123doc - VN Thuc Hanh Ky Thuat

\B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP.HCM

KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM
THC HNH
K THUT THC PHM
GVHD:
V VN SIM
SVTH :
Nguyn Hong Lm
MSSV:
2205115009
LP :
02DHLTP3
Tp.H Ch Minh 07/2013
Thc hnh K thut thc phm

GVHD: V Vn Sim
BI 1: C C
1.1.
C S L THUYT
1.1.1. Khi nim chung

nh ngha v c c
C c l qu trnh lm tng nng ca dung dch bng cch tch mt phn dung
mi nhit si, dung mi tch ra khi dung dch bay ln gi l hi th.
C c l phng php dng nng cao nng cc cht ha tan trong dung
dch gm hai hay nhiu cu t. Qu trnh ca dung dch lng rn hay lng lng
c chnh lch nhit si rt cao thng c tin hnh bng cch tch mt phn
dung mi (cu t d bay hi hn), l cc qu trnh vt l ha l. Ty theo tnh
cht ca cu t kh bay hi ( hay bay hi trong qu trnh ), ta c th tch mt
phn dung mi (cu t d bay hi hn) bng phng php nhit (un nng )
hay phng php lm lnh kt tinh.
Cc phng php c c
Phng php nhit (un nng): Dung mi chuyn t trng thi lng sang trng
thi hi di tc dng ca nhit khi p sut ring phn ca n bng p sut tc
dng ln mt thong cht lng.
Phng php lnh: Khi h thp nhit n mt mc no th mt cu t s
tch ra dng tinh th n cht tinh khit, thng l kt tinh dung mi tng nng
cht tan. Ty tnh cht cu t v p sut bn ngoi tc dng ln mt thong m
qu trnh kt tinh xy ra nhit cao hay thp v i khi phi dng n my
lnh.
-
C c p sut kh quyn: L phng php n gin nhng khng kinh t.
C c p sut chn khng: dng cho cc dung dch c nhit si cao, d phn
hy v nhit,
C c p sut d: dng cho cc dung dch khng phn hy nhit cao, s

dng hi th cho cc qu trnh khc.
Mc ch ca qu trnh c c
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
Lm tng nng ca cht ha tan trong dung dch.
Tch cht rn ha tan dng rn (kt tinh).
Tch dung mi dng nguyn cht (nc ct).

u v nhc im ca qu trnh c c
u im:
-
D vn hnh, thao tc d dng.
Gi c cht lng, tnh cht sn phm, hay cc cu t d bay hi do dung dch

si nhit thp hn.
Nhp liu v tho sn phm n gin, khng cn n nh lu lng.
C th c c n cc nng khc nhau.
Khng cn phi gia nhit ban u cho dung dch.
Cu to n gin gi thnh thp.
Nhc im:
-
Qu trnh c c khng n nh do nhit v p sut khng n dnh, tnh cht

ha l ca dung dch thay i lin tc theo nng , thi gian.
Nhit hi th thp, khng dng c cho mc ch khc.
Kh gi c chn khng trong thit b.

ng dng ca s c c
- Trong sn xut thc phm, cn c c cc dung dch ng, nc tri cy ,.

-
Trong sn xut ha cht, ta cn c c cc dung dch: NaOH, NaCl, NaCl 2, cc

mui v c, .
1.1.2. Cn bng vt cht trong h thng c c mt ni

-
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht ta c:

G = G c + W
(1.1)
G. x = Gc. xc (theo hm lng cht kh trong dung dch)

Trong :
G Khi lng nguyn liu, [kg]; kg/s
Gc Khi lng sn phm, [kg]; kg/s
Trang

GVHD: V Vn Sim
W Lng hi th, [kg]; kg/s

x Nng % cht kh trong nguyn liu, [phn khi lng]
xc Nng % cht kh trong sn phm, [phn khi lng]
-
Lng hi th trong qu trnh c c
W = G 1
x
xc
lim
x
(1.2)
Hnh 1. M hnh cn bng vt cht

-
Nng sn phm cui
xc
G .x
G .x

Gc
G W
(1.3)
1.1.3. Cn bng nhit lng trong h thng c c mt ni

- Theo nh lut bo ton nhit .
Q
Q
Q1 Q2
Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7
Trong :
Q1: Nhit do dung dch mang vo.
Trang

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Q2: Nhit do nc nng cung cp.

Q3: Nhit do dung dch sau c c mang ra.
Q4: Nhit do hi th mang ra.
Q5: Nhit do nc ngng mang ra.
Q6: Nhit do qu trnh c c.
Q7: Nhit tn tht ra mi trng.
G.c.t + D.i = Gc.cc.tc + W.i + D.cn.tn + Qc + Qmt
(1.4)
Vi:
t : Nhit nguyn liu, [].
tc ; Nhit sn phm, [].
tn : Nhit nc ngng, [].
c : Nhit dung ring nguyn liu, [J/kg.].
cc : Nhit dung ring sn phm, [J/kg.]
cn : Nhit dung ring nc ngng, [J/kg.].
i: Hm nhit trong hi t, [J/kg]
i: Hm nhit trong hi th, [J/kg]
-
Lng hi t tiu tn
D=
W .i 'Gc .c c .t c G .c .t Qc Qmt
i cn t n
(1.5)
Tnh din tch b mt truyn nhit .

Theo phng trnh truyn nhit.
Q = K.F..hi = D.(i - cn.tn).
Trong :
Q: lng nhit truyn, [J].
K: H s truyn nhit,[ W/m2.].
F: Din tch b mt truyn nhit, [m2].
: Thi gian c c,[s].
hi : Hiu s nhit hu ch , []
Rt ra b mt truyn nhit :
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
F
1.2.
D.(i c n t n )
, [m2]
K .t hi
(1.6)
NGUYN LIU, HA CHT, DNG C, THIT B
1.2.1 Nguyn liu

-
ng ct trng: 1kg
1.2.2. Ha cht, dng c, thit b

A. HO CHT
STT
Tn ha cht
Quy cch
/v tnh
Nhm ln
S lng
Ghi ch
B. DNG C
STT
Nhm ln
Tn dng c
Brix k
Quy cch
/v tnh S lng
0 100 %
ci
ng ong
1000 ml
ci
Ca nha
5000 ml
ci
Cn ng h
2 kg
ci
X nha
20 lt
ci
C. THIT B
STT
Tn thit b
1
Quy cch
Ghi ch
Nhm ln
/v tnh S lng
Ghi ch
Thit b c c ( ph
kin km theo )
5
6
2
1.3.
CU TO THIT B C C GIN ON MT NI
3
4
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
Trong :
1. Ni c c 2 v c cnh khuy.
2. Thit b ngng t ng xon.
3. Bnh cha nc ngng.
4. Bm chn khng.
5. p k o p sut chn khng.
6. H thng in.
1.4.
THUYT MINH QUY TRNH

Bc 1: Chy nc nng
Kim tra cc van; m van 6, 10, cc van cn li ng.
M cng tc tng.
Chun b 20 lt nc sch trong x nha.
Ht chn khng khi kim p k ch 0.6 at th tt bm.
M van 1 ht ht nc sch vo trong ni.
Kim tra mc nc trong v o bng cch m van 5.
M cng tc in tr.
M cng tc khuy trn.
Khi nhit nc trong ni t 60oC th x nc bng cch x chn khng van 1

sau m van 4 x nc trong ni ra ngoi.
Tt my khuy trn.
Ra lp ln 2.
Bc 2: C c dung dch.
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
Pha 5 lt dung dch ng 15%.
Kim tra cc van, van 6 m, cc van cn li ng.
M cng tc tng.
Ht chn khng bng cch bm chn khng v m van 10 khi kim p k ch 0,6
0,8 atm th tt bm v kha van 10.
M van 1 ht ht 5 lt dung dch vo trong ni.
M van 9 nc vo ng xon ngng t hi th.
M cng tc khuy trn (5 pht khuy 1 ln, mi ln 1pht).
K t lc dung dch trong ni si (60oC), th c 10 pht ly mu 1 ln o Brix,

ly nc ngng t ra o th tch v ghi nhn cc nhit .
Cch ly mu: M van 2 trong thi gian 5 giy sau ng van 2 li, m van 3
ly mu.
Cch ly nc ngng t: ng van 6, m van 7, van 8, ly nc ngng xong thao

tc van ngc li tr v trng thi ban u (ch trong lc nuc ngng t khng
c ht chn khng).
Dung mi l nc bc hi v thot ra ngoi qua ng dn hi th sau khi qua

bung bc v thit b tch git. Hi th c dn qua thit b ngng t. Sau khi
ngng t thnh cht lng s chy ra ngoi bn cha.
Khi dung dch trong ni t 500 Brix tr ln th dng qu trnh c c.
M van 1 thng p kh tri.
M van 4 x dung dch sau c c ra ngoi cn khi lng.
Tt my khuy trn.
Bc 3: V sinh thit b
Kim tra cc van: van 6,van 10 m, cc van cn li ng.
M cng tc tng.
Chun b 20 lt nc sch trong x nha.
Ht chn khng khi kim p k ch 0.6 at th tt bm.
M van 1 ht ht nc sch vo trong ni.
M cng tc khuy trn trong thi gian 3 pht.
M van 4 x nc trong ni ra ngoi.
Ra lp ln 2.
Tt my khuy trn.
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
Tt cng tc tng.
1.5.
X L S LIU
Bng s liu th nghim.
Thi
gian
(ph)
Nng
dung dich
(Brix)
19
Lng
nc
ngng
V (ml)
0
10
21
20
Nhit Nhit
nc vo nc ra
tv (0C)
tr (0C)
30
43
Nhit
nc
ngoi v
tng (0C)
81
Nhit
dd
tdd (0C)
Nhit
hi th
tht (0C)
70
64
480
30
49
84
77
79
22,8
540
30
49
84
77
80
30
27
655
30
49
85
76
78
40
31
750
30
49
84
74
75
50
38
385
30
50
85
80
80
60
46
410
30
50
85
80
80
Th tch dung dch sau qu trnh c c thu c l:

Vc = 1350 (ml)
Bx = 68.5
(Tra S tay Cng Ngh Ha Cht tp 1, nhit phng l 300C)
- Tnh khi lng dung dch ng nhp liu:
Dng nhp liu l dung dch ng c nng cht kh l 19 0Bx c pha t
1kg ng saccharose 99,85 0Bx v dung mi l nc.
Khi lng dng nhp liu:
G = mH2O + msaccharose
msaccharose
99,85
19
19
mH2O
80,85
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
m sac
19
m H 2O
80,85
mH 2O
1 * 80,85
4,255
19
Suy ra:
G = mH2O + msaccharose
(Kg )
= 4,255 + 1 = 5,255 (kg)

Th tch dung dch ng nhp liu
Ta c: G = V. (kg).
V =
G
5,255
= 1,05598
= 4,976 ( lt )
(Khi lng ring dung dch ng nhp liu tra nhit phng
=1,05598 kg/m3)
-
Tnh lng dung dch ng thc t sau qu trnh c c:

Ta c cng thc:
Gc = Vc * c
= 1.350 * 1.33681 = 1.805 (kg)
Trong :
Gc : Th tch dung dch ng thu c sau qu trnh thc nghim.
c : Khi lng ring ca dung dch ng 68.5 Bx
- Tnh lng nc ngng thc t trong qu trnh c c:

W* = Vngng. ngng ( kg)
Vngng = 0 + 480 + 540 + 655 + 750 + 385 + 410
= 3220 (ml) = 3220*10-6 (m3)
W* = 3220*10-6 * 995,68
= 3,206 (kg)
Trong :
Vngng : Tng th tch nc ngng thu c trong sut qu trnh thc nghim.
ngng : Khi lng ring nc ngng ( kg/m3)
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
(Nc ngng tra 30 0C ngng =995,68 kg/m3)

-
Tnh cn bng vt cht v cc i lng cha bit trong phng trnh (1.1)
Do lng dung dch c c tht thot qua cc ln ly mu, nn ta gi s lng
nc ngng thc t khng tht thot v bng vi lng nc ngng theo l thuyt
th ta mi tnh c sai s xc (lc ny sai s gia nc ngng thc t v nc
ngng l thuyt = 0).
Vi W = W*
Ta c: Gc = G - W
= 5,255 3,206 = 2,049 (kg)
xc = G * x/Gc
( x = 19 )
= 5,255 * 19/2,049
= 48,73 (%)
-
Tnh sai s gia l thuyt v thc nghim

+ Sai s nng cui ca qu trnh
% SS Xc
% SS X c
xc x c*
xc
.100
48,73 68,5
.100 40,57%
48,73
Trong
xc : Nng % cht kh trong sn phm sau c c theo l thuyt [phn khi
lng].
xc* : Nng % cht kh trong sn phm c c theo thc t o bng Bx k, [phn
khi lng].
Gii thch kt qu sai s
Sai s ca nng tng i khng ln gia thc t v l thuyt, l do l qu
trnh thao tc ly mu lm tht thot lng nh dung dch trong qu trnh ly mu.
+ Sai s lng nc ngng thu c trong qu trnh c c:
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
Gi s Bx o c thc t ng vi Bx theo l thuyt th ta mi tnh c

lng nc ngng W v sai s (lc ny sai s ca nng l thuyt v thc t =
0)
Ta c
x c = xc *
T phng trnh (1.2) v (1.3)

Ta c: W = G(1-x/xc);
Gc = G * x/xc
% SSW
W W *
W
.100
(%)
Trong
W : Lng hi th theo l thuyt, [kg]; kg/s
W*: Lng hi th theo thc t, [kg]; kg/s
Gii thch kt qu sai s
Sai s ca nng tng i ln gia thc t v l thuyt, nguyn nhn do p sut
ht chn khng khng n nh dn n nng khng ng u gia cc giai
on gy sai s. Sai s thi gian do qu trnh thao tc.
-
Tnh nng lng v cc i lng cha bit

+ Tnh cn bng nhit cho thit b ngng t v xc nh lu lng nc s
dng trong gii nhit ngng t.
Ta c: r = Cn.tn
Vi: Cn l nhit dung ring ca nc ngng 30C = 4200 j/kg.
tn l nhit nc ngng t 30C
Bng kt qu tnh cn bng nhit cho thit b ngng t
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
Nhit
Nhit
Nhit
Lng nhit
ngng t hi th
nc vo
ngng t Qnt
0
r (j/kg) * tht ( C)
tv (0C)
Nhit
nc ra
tr (0C)
SST
W
(kg)
0,480
126000
79
60480
30
49
0,540
126000
80
68040
30
49
0,655
126000
78
82530
30
49
0,750
126000
75
94500
30
49
0,385
126000
80
48510
30
50
0,410
126000
80
51660
30
50
Xc nh lu lng nc s dng trong gii nhit ngng t.

