapsrequireatitle
Thematicmaptitle
Mainthemeofthemap

Generalreferencemaptitle
Geographicarea

Thiscanbeomittedwhenmapispresentedina
document
Titleisreplacedbymapcaption

Subtitleisusedforfurtherexplainthemaptitle

Legend
Definesallthethematicsymbolsonamap
Thiscouldindicatewhatthecolorsandsizemeans
Legendmayhaveaheadingtofurtherindicatethe
maptheme
Legendscanbegroupedbasednaturalandcultural
groups;point,lineandpolygonsgroup;orthematic
symbolsandbaseinformationgroups

Datasourceandothermarginal
information
Maphaveotherinformationtocommunicatemore
aboutthepresenteddata
Theinformationincludes:

SheetName
SheetNumber
SeriesName
SeriesNumber
EditionNumber
IndextoBoundaries
PrintingNote
AdjoiningSheetsDiagram

SpheroidNote
GridNote
ProjectionNote
VerticalDatumNote
HorizontalDatumNote
ControlNote
PreparationNote
GridReferenceBox
ContourIntervalNote

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Scale
Visualexpressionoftherelationshipbetween
groundunitsandthemapunits
Allmapsshouldhaveascale,butitshouldoccupy
smallspaceandshouldnotdistracttheuser

Orientation
NorthArrow
Referencetoprovidethepropermaporientation
Usuallymapsareorientedwithnorthatthetop
Graticules
Similarly,thegraticules runinanorth/southand
east/westorientation

MapLayout
Arrangementofmapelementsinsuchaway
thatitcommunicatesmaximuminformation
Sizeandthemediawilldeterminethemap
makingprocess
Sizeinfluencethelevelofdetailandthequantity
ofinformation
Mediadeterminestheavailabilityofcolors,
patternsandtext

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Mappresentationconcepts
Eachmapelementhasitsownimportance
Thecartographermustorganizethem
accordingtopriority
Keymapelementsshouldbeinprominent
positionswithinthemap
Thekeymapelementsshouldhavetheirsize
accordinglyandoccupyanappropriatearea

Generalruleformappresentation
Themostsignificantmapelementsshouldbe
onthetopleft
Thelesssignificantmapelementsshouldbe
onthebottomright

Balancingmapelements
Thedesigner
shouldarrange
themaps
elements
aroundthe
natural(optical)
center,rather
thanthe
geometric
center

Most
important
information

Visual centre

Geometric
centre

Least
important
information

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Maplayout

Lessimportantelementsshouldbesimplified.
Thoseofimportanceshouldbeexplained.
Asimpledesignismorereadable.
Toomuchdetailandcomplexitywillconfusethe
reader.

Onlyexperimentationtellswhichlayoutisthebest
Itusedtobeacostlyandlongexperience
Today,GISpackagesenabletodothiseasily

Mapforegroundandbackground

Bringsthemost
significant
informationinthe
foreground
Secondary
informationshouldbe
inthebackground
Thecombinationof
theforegroundand
thebackgroundmust
bereadable,andeven
enhancereadability
Requirestheusageof
color,valueor
patterning
Createssome3D
effectandavisual
hierarchy
Ithelpsthereader
sortingthingsout

Foreground
(Most significant information)

Important
Background
(Less important information)
Essential information that
does not requires immediate attention
occupies this area

Some importance

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Mapsymbols
Purpose
Toactasastandardshorthand
Toconservespace tofitmoreinfoona
plan

Symbolsontopographicmapshave
beenstandardised
Therearerulesforplacement,colour,
size,density,etc.
MostoftheGISsoftwarepackagestake
careoftheserules,andtheyholda
massivelibraryofsymbols.

Symbols:Cartographersresources
Shapes

Orientation

Pattern

Pictures

Texture

Saturation

Hue

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

Size

10

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Mappingfeaturesconceivedofas
points
Conceivedspatialstructure
Existaspoints
arereferencedtopoints
areconceivedofaspointsformapping
purposes

Levelsofmeasurements
qualitative
nominal

quantitative
ordinal,interval,orratio

Symbolizedwithpointmarks

Pointsymbols
Qualitative

Quantitative
Size

Hue

Value

Orientation
(Usually used together)

Shape

Lightness

Pattern:
arrangements
orientation

Spacing
Sizeand
colour

Pictorial
symbols

x du v w

Perspective
heights

GraduatedSymbolMap

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

11

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Mappingfeaturesconceivedaslines
Featuresthatareconceivedaslinesarerivers,
roads,boundaries,railroads,andcoastlines
Qualitativelinesymbolisation
Quantitativelinesymbolisation

Mappingfeaturesconceivedasareas
Patternsexpressedbytexture,arrangement,
andorientationismoreprominentthansize

Typography
Textualinformationisavitalpartofamapforaneffective
communicationbetweenmapusersandcartographers
Suitablestylemustbeselected
Styleshouldbeuniformthroughoutthemap

Typographyshouldnotinterferewithmappedfeatures
Sometimeslinesarebrokenwheretextisplaced

Placementandappearanceoftextualinformation
Oftenadifficulttask
Thecartographermustbeconcernedaboutthecontentandtheform

Generalrulesforclarityofrelevanttext:

Avoidconfusionandmisinterpretations
Avoidredundancies
Avoidabbreviations
Useappropriatefonts
Fontstype,sameforsimilartheme
Italics,bold,andcapitalletters

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

12

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Text:SelectionandPlacement
Brisbane
BM 232

