Useful conversions

To convert To
Length
cm
in
mm
m
cm
ft
in
Weight
mg
g

kg

Capacity
ml

Multiply by
0.3937
10
100
3.28
39.37

g
+cg
fl oz
kg
mg
oz
pt
lb
g
lb

0.001
1,000
0.034
0.001
1,000
0.03527
0.002
0.0022
1,000
2.205

cu in
fl oz
gal (US)
g of water
L
cc
lb of water
tsp
pt
qt
cu in of water
cu ft of water
fl oz
cu
cm of water
kgoz
fl
of water
ml of water
kg
oz
ml
pt
oz
lb of water
pt
qt of
lb
(US)
water
qt (US)

0.061
0.034
0.0003
1
0.001
1
0.002
0.2
0.002
0.001
61.025
0.0353
33.8
1,000
33.8
1
1,000
1
35.28
1,000
2.1134
35.28
2.1134
2.205
1.057
2.205
1.057

To convert To
Capacity (continued)
gal (US)
cu ft
fl oz
g of water
L
ml
oz
pt
lb of water
qt (US)
gal (Imp) cu ft
cu in
gal (US)
L
qt (US)
p.p.m.

p.p.t.

Per cent
in food

solution
(1%)

Multiply by
0.1337
128
3,785.4
3.785
3,785.3
135.52
8
8.345
4
1.605
277.42
1.2
4.5459
4.845

g per cu ft
g per cu m
g per gal (US)
mg per gal (US)
mg per L
oz per 1,000 cu ft
oz per 1,000 gal
g per gal
g per 100 ml
oz per gal

0.0283
1
0.0038
3.8
1
1
0.134
3.8
0.1
0.13

ft
g per lb feed
oz per lb
p.p.m.
g per gal (US)
g per L
oz per gal (US)
oz per cu ft
lb per cu ft
lb per gal (US)

4.5
0.2
10,000
38
10
1.3
9.9
0.624
0.083

Downloaded by [Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Veterinaria Library (GreenData S.L.)] at 06:17 25 June 2015

Self-Assessment Colour Review of

Ornamental Fish
Gregory A. Lewbart
MS, VMD
North Carolina State University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

Manson Publishing/The Veterinary Press

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Acknowledgements
First, I wish to thank Bob Condello and David OBeirne who were instrumental in starting my work in the field of ornamental fish medicine. Marvin Lewbart, Philip Bookman,
Dale Dickey, Robert Barnes, Trish Morse, Nathan Riser, Pere Alberch, William
Medway,Donald
Medway,
DonaldAbt,
Abt,
Richard
Richard
Wolke,
Wolke,
Louis
Louis
Leibovitz,
Leibovitz,
Jack Gratzek,
Jack Gratzek,
Ray Sis,Michael
Michael
Stoskopf, Ed Noga, and Elizabeth Stone have all served as career mentors to me.
The following provided case material, illustrations, suggestions, and other assistance:
Paul Barrington, Brendalynne Bradley, Michael Dykstra, Vicki Grantham, Stuart May,
Jori Miller, Gayle Piner, Michael Ranucci, Gary Spodnick, Brian Tramm, Wendy
Tramm, Jeff Voet, Andrea Wrangle, Todd Wenzel, Debbie Whitt-Smith, and the NCSUCVM veterinary student body. I must also thank the helpful personnel of the NCSUCVM Biomedical Communications Department and the NCSU-CVM Imaging Center.
I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the fine group of contributing authors who
produced the diverse and comprehensive series of cases contained within these pages.
Craig Harms and Ed Noga did an excellent job of proofreading the manuscript. However, any errors or omissions are solely my responsibility.
Finally, Ray Butcher deserves special praise for his early work and effort in helping to
select authors and develop the list of subjects to be covered in this text.