Theo nh lut bo ton nhit
Ta c: Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 + Q7
Do:
Q6 + Q7 = 10 % (Q1+Q2)
G.C .t + Gn.Cn.tn = Gc.Cc.tc + W.i+ Gn.Cn.tv + 0.1(G.C.t + Gn.Cn.tn)
Gn
Gc C c t c W .i '0,9.G C c t c
C n .(0,9.t n t v )
Vi tv l nhit ti vch thit b (cho gn bng nhit si dung dch ang c

c)
tn l nhit nc nng v o ( nhit ci t).
+ Tnh cn bng nhit cho thit b c c v xc nh lng nhit m ngun
nng cung cp.
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch ng:
c 4190 ( 2514 7,542t ) * x
Trong : t l nhit ca dung dch (0C).

x l nng ca dung dch (%).
Q1 = G.C.t : nhit do dung dch mang vo.
Q2 = Gn.Cn.tn: nhit do nc nng cung cp.
Q3 = Gc.Cc.tc: nhit lng do dung dch ng mang ra.
Q4 = W.i: nhit do hi th mang ra.
Q5 = Gn.Cn.tv: nhit cn li sau khi lm nng dung dch ng.
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
Q6 = Qc: nhit do qu trnh c c.

Q7 = Qmt: nhit tn tht ra mi trng.
1.6.
V TH:
+ th biu din quan h gia ch s Bx vi thi gian c c.

Thi gian
10
20
30
40
50
60
Bx
19
21
22,8
27
31
38
46
+ th biu din quan h gia lng nc ngng thu c v thi gian c c.

Thi gian
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lng nc ngng
480
540
655
750
385
410
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
1.7.
KT LUN V NHN XT
Thit b c c gin on mt ni s dng trong th nghim c c, gip chng ta
thc hnh v hiu v quy trnh cng nh cc cch vn hnh ca thit b c c.
Qu trnh lm tng nng ca dung dch bng cch tch mt phn dung mi
nhit si trong mi trng chn khng nn nhit si ca dung dch ng
gim, lm gim s hao ph nhit nng v gip cho sn phm khng b bin tnh khi
nhit cao.
Trong qu trnh thc hnh th nghim s khng trnh khi s sai xt v thng s,
nhit , thi gian.
Nguyn nhn ch yu:
Cch vn hnh my cn chm.
Thng s thit b khng n nh.
Pha dung dch cha chnh xc.
Thi gian khng ng u.

Cch hn ch:
Cn nm vng kin thc trc khi thc hnh th nghim.

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GVHD: V Vn Sim
V sinh v khi ng thit b nhit v p sut n nh.
Thao tc vn hnh nhanh, pha dung dch phi chun.
Tnh ton cn thn v chnh xc.
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
Bi 2: TRUYN NHIT NG LNG NG

1. C s l thuyt
Qu trnh truyn nhit trong thit b dng ng lng ng l mt v d ca s truyn
nhit phc tp. y din ra s trao i nhit gia hai lu cht c ngn cch bi vch
ngn kim loi, bao gm truyn nhit i lu t dng nng n vch, dn nhit qua thnh
ng kim loi v i lu nhit gia dng lnh vi thnh ng.
1.1.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng cho hai dng lu cht

Q = G1C1 ( tv1 tR1) = G2C2 ( tR2 tv2), W
Trong :
G1, G2 : Lu lng dng nng v lnh, kg/s
C1, C2 : nhit dung ring trunh bnh ca dng nng v dng lnh, J/kg..
tv1, tR1: Nhit vo v ra ca dng nng.
tv2, tR2: Nhit vo v ra ca dng lnh.
1.2. Phng trnh biu din qu trnh truyn nhit

- Lng nhit Q truyn qua tng phng trong 1 n v thi gian
Q = K.F. t , W
Trong :
K : H s truyn nhit,
F : Din tch b mt truyn nhit,
t
: Hiu s nhit trung bnh,
H s truyn nhit cho tng nhiu lp theo cng tnh theo cng thc sau :
1
,W / m 2 .K
1
1
r1 i r2
i 1
1
2
1
n
Vi :
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
1 , 2 : H s cp nhit ( hai pha ca tng, gia lu th v b mt tng),
(W/m2.).
r1,r2: Nhit tr ca cn bn hai pha ca tng,
1 i
: Nhit tr ca lp tng th i, m2.K/W.
i : B dy lp tng th i, m.
i : H s dn nhit tng ng vi lp tng th i, W/m..
Phng trnh truyn nhit qua tng hnh tr nhiu lp

Q = KL. t. L ,(W)
Trong :
KL: H s truyn nhit ca 1m chiu di ng, (W/m.K)
L : Chiu di ng, m
H s truyn nhit KL i vi tng hnh tr c n lp xc nh theo cng thc :
KL
3.14
,W
m.K
d i 1 r2
r1 n 1
1
1

. ln
1 d1 d1 i 1 2i
d i d n 1 2 d n 1
Vi :
1 , 2 : H s cp nhit ( hai pha ca ng, gia lu th v b mt ng, W/m 2.K.
r1, r2: Nhit tr ca cn bn pha trong v ngoi ca ng, m2.K/W.

d1 v dn+1: ng knh trong v ngoi ca ng, m.
di v di+1 : ng knh trong v ngoi ca lp th i, m.
i : H s dn nhit ca lp tng ng th i, W/m.K.
- bi th nghim ny, ta tin hnh th nghim vi ng truyn nhit, do vy ta xem

nh l truyn nhit tng hnh tr 1 lp nn cng thc trn tr thnh :
Q = KL. t log .L
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
L : Chiu di ng, m.
KL : H s truyn nhit di, W/m.K.
t log :
Chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit, K.
1.3. chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit (hiu s nhit trung bnh)
t l t N
t
ln 1
t N
t log
1.4. H s truyn nhit di l thuyt KL

KL
d ng
r
1
1
1
ln
b
1 d tr 2 d tr 2 d ng d b
Trong :
dng, dtr : ng knh ngoi v trong ca ng truyn nhit, m.
: H s dn nhit ca ng, W/mK.
rb : Nhit tr ca lp cu.
db : ng knh ca lp cu, m.
bi th nghim ny lp cu coi nh khng ng k, tc l rb/db 0.
1.5. H s cp nhit 1 , 2 gia vch ngn v dng lu cht c tnh theo chun s
Nusselt
Nu =
.l
Trong :
m
Nu = A.Re Pr
Pr
Pr
t
0.25
l R
Cc h s A, n, m, 1 , 2 l cc h s thc nghim, ty thuc vo cc yu t sau :

-
Ch chy ca cc dng lu cht.

S tng quan gia dng chy v b mt truyn nhit.
c im b mt truyn nhit ( nhm, hnh dng,)
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
2.
Tin hnh th nghim.
2.1. S nguyn l thit b
S NGUYN L
A. in tr un nc
a. Cng tc tng
B.Ni un nc nng
b. Cng tc bm
C.Bm nc nng
c. Cng tc in tr un nng.
D. Lu lng k
d. ng h hin th nhit .
E. TBTN kiu chy ngang

F. TBTN kiu chy dc
V. Cc van
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GVHD: V Vn Sim
2.2. Cc bc thc hin th nghim

Loi ng
Kch thc
Kch thc
Chiu di
ng trong
ng ngoi
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Chy dc
18/22
30/34
1050
Chy ngang
18/22
30/34
1050
2.2.1. Chun b th nghim

1. Kim tra mc nc bn trong ni un
2. Kim tra nc dng lnh trong cc ng
3. M cng tc tng
4. M cng tc gia nhit ni
2.2.2. kho st qu trnh truyn nhit trong ng chy vung gc
1. o lu lng dng nng
-
M Van 4, Van 5
ng Van 6
M cng tc bm nc nng
Chnh lu lng dng nng bng Van 10
2. o lu lng dng lnh

-
M Van 6
ng Van 4, Van 5
M Van 2, Van 3
ng Van 1
Chnh lu lng dng lnh bng Van 9
3. o nhit cc dng
-
Nhn nt N3 o nhit dng nng vo v ghi nhn tnv

Trang 20

GVHD: V Vn Sim
-
Nhn nt N4 o nhit dng nng ra v ghi nhn tnr
Nhn nt L1 o nhit dng lnh vo v ghi nhn tLV
Nhn nt L2 o nhit dng lnh ra v ghi nhn tLR
2.2.3. kho st qu trnh truyn nhit trong ng chy dc

1. o lu lng dng nng
-
M Van 4, Van 5
ng Van 6
-
M cng tc bm nc nng
Chnh lu lng dng nng bng Van 10.
2. o lu lng dng lnh

-
M Van 6
ng Van 4, Van 5
M Van 2, Van 3
ng Van 1
Chnh lu lng dng lnh bng Van 8
3. o nhit cc dng
-
Nhn nt N5 o nhit dng nng vo v ghi nhn tNV
Nhn nt N4 o nhit dng nng ra v ghi nhn tNR
Nhn nt L1 o nhit dng lnh vo v ghi nhn tLV
Nhn nt L2 o nhit dng lnh ra v ghi nhn tLR
2.2.4. Ngng
-
Xoay cng tc ca GIA NHIT ngc chiu kim ng h. n hot ng

(mu ) tt. Cm gia nhit ngng hot ng.
Xoay cng tc ca Bm. Bm nng ngng hot ng.
Tt CB.
Trang 21

GVHD: V Vn Sim
ng tt c cc van
I.
X L KT QU
I.1.
Kho st qu trnh truyn nhit trong ng chy dc

Bng 2.1. Kt qu o cho mt loi ng
Lu lng dng
nng (lt/ph)
Lu lng dng
lnh (lt/ph)
3
I.1.1.
tv1
tR1
tv2
tR2
tv1
tR1
tv2
tR2
tv1
tR1
tv2
tR2
55
47
30
37
55
48
30
38
54
49
30
38
55
46
30
37
55
48
30
38
53
48
30
38
55
46
30
36
54
47
30
37
53
47
30
38
Tnh nhit lng Q v tn tht nhit

Dng nng: Q = G1C1(tv1 tr1) , W
Dng lnh: Q = G2C2(tr2 tv2) , W
Tn tht nhit: Q = Q1 Q2 ,W
Bng s liu G, C
Dng nng:
GN
3
GN(kg/s)
tnv
tnr
tntb
P (kg/m3)
C (J/Kg)
0,049
55
47
51
987,6
4181
0,049
55
46
50,5
987,85
4182,875
0,049
55
46
50,5
987,85
4182,875
0,099
55
48
51,5
987,35
4183,625
0,099
55
48
51,5
987,35
4183,625
0,099
54
47
50,5
987,85
4182,875
Trang 22

GVHD: V Vn Sim
0,148
54
49
51,5
987,35
4183,625
0,148
53
48
50,5
987,85
4183,875
0,148
53
47
50
988,1
4182,5
GL
GL (kg/s)
tnv
tnr
tntb
P(kg/m3)
C(J/kg )
0,0497
30
37
33,5
993,95
4176,625
0,0498
30
38
34
996,2
4176,5
0,0498
30
38
34
996,2
4176,5
0,0997
30
37
33,5
993,95
4176,625
0,0996
30
38
34
996,2
4176,5
0,0996
30
38
34
996,2
4176,5
0,149
30
36
33
995,9
4176,75
0,149
30
37
33,5
994,5
4176,625
0,149
30
38
34
994,3
4176,5
Dng lnh:
Bng 2.2. Kt qu tnh nhit lng v tn tht nhit

Lu
lng
dng
nng
(lt/ph)
Lu
lng
dng
lnh
(lt/ph)
Q1
Q2
1638,93
1453,04
1844,65 1,663,918
1844,65 1,663,918
I.1.2.
Q1
185,912 2899,25
Q2
2914,87
15,62
Q1
Q2
3095,88 3734,01
-638,13
180,73
2899,25 3,327,835 428,585 3096,07 4352,22
-1260,15
180,73
2898,73 3,327,835 429,105 3714,06 4978,39
-1264,33
1
Tnh hiu
nhit trung bnh tlog
t1
tv
t2
tv11
11
tlog
tv2
t2
Trang 23

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Hnh 2.1: S phn b nhit khi truyn nhit qua vch ngn
Trng hp ng lng ng song song ngc chiu
3.
Nhit trung bnh ca dng nng
t tb1
4.
Nhit trung bnh ca dng lnh
t tb2
5.
t v1 t r1
2
tr 2 tv2
2
Hiu nhit
t1 = tv1 tr2
t2 = tr1 tv2
Sau khi tnh so snh nu ci no ln hn th l tmax ci no nh hn l tmin
6.
t log
chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit

t max t min
t
ln max
t min
Bng 2.3. Kt qu tnh hiu s nhit trung bnh logarit

Lu lng dng
tlog
tlog
tlog
17,49
17,49
17,46
16,98
17,49
16,45
17,46
15,98
nng (lit/ph)
Lu lng dng
lnh (lit/ph)
Trang 24

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Tnh h s truyn nhit di thc nghim
I.1.3.
Q = KL. tlog . L
L: Chiu di ng (1050 mm = 1,050 m)
KL: H s truyn nhit di, W/mK.
tlog: Chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit, K.
Bng 2.4. Kt qu tnh h s truyn nhit di thc nghim

