To the very tiny dot left by a

very sharp pencil is given

the name of point.

To the very fine trace made

by a very sharp pencil is
given the name of line.

A very thin sheet of tissue

paper gives us the idea of
surface.

To all things that occupy

space is given the name of
solid.

The
straight
line
is
unlimited, direct, and does
not
change
direction
throughout its length.

A broken line is made up of

line segments not going in the
same direction, connected so
that
successive
segments
have an end point in common.

A curved line changes its

direction continually from
point to point.

A ray is each of the two

portions obtained by dividing
a straight line by a point.

A line segment is that

part of the straight line
which is limited by two
points.

The end points are the two

points that limit a line
segment.

The point which divides the

straight line into two equal
parts is given the name of
origin of each ray.

A straight line is called

horizontal when it follows
the direction of still water.

A straight line is called

vertical when it follows the
direction of a plumb line.

A straight line is called

oblique when it follows
neither the direction of still
water nor the direction of a
plumb line.

Two
line
segments
are
consecutive when they have
only one extremity in common
and do not lie on the same
straight line.

Two
line
segments
are
adjacent when they have
one extremity in common and
lie on the same straight line.

Two straight lines are called

parallel when lying on the
same plane, as far as they
go, they never meet, no
matter how far they extend.

Two straight lines are called

convergent
when
they
approach each other and
therefore
the
distance
between them decreases.

Two straight lines are called

divergent when they go
away from each other and
therefore
the
distance
between them increases.

Two straight lines are called

intersecting
when
the
angles formed by them are
not all equal.

Two straight lines are called

perpendicular
when
crossing each other, they
form four right angles.

An angle is each part of a

plane limited by two rays
having a common origin.

The perpendicular straight

line drawn through the
midpoint of a line segment
is given the name axis of
the line segment.

When the ray, after wheeling

a
complete
turn,
is
superimposed to the ray, it
forms an angle called a whole
angle.

When two rays forming an

angle are a prolongation of
each other, they form a
straight angle.

The angle which is half of

the straight angle is called a
right angle.

When an angle measures less

than a right angle, it is called
an acute angle.

When an angle measures

more than a right angle, it is
called an obtuse angle.

An angle which is greater

than a straight angle, but
less than a whole angle, is
said to be a reflex angle.

The vertex of an angle is

the common point from
which the two rays forming
an angle originate.

The sides of an angle are the

two rays that form an angle.

The measurement of an angle

is given the name size and is
expressed in degree.

When an angle does not

contain the extensions of its
sides, it is called a convex
angle.

When an angle contains the

extensions of its sides, it is
called a concave angle.

Angles having the vertex and

one side in common are called
adjacent angles.

The opposite non-adjacent

angles
formed
by
two
intersecting straight lines are
called vertical angles or
opposite angles.

called
angles.

Two angles whose sum is

equal to a right angle, and
therefore to 90, are called
complementary angles.

Two angles whose sum is

equal to a straight angle,
and therefore to 180, are

supplementary

The angles formed on the

inner side of two straight lines
cut by a transversal are called
interior angles.

The angles formed on the

outer side of two straight lines

cut by a transversal are

called exterior angles.

Interior
angles
lying
diagonally on opposite sides
of the transversal are called
alternate interior angles.

Exterior
angles
lying
diagonally on opposite sides

of the transversal are called

alternate exterior angles.

Interior angles lying on the

same side of the transversal
are called interior angles on
the same side of the
transversal.

Exterior angles lying on the

same side of the transversal

are called exterior angles

on the same side of the
transversal.

Two angles, one exterior

and one interior, each on
one of the two straight
lines, and lying on the same
side of the transversal, are
called
corresponding
angles.

A ray that divides an angle

into two equal parts is called a
bisector.

Any figure bounded by a

broken straight line is called a
polygon.

A plane figure bounded by a

closed curve line is called a
simple closed curve.

A polygon bounded by three

line segments is called a
triangle.

