Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE & HARDWARE
Basics of Internet
Launch yourself into the World Wide Web
Surfing the Internet?
Fundamentals of web site designing
Fundamentals of web marketing and search engine submissions
How to make money from Internet?
BEST WEB SITES IN INDIA
INTERNATIONAL WEB DIRECTORY
Find a romance online
Go shopping online
Find your dream job through Internet
Resources for career development and online entrance preparation
RESOURCES FOR GRE, TOEFL & OVERSEAS EDUCATION IN THE INTERNET
How to publish your work through Internet?
A brief introduction to cyber laws, cyber crimes & hacking
MEDICAL RESOURCES IN INDIA
Movie resources in Internet
Music resources in Internet
Spiritual resources in India
Sports resources in Internet
INTERNATIONAL WEB DIRECTORY
Yoga & meditation resources in Internet
A GUIDE TO DOT COM START-UPS AND VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDING
Free resources available in the Internet
Latest trend in Internet
Fundamentals of e-commerce
Glossary of common terms associated with Internet
Conclusion.
Types of Storage
a. Types of diskettes: 3.5", 5.25", High/Low density
b. Disk drive
c. Taking care of diskettes
d. Hard disk
e. 5-1/4 inch floppy diskettes
f. CD-ROM: stores much more data; most CD drives you can't write to disk
Measuring RAM or Disks
One Byte = 1 character
1 Kb = 1K = 1,024 bytes (but rounded to 1,000)
1 MB = 1 million bytes
1 GB = 1 billion bytes
Examples:
- 3.5 " diskette = 300 single spaced text;
- most hard disks today: 500MB to 1Gb+
- typical minimum recommended RAM: 16MB (24 - 32MB better)
Rule of thumb for RAM: More is Better!
Keyboard: HP pavilion enhanced one touch multimedia keyboard with internet access and media
control.
Mouse: HP pavilion scrolling mouse.
Tips For Buying A New Computer
Computer technology and prices change daily; the longer you wait, you will get a better computer
for less money. Talk to several different computer professionals first; don't just listen to a
salesperson who is selling a particular brand of computer.
BEFORE you buy, make sure you think about your short term/long term needs for both personal
and business, make a list of the types of things you need to do. See the computer in action
BEFORE you buy it to verify it does what you want.
Note:
When purchasing a personal computer you will need to make many decisions,such as, the
microprocessor type and speed, amount of memory, capacity of the hard drive and much more.
Deciding what to buy can be an arduous task!
Common Components . The good news is that all computers have certain common components.
What makes each one different are the specifications of the components, the amount and type of
memory installed, the hard drive capacity, and the additional components installed which you
decide on, that enhance the function of the computer. Every computer must have a few essential
components.
The Printer
If you are going to want a hard copy of your work, you are going to need a printer. Printers come in
various types to choose from. Some beneficial features that some printers have are producing
letters, invoices, newsletters, transparencies, labels, packaging slips, and much more.
What type of system do you need?
You need a computer system that performs all of the tasks that you want to use it to do. For
example: Use applications to complete class assignments. Communicate with family and friends.
Search the Internet and World Wide Web. Play games.
Once you have decided the main purpose for using your computer system you can then determine
the type of microprocessor you should buy Pentium II System - Excellent Performance The price of
your system will depend on the type and speed microprocessor you choose. For the best
performance shop for an Intel Pentium II processor. The Pentium II is available in speeds of
400MHz, 350MHz, 333MHz, 300MHz, 266MHz or 233MHz.
Pentium II - 400 MHz
This is a serious computer chip, and with all that power comes a hefty price tag. Buy this
microprocessor if you are seriously into image editing, computer-aided design (CAD) or any other
CPU intensive work. This is a really high-end machine that should be purchased if you need a lot
of processing power.
Pentium II - 266 MHz
This microprocessor is an average speed chip currently popular among vendors. It does not have
the speed of the 400 MHz, but it is still quite a powerful competitor. This processor has ample
power to run office applications and is an excellent choice for doing schoolwork. This middle
ground processor will not have to be upgraded for a while.