Lu
lng
dng
nng
(lt/ph)
Lu
lng
dng
lnh
(lt/ph) Q
tlog
KL
tlog
KL
tlog
KL
1432,58
1,663,918 1,05 16,98 93,33 3,327,835 1,05 17,49 181,21 4356,22 1,05 16,45 252,206
Khng
xc
1,663,918 1,05 17,46 90,76 3,327,835 1,05 0
nh
4978,39 1,05 15,98 296,704
I.1.4.
2914,87
1,05 17,49 79,12
1,05 17,49 158,72 3734,01 1,05 17,46 203,676
Tnh h s cp nhit 1, 2
Xc nh ch chy ca lu cht bng chun s Re.
Re
.l
Trong :
: Vn tc dng, m/s.
v : nht ng hc ca lu cht, m2/s.
Trang 25

GVHD: V Vn Sim
l : Kch thc hnh hc c trng, m.
l = 4F
F : Din tch mt ct (tit din ngang m dng lu chuyn ng qua), m2.
: Chu vi tit din t (chu vi m cht lng tip xc vi b mt trao i nhit), m.

i vi trng hp ng lng ng song song.
Dng nng: y tit din l hnh trn l = dtr
d tr2 3,14.0, 0182
2,54.104 (m 2 )
4
4
Tnh tc chy ca dng nng:
Gn,
( m / s)
Fn
Bng 2.5: Kt qu tnh chun sRe1

Gn(lt/ph)
Fn (m2)
dtdn
0,197
(m/s)
0,394
-4
2,54.10
0,018
0,591
ttbn
V(m2/s)
Re1
51
0,548. 10-6
6470,8
51,5
0,544. 10-6
6518,4
51,5
0,544. 10-6
6518,4
50,5
0,552. 10-6
12847,8
51,5
0,544. 10-6
13036,8
50,5
0,552. 10
-6
12847,8
50,5
0,552. 10-6
19271,7
50,5
0,552. 10-6
19271,7
50
0,556. 10-6
19133,1
Dng lnh: tit din l hnh vnh khn.
.Dtr2 d n2
F
(m 2 )
4
4
Dtr d n ( m)
F
2
l d td 03
4.
( m) 022 2
3,14.0,
3,14.0,
F
3, 27.104 (m 2 )
4
4
4.3, 27.104
l d td
8, 025.10 3 (m)
0,163
Trang 26

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Tnh tc chy ca dng lnh:
3,14.0, 03 3,14.0, 022 0,163( m)
Gl,
(m / s)
Fl
Bng 2.6: Kt qu tnh chun s Re2

Gl(lt/ph)
Fl (m2)
dtdl
(m/s)
0,153
3,27.10-4
8,025.10-3
0,306
0,459
ttbl
V(m2/s)
Re2
33,5
0,754
1628,4
34
0,747
1643,7
34
0,747
1643,7
33,5
0,754
3256,8
34
0,747
3287.3
34
0,747
3287.3
33
0,761
4840,3
33,5
0,754
4885,2
34
0,747
4931
Bng 2.10. Kt qu h s cp nhit ca dng nng 1

x 10-3
Prv1
Nun
0,553
40,86
0,6491
1397.873
3,528
0,548
40,88
0,6497
1393.25
51,5
3,528
0,548
40,88
0,6497
1393.25
50,5
3,627
0,5632
68.52
0,649
2552.01
51,5
3,528
0,548
71,17
0,6497
2554.04
50,5
3.627
0,5632
71,11
0,649
2552.01
ttbn
Pr1
51
3.562
51,5
(N/m2)
Trang 27

GVHD: V Vn Sim
50,5
3.627
0,5632
50,5
3.627
0,5632
50
3.63
0,5624
3,26
98,36
0,649
3529.66
98,36
0,649
3529.660
98,33
0,648
3505.32
Bng 2.11. Kt qu h s cp nhit ca dng lnh 2

ttbL
Prv2
Pr2
x 10-3
NuL
Gr
0,7694
11,309
3,441.10-4
102799,5
0,624
879,4
(N/m )
33,5 5,1498
34
5,083
0,7607
11,306 3,474. 10-4
107317,8
0,625
880,5
34
5,083
0,7607
11,306 3,474. 10-4
107317,8
0,625
880,5
33,5 5,1498
0,7694
14,215 3,441. 10-4
102799,5
0,624
1105,3
0,7607
14,212 3,474. 10-4
107317,8
0,625
1106,9
34
5,083
34
5,083
0,7607
14,212 3,474. 10-4
107317,8
0,625
1106,9
33
5,92
0,883
16,251 3,408. 10-4
98457,4
0,623
1261,6
0,7694
16,251 3,441. 10-4
102799,5
0,624
1263,6
0,7607
16,177 3,474. 10-4
107317,8
0,625
1259,9
33,5 5,1498
34
4,083
5.42
Bng 2.12. Kt qu tnh h s cp nhit
STT
Re1
Re2
1 (W/m2)
2(W/m2)
6470,8
1628,4
1397,873
879,4
6518,4
1643,7
1393,25
880,5
6518,4
1643,7
1393,25
880,5
12847,8
3256,8
2552,01
1105,3
13036,8
3287.3
2554,04
1106,9
12847,8
3287.3
2552,01
1106,9
19271,7
4840,3
3529,66
1261,6
19271,7
4885,2
3529,66
1263,6
19133,1
4931
3505,32
1259,9
Trang 28

GVHD: V Vn Sim
I.1.5.
H s truyn nhit di l thuyt KL
d ng
KL
r
1
1
1
ln
b
- dtr = 0,018 (m)

- dng = 0,022 (m)
Bng 2.13 . Kt qu tnh h s truyn nhit di l thuyt
STT
1 (W/m2)
2(W/m2)
1473,5
879,4
33,52
1475,5
880,5
33,56
1475,5
880,5
33,56
2470,5
1105,3
46,24
2568,8
1106,9
2563,9
1106,9
46,85
3546,4
1261,6
56,08
3546,4
1263,6
56,14
3539,9
1259,9
56,00
I.1.6.
(W/m )
23,2
KL* (W/m2)
46,88
Lp bng kt qu tnh h s truyn nhit di thc t v l thuyt theo ch

chy dc.
Bng 2.14. Kt qu tnh h s truyn nhit KL v KL*
Trang 29

GVHD: V Vn Sim
STT
Re 1
Re 2
KL (W/m2)
KL *(W/m2)
6470,8
1628,4
79.113
33,52
6518,4
1643,7
90.396
33,56
6518,4
1643,7
90.552
33,56
12847,8
3256,8
162.978
46,24
13036,8
3287.3
157.125
46,88
12847,8
3287.3
192.223
46,85
19271,7
4840,3
203.823
56,08
19271,7
4885,2
Khng xc nh
56,14
19133,1
4931
296.814
56,00
I.1.7.
Dng th KL*, KL theo Re.

Hnh 2.2: th KL theo Re
Trang 30

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Hnh 2.3: th KL* theo Re
So snh s sai s gia KL* v KL

KL
KL*
Sai s
79.12
33.52
45,6
158,72
33.56
125,16
203,677
33.56
170,117
93,33
46.24
47,09
Trang 31

GVHD: V Vn Sim
181,21
46.88
134,33
252,205
46.85
205,355
90,76
56.08
40,68
Khng xc nh
56.14
Khng xc nh
296,704
56.00
240,704
I.2.
Kho st qu trnh truyn nhit trong ng chy vung gc
Nhit trung bnh ca dng nng

Nhit trung bnh ca dng lnh
t tb1
t tb2
t v1 t r1
2
tr 2 tv2
2
Hiu nhit
t1 = tv1 tv2
t2 = tr1 tr2
Sau khi tnh so snh nu ci no ln hn th l tmax ci no nh hn l tmin
chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit
t log
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
Bng 2.3. Kt qu tnh hiu s nhit tru

Lu lng dng
tlog
tlog
tlog
16,37
16,37
16,67
15,66
16,37
15,61
16,37
15,99
14,92
nng (lit/ph)
Lu lng dng
lnh (lit/ph)
Trang 32

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Tnh h s truyn nhit di thc nghim
I.2.1.
Q = KL. tlog . L
L: Chiu di ng (1050 mm = 1,050 m)
KL: H s truyn nhit di, W/mK.
tlog: Chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit, K.
Bng 2.4. Kt qu tnh h s truyn nhit di thc nghim

Lu
lng
dng
nng
(lt/ph)
Lu
lng
dng
lnh
(lt/ph)
tlog
1452.865
1,05
16,37
2905.73
1,05
3736.69
1,05
KL
tlog
84.525
1660.08
1,05
96.58
15,66
176.715
2885.53
1,05
16,37
217.395
4358.595
1,05
KL
tlog
KL
90.39
1660.08
1,05
16,67
94.843
16,37
167.87
3320.167
1,05
15,61
202.567
15,99
259.602
4980.25
1,05
14,92
317.902
1.2.2. Tnh h s cp nhit 1, 2

Xc nh ch chy ca lu cht bng chun s Re.
Re
.l
Trong :
: Vn tc dng, m/s.
v : nht ng hc ca lu cht, m2/s.
l : Kch thc hnh hc c trng, m.
Trang 33

GVHD: V Vn Sim
l=
4F
F : Din tch mt ct (tit din ngang m dng lu chuyn ng qua), m2.
: Chu vi tit din t (chu vi m cht lng tip xc vi b mt trao i nhit), m.

i vi trng hp ng lng ng song song.
Dng nng: y tit din l hnh trn l = dtr

Tnh tc chy ca dng nng:
d tr2 3,14.0, 0182
F
2,54.10 4 ( m 2 )
4
4
,
G
Bng 2.5: Kt qu n ( m / s )
tnh chun s Re1
Fn
2
dtdn
(m/s)
Gn(lt/ph) Fn (m )
ttbn
V(m2/s)
Re1
3
0,197
2,54.10-4
0,018
0,394
0,591
51
0,548. 10-6
6470,8
51,5
0,544. 10-6
6518,4
51,5
0,544. 10-6
6518,4
50,5
0,552. 10-6
12847,8
51,5
0,544. 10-6
13036,8
50,5
0,552. 10-6
12847,8
50,5
0,552. 10-6
19271,7
50,5
0,552. 10-6
19271,7
50
0,556. 10-6
19133,1
Dng lnh:
Tit din: FL = l.(D1 d2) = 1,05.(0,030 0,022) = 8,4.10-3 (m2)
l = dtdl = D1 d2 = 0,030 0,022 = 8.10-3 (m).
Tnh tc chy ca dng lnh:
Bng 2.20: Kt qu tnh
Gl,
(m / s)
Fl
chun s Re2
Trang 34

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Gl(lt/ph)
F2 (m2)
(m/s)
dtdl
5,9524.10-3
8,4.10-3
8.10-3
0,0119
0,0179
ttbl
V(m2/s)
Re2
33,5
0,754. 10-6
63,16
34
0,747. 10-6
63,75
34
0,747. 10-6
63,75
33,5
0,754. 10-6
126,26
34
0,747. 10-6
127,44
34
0,747. 10-6
127,44
33
0,761. 10-6
188,17
33,5
0,754. 10-6
189,92
34
0,747. 10-6
191,70
Chn nhit vch ca dng nng l: 530C
Bng 2.21. Kt qu h s cp nhit ca dng nng 1

Nun
3,484
78,347
0,6491
2825.280
51,5
3,456
78,299
0,6497
2826.159
51,5
3,456
78,299
0,6497
2826.159
50,5
3,512
118,841
0,649
4284.878
51,5
3,456
118,678
0,6497
4283.616
50,5
3.512
118,840
0,649
4284.842
50,5
3.512
151,572
0,649
5465.013
50,5
3.512
151,572
0,649
5465.013
50
3.54
151,674
0,648
5460.264
ttbn
Pr1
51
prv1
3,372
Chn nhit vch ca dng lnh l: 280C

Bng 2.22. Kt qu h s cp nhit ca dng lnh 2
ttbL
Pr2
Prv2
NuL
33,5
5,032
5,74
7,105
0,624
554.190
34
4,976
7,089
0,625
553.828
34
4,976
7,089
0,625
553.828
33,5
5,032
10,045
0,624
783.510
Trang 35

GVHD: V Vn Sim
34
4,976
10,021
0,625
782.891
34
4,976
10,021
0,625
782.891
33
5,087
12,348
0,623
961.601
33,5
5,032
12,320
0,624
960.960
34
4,976
12,291
0,625
960.234
Bng 2.23. Kt qu tnh h s cp nhit

1 (W/m2)
2(W/m2)
STT
Re1
Re2
6470,8
63,16
2825.280
554.190
6518,4
63,75
2826.159
553.828
6518,4
63,75
2826.159
553.828
12847,8
126,26
4284.878
783.510
13036,8
127,44
4283.616
782.891
12847,8
127,44
4284.842
782.891
19271,7
188,17
5465.013
961.601
19271,7
189,92
5465.013
960.960
19133,1
191,70
5460.264
960.234
I.2.2.
H s truyn nhit di l thuyt KL

KL
d ng
r
1
1
1
ln
b
- dtr = 0,018 (m)

- dng = 0,022 (m)
Bng 2.24. Kt qu tnh h s truyn nhit di l thuyt
STT
1 (W/m2)
2(W/m2)
(W/m )
KL (W/m2)
23,2
29,635
2825.280
554.190
2826.159
553.828
29,622
2826.159
553.828
29,622
4284.878
783.510
41,719
4283.616
782.891
41,691
4284.842
782.891
41,693
Trang 36

GVHD: V Vn Sim
5465.013
961.601
50,868
5465.013
960.960
50,842
5460.264
960.234
50,805
I.2.3.
Lp bng kt qu tnh h s truyn nhit di thc t v l thuyt theo ch

chy vung gc.
Bng 2.25. Kt qu tnh h s truyn nhit KL* v KL
STT
Re 1
Re 2
KL (W/m2)
KL* (W/m2)
6470.8
63.16
29.635
84.525
6518.4
63.75
29.622
96.581
6518.4
63.75
29.622
94.843
12847.8
126.26
41.719
176.715
13036.8
127.44
41.691
167.876
12847.8
127.44
41.693
202.567
19271.7
188.17
50.868
217.395
19271.7
189.92
50.842
259.602
19133.1
191.70
50.805
317.902
Trang 37

GVHD: V Vn Sim
I.2.4.
Dng th KL*, KL theo Re.