Copyright 1998 Manson Publishing Ltd

ISBN: 1874545812
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written
permission of the copyright holder or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting
limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 3334 Alfred Place,
London WC1E 7DP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be
liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
For full details of all Manson Publishing Ltd titles please write to:
Manson Publishing Ltd, 73 Corringham Road, London NW11 7DL.
Project management, typesetting and design: Paul Bennett
Text editing: Peter Beynon
Cover design: Patrick Daly
Colour reproduction: Tenon & Polert Colour Scanning Ltd, Hong Kong
Printed by: Grafos SA, Barcelona, Spain

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CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
1998 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20130702
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-84076-573-1 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the
publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the
publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific
or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professionals
own judgement, their knowledge of the patients medical history, relevant manufacturers instructions
and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is
strongly urged to consult the drug companies printed instructions, and their websites, before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular
treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of
the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients
appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form
has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know
so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
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Preface
Learning is a dynamic process based on experience and repetition. The text in your
hands is one in a series of self-assessment guides that are designed to facilitate learning
by allowing the reader to experience, via the printed page, realistic clinical situations
and problems. The questions and corresponding answers in this book have been
designed and selected to cover the most important and practical aspects of ornamental
fish medicine. The contributors have intentionally focused on the anatomy, physiology,
natural history, husbandry, diseases, and treatment of ornamental/display fish even
though much of the published literature pertains to food fish species. Several questions
concerning aquatic invertebrates have also been included.
This is not a comprehensive text on fish disease. Several good and recently published
books adequately cover this broad subject. This self-assessment guide is designed to be
a portable learning tool with state of the science images, illustrations, and information.
An index has been supplied for the reader interested in selecting a particular topic and
tables containing Latin names and metric conversions have been included for clarity.
As you thumb through these pages you may arrive at answers to questions which
differ from those printed here. While certain questions may only have a single answer,
clinical cases can be managed in a variety of ways to generate a satisfactory outcome.
Consequently, an alternate solution to a problem or question may still be correct in
many instances.
I encourage you to learn from these cases and questions. If you are not doing so
already, please document your ornamental fish and aquatic invertebrate cases, since
this rapidly developing field can greatly benefit from the accumulation and publication
of knowledge on these subjects.
Gregory A. Lewbart
January 1998
Dedication
To Diane, a healer of all creatures.

Dedication

Picture
credits
To Diane,
a healer of all creatures.
Those mentioned below contributed photographs for use in the book (identified by
question number): 13 courtesy of Brent Whitaker; 32a, b courtesy of Maryanne
Picture
credits
Tocidlowski;
37 courtesy of Betty Akiba; 44a, 46, 50, 61, 65, 187b courtesy of Todd
Wenzel;
44b courtesy
William photographs
H. Wildgoose;
90a,in bthe
courtesy
of Carlton
Those
mentioned
below of
contributed
for use
book (identified
by
Goldthwaite;
126, 160
courtesy of
of Brent
Tom Wellborn;
of Sarah
Poynton;
question
number):
13 courtesy
Whitaker;132
32a,courtesy
b courtesy
of Maryanne
178, 191 courtesy of Jack Gratzek; 185 courtesy of National Aquarium in Baltimore;
Tocidlowski; 37 courtesy of Betty Akiba; 44a, 46, 50, 61, 65, 187b courtesy of Todd
216ac courtesy of Joe Spitzer. The following pictures provided by Ray Butcher have
Wenzel;
courtesy
of Manual:
William H.
16081,
courtesy
of Tom
appeared44b
in the
BSAVA
29,Wildgoose;
33, 52, 62,126,
70, 77,
84, 106,
115, Wellborn;
121, 125,
132
Sarah
Poynton;
178,
191
courtesy
of Jack
185
courtesy
of
127, courtesy
134, 143,of145,
147,
149, 151,
168,
192,
193, 204,
226,Gratzek;
231, 236,
249,
259. The
National
Aquarium
in Baltimore;
216ac
courtesy
Joe Spitzer.
The articles:
following
following pictures
supplied
by Gregory
A. Lewbart
haveofappeared
in journal
7,
51, 96 inprovided
Journalby
ofRay
Small
Exotichave
Animal
Medicine;
165Manual:
in Compendium on
pictures
Butcher
appeared
in the 141,
BSAVA
Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian; 119 in Journal of the AVMA;
219 in Journal of Fish Diseases; 227 in Seminars in Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine.