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POINT

LINE

AREA

Labelingfeatures
Highest

Third best

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Points
Avoidlabelsacrossboundaries
Fourplacesrelativetoapointwhereyoucan
puttext
Theyarenotequallyadvantageous:1(best
choice),2,3andthen4(lastchoice)
Sincepointsdonothaveanorientation,text
shouldbehorizontal
Lineandpolygons
Textshouldfollowtheorientation(direction)
oftheline
Itlinksthetextmoreclearlytothegraphic
elementandthusavoidconfusion
Textshouldoccupytheareaandits
orientation

0.1

0.2

0.4 Kilometers

Roads

Creek Rd

a
Afric

700 Kilometers

Legend
WORLD

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

13

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Mapwithandwithoutlabels

Coloursforamap
Coloursaredefinedby
Hue
Chroma

Value
Saturation

Weperceiveelectromagnetic
energyhavingwavelengthsin
therange400 700nmas
visiblelight

Hue
Psychologicaldimension
ofcolourwhichroughly
correspondsto
wavelength
Hueisthecommon
meaningoftheword
colour"

Yellow,Red,Green,Blueare
descriptiveofhue

Mostcolorwheelshave8
12hues
Morethan24huescreate
confusion

Complexmapssuchas
withSoilandGeology
themesgenerallyhave
12hues

Hues

Wavelength

Violet

400425nm

Indigo

425450nm

Blue

450500nm

Green

500570nm

Yellow

570590nm

Orange 590610nm
Red

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

610700nm

14

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Chroma
Purityofacolor
referringtothepurityofthehue
Apurecolourtransmitsorreflectsatasingle(or
verynarrow)wavelength

Hueaffectschroma level intenseyellow

appearsbrighterthanintensebluegreen

Value
Lightnessordarknessofcolor
Alsocalledtint,shade,tonecreatedbyadding
whiteorblacktoahue
5valuesofacolorarethemostthatcanbe
easilydistinguishedonamap
Discriminationdependsonbackgroundcolor
darkvs.light

Colours
Valueorintensity

Chroma
Hues

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

15

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Coloursandmapping
Varyinghuescanbeusedforqualitative
mapping
Fornominaldata

Varyingcoloursaturationcanbeusedfor
quantitativemapping
Forordinalandratiodata

Coloursandfeatures
Blue
lakes,rivers,streams,oceans,reservoirs,highways,localborders

Red
majorhighways,roads,urbanareas,airports,specialinterestsites,military
sites,placenames,buildings,borders

Yellow
builtuporurbanareas

Green
parks,golfcourses,reservations,forest,orchards,highways

Brown
deserts,historicalsites,nationalparks,militaryreservationsorbases,contour
(elevation)lines

Black
roads,railroads,highways,bridges,placenames,buildings,borders

Purple
highways,(alsousedonU.S.G.S.topographicmapstorepresentfeatures
addedtothemapsincetheoriginalsurvey)

Digitalcolourmodels
RGBred,green,blue:Additivecolourmodel
OnaCRT(cathoderaytube)screen,eachpixel(pictureelement)
consistsofatriadofphosphorcolors:red,green,andblue
Lightisemittedanddisplayedbytheintensityatwhichthesecolors are
projectedbyelectronguns.Anequaltriadoffullysaturatedcolours(255
255255 or100100 100)willilluminatewhite,andconversely
0valueswillilluminatenothingorblack

CMYK Cyan,Magenta,Yellow,andblack:Subtractivecolour
model

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

16

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Mapsandcolourblindness
Approximately,8%ofall
malesand0.5%ofallfemales
haveacolourblindness
Greenblindness
individualsconfusegreens,yellows,
andreds(6.39%)

Redblindness
individualsconfusevariousshadesof
red(2.04%)

Blueblindness
Individualsconfuseblues(0.003%)

Totalcolor blindness
Affectsnomorethan0.005%ofboth
sexes

Colourblindness
Redgreendeficienciesareverysimilarin
termsofperception
Redblind=protanope
Greenblind=deuteranope
Standard
Protan
Deutan
Standard
Protan
Deutan

Thesecolours
appearthesame
forcolourblinds

Protanopic confusioncolours

Deuteranopic confusioncolours

Inclusivecolourscheme:
Thiscolourschemewillbefine
formostofthecolourblinds

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

17

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

ColourBias
Somecoloursaremore
attentiongettingthanothers
Culturallyandvisually
AdvancingandRetreating
colorsaredefinedby
Chromosteropsis
Advancingcolorsappearcloserto
theviewerthanretreatingcolors
Advancingcolorsshouldbeusedfor
figure retreatingcolorsusedfor
ground
Advancingcolors=warmhues,high
values,deepsaturation(deep,dark
reds)
Retreatingcolors=coolhues,low
values,lesssaturation(grayish,light
blues)

Thesecombinationsof
coloursoftencreatevisual
bias

Mostofusseetheredcolourclosertoeyesthantheblue

LowBias
HighSaturation

LowBias
LowSaturation

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

18

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

HighBias
Lowsaturationwithhigh
saturation

HighBias
EarthToneswithsaturatedtones

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

19

SSSIWorkshoponCartography&Geo
visualisation

13thSeptember2012,Brisbane
ConventionCentre

Conclusions
Modernsoftwaretoolshavemostofthe
cartographicrulesimplementedinthem
Theusersofthethesetoolsmustbeawareof
cartographicalprinciplesforproducingamap
thatcanactasaneffectivecommunication
tool

SanjeevKumarSrivastava,Lecturer,
GeospatialAnalysis,Universityofthe
SunshineCoast,QLD,Australia,
Sanjeev.Srivastava@usc.edu.au

20