Pentium MMX - 200 MHz
This is the slowest chip that a person should buy right now. Buy this chip if the only thing you will
be doing on your computer is running office applications and surfing the web. If you plan on
running CAD programs or doing any image editing, a faster processor would probably be a better
choice. If budget isimportant this microprocessor will get you through creating term papers and
spreadsheets and give you good performance.
Note: Now days, you can get processing speeds of 600MHz, 500MHz of the Pentium-2 computers
and 667MHz, 933MHz versions of Pentium-3 computers.
What is an Operating System (OS)?
An operating system (from here on OS) is basically software that makes everything in the
computer work together smoothly and efficiently (hopefully!). Basically, its controls the "overall"
activity of a computer. Operating systems have three basic jobs they must do:
(a) Control Hardware - The operating system controls all the parts of the computer and attempts to
get everything working together.
(b) Run Applications - Another job the OS does is run application software. This would include
Microsoft Office, WinZip, games, etc.
(c) Manage Data and Files - The OS makes it easy for you to organize your computer. Through the
OS you are able to do a number of things to data including copy, move, delete, and rename it. This
makes it much easier to find and organize what you have.
Types of Operating Systems
There are a vast number of OS's out there. Let's briefly go over few of the more common ones:
Windows 95/98 - This is what you will find on most new PC's today. It is a very popular OS, and
there are many applications that run on it. It has an easy-to-use Graphical User Interface (GUI).
Windows NT - Windows NT is another Microsoft operating system that is beginning to really
catch on because of it's networking capabilities. Microsoft is trying to slowly phase out Windows
95/98 and replace it with some form of NT.
Macintosh System 7/8 - This is the operating system found on the Macintosh brand of
computers. This was one of the first GUI's to become popular. Macs have the history of being easy
to use, and coming equipped with all the hardware you'll need.
*NIX - This includes the OS's like UNIX, LINUX, etc. These are commonly called "workstations".
UNIX is a command prompt OS, much like the now defunct Microsoft DOS operating system. Unix
is by far the oldest of the operating systems, having been in existence for a good 20 years. *NIX
systems are now becoming a little more popular as desktops with the invention of programs like X
Windows, which allows *NIX systems to have a GUI. *NIX systems are still the kings of the
networking world, and many of the world's servers run *NIX.
What is a supercomputer?
Super computer is a computer that can process data millions of times faster than ordinary
computers. It consists of special microprocessors, which can process billions of data at a time.
Currently only five nations have the capability to make supercomputers and India is one of them..
Param 10000 developed by C-DAC, Pune is already in use for weather and military purposes.
Hardware tutorial
The three main components of a personal computer:
1. System Unit 2. Monitor 3. Keyboard
The System Unit
The system unit is the entire computer as a whole. This includes the case and all the hardware that
is installed inside. The rest of these pages will cover what is contained in the system unit. Be sure
to use the Clickable List to learn more about each topic!
More About the System Unit
The system unit is the computer. Powerful electronic circuitry that makes up the computer is
housed inside the case. The case can be opened by unscrewing the case screws and sliding off
the cover. To avoid, the computer must be unplugged from the electrical outlet. Most system units
consist of the computer case with a power supply,
suppl motherboard, memory (RAM), hard drive, floppy
disk drive, CDCD-ROM drive, disk controller, input/output ports, video adapter, and soundboard.
soundboar The
variation of the components inside the system unit is what makes one personal computer more
powerful than another personal computer.
The Case
The first decision we have to make is the type of case that we want our computer to have. The
case also comes with the power supply needed to power itself, along with the other components
that we add. The two styles that we have to choose from are a desktop or a tower case. All this
decision is based on is your personal preference. One type of case will not out-perform the other.
Sam prefers a mid-size tower case.