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Contributors
Robert S. Bakal, MS,
DVMDVM
North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

Nancy E. Love, DVM, Dipl ACVR

North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

George Blasiola, MS
Aquadine Research Corp., Healdsburg,
California, USA

Edward J. Noga, MS, DVM

North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

Lydia Brown, BA, BVSc, PhD, FRCVS

Abbott Laboratories, Salisbury,
Wiltshire, UK

Ernest Papadoyianis, MS
Exotic Reef Technologies, Boca Raton,
Florida, USA

Ray Butcher, MA, VetMB, MRCVS

Wylie and Partners, Upminster,
Essex, UK

Peter J. Southgate, BVetMed, MSc,

MRCVS
Fish Vet Group, Inverness, UK

Terry Campbell, DVM, PhD

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, USA

Stephen Spina, MS
New England Aquarium, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA

Ruth Francis-Floyd, MS, DVM

Univeristy of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, USA

M. Andrew Stamper, DVM

North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

John B. Gratzek, DVM, PhD

University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, USA

Michael K. Stoskopf, DVM, PhD,

Dipl ACZM
North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

Craig Harms, DVM, Dipl ACZM

North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Lance Jepson, MA, VetMB, CIBiol,
MIBiol, MRCVS
University of Liverpool, Liverpool,
Merseyside, UK

Brent Whitaker, MS, DVM

National Aquarium in Baltimore,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Lester Khoo, VMD, PhD

Mississippi State University, Stoneville,
Mississippi, USA

William H. Wildgoose, BVMS, CertFHP,

MRCVS
Leyton, London, UK

Howard N. Krum, MS, VMD

New England Aquarium, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA

Roy P.E. Yanong, VMD

University of Florida, Ruskin,
Florida, USA

Gregory A. Lewbart, MS, VMD

North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

Douglas Thamm, DVM

Univerity of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin, USA

Downloaded by [Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Veterinaria Library (GreenData S.L.)] at 06:17 25 June 2015

Common and Latin names

American oyster Crassostrea
Crassostrea virginica
virginica
Angelfish (freshwater)
(freshwater) Pterophyllum
Pterophyllum
scalare
Atlantic seahorse Hippocampus
Hippocampus erectus
erectus
Australian rainbowfish
rainbowfish Melanotaeniidae
Melanotaeniidae
Balzani chichlid Gymnogeophagus
Gymnogeophagus balzani
Barracuda
balzani Sphyraena barracuda
Black
Barracuda
ghostSphyraena
knife fish Apteronotus
barracuda
Black
albifrons
ghost knife fish Apteronotus
Blacktip
albifrons
reef shark Carcharhinus
Blacktip
melanopterus
reef shark Carcharhinus
Blue
melanopterus
damselfish Pomacentrus coelestis
Blue
Blue-eyed
damselfish
plecostomus
Pomacentrus
Panaque
coelestis
suttoni
Blue-eyed
Blue gourami
plecostomus
Trichogaster
Panaque
trichopterus
suttoni
Blue tetra
gourami
Boehlkea
Trichogaster
fredcochui
trichopterus
Blue tetra Boehlkea
Bonnet-head
shark Sphyrna
fredcochui
tiburo
Bonnet-head
Brazilian
cichlid
shark
Cichlasoma
Sphyrna tiburo
braziliensis
Brazilian
Brown
shark
cichlid
Carcharhinus
Cichlasomaplumbeus
braziliensis
Brown
Bull
shark
shark
Carcharhinus
Carcharhinus
leucas
plumbeus
Bull shark Carcharhinus
Candy-striped
shrimp Lysmata
leucas grabhami
Candy-striped
Cardinal
tetra Paracheirodon
shrimp Lysmata
axelrodi
grabhami
Cardinal catfish
Channel
tetra Paracheirodon
Ictalurus punctatus
axelrodi
Channelloach
Clown
catfish
Botia
Ictalurus
macracanthus
punctatus
Clown triggerfish
loach BotiaBalistoides
macracanthus
conspicillum
Clowncatfish
Cory
triggerfish
Corydoras
Balistoides
sp. conspicillum
Cory catfish
Crayfish
Astacus
Corydoras
astacussp.
Crayfish Astacus
Damselfish
Chromis
astacus
sp.
Damselfish
Discus Symphysodon
Chromis sp.
discus
Discus
Dwarf gourami
Symphysodon
Colisadiscus
lalia
Dwarf
Electricgourami
eel Electrophorus
Colisa lalia
electricus
Electric
Emperoreel
angelfish
Electrophorus
Pomacanthus
electricus
imperator
Fan worm Sabellidae
Sabellidae
Firefish Nemateleotris
Nemateleotris magnifica
magnifica
French angelfish Pomacanthus
Pomacanthus paru
paru
Golden shiner Notemigonus
Notemigonus crysoleucas
crysoleucas
Goldfish Carassius auratus
auratus
Gold gourami Trichogaster
Trichogaster trichopterus
trichopterus
Gold severum Cichlasoma
Cichlasoma severum
severum
Gold spot pleco Ancistrus
Ancistrus sp.
sp.
Gold tetra Hemigrammus
Hemigrammus rodwayi
rodwayi
Green terror cichlid
cichlid Aequidens
Aequidens rivulatus
rivulatus
Guitar fish Platyrhinoids triseriata

