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13-104
Session 2002
CIGR
T. Shimato
The Kansai Electric Power Co. Inc
K. Chiyajo
Chubu Electric Power Co. Inc
K. Nakanishi
Yokohama National University
K. Hirasawa
Hitachi, Ltd
A. Kobayashi
Toshiba Corporation
T. Sugiyama
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
(Japan)
SUMMARY
The time constants of the DC component of fault
current have been increasing due to the increase of
capacity of the EHV transmission lines as well as
concentration of the power stations and substations. In
500kV and 275kV extra-high-voltage (EHV)
transmission systems, the time constants of the DC
component of the lines are being increased as a result of
adopting a bundle of multiple-conductors with an
increased diameter. For these reasons, the time constants
() of the DC component of fault currents observed at
the EHV transmission lines become =70-130ms for
500kV systems and =50-100ms for 275kV systems and
attain a value as high as =150ms for a certain system.
These time constants are much higher than the special
values added to IEC 62271-100 [1]. In Japan, an
alternative time constant of DC component (=90ms) for
special cases was added to the standard value (=45ms)
of JEC2300-1998 [2].
The root-mean-square value of the asymmetrical
current increases with the increase in , which causes
greater stresses on the circuit breakers and degrades
their interrupting capability. Even though the IEC guide
[3] proposed certain testing procedures for the
asymmetrical short-circuit interrupting test duty T100a,
available reports on the influence of on interrupting
capability are limited because of the difficulty in
changing with large interrupting currents due to
restrictions of testing facilities.
The influence of (from =45ms to at maximum of
150ms) on interrupting capability was investigated
analytically and experimentally using three different
types of 550kV gas circuit breakers (GCB). Equivalent
testing method was also studied to evaluate the influence
1. Introduction
Expansion of electric power systems to cope with
the growing demand for electricity in Japan has led to
the introduction of transmission lines using a bundle of
multiple-conductors with an increased diameter in
550kV trunk transmission systems. The time constants
() of the DC component of fault are being increased
due to the increased ratio of reactance to resistance of
the transmission lines. For example, the use of bundles
of 4-6 conductors with cross-sectional-areas of 410mm2
and 810mm2 for 500kV transmission lines and bundles
of 4 conductors with cross-sectional-areas of 810mm2
for 275kV transmission lines result in time constants ()
of 70-130ms for 500kV systems and 50-100ms for
275kV systems.
Based on the international survey on the time
constants, alternative time constants of DC component
(=60ms for high-voltage networks from 72.5kV to
420kV and =75ms for EHV networks from 525kV and
above) are added to IEC 62271-100 [1]. Prior to the IEC
0
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
time (ms)
=150ms)
Interrupting current (
Interrupting current i
=45ms)
Peak current
25
50
75
100
125
150
Time constant of DC component (ms)
175
dv / dt
Peak value of TRV
Voltage
Expected breakdown voltage
N ^E
calculated by V(t)
( :Local gas density on the
surface of the electrode
E: Electric field intensity on
the position of the electrode)
Successful interruption
Breakdown
TRV
Comparison of dielectric
recovery voltage
t
Time
100
Ls
Rs
IA
(63kA)
E=550kV/ 3
90
ba
Arc
80
Ls
Rs
Ls
Rs
C
Type A
Type B
B
Lg=
0.75Ls
Type C
IB
70
0
50
100
150
IC
Arcing
time
[cycle]
Peak value
at last loop
[kAp]
Maximum
arc energy
[MJ]
45
90
150
1.12
1.19
1.21
124.4
145.2
156.6
1.24
1.52
1.71
Arcing
time
[cycle]
Arc energy
[MJ]
45
1.07
1.24
90
1.12
1.53
150
1.15
1.71
1000
300
Voltage(kV)
800
Required waveform
with
=150ms (60Hz)
Tested waveform
with
=70ms (50Hz)
200
Accurate
simulation
Tested waveform(
= 90ms)
Tested waveform(
=150ms)
600
100
Peak value
400
Required waveform(
=90ms)
200
Required waveform(
=150ms)
Contact separation
Controlled delayed closing
-100
0
0
@ 200 @
400
600
Time(
800
1000
Required waveform
with
=150ms
1.0E=449kV
0
Interruption
30
40
50
60
(m s)
shown in Fig.7.