Hnh 2.4: th KL
Trang 38

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Hnh 2.5: th KL* theo Re
So snh s sai s gia KL* v KL

KL*
KL
84.525
29,635
54.89
96.581
29,622
66.96
94.843
29,622
65.22
176.715
41,719
135
167.876
41,691
126.19
202.567
41,693
160.87
Sai s
Trang 39

GVHD: V Vn Sim
II.
217.395
50,868
166.53
259.602
50,842
208.76
317.902
50,805
267.1
Kt lun v nhn xt:

-
Sau khi tnh ton th tn tht nhit l khng ng k, c khi khng tn tht
nhit do chnh lch nhit nh.
Da vo bng so snh s sai s gia K L* v KL trn th thy sai s l ng

k.
Nguyn nhn:
-
Do cc bc tin hnh th nghim cha nhp nhng , cc ch s trn my

khng c nhy, dn n nhit chnh lch ln.
Cch khc phc:

-
Phi nm vng l thuyt v cc bc tin hnh bi th nghim truyn nhit.

Kim tra cc van ng theo trnh t hng dn. c cc thng s cn o
chnh xc, ng thi im.
Trang 40

GVHD: V Vn Sim
6
42
3
BI 3. CHNG CT
PHN I: C S L THUYT.
1. Khi nim chng ct:
nh ngha chng ct:
Chng ct l qu trnh dng tch cu t ca mt hn hp lng cng nh hn hp
kh-lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong
hn hp ( cng iu kin).
Cc phng php chng ct:
- Chng ct n gin: dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cu t c bay hi rt
khc nhau.
- Chng ct bng hi nc trc tip: dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cht kh bay
hi v tp cht khng bay hi.
Trang 41

GVHD: V Vn Sim
- Chng ct: dng tch hon ton hn hp cc cu t d bay hi c tnh cht ha

tan mt phn hoc ha tan hon ton vo nhau.
nh lut Henry:
i vi dung dch l tng p sut ring phn p ca kh trn cht lng t l vi phn
mol x ca n trong dung dch.
y=H.p
Trong :
H: Hng s Henry. (khi nhit tng th H tng)
nh lut Raoult:
p sut ring phn ca mt cu t trn dung dch bng p sut hi bo ha ca cu t
( cng nhit ) nhn vi nng phn mol ca cu t trong dung dch.
p=pbh.x
Trong :
p: p sut hi ring phn ca cu t trong hn hp hi.
pbh: p sut hi bo ha ca cu t cng nhit .
x: nng phn mol ca cu t trong dung dch.
2. M hnh mm l thuyt:
M hnh mm l thuyt l m hnh ton n gin nht da trn cc c s sau:
- Cn bng gia hai pha lng - hi cho hn hp hai cu t.
- iu kin ng lc hc lu cht l tng trn mm l cho hai pha lng - hi l:
+ Pha lng phi ha trn hon ton trn mm.
+ Pha hi khng li cun cc git lng t mm di ln mm trn v ng thi c
nng ng nht ti mi v tr trn tit din.
+ Trn mi mm lun t s cn bng gia hai pha.
Trang 42

GVHD: V Vn Sim
T Phn loi qu trnh chng ct

Chng ct n gin
Dng tch hn hp lc gm cc cu t c nhit si rt khc nhau, thng
thng ngi ta s dng chng ct n gin tch hn hp rn l lng trong pha lng.
Chng ct li cun hi nc.
Dng tch hn hp kh bay hi, cu t c nhit si cao so vi iu kin cu
t ny khng tan trong nc. Ngi ta tin hnh chng ct bng cch cho hi nc bo
ha li qua hn hp lng cn chng ct cu t no khng tan trong nc s b hi nc
li cun ln khi mt thong ca hn hp v i ra ngoi theo ng ng dn sau tin
hnh ngng t hi nc bo ha ta s thu c hn hp lng gm nc v cu t cn
tch, hai cu t ny khng tan vo nhau nn tch lp v ta d dng thu c cu t cn
phn tch.
Chng ct tinh khit hn hp 2 cu t

tng gi thnh v tinh khit ca dung mi ngi ta s dng qu trnh chng
ct tinh khit vi 1 nguyn liu l sn phm ca chng ct n gin
Trang 43

GVHD: V Vn Sim
S chng ct lin tc hn hp 2 cu t.
Hi bo ha
Thit b ngng t
Dng bo ha
Lng si
Thp
chng
ct
Thit b
un
nng
dng
nhp
liu
Thit b lm ngui sn
phm nh
Hi bo ha
Ni un
Dng nhp liu
Sn phm y
3. Phng trnh cn bng vt cht:

F= D+W
F.xF = D.xD + W.xW
Trang 44
Dng sp nh
Sn phm nh

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Trong :
F: Sut lng nhp liu.
D: Sut lng sn phm nh.
W: Sut lng sn phm y.
xF: Nng nhp liu (ca cu t d bay hi).
xD: Nng sn phm nh (ca cu t d bay hi).
xW: Nng sn phm y(ca cu t d bay hi).
4. Hiu sut:
chuyn t s mm l thuyt sang s mm thc ta cn phi bit hiu sut mm. C
ba loi hiu sut mm c dng l: Hiu sut tng qut, lin quan n ton thp; Hiu
sut mm Murphree, lin quan n mt mm; Hiu sut cc b, lin quan n mt v tr
c th trn mt mm.
- Hiu sut tng qut Eo: l hiu sut n gin khi s dng nhng kn chnh xc nht,
c nh ngha l t s gia s mm l tng v s mm thc cho ton thp.
Eo = ( s mm l tng)/(s mm thc).
- Hiu sut mm Murphree: l t s gia s bin i nng pha hi qua mt mm
vi s bin i nng cc i c th t c khi pha hi ri mm cn bng vi pha
lng ri mm th n.
EM = ( yn - yn+1) / (y*n - yn+1)
Trong :
yn: nng thc ca pha hi ri mm th n.
yn+1: nng thc ca pha hi vo mm th n.
y*n: nng pha hi cn bng vi pha lng ri ng chy chuyn mm th n.
Ni chung, pha lng ri mm c nng khng bng vi nng trung bnh ca ph
lng trn mm nn dn n khi nim hiu cc b.
- Hiu sut cc b c nh ngha nh sau:
Trang 45

GVHD: V Vn Sim
EM = (y'n - yn+1) / (y'en - y'n+1)

Trong :
yn: nng pha hi ri khi v tr c th trn mm n
yn+1: nng pha hi mm n ti cng v tr.
yen: nng pha hi cnbng vi pha lng ti cng v tr.
5. Mi quan h gia hiu sut mm Murphree v hiu sut mm tng qut:
Hiu sut tng qut ca thp khng bng vi hiu sut trung bnh ca tng mm. Mi
quan h gia hai hiu sut ny ty thuc trn dc tng i ca ng cn bng v
ng lm vic. Khi mG/L>1 hiu sut tng qut c gi tr ln hn v mG/L<1 hiu sut
tng qut c gi tr nh hn.
Nh vy, vi qu trnh trong c c hai vng nh trn (chng ct) th hiu sut tng
qut Eo c th gn bng hiu sut mm EM. Tuy nhin khi phn tch hat ng ca mt
thp hay mt phn ca thp thc t, trong o c s bin thin nng qua mt hoc
mt vi mm s xc nh c gi tr ng ca EM hn l gi s EM=Eo.
PHN II: S NGUYN L THIT B.
Trang 46

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Cu to:
A. Thng cha nhp liu
B. Bm nhp liu
C. Lu lng k nhp liu
D. in tr gia nhit nhp liu
E. Ct chng ct
G. Thit b ngng t
F. Ni un
H. Bm hon lu
PHN III: TIN HNH TH NGHIM.

A. Khi ng:
- Cho nhp liu t 20-60 lt vo bnh cha qua np C1
- a nhp liu vo khong 1/3 ni un, ta m van nhp liu v bt bm nhp liu
.
- a in vo h thng, sau bt nt ni un (boiler) v ch ni un si s khi
ng bm nhp liu (nt feed pump) Quan sat nhit trong ni qua nhit k gn mt
trc ni
- Quan st mc cht lng trong ni thng qua ng o mc bn tri ni un trong sut
thi gian lm th nghim. Nu mc cht lng gim di mc 1/3 phi cp thm nhp liu,
nu ni un qu y phi tho bt cht lng trong ni
- Trong khi h thng ang un nng m van thng p ca sn phm nh, thng
hi vi bnh cha, cc van sau s ng.
- Van x sn phm nh
- Van han lu dn sn phm nh li ct.
- M van cho nc hoc dng lm lnh ha lng tt c cc hi qua b phn
ngng t
- M van dn nhp liu vo mt mm nhp liu thch hp trn ct. iu chnh lu
lng nhp liu thch hp trn lu lng k.
Trang 47

GVHD: V Vn Sim
- Sn phm nh thu c s cho han lu v nh ct qua lu lng k. iu chnh

lu lng dng hon lu.
- un nng dng nhp liu v dng han lu
- Khi phi thay i v tr mm, ta m van tng ng ca mm
- Theo di thng xuyn mc cht lng trong ni. Nu v mt l do no mc cht
lng trong ni xung di in tr, dng in t ng ngt, khi nhit trong ni gim
bt cho in tr hat ng tr li
B. Ngng my:
- Tt in tr ni un.
- Tt in tr nung nng nhp liu v hon lu v tt cc bm.
- Tho sn phm nh.
- ng van nc cp ngng t sn phm nh.
- Ngt in vo h thng chng ct.
PHN IV: X L S LIU.
4.1 S liu th nghim:
Bng 4.1 Bng s liu th nghim.
TN
V tr
Lu lng dng
ch cn
mm
Nhit o
k
F(l/h)
Lo(l/h)
D(ml)
xD
xF
tF
tLo
12
475/5
63
30
30
12
450/5
55
30
30
12
430/5
45
30
30
+ Th nghim o D (ml) 5 pht, ta phi quy v 1 pht s liu chnh xc hn.

D1 = 475/5 = 95 (ml/pht).
D2 = 450/ 5= 90 (ml/pht).
Trang 48

GVHD: V Vn Sim
D3 = 430/5 = 86 (ml/pht).
+ Sau quy i n v ml/pht sang l/h.
D1 = 95 x 10-3 x 60 = 5.7 (l/h).
D2 = 90 x 10-3 x 60 = 5.4 (l/h).
D3 = 86 x 10-3 x 60 = 5.16 (l/h).
TN
V tr
Lu lng dng
ch cn
mm
Nhit o
k
F(l/h)
Lo(l/h)
D(l/h)
xD
xF
tF
tLo
12
5.7
63
30
30
12
5.4
55
30
30
12
5.16
45
30
30
4.2 Yu cu bo co.
- Tnh cn bng vt cht v xc nh cc thng s cn li ca phng trnh.
F= D+W
F.xF = D.xD + W.xW
x w1
= 0.415 % mol
* Chuyn i n v F v D:
Da vo phng trnh: m = D.V
Trong :
D: khi lng phn t ca ru.(kg/m3)
V: th tch.(m3)
Vy ta c: m = D.V = 810 x 12 x 10-3 = 9.72 (kg)
Suy ra: n = m/M = 9.72 / 46 = 0.211 (mol)
=> F =0.211 (mol).
Trang 49

GVHD: V Vn Sim
D ( sn phm nh) cng lm tng t, th V o c vo:

Vy ta c:
* m1 = D.V = 810 x 5.7 x 10-3 = 4.617 (kg)
n1 = m/M = 4.617 / 46 = 0.1 (mol).
* m2 = D.V = 810 x 5.4 x 10-3 = 4.374 (kg)
n1 = m/M = 4.374/ 46 = 0.095 (mol).
* m3 = D.V = 810 x 5.16 x 10-3 = 4.179 (kg)
n3 = m/M = 4.179 / 46 = 0.091 (mol).
nR = (810*10*10-3)/46 = 0.176 (mol)
* Bng 4.2 Bng kt qu tnh cn bng vt cht.
STT
F (mol)
D (mol)
xD (%mol)
xF (%mol)
W (mol)
xW
(%mol)
0.211
0.1
0.63
0.08
0.111
0.415
0.211
0.095
0.55
0.08
0.116
0.305
0.211
0.091
0.45
0.08
0.12
0.2
- Tnh f: R = 0.176
f
F
D
f1 = 0.211/0.1= 2.11
f2 = 0.211/0.095 = 2.22
f3 = 0.211/0.091 = 2.32
- Tnh cc phng trnh ng lm vic:
Phng trnh ng ct:
Trang 50

GVHD: V Vn Sim
R
x
x D
R 1
R 1
Phng trnh ng chng:

y
R f
f 1
x
. Xw
R 1
R 1
Phng trnh ng ct: y
0.176.x
0,63
0,15 x 0,536
0.176 1 0.176 1
Phng trnh ng chng:

y
0.176 2.11
2.11 1
x
.0,415 1.944 x 0,392
0.176 1
0.176 1
Tng t cho nhng stt tip theo, ta c bng tng kt nh sau:

Bng 4.2 Bng kt qu tnh ng lm vic.
STT
R
1
0.176
2
0.176
3
0.176
f
2.11
2.22
2.32
Phng trnh ng ct
y = 0.15x+0.536
y = 0.15x+0.468
y = 0.15x+0.383
Phng trnh ng chng

y = 1.944x-0.392
y = 2.037x-0.316
y = 2.122x-0.224
- V v xc nh s mm l thuyt:
- Xc nh hiu sut ca qu trnh chng ct.
TN
V tr mm
L0
S mm l thuyt
Hiu sut mm tng

qut.
Nhn xt:
Do s liu c c trong thc nghim nh nn qu qu trnh v th xc
nh mm khng thc hin c. c bit l Xd s liu qu nh ch t 0,5 tc l ch
nm gia th (thng th Xd = 0,7 0,9) nn ng chng v ct nm lt vo trong v
ch chim mt phn nh pha trong ng cn bng.
Trang 51