Guitar
Horn shark
fish Platyrhinoids
Heterodontustriseriata
francisci
Horn
Indo-pacific
shark Heterodontus
anemonefish
francisci
Amphiprion
Indo-pacific
clarkii
anemonefish Amphiprion
Jack
clarkii
Dempsey cichlid Cichlasoma
Jack
biocellatum
Dempsey cichlid Cichlasoma bioJacknife
cellatum
fish Equetus lanceolatus
Jacknife
Jewel cichlid
fish Equetus
Hemichromis
lanceolatus
bimaculatus
Jewel
Koi Cyprinus
cichlid Hemichromis
carpio
bimaculatus
Koi
Lemon
Cyprinus
shark Negaprion
carpio
brevirostris
Lemon
Lesser octopus
shark Negaprion
Eleodone cirrhosus
brevirostris
Lesser
Leopard
octopus
shark Triakis
Eleodone
semifasciatus
cirrhosus
Leopard
Lionfish Pterois
shark Triakis
volitanssemifasciatus
Lionfish
Mako shark
Pterois
Isurus
volitans
oxyrinchus
Mako
Melon shark
butterflyfish
Isurus oxyrinchus
Chaetodon trifasciatus
Melon
Midas cichlid
butterflyfish
Amphilophus
Chaetodon
citrinellus
Moorish
trifasciatus
idol Zanclus canescens
Midas
Neon tetra
cichlid
Paracheirodon
Amphilophus
innesi
citrinellus
Moorish
Nurse shark
idolGinglymostoma
Zanclus canescens
cirratum
Neon
Orfe Leuciscus
tetra Paracheirodon
idus
innesi
Nurse
Oscar Astronotus
shark Ginglymostoma
ocellatus cirratum
Orfe
Paradise
Leuciscus
fish Macropodus
idus
opercularis
Oscar
Pearci Astronotus
cichlid Cichlasoma
ocellatuspearci
Paradise
Pearl cichlid
fishGeophagus
Macropodus
brasiliensis
opercularis
Pearci
Penguin
cichlid
tetra Thayeria
Cichlasoma
boehlkei
pearci
Pearl
Percula
cichlid
clownfish
Geophagus
Amphiprion
brasiliensis
percula
Penguin
Pictus catfish
tetra Pimelodus
Thayeria boehlkei
pictus
Percula
Planehead
clownfish
filefish Monacanthus
Amphiprion percula
hispidus
Pictus
Platy Xiphophorus
catfish Pimelodus
maculatus
pictus
Planehead
Porkfish Anisotremus
filefish Monacanthus
virginicus hispidus
Platy
Red pacu
Xiphophorus
Colosomma
maculatus
brachypomum
Porkfish
Redtail catfish
Anisotremus
Phractocephalus
virginicus
Red
hemiliopterus
pacu Colosomma brachypomum
Redtail
Rosy barb
catfish
Puntius
Phractocephalus
conchonius
Scrawled
hemiliopterus
filefish Aluterus scriptus
Rosy
Sea raven
barbHemitripteris
Puntius conchonius
americanus
Scrawled
Sheepshead
filefish
Archosargus
Aluterusprobatocephalus
scriptus
Sea
Shovelnose
raven Hemitripteris
catfish Sorubim
americanus
lima
Sheepshead
Silver dollar Archosargus
Metynnis sp. probatocephalus
Shovelnose
Slippery dickcatfish
Halichoeres
Sorubim
bivittatus
lima
Silver
Snakehead
dollarChanna
Metynnis
micropeltes
sp.
Slippery
Spiny puffer
dickDiodon
Halichoeres
hystrix
bivittatus
Spotted raphael catfish Agamyxis