(4) Consideration of equivalent testing method for
63kA asymmetrical current with large
The dielectric recovery characteristic of the GCB
after interruption, which is one of the primary factors to
determine interruption success-or-failure, is greatly
affected by the amount of arc energy generated during
the arcing time. When the arcing time is 1.25 cycle, 90%
of total arc energy is generated during the last major
current loop. Therefore, if both the peak current during
the last major loop and the duration of the last loop are
identical to those for 63kA asymmetrical current with
large , the amount of arc energy in a test with different
is almost equal to that of 63kA asymmetrical current
with large . The IEC guide for asymmetrical
short-circuit interrupting test duty T100a [3] describes
that the peak current during the last loop and duration of
the last loop should be within 90%-110% of the required
values. It also recommends the equivalent testing
method with the same value of the peak current during
the last loop multiplied by the duration of the last loop
as that for the asymmetrical current with large . For the
equivalent testing method in this paper, three parameters
(total arc energy, the peak current during the last loop
and the duration of the last loop) were made to agree
with those for 63kA asymmetrical current with large .
Table 3 summarizes the peak current (Ip) during the last
(third) major loop and the duration of the last loop (T3)
in a 63kA asymmetrical current waveform with large .
It shows that the peak current and the duration increase
with the increase in .
Table 3 Peak current and duration of the last loop at 60Hz
Voltage
450
20
Interruption
1200
i
uj
10
Duration
Arcing time
8i msj
=45ms
=90ms
=150ms
Para-m
eters
Ip
(kA)
T3
(ms)
Ip
(kA)
T3
(ms)
Ip
(kA)
T3
(ms)
Last
loop
124
10.5
145
11.9
156
12.9
70
80
Multiplying
factor of
current
(ms)
45
90
150
45
90
150
45
90
150
Equivalent testing
conditions at 50Hz
(kA)
1.29
1.24
1.24
1.29
1.24
1.24
1.29
1.24
1.24
81
78
78
90
87
87
103
98
98
DC
13%
47%
65%
13%
47%
65%
13%
47%
65%
Current
Source
Parameters
Peak current during
the last loop
The duration of the
last current loop
Arcing time
Voltage
Source
Tolerance
+2%
Target value -2%
+1.0ms
Target value -1.0ms
1.25 cycle
di / dt
+5%
Required value-0%
U1
+7%
Required value-0%
Uc
+7%
Required value-0%
2.0
1.6
0.8
Calculation
Experiment
Breaker Type A Type B Type C
Arcing time : 1.25cycle
Success
Time constant of DC component : 150ms
Failure
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
6. Conclusion
The influence of the time constants of DC
component () on interrupting capability was
investigated analytically and experimentally using three
different types of 550kV GCBs. The following results
obtained in this paper will give an important guideline
for evaluating the interrupting capability of GCB
100
1.2
0.4
90
80
70
Type A
Type B Type C
Success
Failure
45 60
80
100 120
150
References
[1] IEC 62271-100,"High-voltage alternating-current
circuit-breakers", (2001)
[2] The Japanese Electro-technical Committee,
"Alternating-current Circuit Breaker", JEC-2300-1998
[3] IEC 62271-308, "High-Voltage alternating current
circuit-breakers guide for asymmetrical short-circuit
breaking test duty T100a", 17A/596/CDV (2001)
[4] T.Satou et al, " Influence of the time constant of D.C.
component on interrupting duty of GCB", IEEE/PES
Winter Meeting (2001)