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MATTER
1. A book which weighs 1 kg and takes up space on you desk is said to have mass and
occupy space.
2. Non-living things such as books, water, soil and air have mass and occupy space.
3. Living things such as plants, animals, and human beings have mass and occupy
space.
5. The following activities are carried out to show that matter is made up of small
particles.
in
3. These forms of matter i.e. solid, liquid and gas are known as the three states of
matter.
1. The arrangement of particles determines the shape of matter i.e. whether it is a solid,
liquid or gas.
2. The following activity is carried out to study the arrangement of the particles in the
three
states of matter and to explain the differences between them.
1. The particles in matter are always in a state of motion as shown in the figure below.
2. Diffusion occurs when molecules of one substance become mixed with the molecules
of
another substance. This motion of molecules is called Brownian motion.
3. Diffusion occurs much more easily in gases followed by molecules by molecules in
liquids
and then solids.
4. The following activities are carried out to study the movement of particles in matter.
The comparison of the three state of matter are summarised as shown below:
CONCEPT OF DENSITY
1.Different things of the same volume do not have the same mass.
2. For the same volume, iron, for example, has more mass than wood. Therefore, iron is
said
Example 1
10 cm3 of mercury weighs 136g. Find its density in g per cm3
6. The density of water is 1 g/cm3 and the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3. This means that 1
cubic centimetre of water possesses 1 gram of water and 1 cubic centimetre of
gold
possesses 19.3 gram of gold.
7. The density of a substance depends on the mass of the substance and the
arrangement of the particles or the volume of the substance.
Eksperiment 1
12. The volume of objects that have a regular shape can be calculated. The volume of
objects
such as cubes and rods or cylinders can be calculated using the following
formula.
Eksperiment 2
13. The following activities are carried out to compare the densities of substances.
1. The three different states of matter are gas, liquid and solid.
2. Each state of matter has its own characteristis properties which man uses for his own
benefit.
3. A gas is easily compressed and liquiefied under high pressure. So gases used for
fuels
such as petroleum gas and butane are liquefied under high pressure and
stored in gas
cylinders for easy use and transport.
4. Air is easily compressed. So it is pumped into bicycle tyres and motor car tyres to be
used
as wheels.
5. A liquid takes up the shape of its container. People who sell perfumes and liquor such
as
wine and brandy make very beautiful container of all sorts of shapes to keep
these liquids
to attract customers.
6. Water finds its own level. This principle used in the spirit-level. This instrument used
to
obtain a perfectly level surface such as for the top of a billiard table.
7. Logs are less dense than water. They floated down rivers to the saw-mills.
and
3. Rafts
(a) Rafts are formed from logs which are less dense than water.
(b) A raft can be used to carry goods and people on a river.
(b) Buoys float on the sea. They are placed in certain parts of the sea to keep ships away
from
unsafe areas.
5. Trawling nets.
(a) A trawling net has floats attached to it so that it can stay upright in the sea for
catching
fish.
(b) The floats are usually plastic balls which are big enough to hold up the net.
bottom of the "palung" and the lighter soil on top is washed away.
(b) It has large ballast tanks. filling the ballast tanks with the sea water makes the
submarine
denser than sea water and sinks. Emptying the ballast tanks makes it
submarine less
dense and enables it to rise to the surface of the sea.