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Common and
names
(continued)
Common
andLatin
Latin
names
(continued) Tilapia Tilapia sp.
pectinifrons
Snakehead
Channa micropeltes
Squirrelfish
rufus
Spiny pufferHolocentrus
Diodon hystrix
Stick catfish
Farlowella
sp.
Spotted
raphael
catfish Agamyxis
Thick-lipped
pectinifronsgourami Colisa labiosa
Tiger
shark Galeocerdo
Squirrelfish
Holocentruscuvieri
rufus
Stick catfish Farlowella sp.
Thick-lipped gourami Colisa labiosa
Tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvieri

TomtateTilapia
Haemulon
Tilapia
sp. aurolineatum
Whitetip
reef
shark
Tomtate HaemulonCarcharhinus
aurolineatum
longimanus
Whitetip
reef shark Carcharhinus
Wreckfish
Anthias sp.
longimanus
Yellow
stingray
Urolophus
jamaicensis
Wreckfish Anthias
sp.
Yellow stingray Urolophus jamaicensis

Anatomy 4, 14, 20, 26, 28, 31, 32, 34,

36, 42, 43, 52, 54, 58, 59, 61, 65, 70,
71, 74, 75, 79, 84, 94, 96, 97, 98, 108,
121, 127, 140, 147, 152, 155, 156,
171, 179, 180, 199, 201, 206, 207,
209, 214, 215, 218, 221, 222, 223,
228, 235, 246, 249, 262
Being redone
Anesthesia 3, 51, 63, 69, 80, 95, 110,
112, 119, 158, 213, 224, 241
Bacterial diseases 30, 41, 44, 45, 47, 53,
64, 67, 84, 92, 115, 139, 147, 169, 192,
194, 204, 226, 236, 238, 252
Fungal diseases 10, 19, 106, 107, 125,
189, 195, 252
Neoplasia 1, 3, 33, 63, 72, 77, 84, 101,
111, 123, 137, 150, 158, 159, 161,
168, 197, 213, 242
Nutrition 9, 21, 57, 103, 234
Parasitic diseases 2, 8, 13, 15, 23, 27, 29,
38, 40, 62, 69, 79, 81, 88, 89, 93, 100,
105, 109, 118, 122, 126, 131, 132,
134, 141, 144, 145, 149, 151, 160,
178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 191,
193, 198, 205, 208, 212, 219, 234,

239, 243, 244, 245, 259, 261, 265

Physiology 5, 24, 36, 135, 228, 247
Quarantine 2, 43, 104, 139, 154, 176,
182, 200, 232
Surgery 3, 14, 63, 119, 158, 159, 163,
167, 172, 197, 213, 216
Therapeutics 2, 8, 11, 15, 22, 38, 41, 43,
60, 62, 80, 85, 87, 88, 91, 118, 124,
126, 129, 132, 141, 142, 146, 147,
153, 160, 181, 219, 220, 227, 233,
234, 240, 243, 244, 245, 258, 259,
263, 265
Toxicities 11, 66, 73, 82, 86, 93, 113,
117, 120, 136, 149, 162, 166, 177,
186, 190, 202, 211, 230, 256, 260
Viral diseases 39, 48, 143, 165, 176, 231,
232, 264
Water quality 6, 7, 12, 16, 17, 18, 25, 35,
37, 46, 49, 55, 56, 76, 83, 86, 91, 99,
114, 116, 117, 120, 128, 130, 133,
138, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175, 183,
187, 188, 190, 196, 202, 210, 225,
229, 230, 237, 250, 251, 254, 255, 257

Broad classification of cases

Broad classification of cases

General reference works

Further reading

Brown, L. (1993) Aquaculture for Veterinarians. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Butcher, R.L. (1992) Manual of Ornamental Fish. British Small Animal Veterinary
Association, Gloucestershire.
Gratzek, J.B. (1992) Aquariology: The Science of Fish Health Management. Tetra
Press, Morris Plains.
Noga, E.J. (1996) Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment. Mosby, London.
Spotte, S. (1992) Captive Seawater Fishes. Lea and Febiger, New York.
Stoskopf, M.K. (1993) Fish Medicine. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.