More About the Case
A power supply is installed in the case to provide the voltage needed to power the electronic
circuits in the system unit. Power supplies are rated in watts, and a typical computer case has a
200 watt power supply inside. A fan installed in the power supply helps to keep the computer and
its components from overheating. All the hardware components are installed in the bays of the
case. Usually not all the bays are filled when you purchase a new computer. Some are left unfilled
so you are able to upgrade your machine in time, for example, you may want to add a ZIP drive,
tape back up, or a CD-ROM burner.
The Mainboard
Selecting the mainboard is next. Every system has one: The motherboard is the largest circuit
board in your computer. It generally houses the CPU chip (brains of your computer), the controller
circuitry, the bus, memory (RAM-Random Access Memory) and sockets for additional boards,
which are actually called daughterboards. If you have a desktop computer, the motherboard is
generally the one at the bottom of the computer's case. If you have a tower-configuration case, it's
along one of the vertical sides. Clickable List System Unit Case Mainboard <Hardware_08-1.htm>
More About the Mainboard
The main circuit board, which is the largest single printed circuit board found inside the system
unit, is called the motherboard or mainboard. The mainboard has connectors called expansion
slots that will interface with other printed circuit boards such as sound and video adapter cards.
The most commonly used connectors are the ISA and PCI expansion slots.
Expansion Slots
Below is a section of an ISA network card that highlights the teeth of the card, which will allow it to
link with the motherboard (Teeth are Actual Size). The teeth will be seated into one of the ISA
expansion slots located on the motherboard. The network cable will then attach to the card. This is
a section of a PCI modem. Again, the highlighted region will connect into one of the motherboard's
PCI expansion slots, linking the modem to the motherboard (Teeth are Actual Size). The phone
line will connect to the card's exterior phone jack.
Microprocessor
On the motherboard, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is contained on a single integrated circuit
called the Microprocessor. The CPU is one of the most important elements of the personal
computer; without a CPU, there is no computer. The CPU contains the control unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). The microprocessor is connected to the rest of the computer system
through three buses: the data bus, the address bus, and the control bus. CPU's come in different
speeds measured in Megahertz (MHz). The higher the number, the faster the processor is. There
are many different company's that produce. CPU's, which include Intel, AMD, and Cyrix.
Cyri Intel
made the first CPU back in 1971.
A CPU CONSIST OF
Video adapter, Input/output ports, Hard disk drive, Motherboard, Adapter, Fan, Floppy disk drive,
CD ROM drive.
Memory
The computer's primary memory (RAM) is also located on the motherboard. Most motherboards
have open connectors for Single In-line Memory Modules (SIMMS) so you can add more memory
quickly and inexpensively. You can purchase these memory chips whenever you decide to
upgrade your computer's memory. SIMM chips come in various types, so you will want to be aware
of what type you have. Additional important components on the motherboard include the BIOS
(Basic Input Output System), cache memory, system clock, keyboard connector, battery, and
support chips.
and to another computer that has the same type of NIC. Sam says that this is mainly common in
businesses and in University Computer Labs where everyone can access the same server.
The Monitor
All computers are connected with some type of display. We mainly use a monitor. Monitors are
available in different types and sizes. When we purchase a new computer, a monitor is not always
included. Understanding the concepts of a good monitor will help us to either purchase one, or
evaluate the monitor that may come with our system unit. Some of these key concepts that need to
be looked at are: pixels, refresh rate, resolution, and size.
More About Monitors
Monitors come in many different shapes and forms. Going out and looking at all the different types
will help you find what you want.
Types Of Monitors
When we talk about screens, there are two different types to choose from:
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): the most common type of screen. This is the traditional picture tube,
a big glass bottle. This is just like a television.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): flat and soft displays. The prices of these screens range higher
than CRT's. They are called "soft" displays, because the image appears softer than the CRT.
Concepts Behind Monitors
The principles behind these screen types are different, but the screen image design is still based
on the same concepts. These concepts consist of the following:
Pixels: The screen image is made of pixels (tiny dots), which are arranged in rows across the
screen. A screen image consists of between 480,000 and 1,920,000 pixels. Each pixel consists of
three colors: red, green, and blue (RGB).If you look close, you can see them.