A polygon bounded by four

line segments is called a

quadrilateral
quadrangle.

or

All the polygons bounded by

more than four line segments
retain the general name of
polygons, but each takes its
particular name according to
the number of its line
segments.

The plane figure limited by a

closed curve having all the

points equidistant from a

fixed point is given the
name circle.

The plane figure similar to

an oval having the two
minor arcs equal is given
the name ellipse.

The plane figure similar to an

egg is given the name oval.

The triangle with all its sides

equal is called an equilateral
triangle.

The triangle with two sides

equal is called an isosceles
triangle.

The triangle with all its

sides unequal is called a
scalene triangle.

The triangle that has one

right angle is called a rightangled triangle.

The triangle that has one

obtuse angle is called an
obtuse-angled triangle.

The triangle that has three

acute angles is called an
acute-angled triangle.

The line segments which

enclose a triangle are called
its sides.

The part of the plane

limited by the sides of a
triangle
is
called
its
surface.

The side opposite each vertex

may be considered a base of
the triangle.

Each part of the plane

enclosed
between
two
consecutive sides of a triangle
is an angle.

The total of the sides of a

triangle
is
called
its
perimeter.

The point where two sides of a

triangle meet is a vertex
(plural: vertices).

A line segment from any

vertex of a triangle, drawn
perpendicular
to
its
opposite side is called an
altitude of the triangle.

Every line segment joining a

vertex to the mid-point of the
opposite side is called a
median.

A line which bisects one

angle and extends to the
opposite side is called a
bisector of the triangle.

A straight line extending from

the mid-point of a side,
perpendicular to that side, to
the opposite side is called an
axis.

In a right-angled triangle
the side opposite the right
angle
is
called
the
hypotenuse.

In a right-angled triangle
the sides forming the right
angle are called the legs
(or catheti) of the triangle.

When the legs of a rightangled triangle are equal, it is

called
a
right-angled
isosceles triangle.

When the legs of a rightangled triangle are unequal, it

is called a right-angled
scalene triangle.

A quadrilateral with no
parallel sides is called a
common quadrilateral or
a trapezium.

A quadrilateral which has

only one set of opposite
sides parallel is called a
trapezoid.

Any
quadrilateral
whose
opposite sides are parallel is
called a parallelogram.

Any parallelogram containing

four right angles is called a
rectangle.

Any parallelogram having

four equal sides is called
rhombus.

A parallelogram having four

right angles and four equal
sides is called a square.

The part of the plane enclosed

inside a parallelogram is
called its surface.

The line segments which

bound a parallelogram are
called its sides.

Any side of a
can be called
base usually
side
on
parallelogram

parallelogram
its base. The
refers to the
which
the
rests.

The total of the sides of a

parallelogram is called its
perimeter.

Each part of the plane

enclosed
between
two
consecutive
sides
of
a
parallelogram is called an
angle.

A point where two sides of a

parallelogram meet is called a
vertex (plural: vertices).

The perpendicular distance

between two opposite side
is called the altitude.

The part of the plane enclosed

inside a rectangle is called its
surface.

Each line segment which

joins opposite vertices of a
parallelogram is called a
diagonal.

The line segments which

bound a rectangle are called
its sides.

Any side of a rectangle can

be called its base. The
base usually refers to the
side on which the rectangle
rests.

The total of the sides of a

rectangle
is
called
its
perimeter.

Each part of the plane

enclosed
between
two
consecutive
sides
of
a
rectangle is called an angle.

A point where two sides of a

rectangle meet is called a
vertex (plural: vertices).

The perpendicular distance

between two opposite side
is called the altitude.

Each line segment which joins

opposite
vertices
of
a
rectangle
is
called
a
diagonal.

The part of the plane enclosed

inside a rhombus is called its
surface.

The line segments which

bound a rhombus are called
its sides.

The total of the sides of a

rhombus
is
called
its
perimeter.

Any side of a rhombus can

be called its base. The
base usually refers to the
side on which the rhombus
rests.

Each part of the plane

enclosed
between
two
consecutive
sides
of
a
rhombus is called an angle.

