PERSEPSI VISUAL

PERTEMUAN 4
AYU RIANA SARI, M.SI, PSI

Tujuan instruksional :
Setelah pertemuan ini
mahasiswa mampu
memahami dan menjelaskan
mengenai :
1. Proses informasi penglihatan
2. Persepsi visual
3. Ilusi penglihatan

CAHAYA

DIMENSI CAHAYA
PANJANG GELOMBANG:
warna (hue)
TINGGI GELOMBANG :
kecerahan (brightness)
GABUNGAN PANJANG
GELOMBANG : saturasi

COLOR VISION
Properties of color
Hue warna
Saturation gabungan warna
Brightness terang mendekatnya warna ke putih

WARNA
SUBSTRAKSI WARNA
Jika tiga warna utama
dicampurkan (pigmen),
maka panjang
gelombang berkurang
shg menghasilkan hitam.

PENAMBAHAN WARNA
Jika tiga warna utama
dicampurkan (cahaya),
maka panjang
gelombang bertambah
dan menghasilkan
warna putih.

STRUKTUR MATA

STRUKTUR MATA
Pupil- adjustable opening in
the center of the eye
Iris- a ring of muscle that
forms the colored portion of
the eye around the pupil and
controls the size of the pupil
opening

Cornea and Lens- clear

membrane and transparent
yet flexible disc shapes
behind pupil that bending
and changes shape to focus
images on the retina

STRUKTUR MATA
Retina

inner surface of eye

light sensitive
contains rods and cones
layers of neurons
beginning of visual information processing

The most important part of the retina is the fovea, a tiny

area in the center of the retina at which vision is at its
best

RETINA
The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye
that records electromagnetic energy and
converts it to neural impulses for processing in the
brain.
has approximately 126 million receptor cells.
two kinds of visual receptor cells: rods and cones.

Transduksi

KARAKTERISTIK RODS DAN CONES

= 120 juta
Melihat hitam dan
putih
Berfungsi pada
cahaya redup
Bentuknya kurus dan
panjang
Tidak ada di fovea

SEL BATANG (RODS)

= 6 juta
Melihat warna
Berfungsi pada cahaya
terang
Bentuknya gemuk dan
pendek
Berada di fovea dan di
luar fovea

SEL KERUCUT (CONES)

SENSASI PENGLIHATAN
Bipolar cells
Receive input
from receptor
cells

Ganglion cells
Receive input
from bipolar
cells

Blind spot
Area where
axons of
ganglion cells
leave the eye

ADAPTASI
Dark adaptation
Increased sensitivity of rods and cones in darkness

Light adaptation
Decreased sensitivity of rods and cones in bright light

Afterimage
Sense experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has
been removed

VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING

Optic nerve
Made up of axons
of ganglion cells
carries neural
messages from
each eye to brain

Optic chiasm
Point where part of
each optic nerve
crosses to the other
side of the brain

VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING

 Parallel processing : the simultaneous

distribution of information across different
neural pathways
Binding , the bringing together and
integration of what is processed by different
pathways or cells

PERSEPSI VISUAL - PROSES PARAREL

Pada persepsi visual, orang harus menyadari apa
yang dilihat dan dimana letaknya, untuk dapat
berespon dengan tepat.
What pathway terletak di lobus temporal, memproses
informasi mengenai apa benda tersebut termasuk
warna, bentuk dan tekstur. Mis : mengenali wajah.
Where pathway terletak di lobus parietal, berkaitan
dengan proses informasi pergerakan dan kedalaman
benda. Mis : untuk menyeberang jalan.
Juga terdapat di pendengaran dan perabaan.

VISUAL CORTEX
Most visual information travels to the primary visual cortex,
where it is processed, before moving to other visual areas
for further analysis (Schira & others, 2010).
Feature detectors are neurons in the brains visual system
that respond to particular features of a stimulus.

DETEKSI BENTUK
Pada lobus temporal terjadi kombinasi aktifitas ketika
seseorang melihat suatu benda.

Teori penglihatan warna

1. Trichromatic theory
Thomas Young (1802) & Hermann von Helmholtz (1852)
= color

perception is produced by three types of cone

receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to
different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.
cones sensitive to red, blue, and green.
Color blindness
The nature of color blindness depends on which of the
three kinds of cones (red, blue, or green) is inoperative
(Machado, Oliveira, & Fernandes, 2009).