Dot pitch: This is a measurement of how close together the phosphor dots are on the screen. The
finer the dot pitch, the better image quality you will have; look for the smaller number. Most
monitors today have a 0.28mm dot pitch. Some have a 0.25mm dot pitch, and this is quite good.
Refresh Rate: The screen image is refreshed many times per second. Refresh rates are
measured in Hertz (HZ), which means times per second. The higher the refresh rate, the screen
image appears steadier. It may look like a steady picture, but actually it flickers every time the
electron beam hits the phosphor-coated dots. (Also called vertical frequency or vertical refresh
rate.)
Colour Depth: Each pixel can display a number of different colors. The number of colors, which
can be displayed, is called the colour depth. This is measured in bits. The higher the depth, more
colors are able to be produced.
Video RAM (VRAM): All video cards have some memory. How much depends on the desired
colour depth you want your monitor set at. The more VRAM your video card has, the more the
amount of colors can be displayed. The video card also sends out the refresh signal, thus
controlling the refresh rate.
Resolution: The greater the number of pixels in the screen, the better the resolution. The greater
the resolution, the sharper the image will be. The lowest screen resolution on modern PC's is 640 x
480 pixels, which is called VGA. There are now SVGA (Super VGA) and XGA with resolutions all
the way up to 1600 x 1200. The terms are not used much anymore; we mainly look at the
resolution.
Screen Size: Monitor screen sizes are measured in inches, just like televisions. The most
common sizes are 14", 15", 17", 19", and 21" screens, measured diagonally. Note that the visible
size is actually smaller than the measurement size.
Colors: Colors are a must!! Good PC's must be able to display many colors on the screen. The
colors are created by varying the light intensity of the three basic colors (red, green, and blue). We
traditionally work with the following degrees of color depth:
256 colors (8 bit color), 65,536 colors (16 bit color, also called 65K or HiColor), 16 million colors
(24 bit color, also called True Color), 4 billion colors (32 bit color, also True Color), 24 and 32 bit
colors should be the choice for graphic artists and professional Photographers.
Photographers For application less
than this 16-bit color will be sufficient.
Standard Resolution # of pixels Rec. Size Refresh Rate
VGA 640 x 480 307,200 14" 60 - 72 HZ
SVGA 800 x 600 480,000 15" 17" 75 - 85 HZ
SVGA 1024 x 728 786,432 17", 19" 75 - 85 HZ
XGA 1152 x 864 995,328 17", 19", 21" 75 - 85 HZ
XGA 1280 x 1024 1,310,720 19", 21" 75 - 85 HZ
XGA 1600 x 1200 1,920,000 21" 75 - 85 HZ
To sum it all up: The higher the refresh rate, the better quality monitor you need. If you want both
high resolution and a high refresh rate, you will need both a high quality monitor and a high quality
video card. The bigger the screen, the more it must be able to produce.
Autoview
This software helps to view graphics. It supports almost all graphics format. Editing of graphics can
also be done with the help of this software.
Browsers
This software helps in extracting data from the Internet to be displayed in the computer, while
surfing the net. The most commonly used browsers are Internet explorer and Netscape navigator.
Photo editing software
These softwares help in manipulation of graphics. Some of the most common brands are Adobe
PhotoShop, paintshop pro and Corel draw.
FoxPro
This software helps in creating and maintaining huge database.
What is a computer and how it works?
Computers can store information in either human-readable format or in machine readable or binary
format. If you try to print, or open a binary format file, you will see a series of happy faces and other
symbols that mean nothing to you. Within binary files, there can be open standards or proprietary
formats. Different word processors use different symbols to indicate formatting--thus Microsoft
Word may or may not be able to read and correctly format a Word Perfect file. For complete
portability you should use a universal format like ASCII (text only) or HTML (allows formatting).
Computers store all data as a series of ones and zeros. For numbers this leads to a fundamental
difference between integers (the counting numbers) and real or floating point numbers. Integers
can be stored exactly with a series of ones and zeros, but real numbers must be approximated.