A point where two sides of a

rhombus meet is called a
vertex (plural: vertices).

The perpendicular distance

between two opposite side
is called the altitude.

Each line segment which joins

opposite
vertices
of
a
rhombus is called a diagonal.
The longer diagonal is the
major diagonal, and the
smaller
is
the
minor
diagonal.

The part of the plane

enclosed inside a square is
called its surface.

Any side of a square can be

called its base. The base
usually refers to the side on
which the square rests.

The line segments which

bound a square are called
its sides.

The total of the sides of a

square
is
called
its
perimeter.

Each part of the plane

enclosed
between
two
consecutive sides of a
square is called an angle.

A point where two sides of a

square meet is called a
vertex (plural: vertices).

The perpendicular distance

between two opposite side is
called the altitude.

Each line segment which joins

opposite vertices of a square
is called a diagonal.

The part of the plane

enclosed inside a trapezoid
is called its surface.

The line segments which

bound a trapezoid are
called its sides.

The longer of the parallel

sides is called the major
base.

The shorter of the parallel

sides is called the minor
base.

The total of the sides of a

trapezoid
is
called
its
perimeter.

A point where two sides of a

trapezoid meet is called a
vertex (plural: vertices).

Each part of the plane

enclosed
between
two
consecutive sides of a
trapezoid
is
called
an
angle.
The perpendicular distance
between two opposite side is
called the altitude.

Each line segment which

joins opposite vertices of a
trapezoid
is
called
a
diagonal.

A trapezoid whose nonparallel sides are equal is

called
an
isosceles
trapezoid.

A trapezoid which has two

non-parallel sides of unequal
length is called a scalene
trapezoid.

A trapezoid having one of its

non-parallel
sides
perpendicular to its base is
called
a
right-angled
trapezoid.

A polygon with equal angles

but unequal sides is called an
irregular polygon.

A polygon having unequal

sides and angles is called
an irregular polygon.

A polygon with equal sides but

unequal angles is called an
irregular polygon.

A polygon having equal

angles and equal sides is
called a regular polygon.

A line segment drawn from

one vertex to another vertex
which is not consecutive is
called a diagonal.

A point where two sides of a

polygon meet is called a
vertex (plural: vertices).

The point which is equidistant

from all vertices and from all
the sides is called the center
of the polygon.

mid-point of one of the sides

is called the apothem.

The line segment drawn

from the center of a
polygon to one of the
vertices is called the radius
of the polygon.

The
perpendicular
line
segment drawn from the
center of a polygon to the

The part of the plane within

the outline of the circle is
called the surface.

The fixed point within the

circle from which all points of
the
closed
curve
are

equidistant
center.

is

called

the

circumference is called the

radius (plural: radii).

The closed curve made up

of points equidistant from
the center is called the
circumference
of
the
circle.

A line segment joining any

two points on circumference is
called a chord.

A line segment joining the

center to any point of the

A line segment passing from

one
point
on
the
circumference, through the
center, to another point on

the circumference is called

the diameter.

A part of the circumference

limited by two points is
called an arc.

Each of the two equal parts

obtained by dividing the
circumference along the
diameter is called the semicircumference.

Each part of a circle formed

by a semi-circumference is
called semi-circle.

The figure formed by two radii

and the intercepted arc is
called a sector of the circle.

The figure formed by a

chord and its arc is called a
segment of the circle.

The straight line having no

point in common with the
circumference is external
to the circle.

A
straight
line
which
intersects the circumference
at two points is secant to the
circle.

Two circles which have no

point in common, one outside
the
other,
are
called
external.

Two circles which have no

point in common, one inside
the
other,
are
called
internal.

Two circles having only one

point
in
common
and
internal to each other are
called internally tangent.

Two circles having only one

point in common and external
to each other are called
externally tangent.

Two circles having two points

in common are called secant.

concentric circles is called the

annulus.

Circles having the same

center
are
called
concentric.

The part
enclosed

of the plane
between
two