BUTA WARNA
Approximately 10% of
men and 1% of women
have some form of
colorblindness
Dichromats
People who are blind to
either red-green or blueyellow

Monochromats
People who see no color
at all, only shades of light
and dark

 Orang yg
buta
merah-hijau
bermasalah
dalam
melihat
angka di
gambar

 Ewald Hering -- Teori trikromat tidak dapat

menjelaskan semua penglihatan warna dan
color after-image
Orang dengan penglihatan normal tidak
dapat melihat merah kehijauan atau
biru kekuningan

TEORI PENGLIHATAN WARNA

2. Opponent process theory

Ewald Hering (1878)
= states that cells in the visual system respond
to red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given
cell might be excited by red and inhibited by
green, whereas another cell might be excited
by yellow and inhibited by blue.

PERSEPSI VISUAL

1.
2.
3.
4.

PERSEPSI BENTUK (SHAPE)

PERSEPSI KEDALAMAN (DEPTH)
PERSEPSI GERAK (MOTION)
KONSTANSI (CONSTANCY)

PERSEPSI BENTUK
Contour : a location at which a sudden change of
brightness occurs
gestalt psychology is a school of thought interested
in how people naturally organize their perceptions
according to certain patterns.

main principle :
the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

GESTALT LAWS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Closure
Figure and ground
Proximity
Similarity
Continuation

PERSEPSI KEDALAMAN
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects threedimensionally.
1. BINOCULAR CUES
= depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in
the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together.
- Retinal disparity adalah perbedaan dalam bayanganbayangan yang jatuh pada retina dari kedua mata
Convergence -- A binocular cue to depth and distance in which
the muscle movements in our two eyes provide information
about how deep and/or far away something is.
2. MONOCULAR CUES
= depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right
or the left.

MONOCULAR CUES (PICTORIAL CUES)

1. Familiar Size
2. Height in the field of view
3. Linear perspective
4. Overlap (superposition)
5. Shading
6. Texture gradient

 Familiar size : Isyarat kedalaman dan

jarak didasarkan pada pengalaman kita
mengenai ukuran standar dari objek.
Misalnya : kita memiliki pengetahuan
mengenai ukuran jeruk, sehingga kita bisa
memperkirakan berapa jauh jarak jeruk
berdasarkan ukuran citranya di retina.

 Height in
field of view :
objek yang
lebih tinggi di
dalam suatu
citra dihayati
sebagai
objek yang
lebih jauh.

 Over lap (Superposition)

Jika suatu objek
diletakkan sedemikian
rupa sehingga
menghalangi pandangan
objek lain, orang
menghayati objek yang
menutup sebagai lebih
dekat.

Gradient of texture :
struktur gambar
semakin halus bila
jarak semakin jauh

Linear perspective :
Jika garis pararel
tampak bergabung,
mereka dihayati
seakan-akan
menghilang di
kejauhan.

PERSEPSI GERAK
Deteksi gerakan :
1. Terdapat neuron khusus yg mendeteksi gerakan
2. Feedback dari badan
3. Informasi dari lingkungan
Gerakan :
1. Real movement
2. Apparent movement

PERGERAKAN APPARENT

Muncul saat objek dalam kondisi diam, namun kita

mempersepsikannya bergerak.

1.

Terdapat dua bentuk, yaitu :

Stroboscopic motion, yaitu ilusi pergerakan yang
diciptakan melalui stimulasi yang terus menerus
pada bagian-bagian yang berbeda di retina.
Misalnya : film kartun
Movement aftereffects, terjadi ketika kita melihat
gerakan yang terus menerus kemudian melihat ke
permukaan lain, terlihat bergerak dengan arah
yang berlawanan.

2.

INDUCED MOTION
Misalnya :
- Melihat bulan di langit cerah dengan melihat bulan
diiringi awan-awan yang bergerak.
- Saat naik mobil, kemudian kendaraan di samping kita
bergerak, kita merasa bahwa kita yang bergerak.

KONSTANSI PERSEPSI
= the recognition that objects are constant and
unchanging even though sensory input about
them is changing.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object
remains the same size even though the retinal
image of the object changes
Shape constancy is the recognition that an
object retains the same shape even though its
orientation to you changes.
Color constancy is the recognition that an
object retains the same color even though
different amounts of light fall on it.

ILUSI VISUAL
Ilusi visual muncul ketika ada perbedaan antara
kenyataan dan representasi visualnya.

Salah mengartikan isyarat untuk mempertahankan

konstansi.