Computers store reals as an exponent and mantissa, which allows precision to a given number of
decimal places depending on the number of bytes used. Real arithmetic requires much
more computer processing power than integer arithmetic, which is why computers typically has a
math coprocessor or floating point unit (FPU) designed to perform the calculations in hardware.
Real numbers generally follow the standards of the IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers), which provides both 4 byte and 8 byte floating point types.
Image formats:
BMP: the standard Windows Bit Map Picture format.
GIF: Graphics Interchange format, pioneered for CompuServe.
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Groups, a compressed format in the public domain.
TIFF: Tagged Image File Format, with both compressed and uncompressed variants. A special
version (GEOTIFF) can contain ground co-ordinates associated with the image, making it
applicable for satellite or map data.
Movie formats:
MOV:
MO the Apple QuickTime format. Apple has a viewer available for free download for Windows.
Compressed format.
GIF:
GI Graphics Interchange format, pioneered for Compuserve.
Compuserv This movie format can only use 256
colors and does not support sound. Compressed format.
AVI: AudioVisual Interleaved, the native Windows format. These can be uncompressed or
compressed; if compressed, the viewing computer must have the correct code to decipher the file,
and often this will not be the case.
MPEG:
MPE Motion Picture Experts Group, a compressed format.
Sound formats:
WAV: Windows AudioVisual, basically a digital tape recorder format. Setting control the quality of
the sound, and files can become very large very fast.
MID: MIDI, where only the notes and instruments used are stored. Very compact for instrumental
music, but cannot store vocals or sound effects.
MP3: current MPEG format for sound only, with very good compression. Legal quagmire as people
copy and post music illegally, but many struggling bands want to distribute their music
Data Storage Sizes:
Bit: the smallest element used by a computer. In electrical terms it represents on/off; in
mathematical terms, a 0/1.
Byte: eight bits. The can represent 28 (256) distinct values, or numbers from 0 to 255.
Kilobyte: 1024bytes, often loosely considered to be 1000 bytes.
Megabyte: 10242=1,048,576 bytes, often loosely considered to be 1,000,000 bytes
Gigabyte: 10243=1,073,741,824 bytes, often loosely considered to be 1,000,000,000 bytes.
Terabyte : 10244=1,099,511,627,776 bytes, often loosely considered to be 1,000,000,000,000
bytes.
Text formats
ASCII: American Standard Code for the Interchange of Information. A code that uses 128 values
to transfer text data between computers. These include the alphabet (upper and lower case), 10
digits, punctuation marks, and some control characters (tab, beep, line return, escape). Since
computers generally use bytes for efficient storage, IBM extended this character set to include
some international characters and box drawing. The extra 128 characters should beavailable on
most Windows machines.
HTML: Hyper Text Mark up Language, the mainstay of the WWW. An ASCII coding that using
special codes (<B> and </B> to start and stop boldface, for instance) to allow the transfer of
formatting information in files. Standard word processors use proprietary codes for formatting that
usually cannot be readily transformed to other machines.
Color formats
RGB model: computers and televisions used a red-green-blue model for colors; the monitors use
three electron guns.
CYM model: printers use a cyan-yellow-magenta model. Cyan is a light blue (the mixture of green
and blue), yellow mixes red and green and magenta is purple (the mixture of red and blue). Mixing
all three should give black, but this generally looks bad and most printers also include a fourth ink,
black.
16 color: the 16 colors can be selected from the 16 million the monitor can display.
256 color: the 256 colors can be selected from the 16 million the monitor can display, although in
some cases Windows forces about 30 of the colors to be its standard choices.
15 bit color : uses 5 bits for each color.
16 bit (high color): since storage must be in 8 bit (or byte) increments, 16 bit color is common. This
does not divide evenly into three colors, but blue generally contains much less information than red
or green and this provides very acceptable results.