GVHD: V Vn Sim
C th do qu trnh thc nghim thao tc khng chun xc hoc do s c thit b

nn s liu thu c khng cn chnh xc. Gy kh khn cho vic v th xc nh s
mm l thuyt. V tht s th cng khng th xc nh c s mm l thuyt trong bi.
Bi 4: SY I LU
1. MC CH TH NGHIM
-
Sinh vin bit cch vn hnh thit b sy.
Xy dng ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy
Xc nh cc thng s sy: tc sy ng tc, m ti hn, m cn bng,

thi gian sy ng tc v gim tc
nh gi sai s ca qu trnh sy.
2. C S L THUYT
2.1 nh ngha
Sy i lu l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt liu bng cch cp nhit cho m bay hi.
Trong , c hai qu trnh truyn nhit v truyn m u c thc hin bng phng
php i lu
2.2 c trng ca qu trnh sy
Qu trnh sy din ra rt phc tp, c trng cho tnh khng thun nghch v khng n
nh. N din ra ng thi 4 qu trnh: truyn nhit cho vt liu, dn m trong lng vt
liu, chuyn pha v tch m vo mi trng xung quanh
2.3 Xc nh tc sy theo cn bng nhit ca qu trnh sy
Trang 52

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Lng nhit do dng tc nhn sy cung cp cho khong thi gian d

dQ F (t )d
(1)
Nhit ny c tiu hao

-
un nng vt liu: (GoCo GaCa)d
(2)
Bay hi m v qu nhit hi: [r+Ch(t-th)]dGa
(3)
Trong :
: h s cp nhit t tc nhn sy vo vt liu sy, W/m2
F: b mt vt liu, m2
t, , th: nhit tc nhn sy, vt liu v hi bo ha,
Go, Co: khi lng v nhit dung ca vt liu sy, kg; j/kg
Ga, Ca: khi lng v nhit dung ca m, kg; j/kg
r: An nhit ha hi ca m, j/kh
Ch: Nhit dung ring ca hi m, j/kg
Lng m bc hi trong thi gian d:
dGa = d(GoU) = GodU
(4)
U: hm m (hay m) ca vt liu, tnh theo vt liu kh, kg m/kg vt liu kh

T (1), (2), (3) v(4), thit lp cn bng nhit:
F(t-)d = (GoCo + GaCa)d + Go[r + Ch(t - th)]dU
(5)
T (5) rt ra:
dU
F (t ) [Go C o Ga C a ]
Go [r C h (t t h )]
y l biu thc tnh tc sy
d
d
dU
theo cn bng nhit
d
2.4 Phng trnh c bn ca ng hc qu trnh sy

Theo phng trnh truyn m t vt liu vo tc nhn sy:
Trang 53

GVHD: V Vn Sim
dGa = kpF(pm-p)d
(7)
Vi: kp: h s truyn m trong pha kh kg/m2.h.p

Pm, p: p sut ca hi m trn b mt vt liu v trong pha kh, mmHg (at)
Thay Ga=G0U vo (7) v bin i ta c:
dU k p F
pm p
d
GO
(8)
Khi hi m khng b qu nhit (tc t=th) th biu thc (5) c bin i thnh:
C o C a
Ga
Go
Go
d
dU
dQ
rGo
F qF
d
d Fd
(9)
q: cng dng nhit hay mt dng nhit

t:
Vi
Ga
U
Go
Ga
o
Vo
C o C aU C
Vo
Ro
F
o: khi lng ring ca vt liu kh, kg/m3

Vo: th tch vt kh, m3
C: nhit dung ring ca vt liu m, j/kg
Ro: bn knh qui i ca vt liu, m
Khi , nu b qua nhit lm qu nhit hi m, ta c:

q o RO r
dU
d
dU
dU
C d
C o RO
1
o RO r
1 Rb o RO r
d
d
d
d
r dU
(10)
C d
: chun s Rebinde c trng cho ng hc qu trnh sy

r dU
vi Rb 1
Biu thc (10) l phng trnh c bn ca ng hc v sy, n cho bit s bin i m

ca vt liu theo thi gian. Ta c th nhn c biu thc (10) khi gii h phng trnh vi
phn m t truyn nhit truyn m trong vt liu. Nhng ni chung h phng trnh ny
khng gii c bng phng php gii tch.
2.5 Lng nhit cp cho vt liu trong giai on sy gim tc (q2)
Trang 54

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Trong giai on sy gim tc, ng cong tc sy c dng ng thng, nn tc

sy trong giai on ny c biu din:
dU
K (U U * )
d
(11)
K: h s t l, gi l h s sy. N ph thuc vo tc sy v tnh cht ca vt

liu m, 1/s
K chnh l h s gc ca ng cong tc sy giai on sy gim tc, nn:
K
N
N
U th U *
(12)
1
: h s sy tng i, ph thuc vo tnh cht vt liu m
U th U *
Uth: m ti hn
U*: m cn bng
N: tc sy ng tc, kg m/(kg vt liu kh.s)
Tch phn phng trnh (11) ta nhn c:
U U *
exp( N )
U th U *
(13)
Hay logarit ha (8), ta c

lg(U U * ) lg(U th U * )
1
N
2,3
(14)
Nh vy, nu bit c h s sy K, c th xc nh c thi gian cn thit thc hin

giai on sy gim tc
H s sy tng i c xc nh bng thc nghim v c th tnh gn ng nh sau:
1,8
Uo
(15)
Vi Uo: m ban u ca vt liu

T ta c:
U th
U
1
U * o U *
1,8
(16)
Trang 55

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Thay (12) v (15) vo phng trnh (11), ta c:
U U *
dU
1,8 N
d
Uo
(17)
Thay (17) vo (10) ta c

U U *
Uo
q 2 o Ro r (1 Rb)1,8 N
(18)
2.6 Lng nhit cung cp cho vt liu trong giai on sy ng tc (q1)

Trong giai on sy ng tc, ton b lng nhit cung cp t dng tc nhn bng lng
nhit bc hi m v nhit vt liu khng i nn:
q1 o Ro r
dU
o Ro rN
d
2.7 Cng trao i nhit (q(x))

q ( x)
q1
U U *
1,8
(1 Rb)
q2
Uo
Nh vy, theo biu thc (20), khi bit chun s Rb s tnh c cng trao i nhit
theo m ca vt liu.
2.8 ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy.
th ng cong tc sy
th ng cong sy
2.8.1 ng cong sy
L ng cong biu din s thay i ca m vt liu (U) theo thi gian sy
( )
U = f ( )
(21)
Trang 56

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Dng ca ng cong sy:

Ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh lin kt gi m v vt liu, hnh dng kch thc;
Cu trc vt liu, phng php v ch sy.
ng cong sy l hm ca qu trnh sy. V vy, tuy ch v phng php
sy khc nhau nhng dng ng cng sy l tng t nhau.
2.8.2 ng cong tc sy:
L ng cong biu din mi quan h gia tc sy v m ( hm m) ca vt
liu sy:
dU
g (U )
d
(22)
T biu thc (21) v (22), r rng ng cong tc sy l o hm ca ng

cong sy.
2.9 Cc giai on ca qu trnh sy
2.9.1 Giai on un nng vt liu (AB)
Giai on ny xy ra nhanh vi khong thi gian ngn khng ng k. Ton b
nhit do dng tc nhn cp dng un nng vt liu t nhit u ( ) ln
nhit bu t (t).
Trong giai on ny lng m tch ra khng ng k, m vt liu gim khng
nhiu v tc sy nhanh ln vi tc cc i (N). thng giai on ny b qua
trong tnh ton.
2.9.2
Giai on sy ng tc (BC)
Trong giai on ny, tc khuch tn m t trong lng vt liu ra b mt ln hn

tc bc hi m t b mt vt liu, nn b mt vt liu lun bo ha m.
Tan b lng nhit cung cp bc hi m b mt (m t do) v b mt bc hi
l b mt ngoi ca vt liu khng i nn cc thng s sy sau y s khng i:
Nhit b mt vt liu v tc sy; v m vt liu gim nhanh.
Thi gian sy trong giai on ny l (thi gian sy ng tc ( ) c xc nh
t:
Trang 57

GVHD: V Vn Sim
dU
N const (23)
1
d
Nn tch phn (23) ta c

1
Uo U
N
1
th
(24)
Vi U th l m cui giai on sy ng tc.

2.9.3
Giai on sy gim tc (CD)
Do bc hi ht m b mt ch cn m lin kt, nn b mt bc hi b co hp li
dn i su vo trong lng vt liu.
Tc khuch tn m trong vt liu chm lm gim tc chung.
Nhit ca vt liu tng dn t nhit bu t (t) n nhit dng tc nhn
(t) nhit bu kh.
Lc ny; Trong vt liu xut hin 3 vng : m, bc hi v kh.
Trong giai on ny, nu ng cong tc sy c dng ng thng (hoc qui
i sang ng thng N2 =ax +b) th ta c th phn tch tnh thi gian sy giai
on sy gim tc ny ( 2 ) :
2
U ' U U '
th
ln th
N
U U '
1
2
Vi U: m cn bng, m kt thc giai on sy gim tc.

2.10
Thi gian sy vt liu
Thi gian sy vt liu c tnh bng tng thi gian ca 3 giai on sy: t nng vt
liu 0 . Sy ng tc 1 v sy gim tc 2 . C th b qua giai on t nng vt
liu, v giai on ny xy ra rt nhanh. Biu thc tnh thi gian sy nh sau:
1 2
Uo U
N
U
U '
th 2.3 (U U ' ) lg th
th
'
N
U U
2
(26)
Vi U 2 m vt liu cui qu trnh sy. Tng ng vi 2 .U2> U v thng c

ly : U2 = U + 2 3 (%)
Trang 58

GVHD: V Vn Sim
3. THIT B, DNG C, HA CHT V NGUYN VT LIU

A. HA CHT
STT
Tn ha cht
Quy cch
/v tnh
S lng
Ghi ch
Quy cch
/v tnh
S lng
Ghi ch
S lng
Ghi ch
1
2
B. DNG C
STT
Tn dng c
1
2
C. THIT B
Tn thit b
1
Thit b sy i lu
Quy cch
/v tnh
Trang 59

GVHD: V Vn Sim
4. S NGUYN L THIT B
4
5
6
1
7
1. Ca kh vo
5. Bung sy
2.Qut ly tm
6. Khy sy
3.Caloriphe
7. Ca ra kh thi
4. Cn
5. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
5.1. Ni dung th nghim
Tin hnh sy bnh trng 2 ch ca Caloriphe:500C v 600C. t vt liu vo
bung sy, ghi nhn khi lng vt liu sau khi lm m (G1). Sau c 2 pht ghi nhn
gi tr cn v gi tr nhit bu kh, bu t. Tip tc n khi gi tr khi lng vt liu
khng i trong vng 15 pht th dng ch th nghim ny v chuyn sang ch th
nghim khc.
5.2. Tin hnh
5.2.1. Chun b th nghim:
Trang 60

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Xc nh khi lng vt liu kh ban u (G0) ca vt liu: G0=750 gram

M ca bung sy ra, t cn thn
c gi tr cn (G0)
Lm m vt liu:
Sau khi cn xong, ly vt liu ra v nhng nh nhng (trnh rch vt liu) vo chu
nc. Ch khong 30 giy cho nc thm u, ly vt liu ln v ro nc sau xp
vo gi.
Chun b ng h eo tay o thi gian.
Kim tra h thng:
Lp li ca bung sy.
M ht cc van ca hai ca kh vo ra
Chm y nc vo bu t (pha sau h thng)
5.2.2. Khi ng h thng:
Khi ng qut: bt cng tc ca qut ht dng tc nhn vo v thi qua caloriphe
gia nhit dng tc nhn.
Khi ng caloriphe, bt cng tc Caloriphe.
Ci t nhit cho Caloriphe nhit th nghim.
5.2.3. Tin hnh th nghim
Ch h thng hot ng n nh khi: nhit ca Caloriphe t gi tr mong mun (
1 2 0 C ). Tin hnh sy vt liu nhit kho st.
5.3. o s liu trong ch th nghim.

5.3.1. Cc s liu cn o: Khi lng, nhit bu kh, bu t v thi gian.
5.3.2. Cch c:
Khi lng (gam) khi t gi vt liu sy, c s hin th trn cn.
Nhit (0C) : Nhn nt tng ng cc v tr cn o v c s trn ng h hin s.
Bng s liu th nghim
Trang 61

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Ch sy 500C
STT
T()(0C)
T(k)(0C)
(ph)
G(g)
962
960
50
48
55
53
10
950
50
48
55
53
15
940
50
48
55
53
20
927
50
48
55
53
25
920
50
48
55
53
30
907
50
48
55
53
35
897
50
48
55
53
40
885
50
48
55
53
10
45
870
50
48
55
53
11
50
865
50
48
55
53
12
55
853
50
48
55
53
13
60
844
50
48
55
53
14
65
835
50
48
55
53
15
70
827
50
48
55
53
16
75
817
50
48
55
53
17
80
805
50
48
55
53
18
85
800
50
48
55
53
19
90
792
50
48
55
53
20
100
784
50
48
55
53
21
105
774
50
48
55
53
T() vo
T() ra
T(k) vo
T(k) ra
/
5.4. Chuyn ch th nghim:

M ca bung sy, ly vt liu ra lm m tip (lp li nh ban u).
Ci nhit Caloriphe gi tr tip theo cho ch sy mi.
Trang 62

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Ch h thng hot ng n nh.