24 bit (true color): 8 bits for each color, or a total of 16,777,216. This is the limit that can be
displayed by most monitors. Most users cannot differentiate anywhere near this number of colors,
and cannot distinguish this mode from 15 and 16 bit modes.
Storage media:
Floppy disks:
disk store 1.44 MB
Zip disks: original version stores 100 MB; newer version larger. This has become a kind of
standard because so many have been sold. You can get internal models, which are faster, or
external models, which are easy to transport and hook up to the computer via the printer port.
Made by IOMEGA.
JAZZ disks: stores 1 GB. Only available in internal models. Made by IOMEGA.
CDCD-ROM: store 650 MB, or 74 minutes of CD quality music (so about 9 MB/minute)
CDCD-R: CD-Recordable; these can be burned once. The media cost about $1 each for 650 MB, so
media cost is negligible.
CDCD-R W: CD-Rewrite; these can be written over. They cost $10 or so each, and thus are a lot more
costly than plain CD-R.
DVD: store the equivalent of 5-6 CD-ROMs. The encryption system for movies has just been
cracked in Scandinavia, setting off a legal battle about whether you can post a link to the location
where the software is available.
FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET
What is Internet?
Internet consist of a network of millions of computers all over the world connected through
telephone lines and satellites, which can speak (communicate) to each other by exchanging data.
The information is stored in a device called the "server" or the host, from which any computer
connected to the internet can access the data stored in that server. Even the computer itself
can act as a server.
Or
You can simply say that Internet is an international network of computers linked with each other to
exchange information. Learn more about Internet at: www.learnthenet.com
What are the components of Internet?
Just consider Internet as a tree. A tree consists of leaves, branches roots stem etc. Like that, the
Internet also has got several branches. The basic components of Internet are
1. world wide web
2. E-mail
3. Telnet
4. FTP
5. IRC (internet relay chat)
6. Usenet groups
E-mail
It is the short form of electronic mail. Using this facility you can send texts graphics etc to anybody
who has got an e-mail account. a typical e-mail account looks like you@hotmail.com .Now
.
days
there are lot of sites, which provide free e-mail services. Some major e-mail service providers are
www.operamail.com
www.hotmail.com
www.yahoo.com
www.mailcity.com
www.netaddresses.com
www.rediff.com
www.aol.com.
If you want to search for somebodye -mail, use e-mail search engines. Some of the best e-mail
search engines are
www.bigfoot.com
www.iaf.net
www.whowhere.com
www.four11.com
FTP
Abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol. A special FTP program is used to transfer files from one
computer to another. It is often used by Webmasters to upload their files to a Web site. It is also
used to download files from Web sites.
Usenet newsgroups
A system of thousands of special interest groups to which readers can send or "post" messages;
these messages are then distributed to other computers on the network. Usenet registers
newsgroups, which are available through Internet Service Providers.
IRC (Chat)
It is the short form of Internet relay chat. Chat describes the way people communicate online in real
time. The term "chat" is actually a misnomer. Typically, people in online chat sessions type
messages to each other using their keyboards. The message then appears on the screens of all
the participants. Chats can involve two or more people.
Chat Room
An electronic space, typically a web site or a section of an online service, where people can go to
communicate online in real time. Chat rooms are often organized around specific interests, such as
small business owners, gardening, etc.
FTP
This is an acronym for File Transfer Protocol -- a very common method of transferring one or more
files from one computer to another. FTP is a specific way to connect to another Internet site to
retrieve and send files. FTP was developed in the early days of the Internet to copy files from
computer to computer. With the advent of the World Wide Web, and web browser software,
you no longer need to know arcane FTP commands to copy to and from other computers. In your
browser, you can use FTP by typing the URL into the location box at the top of your screen. For
example, typing ftp://name.of.site/directory/filename.zip transfers the file filename.zip to your
computer's hard disk. Typing ftp://name.of.site/directory/ gives you a listing of all the files available
in that directory. If your web browser doesn't have built-in FTP capability, or if you want to upload
files to a remote computer, you will need to use an FTP client program to transfer files. To use
FTP, you need to know the name of the file, the computer where it resides, and the directory it's in.
Most files are available via "anonymous FTP," which means you can log into the machine with the
user name "anonymous" and use your e-mail address as your password.
Telnet
Telnet is a software program that allows you to log in to other remote computers on the Internet to
which you have access. Once you are logged into the remote system, you can download files,
engage in conferencing, and perform the same commands as if you were directly connected by
computer. You need an Internet account to be able to use a telnet program.
For example, the web site address of " yahoo" search engine is
http://www.yahoo.com
Eg.
The IP address (Internet protocol address) of www.wonderfulkerala.com is 208.56.218.128. if you
type this number on the address bar and press , the site www.wonderfulkerala.com will open.
What is a server?
A server is a machine in which web pages or computer data is stored for future use. A web server
can be defined as that machine which is connected to Internet, in which web pages are stored.
Whenever a client computer requests data from this server, it transfers the data satisfying a
protocol called "http" or hypertext transfer protocol. Depending upon the configuration of the
server, thousands of computers can access the data from the sever at a time. Some of the server
manufacturing companies are IBM (International business machines): www.ibm.com
What is a domain name?
Just like your surname (like Patel, Sharma, Nair, Gupta, Singh etc) all the web sites in the Internet
end up with a specific domain name. It indicates the nature of the web site and some times the
country of its registration. For example, consider the web site " www.yahoo.co m", the "com" part of
it is called domain name. It also indicates that "yahoo" is a commercial organization. Following are
some of the common domain names. Before registering a domain name, just see whether that
domain name is available for registration through the web site
www.register.com .
Domain names are very critical for business. If you have got a saleable domain name, you can
make a lot of money. Recently, domain names like "www.loan.com. www.fruit.com were sold for
millions of dollars. If you want to do the same, register a domain name and try selling it, perhaps
you too can make some money out of it.
In India, you can register a domain name for just Rs.650 for a year. Two companies are offering
this service. Visit the following sites to get more details
www.net4domains.com
www.pugmarks.com
Note: while registering a domain name remember the following things It should be simple and
catchy and if possible have some resemblance with your business. Don go for long names, here
the problem comes when a person may wrongly spell your site. Almost all the successful
companies have short domain names, see www.yahoo.com or www.google.com. See more details
in the site: www.useit.com.
www.cyber-nurse.com/homepages/
www.sunnet.net/copeland/free.htm
www.moneyfromtheweb.com/dfreehomepages.html
www.1000free.com/free/free_homepages.asp
www.chickasha.com
www.errorfree.eu.org
While you are surfing the web, your browser will automatically save all thepages that you
have visited as "cache files" or temporary Internet files. You can view all these pages later
by just clicking the "history" button in your browser.
If you are surfing the net daily for hours together, a big history file will be generated, which
may eventually slow down your computer. So occasionally click the "clear history" button in
the browser settings to remove old pages.
Also you can set the expiration date for the history files which will be stored as cache files,
using options in the browser settings. It is better that you keep the expiry date say 1 to 2
days, using browser settings.
Surfing the Internet with the help of search engines and directories
The best and easiest way to surf the net is by using search engines. If you go to web directories
(yahoo, google, gobutton etc) and simply type the category of sites you want to see, say art, then
the directory will list all the sites related with art in that category. Else, you can search for a
particular topic in the search engines. Following are the top ten search engines in the Internet
www.google.com
www.altavista.com
www.northernlight.com
www.yahoo.com
www.msn.com
www.lycos.com
www.excite.com
www.snap.com
www.hotbot.com
www.euroseek.com
Meta search engines
These are search engines, which will give the combined search results of many
search engines put together. Some major meta search engines are
www.metacrawler.com
www.webcrawler.com
www.appuonline.com
www.dogpile.com
If you want to know more about search engines, visit
www.searchenginewatch.com
. Etc>
your site is already listed in the search engine. Suppose I opened the search engine and type "
shirshasan" and give a search, then the search engine will search the entire web to find out the
pages containing that key word. Since your site is having that key word, your site will also come-up
in the search result.