Lp li trnh t nh ch u.
5.5. Kt thc th nghim
Tt cng tt ca in tr Caloriphe.
Sau khi tt Caloriphe c 5 pht, tt qut cho Caloriphe ngui.
6. PHC TRNH
6.1. Tnh theo thc nghim:
m vt liu:
Wi
Gi Go
.100%
G1
W1
G1 G0
962 750
.100%
100 28,27%
G0
750
W2
G 2 G0
960 750
.100%
.100% 28%
G0
750
W3
G3 G 0
950 750
.100%
.100% 26.67%
G
750
W4
G3 G 0
940 750
.100%
.100% 25.33%
G0
750
W5
G5 G0
927 750
.100%
.100% 23,6%
G0
750
W6
G6 G0
920 750
.100%
.100% 22,67%
G0
750
W7
G7 G0
907 750
.100%
.100% 20,93%
G
750
W8
G8 G 0
897 750
.100%
.100% 19,6%
G0
750
Trang 63

GVHD: V Vn Sim
W9
G9 G 0
885 750
.100%
.100% 18%
G0
750
W10
G10 G0
870 750
.100%
.100% 16%
G0
750
W11
G11 G0
865 750
.100%
.100% 15,33%
G0
750
W12
G12 G0
853 750
.100%
.100% 13,73%
G0
750
W13
G13 G0
844 750
.100%
.100% 12,53%
G0
750
W14
G14 G 0
835 750
.100%
.100% 11,33%
G
750
W15
G15 G0
827 750
.100%
.100% 10,27%
G0
750
W16
G16 G0
817 750
.100%
.100% 8,93%
G0
750
W17
G17 G0
805 750
.100%
.100% 7,33%
G0
750
W18
G18 G 0
800 750
.100%
.100% 6,67%
G0
750
W19
G19 G0
792 750
.100%
.100% 5,6%
G0
750
W20
G20 G0
784 750
.100%
.100% 4,53%
G0
750
W21
G 21 G0
774 750
.100%
.100% 3,2%
G0
750
Tc sy :
Trang 64

GVHD: V Vn Sim
N i 1
dw Wi W( i 1)
dt
T( h )
(%/h).
N2
W 1 W 2 28,27 28
.60 3,24 (%/h)

T
5
N3
W 2 W 3 28 26,67
.60 15,96
T
5
N4
W3 W4 26,67 25,33
.60 16,08 (%/h)

T
5
N5
W4 W5 25,33 23,6
.60 20,76
T
5
N6
W5 W6 23,6 22,67
.60 11,16 (%/h)

T
5
N7
W6 W7 22,67 20,93
.60 20,88 (%/h)

T
5
N8
W7 W8 20,93 19,6
.60 15.96
T
5
N9
W8 W9 19,6 18
.60 19,2
T
5
N 10
W9 W10 18 16
60 24 (%/h)
T
5
N 11
W10 W11 16 15,33
.60 8,04
T
5
N 12
W11 W12 15,33 13,73
.60 19,2
T
5
(%/h)
N 13
W12 W13 13,73 12,53
.60 14,4
T
5
(%/h)
N 14
W13 W14 12,53 11,33
.60 14,4 (%/h)

T
5
N 15
W14 W15 11,33 10,27
.60 12,72 (%/h)

T
5
(%/h)
(%/h)
(%/h)
(%/h)
(%/h)
Trang 65

GVHD: V Vn Sim
N 16
W15 W16 10,27 8.93
.60 16,08 (%/h)

T
5
N 17
W16 W17 8,93 7,33
.60 19,2
T
5
N 18
W17 W18 7,33 6,67
.60 7,92 (%/h)

T
5
N 19
W18 W19 6,67 5,6
.60 12,84 (%/h)

T
5
N 20
W19 W20 5,6 4,53
.60 12,84
T
5
N 21
W20 W21 4,53 3,2
.60 15,96 (%/h)

T
5
(%/h)
(%/h)
S liu x l c trnh by thnh bng sau :

STT
T(pht) Gi(g) Wi(%) N(%h)
Pb
Ph
Th
sy
Tk
55
50
97,5
95,83
(mmHg) (mmHg)
362
28,27
360
28
3,24
55
50
97,5
95,83
10
350
26,67
15,96
55
50
97,5
95,83
15
340
25,33
16,08
55
50
97,5
95,83
20
327
23,6
20,76
55
50
97,5
95,83
25
320
22,67
11.16
55
50
97,5
95,83
30
307
20,93
20,88
55
50
97,5
95,83
35
297
19,6
15,96
55
50
97,5
95,83
40
285
18
19,2
55
50
97,5
95,83
10
45
270
16
24
55
50
97,5
95,83
11
50
265
15,33
8,04
55
50
97,5
95,83
12
55
253
13.73
19,2
55
50
97,5
95,83
5
Trang 66

GVHD: V Vn Sim
13
60
244
12.53
14,4
55
50
97,5
95,83
14
65
235
11,33
14,4
55
50
97,5
95,83
15
70
227
10,27
12,72
55
50
97,5
95,83
16
75
217
8,93
16,08
55
50
97,5
95,83
17
80
205
7,33
19,2
55
50
97,5
95,83
18
85
800
6,67
7,92
55
50
97,5
95,83
19
90
192
5,6
12,84
55
50
97,5
95,83
20
100
184
4.53
12,84
55
50
97,5
95,83
21
105
174
3,2
15.96
55
50
97,5
95,83
Pb(mmHg) : p sut ring phn hi m trn b mt vt liu iu kin on nhit.

Ph(mmHg) : p sut hi m trong tc nhn sy.
(c tra trn gin khng kh m)
6.2 Tnh theo l thuyt:
- Cng m:
Jm = am.(Pb(TB) Ph(TB)).760/B (kg/m2.h)
= (0,0229 + 0,0174. 1,6). (97,5 95,83). 760/760 = 0,0847 (kg/m2.h)
Trong :
Jm : Cng m.
B: p sut phng sy; B = 760mmHg.
am : H s trao i m tnh theo chnh lch p sut ( kg/m2.h.mmHg).
am = 0,0229 + 0,0174.Vk
Vk : Tc kh trong phng sy ( chn Vk = 1,6 (m/s)).
Din tch b mt F :
F=d.r.4 =0,34.0,19.4= 0,02546(m) = 0,26(m2)
Trang 67

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Vi : Di = d = 34cm = 0,34m
Rng = r = 19cm = 0.19m
- Tc sy ng tc :
Nt =100.Jm.F/Go (%/h).
- m ti hn :
W1 : m ban u trc khi sy(%).

Wc : m cn bng = 3%.
- Thi gian sy :
Thi gian sy ng tc:
Thi gian sy gim tc:

T2
Wth Wc
W Wc
4,57 3
4,57 3
. ln th
. ln
1,102(h)
N t
Wcuoi Wc
2,936
3,2 3
Wcuoi : m cui qu trnh sy.

6.3. V th :
Trang 68

GVHD: V Vn Sim
V th thc nghim ng cong sy (W-t)
KT LUN V GII THCH

Cc nguyn nhn gy sai s trong qu trnh sy
Cn s dng xc nh khi lng vt liu sy kh c chnh xc v v tr rt
cao, phi nhn thng mt cn khi c khi lng
Canh thi gian sy khng n nh
Cc sai s trong qu trnh tnh ton t vic lm trn s liu
Nhng thng s nhn c t qu trnh th nghim, ta tnh ra c nhng gi tr cn xc
nh ca qu trnh sy, v nhng sai s trong vic thc hin cng nh do nhng sai st
Trang 69

GVHD: V Vn Sim
sn c trong thit b nn kt qu khng c nh mong i, qu trnh sy ko di thu

c nhiu gi tr gip gim bt vic gy nn sai s khi ch thi gian sy qua lu.
Bai 5: CT
CHM
1. MC CH TH NGHIM
1.1. Mc ch ca qu trnh hp thu:
Trong cng nghip sn xut ha cht c bn: sn xut ra cc loi axit bng cch hp
thu kh vo trong nc nh: HCl, H2SO4 phn ring hn hp kh Av B.
Trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm: bo ha CO 2 cho bia,nc ngt, ru c gas
nhm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.
Trong cng ngh ln men: Qu trnh hp thu nhm lm giu hm lng O 2 ha tan
trong pha lng ca b ln men hiu kh.
Trang 70

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Trong k thut x l mi trng: Trong kh thi cng nghip c nhiu cu t c hi.

x l kh thi t tiu chun thi ra mi trng ngi ta tin hnh hp thu cc cu t
c hi bng dung mi l nc sch hay ha cht d x l hn.
1.2. Mc ch ca th nghim:
Kho st c tnh ng lc hc lu cht v kh nng hot ng ca ct chm bng cch
xc nh:
-
nh hng ca vn tc dng kh v lng ln tn tht p sut ( gim p) khi i

qua ct.
S bin i ca h s ma st ct kh f cktheo chun s Reynolds (Re) ca dng kh

v suy ra cc h thc thc nghim.
S bin i ca tha s lin h gia gim p ca dng kh qua ct kh v qua

ct t theo vn tc dng lng.
2. C S L THUYT
2.1. gim p ca dng kh
gim p Pck ca dng kh qua ct ph thuc vo vn tc khi lng G ca dng kh
qua ct kh (khng c dng chy ngc chiu). Khi dng kh chuyn ng trong cc
khong trng gia cc vt chm tng dn vn tc th gim p cng tng theo. S gia
tng ny theo ly tha t 1,8 n 2,0 ca vn tc dng kh.
Pck G n
Vi
(1)
n = 1,8 2,0
Khi c dng lng chy ngc chiu, cc khong trng gia nhng vt chm b thu hp
li. Dng kh do di chuyn kh khn hn v mt phn th tch t do gia cc vt chm
b lng cht lng chim c. Khi tng vn tc dng kh ln, nh hng cn tr ca dng
lng tng u n cho n mt tr s ti hn ca vn tc kh, lc gim p ca dng
kh tng vt ln. im ng vi tr s ti hn ca vn tc kh ny c gi l im gia
trng. Nu tip tc tng vn tc kh qu tr s ti hn ny, nh hng cn tr h tng
gia dng lng v dng kh rt ln, Pc tng mau chng khng theo phng trnh (1)
na. Dng lng lc ny chy xung cng kh khn, ct im lt.
Trang 71

GVHD: V Vn Sim
ng biu din log(Pc/Z) ( gim p sut ca dng kh qua mt dn v chiu cao ca

phn chm trong ct) d kin nh trnh by trn hnh 1.
log(P C /Z)
L3
C
L2
L1
B
A
L=0
logG
Hnh 1: nh hng ca G v L i vi gim p ca ct Pc

2.2. H s ma st fck theo Rec khi ct kh
Tr lc thp kh:
p f ck
Re k
h wo2 k
f ha k wo2
ck
d td 2
8
, N / m2
w k d td
k
Trong :
h - chiu cao lp m, m
wo- vn tc pha kh
a - b mt ring, m2/m3
- xp, m3/m3
k khi lng ring ca khng kh, kg/m3
fck - h s ma sat ca dng chy qua lp ht, ph thuc vo Rek
Khi Rek<40: f ck
40
Re k
Khi Rek>40: f ck
16
Re0k , 2
2.3. gim p Pc khi ct t

S lin h gia gim p ct kh Pck v ct t Pc c th biu din nh sau:
Trang 72

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Pc = Pck (6)
Do c th d kin: fc = .fck (7)
Vi : h s ph thuc vo mc xi ti ca dng lng L, kg/m2s.
Leva ngh nh hng ca L ln nh sau:
= 10L(8)
hay
log = L(9)
Gi tr ty thuc vo loi, kch thc, cch thc sp xp vt chm (xp ngu nhin hay
theo th t) v ln ca lu lng lng L. Th d vi vt chm l vng s Raschig 12,7
mm, chm ngu nhin, xp = 0,586; gi tr ca L t 0,39 n 11,7 kg/m 2s v ct hot
ng trong vng di im gia trng.
= 0,084
Mt s ti liu cn biu din s ph thuc gia t s
A 3 3
pc
vi h s xi ti nh sau:
pck
1,75 GL q
ReL F L 2 g 2
Khi A < 0,3 cho vt chm bng s c d < 30 mm, ta c:

pc
1
(10)
pck (1 A)3
ReL
4GL
(11)
Fa L
2.4. im lt ca ct chm
Khi ct chm b ngp lt, cht lng chim ton b khong trng trong phn chm, cc
dng chy b xo trn mnh lit, hin tng ny rt bt li cho s hot ng ca ct
chm. Gi gi tr ca GL tng ng vi trng thi ny l GL*.
Trang 73

GVHD: V Vn Sim
1
Hnh 2: Gin lt ca ct chm

Zhavoronkov kt lun rng trng thi ngp lt xy ra khi hai nhm s sau c s lin h
nht nh vi nhau cho mi ct.
fck.a v2 G 0,2
.
. t
3
2g L
L
G
(12)
G
(13)
L
Vi
fck: h s ma st ct kh.
v: vn tc di ca dng kh ngay trc khi vo ct, m/s.

t : nht tng i ca cht lng so vi nc. t
l
, nu cht lng l nc th
nc
t 1 .
Do s lin h gia 1, 2 trn gin log1 log2 s xc nh mt gin lt ca

ct chm, phn gii hn hot ng ca ct chm di ng ny.
3. S NGUYN L THIT B
I- My thi kh
1,2-Van iu chnh lu lng dng kh
II- Lu lng k dng kh
3-Van x nc ng trong ng kh
III- Ct chm
4,6-Van iu chnh lu lng dng lng
IV- Bn cha
5-Van to ct lng ngn kh
V- Bm
7-Van iu chnh mc nc trong ct chm
VI- Lu lng k dng lng
8-Van x nhanh khi lt ct chm
D-lp m vng s Raschig
9-Van x y bn cha
Trang 74

GVHD: V Vn Sim
4. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM

4.1. Chun b
- Lm quen vi h thng thit b, tm hiu cc van v tc dng ca n.
- Lm quen vi thit b o nhit , cc v tr o v cch iu chnh cng tc o.
- Lm quen vi cch iu chnh lu lng.
- Xc nh cc i lng cn o.
Trang 75

GVHD: V Vn Sim
- Lp bng ghi kt qu o.
Kh
Lng(l/p)
0
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4.2. Trnh t th nghim
1)
Kha li tt c cc van lng (t 4 n 8).
2)
M van 2 v kha van 1, 3.
3)
Cho qut chy trong 5 pht thi ht m trong ct. Tt qut.
4)
M van 4 v 7. Sau cho bm chy.
5)
M van 5 v t t kha van 4 chnh mc lng y ct ngang
bng vi ng nh mc g. Tt bm v kha van 5.

6)
o gim p ca ct kh:
Kha tt c cc van lng li. M van 1 cn 2 vn ng. Cho qut chy ri t t m van 2
chnh lu lng kh vo ct.
ng vi mi gi tr lu lng kh chn ta c Pck trn p k U theo mmH2O. o
xong tt qut, ngh 5 pht.
7)
o gim p khi ct t:
M qut v iu chnh lu lng kh qua ct khong 15 20%.
Trang 76

GVHD: V Vn Sim
M van 4 v cho bm chy. Dng van 6 ti lu lng k chnh lu lng lng. Nu 6

m ti a m phao vn khng ln th dng van 4 tng lng lng.
ng vi lu lng lng chn c nh, ta chnh lu lng kh v c gim p Pc
ging nh Pck trc . Ch l tng lng kh n im lt th thi.
Ch :
1. Trong qu trnh o gim p ca ct t, sinh vin cn canh gi mc lng y ct
lun n nh chiu cao y bng cch chnh van 7. Nu cn, tng cng van 8
nc trong ct thot v bnh cha.
2. Khi tt my phi tt bm lng trc, m ti a van 8 sau tt qut BK.
5. X L S LIU
5.1. Cc s liu lin quan n ct chm
Ct thy tinh:
ng knh d = 0,09 m.
Chiu cao H = 0,805 m.
Chiu cao phn chm h = 0,6 m.
Vt chm xp ngu nhin, vng Raschig ng knh 16 mm, b mt ring a = 350 m 2/m3,
xp = 0,67.
BNG S LIU THC NGHIM

Lng
0,5
1,1
1,3
1,8
2,5
4,1
1,1
2
3,2
2,9
4,3
7
2,9
3,2
3,6
5,1
7,6
11,7
3,3
5,1
6,6
8,4
13,8
17,1
6,4
8,5
9,9
14,3
19,5 (lt)
20,1(lt)
kh
0
4
5
6
7
8
Trang 77

GVHD: V Vn Sim
9
10
5,7
8,1
10,4
11,8
14,8
20,8(lt)
19.5(lt)
5.2. Tnh ton th nghim:

d=0,09 (m) (SGK)
= 0,67
(SGK)
Din tch ca ct chm:

S= .d2./4=3,14.(0,09)2.0,67/4=4,2602.10-3 (m2)
5.2.1. Tnh ct kh:
- Tnh G: (khi lng khng kh):
G
kk
( kg / s.m 2 )
S
Ni suy kk 500C = 1,093(kg/m3)

1fit3/pht = 2,83.10-2 (m3/pht) = 2,83.10-2/60 (m3/s)
G1
1 . kk
2,83.10 2 1,093
0,121
S
60 4,2620.10 3
G2
2 . kk 2.2,83.10 2 1,093
0,242
S
60 4,2620.10 3
G3
3 . kk 3.2,83.10 2 1,093
0,363
S
60 4,2620.10 3
Tng t tnh c G4= 0,484, G5= 0.605

- Tnh chun s Reck
Re k
w. k .d td
k
Vi a=350 (m2/m3), kk 500C=1,956.10-5 (kg/m.s)

w
v
v.4
s .d 2
w1
v1
v .4
1.2,83.10 2.4
1 2
0.074(m / s )
s
.d
60.3.14.0,09 2
v2
v 2 .4
2.2,83.10 2.4
w2
0.148(m / s )
s
.d 2 60.3.14.0,09 2
Tnh tng t ta c: w3= 0,222 (m/s), w4= 0,297 (m/s), w5= 0,371 (m/s)
Trang 78

GVHD: V Vn Sim
T ta tnh c Re: Re k
Re k1
w. k .d td
k
(SGK)
w1 . k .d td
0,074.1,093.0,09
373,056
k
1,956.10 5
Tng t tnh c :
Rek2= 744,313
Rek3= 1116,469
Rek4= 1493,655
Rek5= 1865,811
Tnh fck
V Reck > 40 nn ta tnh f ck

f ck1
16
Re 0k , 2 (SGK)
16
16
4,895
0, 2
Re k 1
373,056 0, 2
Tng t ta tnh c:
fck2= 4,263
fck3= 3,931
fck4= 3,709
fck5= 3,548
Tnh Pck :
Vi Pck (s ln s nh).98,1(N/m2)
(1cmH2O=98,1N/m2)
Pck1 0,5.98,1 49,05( N / m 2 )

Pck 2 1,1.98,1 107,91( N / m 2 )
Pck 3 2,9.98,1 284,49( N / m 2 )
Pck 4 3,3.98,1 323,73( N / m 2 )
Pck 5 6,4.98,1 627,84( N / m 2 )
Tnh Pck / Z (N/m2)/m vi Z= 0.6 (SGK)

Pck1 / Z
49,05
81,75 N / m 2 / m
0. 6
Trang 79

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Pck 2 / Z
107,91
179,85 N / m 2 / m
0.6
Pck 3 / Z
284,49
474,15 N / m 2 / m
0.6
Pck 4 / Z
323,73
539,55 N / m 2 / m
0.6
Pck 5 / Z
627,84
1046,4 N / m 2 / m
0. 6
Bng cc tr s kt qu khi ct kh L = 0 :
i
PCK
PCK/Z
Re
fck
LogG
logRe
Log
Logfck
PCK/Z
kg/s.m2
N/m2
(N/m2)/m
0,121
49,05
81,75
373,056
4,895
-0,917
2,572
1,912
0,69
0,242
107,91
179,85
744,313
4,263
-0,616
2,872
2,255
0,63
0,363
284,49
474,15
1116,469 3,931
-0,440
3,048
2,676
0,59
0.484
323,73
539,55
1493,655 3,709
-0.315
3,174
2,732
0,57
0,605
627,84
1046,4
1865,811 3,548
-0,218
3,270
3,020
0,55
6.3.2. Tnh ct t:
Ni suy k 300C = 1,166 (kg/m3) (sch k thut nhit)
V1. ku 4, 72.10 4.1,166
2,83.102.1
4
3
V1
4, 72.10 m / s G1
0,1292 kg / m 2 .s
3
60
S
4, 2602.10
V2
V .
2,83.102.2
9, 43.10 4.1,166
9, 43.104 m3 / s G2 2 ku
0, 2581 kg / m 2 .s
3
60
S
4, 2602.10
V3
V .
2,83.102.3
1, 415.103.1,166
1, 415.103 m3 / s G3 3 ku
0, 3873 kg / m 2 .s
3
60
S
4, 2602.10
Trang 80

GVHD: V Vn Sim
V4
V .
2,83.102.4
1,887.103.1,166
1,887.103 m3 / s G4 4 ku
0,5165 kg / m 2 .s
3
60
S
4, 2602.10
V5
V .
2,83.10 2.5
2, 358.10 3.1,166
2,358.103 m3 / s G5 5 ku
0, 6454 kg / m 2 .s
3
60
S
4, 2602.10
Tnh chun s Re
Re cu
4G
u a
(SGK-TRANG 46)
Vi a=350 (m2/m3), k 300C=1,86.10-5 (kg/m.s)

Re1
4.G1
4.0,1292
79,39
a. 350.1,86.105
Re 2
4.G2
4.0, 2581
158,59
a. 350.1,86.10 5
Re3
4.G3
4.0,3873
237,97
a. 350.1,86.105
Re 4
4.G4
4.0,5165
317,36
a. 350.1,86.10 5
Re5
4.G5
4.0, 6454
396,56
a. 350.1,86.105
L=4 (lt/pht)
Tnh Pic = (s ln s nh).98,1 (N/m2)
P1c = 1,1.98,1=107,91(N/m2)
P2c = 2.98,1=196,20 (N/m2)
P3c = 3,2.98,1= 313,92 (N/m2)
P4c = 5,1.98,1= 500,31 (N/m2)
P5c = 8,5.98,1= 833,85(N/m2)
Tnh Pc/Z: Z=0,6

Pcu1 / Z
107,91
179,85( N / m 2 ) / m
0,6
Trang 81

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Pcu 2 / Z
196,2
327,0( N / m 2 ) / m
0,6
Pcu 3 / Z
313,92
523,92( N / m 2 ) / m
0,6
Pcu 4 / Z
500,31
833,85( N / m 2 ) / m
0,6
Pcu 5 / Z
833,85
1389,75( N / m 2 ) / m
0,6
Tnh
M i
f cu . f ck
: (SGK-TR.45)
Pcu
(SGK)
Pck
Pcu 107,91
2,2
Pck
49,05
Tng t ta tnh c:
2 1,82
3 1,10
4 1,54
5 1,33
T tnh c fc:
f cu1 1 . f ck 2 2,2.4,895 10,769
f cu 2 2 . f ck 2 1,82.4,263 7,759
f cu 3 3 . f ck 3 1,1.3,931 4,324
f cu 4 4 . f 4 1,54.3,709 5,712
f cu 5 5 . f ck 5 1,33.3,548 4,719
Bng cc tr s kt qu khi ct t L = 4:
STT
G, Kg/s.m2
Pc
1
2
3
4
5
0,1292
0,2581
0,3873
0,5165
0,6454
107,91
196,2
313,92
500,31
833,85
Pc/Z,
(N/m2)/m
179,85
327,0
523,92
833,85
1389,75
fc
Rec
10,769
7,759
4,324
5,712
4,719
79,39
158,59
237,97
317,36
396,56
Tng t tnh cho cc gi tr L=5, L=6, L=7, L=8, L=9, L=10
Trang 82

GVHD: V Vn Sim
STT
G, Kg/s.m2
Pc
1
2
3
4
5
0,1292
0,2581
0,3873
0,5165
0,6454
127,53
313,92
353,16
647,46
971,19
Pc/Z,
(N/m2)/m
212,55
523,2
588,6
107,91
1618,65
Pcu
Pck
2,60
2.91
1,24
2,00
1,55
fc
Rec
12,727
12,405
4,874
7,418
5,499
79,39
158,59
237,97
317,36
396,56
fc
Rec
17,622
11,25
6,92
9,42
7,91
79,39
158,59
237,97
317,36
396,56
STT
G, Kg/s.m2
Pc
1
2
3
4
5
0,1292
0,2581
0,3873
0,5165
0,6454
176,58
284,49
500,31
824,04
1402,83
Pc/Z,
(N/m2)/m
294,3
474,15
833,85
1373,4
2338,05
Pcu
Pck
3,6
2,64
1,76
2,54
2,23
6.3.3 Tnh ct lt:

Tnh ct lt ti (L=7, G*=5);(L=8, G*=5);(L=9, G*=4)
G5* 0,605(kg / s.m 2 )

G 4* 0,484( kg / s.m 2 )
L 7(l / ph)
7.10 3
1,167.10 4 ( m 3 / s )
60
L 8(l / ph)
8.10 3
1,333.10 4 (m 3 / s )
60
L 9(l / ph)
9.10 3
1,5.10 4 (m 3 / s )
60
L7
1,167.10 4
1,929.10 4
0,605
G5*
L8
1,333.10 4
2,203.10 4
*
0,605
G5
L9
1,5.10 4
3,099.10 4
*
0,484
G4
Tnh
1
Trang 83

GVHD: V Vn Sim
f ck .a v 2 G 0, 2
1
.
. t
3
2g L
Vi
G 1,093(kg / m 3 ), a 350m 2 / m 3 , 0.67, g 9,81(m / s 2 ), L 1000(kg / m 3 ), t 1
.d 2 3,14.(0.09) 2
6,358.10 3 ( m 2 )
4
4
Tnh
v
V5
2,358.10 3
0,371(m / s )
S
6,358.10 3
V4 1,887.10 3
0,297(m / s )
S
6,358.10 3
T cng thc ta tnh c:

Khi G=4
2
0 .2
f ck 4 .a v5 G 0, 2 3,709.350.(0,297) .1,093.1
.
.t
0,021
3
(0,67) 3 .2.9,81.1000
2g L
2
1, 4
Khi G=5
f ck 5 .a v5 G 0, 2 3,548.350.(0,371) 2 .1,093.10.2
.
. t
0,032
3
(0,67) 3 .2.9,81.1000
2g L
2
1, 5
Tnh
2 :
L
G
G
L (SGK)
Khi L=7
2 1,929.10 4.
1.093
6,377.10 6
1000
Khi L=8
2 2,203.10 4.
1.093
7,283.10 6
1000
Khi L=9
2 3,099.10 4.
1.093
1,024.10 5
1000
Trang 84

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Bng cc tr s kt qu khi ct lt
STT
G*,
kg/s.m2
L/G*
0,605
0,605
0,484
1,929.10-4
2,203.10-4
3,099.10-4
1
2
3
0,032
0.032
0,297
6,377.10-6
7,283.10-6
1,024.10-5
log
1
-1,495
-1,495
-0,527
log
-5,195
-5,138
-4,99
2.6.4 th:
2.6.4.1. th logPck/Z theo log G:
2.6.4.2. th log fck theo Reck:
Trang 85

GVHD: V Vn Sim
2.6.4.3. th Pc/Z theo G khi L=4:
Trang 86

GVHD: V Vn Sim
2.6.4.6. th fc theo Rec khi L=4:
Trang 87

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Trang 88

GVHD: V Vn Sim
2.6.4.9. Gin lt ca log
theo log
NHN XT
Nhng sai st trong qu trnh lm th nghim:
Thao tc cc van cn lung tng, ch chun xc
Trang 89

GVHD: V Vn Sim
c kt qu o chm
Cch khc phc:
Thao tc thc hnh phi nhp nhng, nhanh v chnh xc.
BN LUN
Ch chy ca ct kh v ct t l ch chy ri.
Ch chy ca ct ngp lt l ch chy ngp lt.
H s ma st ca ct kh nh hn h s ma st ca ct t.
Ct kh: lu lng dng kh vo ct tng th p sut dng kh qua ct cng tng.
Ct t: lu lng dng kh t l thun vi p sut dng kh qua ct.
Trang 90

GVHD: V Vn Sim
BI 6: LC KHUNG BN
I. C S L THUYT
1. Lc cht lng
Lc l qu trnh phn ring cc hn hp nh 1 vt ngn xp, vt ngn xp c kh

nng cho 1 pha i qua cn pha kia c gi li nn cn gi l vch ngn lc.
2. Nguyn tc lc
To ra trn huyn ph mt p sut P1, pha lng xuyn qua cc mao dn, pha rn b gi
li. Chnh lch gia hai vch ngn gi l ng lc qu trnh lc.
P = P1 P2
C th to ng lc ca qu trnh lc bng cc cch sau:
-
Ct p thy tnh
Bng my bm hay my nn
Bng bm chn khng
Cn bng vt tcht trong qu trnh lc:

Vh = V0 + V1 = Va + V
Gh = G0 + G1 = Ga + G
Vh, Gh : Th tch v khi lng hn hp huyn ph em i lc.
V0, G0 : Th tch v khi lng cht rn kh.
Trang 91

GVHD: V Vn Sim
V1, G1 : Th tch v khi lng nc lc nguyn cht.

Va, Ga : Th tch v khi lng b m
V, G : Th tch v khi lung nc lc cha nguyn cht.
m ca b :
Wa
G a Go
Ga
( % kg m / kg vt liu t).
3. Phng trnh tc lc
a. Tc lc va cc yu t nh hng
Lng nc lc thu c trn mt n v din tch b mt vch ngn lc trn mt
n v thi gian gi l tc lc.
W
dV
,m/ s
Fd
Trong :
V Th tch nc lc thu c, m3
F Din tch b mt vch lc, m2
- thi gian lc, s
Qu trnh lc huyn ph ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Tnh cht huyn ph:
nht, kch thc v hnh dng pha phn tn; ng lc qu trnh lc; tr lc b v vch
ngn; din tch b mt vch lc.
b. Theo DAKSI, tc lc c th biu din di dng phng trnh sau:
W
dV
P
Fd R R
v
b
(5.2)
Trong :
- nht ca pha lin tc, Ns/m2
Rb = 1/Pb tr lc ca b lc (tn tht p sut qua lp b), 1/m
Rv =1/Pv tr lc ca vch lc (tn tht p sut qua vch lc), 1/m
Trang 92

GVHD: V Vn Sim
c. Lc vi p sut khng i, P = const

phng trnh lc c dng
q2 + 2.C.q = K
q = V/F lng nc lc ring
Rv
2.P
; K
.r0 . X 0
r0 . X 0
X0
Va
- t s gia th tch b m thu c v lng nc lc
V
r0 tr lc ring theo th tch ca b lc (1/m2)
d. Lc vi tc lc khng i, W=const
phng trnh lc c dng
q2 + Cq =
II. S NGUYN L THIT B
3
1
1. Khung khuy huyn ph

2. Bm huyn ph
3. Thit b lc khung bn
Trang 93

GVHD: V Vn Sim
4.p k
III. BNG S LIU TH NGHIM
P = 0.2 at
(s)
V (l)
39.38
42.86
41.87
10
10
10
P = 0.4 at
(s)
V (l)
32.81
36.01
32.11
10
10
10
P = 0.6 at
(s)
V (l)
31.16
29.09
28.99
10
10
10
IV. PHC TRNH
1. Tnh nng sut ca qu trnh lc v lng nc lc ring

p sut p1= 0.2 at
- tnh nng sut ca qu trnh lc :
V1
10 10 3
39.38
= 2.5 10-4 (m3/s)
V1
10 10 3
42.86
= 2.3 10-4 (m3/s)
10 10 3
41.87
= 2.4 10-4 (m3/s)
Q1 = =
1
Q2 = =
2
Q3 =
V1
3
Din tch ca b mt lc :
S = 2 n a2
n: s bng lc
Trang 94

GVHD: V Vn Sim
a : chiu di cnh
=> S = 2 5 0.25 2
= 0.625 m2
- tnh lng nc lc ring:
q1 =
V1
S
q2 =
q3 =
10 10 3
0.625
= 0.016 (m3/m2)
V2
S
20 10 3
0.625
= 0.032 (m3/m2)
V3
S
30 10 3
0.625
= 0.048 (m3/m2)
q1 =
0.032 0.016 = 0.016 (m3/m2)
q 2 =
0.048 0.032 = 0.016 (m3/m2)
= 39.38 (s)
= 82.24 (s)
1 = 42.86 (s)
= 82.24 (s)
= 124.11 (s)
2 = 41.87 (s)
Phng trnh lc vi p sut khng i c dng:

q2 + 2Cq = K
2qdq + 2Cdq = Kd
2q + 2C = K.
d
dq
Trang 95

GVHD: V Vn Sim
d
dq
1
q1
42.86
0.016
2
.q1
K
41.87
0.016
2
.C
K
2
.C
K
0.032
2
.+
.C
K
K
2
.q 2
K
2
.q
K
2
2
.0.016 +
.C
K
K
2678.75 =
2
q 2
(1)
2
.C
K
2
2
.0.032 +
.C
K
K
2616.88 =
0.064
2
.+
.C
K
K
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh:

2678.75 =
0.032
2
.+
.C
K
K
(1)
2616.88 =
0.064
2
.+
.C
K
K
(2)
Ly (1) (2)
61.87 =
0.032
.
K
K = -5.17 10-4
Thay K = -5.17 10-4 vo (1) ta c C = - 0.708
p sut p2= 0.4 at
V2
Q1 = =
1
20 10 3
32.81
= 6.1 10-4 (m3/s)
Trang 96

GVHD: V Vn Sim
V2
Q2 = =
2
Q3 =
V2
3
20 10 3
36.01
= 5.55 10-4 (m3/s)
20 10 3
32.11
= 6.23 10-4 (m3/s)
S = 2 n a2
n: s bng lc
a : chiu di cnh
=> S = 2 5 0.25 2
= 0.625 m2
q1 =
V1
S
10 10 3
0.625
= 0.016 (m3/m2)
q2 =
V2
S
20 10 3
0.625
= 0.032 (m3/m2)
q3 =
V3
S
30 10 3
0.625
= 0.048 (m3/m2)
q1 =
0.032 0.016 = 0.016 (m3/m2)
q 2 =
0.048 0.032 = 0.016 (m3/m2)
= 32.81(s)
= 68.82 (s)
1 = 36.01 (s)
= 82.24 (s)
= 100.93 (s)
Trang 97

GVHD: V Vn Sim
2 = 32.11 (s)

q2 + 2Cq = K
2qdq + 2Cdq = Kd
d
dq
2q + 2C = K.
d
dq
1
q1
36.01
0.016
2
.q1
K
32.11
0.016
2
.C
K
2
.C
K
0.032
2
.+
.C
K
K
2
.q 2
K
2
.q
K
2
2
.0.016 +
.C
K
K
2250.625 =
2
q 2
(1)
2
.C
K
2
2
.0.032 +
.C
K
K
2006.875 =
0.064
2
.+
.C
K
K
(2)

2250.625 =
2006.875 =
0.032
2
.+
.C
K
K
0.064
2
.+
.C
K
K
Ly (1) (2)
243.75 =
(1)
(2)
0.032
.
K
K = - 1.3 10-4
Trang 98

GVHD: V Vn Sim
Thay K = - 1.3 10-4 vo (1) ta c C = - 0.16

p sut p3= 0.6 at
V3
30 10 3
31.16
= 9.63 10-4 (m3/s)
V3
30 10 3
29.09
= 1.031 10-3 (m3/s)
30 10 3
28.99
= 1.035 10-3 (m3/s)
Q1 = =
1
Q2 = =
2
Q3 =
V3
3
S = 2 n a2
n: s bng lc
a : chiu di cnh
=> S = 2 5 0.25 2
= 0.625 m2
q1 =
V1
S
10 10 3
0.625
= 0.016 (m3/m2)
q2 =
V2
S
20 10 3
0.625
= 0.032 (m3/m2)
q3 =
V3
S
30 10 3
0.625
= 0.048 (m3/m2)
q1 =
0.032 0.016 = 0.016 (m3/m2)
q 2 =
0.048 0.032 = 0.016 (m3/m2)

Trang 99

GVHD: V Vn Sim
= 31.16(s)
= 60.25 (s)
1 = 29.09 (s)
= 60.25 (s)
= 89.24 (s)
2 = 28.99 (s)

q2 + 2Cq = K
2qdq + 2Cdq = Kd
2q + 2C = K.
d
dq
1
q1
29.09
0.016
2
.q1
K
28.99
0.016
2
.C
K
2
.C
K
0.032
2
.+
.C
K
K
2
.q 2
K
2
.q
K
2
2
.0.016 +
.C
K
K
1818.125=
2
q 2
d
dq
(1)
2
.C
K
2
2
.0.032 +
.C
K
K
1811.875 =
0.064
2
.+
.C
K
K
(2)

Trang 100

GVHD: V Vn Sim
1818.125 =
0.032
2
.+
.C
K
K
(1)
1811.875 =
0.064
2
.+
.C
K
K
(2)
Ly (1) (2)
6.25 =
0.032
.
K
K = - 5.12 10-3
Thay K = - 5.12 10-3 vo (1) ta c C = - 4.67
BNG .
Gi tr C v K theo P
P
STT
0.2
- 0.708
-5.17 10-4
0.4
- 0.16
- 1.3 10-4
0.6
- 4.67
- 5.12 10-3
3. V th
th
theo q khi p1= 0.2 at
Bng s liu
q
0.016
0.032
2678.75
2616.88
Trang 101

GVHD: V Vn Sim
th
Bng s liu
q
th
0.016
0.032
2250.625
2006.875
Bng s liu
Trang 102

GVHD: V Vn Sim
0.016
0.032
1818.125
1811.875
4. Nhn xt
u im ca my lc khung bn : Din tch lc ln. Thit k linh hot, theo tng
module (din tch lc v vt liu lc c th d dng thay i). D dng chuyn i
t phng th nghim sang quy m sn xut. Vn hnh n gin, d dng cho ngi
s dng. Kt qu lc ng tin cy nu s dng vi lc hoc giy lc tiu chun.
Chi ch bo hnh thp. Sau khi lc vn gi nguyn tnh cht ca sn phm.
Trong th ta thy ng ni cc 1 ng thng c xu hng gim do trong
qu trnh thc hnh c s sai s khi bm thi gian v th tch ca mc nc cn
xc nh sau khi lc l khng hon ton chnh xc nn s liu ch mang tnh tng
i. Qua phng trnh lc ta thy rng khi tc lc khng thay i p sut lc
bin thin tuyn tnh theo thi gian lc
Khi p sut cng tng th lng nc lc trn mt n v din tch v lu lng
nc lc cng tng theo.
Trang 103

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\B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP.HCM

Tp.H Ch Minh 07/2013

Thc hnh K thut thc phm

1.1.1. Khi nim chung

C c p sut kh quyn: L phng php n gin nhng khng kinh t.

C c p sut d: dng cho cc dung dch khng phn hy nhit cao, s

Thc hnh K thut thc phm

Lm tng nng ca cht ha tan trong dung dch.

Tch cht rn ha tan dng rn (kt tinh).

Tch dung mi dng nguyn cht (nc ct).

D vn hnh, thao tc d dng.

Gi c cht lng, tnh cht sn phm, hay cc cu t d bay hi do dung dch

Nhp liu v tho sn phm n gin, khng cn n nh lu lng.

C th c c n cc nng khc nhau.

Khng cn phi gia nhit ban u cho dung dch.

Cu to n gin gi thnh thp.

Qu trnh c c khng n nh do nhit v p sut khng n dnh, tnh cht

Nhit hi th thp, khng dng c cho mc ch khc.

Kh gi c chn khng trong thit b.

- Trong sn xut thc phm, cn c c cc dung dch ng, nc tri cy ,.

Trong sn xut ha cht, ta cn c c cc dung dch: NaOH, NaCl, NaCl 2, cc

1.1.2. Cn bng vt cht trong h thng c c mt ni

Phng trnh cn bng vt cht ta c:

G. x = Gc. xc (theo hm lng cht kh trong dung dch)

Thc hnh K thut thc phm

W Lng hi th, [kg]; kg/s

Lng hi th trong qu trnh c c

Hnh 1. M hnh cn bng vt cht

Nng sn phm cui

1.1.3. Cn bng nhit lng trong h thng c c mt ni

Thc hnh K thut thc phm

Q2: Nhit do nc nng cung cp.

Tnh din tch b mt truyn nhit .

Thc hnh K thut thc phm

NGUYN LIU, HA CHT, DNG C, THIT B

1.2.1 Nguyn liu

1.2.2. Ha cht, dng c, thit b

Thc hnh K thut thc phm

THUYT MINH QUY TRNH

Kim tra cc van; m van 6, 10, cc van cn li ng.

Chun b 20 lt nc sch trong x nha.

Ht chn khng khi kim p k ch 0.6 at th tt bm.

M van 1 ht ht nc sch vo trong ni.

Kim tra mc nc trong v o bng cch m van 5.

M cng tc khuy trn.

Khi nhit nc trong ni t 60oC th x nc bng cch x chn khng van 1

Thc hnh K thut thc phm

Pha 5 lt dung dch ng 15%.

Kim tra cc van, van 6 m, cc van cn li ng.

M van 1 ht ht 5 lt dung dch vo trong ni.

M van 9 nc vo ng xon ngng t hi th.

M cng tc khuy trn (5 pht khuy 1 ln, mi ln 1pht).

K t lc dung dch trong ni si (60oC), th c 10 pht ly mu 1 ln o Brix,

Cch ly nc ngng t: ng van 6, m van 7, van 8, ly nc ngng xong thao

Dung mi l nc bc hi v thot ra ngoi qua ng dn hi th sau khi qua

Khi dung dch trong ni t 500 Brix tr ln th dng qu trnh c c.

M van 1 thng p kh tri.

M van 4 x dung dch sau c c ra ngoi cn khi lng.

Kim tra cc van: van 6,van 10 m, cc van cn li ng.

Chun b 20 lt nc sch trong x nha.

Ht chn khng khi kim p k ch 0.6 at th tt bm.

M van 1 ht ht nc sch vo trong ni.