Note:
While writing Meta tags, always remember that, you should not repeat a word again and again. If
done like that, the search engines will blacklist your site or remove your site from the listing. So
give synonyms of words. For example your site is about nature, the meta tags should be nature,
greenery, trees, grass, clean air, geography, flora etc..
Re-submit
You have submitted your site once to the search engines. After a few weeks,
your site will be listed in the search engines. But don't be complacent with that.
With the passage of time, your rank with the search engine will also lower. So
re-submit your site again and again after a period of time. But remember that, if
your ranking is 6 and you want the first ranking, don re-submit. Actually in that
case, your ranking will come down.
Name your pages with key words
Some search engines like yahoo will search for the name of the URLs while indexing pages. So,
try to give key words in the URL pages. For example, if you have got a web site selling flowers,
one of the pages of your site can be http://www.myflower.com/flowers/delivery.html. Here "flowers
& delivery" will be considered as key words.
Improve the site re-visit value
Any user coming to your site should feel that your site is a useful one and should be tempted to
visit again and again. To achieve this, your site should have good contents, easy navigability and
less downloading time. If these things are not met, people will not visit your site again. So, strive to
make your site attractive to the visitors. To know the precise needs of the customers, attach a
feedback form in your site.
Provide reciprocal link
You can give other web site links in your site so that, your site will be linked in theirs. If such an
arrangement is made, your site will generate more traffic. There is lot of sites promoting link
exchange and banner exchange programs. The web site, www.linkexchange.com is the finest
example in this category. Also find about more about banner exchange programs at
www.beseen.com &
www.bcentral.com.
Advertise in e-mail newsletters
You can join e-mail news letter, news groups etc.. Which will give details about various events in
the web. You can effectively insert the information about your site in such sites.
Join web ring
Web rings consist of a collection of sites on common topics. Here each site is linked to one site
before it and one site after it. So, a virtual ring ring of websites will be formed in the cyberspace
where each site is hyper linked to another to form a cyber ring. Web rings can generate lot of hits.
If you want to learn more, log on to www.webring.org.
Make a web site, popularize it and sell it off or sell domain names
The most famous e-mail service, www.hotmail.com was sold to Microsoft by Mr. Sabeer Bhatia at
a whopping sum of $ 400 million. In India too, recently "Satyam onlin e" bought five web sites of
"India world" at a huge amount of 499 crores.
If you take some pains, you can easily make a web site, popularize it and sell it off at high prices.
You can also sell domain names at high price provided you have got a catchy domain name.
Recently domain names like www.fruit.com and www.loan.com were auctioned for millions of
dollars. If you want, you can also book a domain name and put up for auction and see how will it
work.
Start a porn site
If you are really craze about making money through net, then the worst, but the easiest way is to
start a porn site. Although there are thousands of sites on pornography minting thousands of
dollars daily. If you can come up with some innovative idea, you can also make it. Do you want to
see the most successful porn site in the Internet, then log on to www.wetland.com; you will see the
magic.
Note:
There are actually thousands of methods of making money through Internet, but it is not possible
to explain all of these within the limited space. Some of the common merchandise sold through net
is greeting cards, books, music, videos, computer games, e-book etc. if you are selling a
downloadable product like e-book or computer games, the advantage is that, there is no cost of
shipping. But the dark side is that, if some third person buy your book and start selling the
same after putting it in his site with minor change, then you may not be able to do anything. You
might be in India and he might be in Pakistan. Although you can put up a case in the international
court, you may have to spend lot of money for that. So keep this in mind, when you put
downloadable product in the net for sale.
www.indiatours.com
www.tourismindiaonline.com
www.tourismindia.com
http://travel.indiamart.com
http://planetindia.net/mti
www.indiatourism.com
www.businesstourism.com
www.ypindia.com
www.allindia.com/tourism
www.indiatravelite.com
INDIAN FOOD
www.deliciousindia.com
www.allindia.com/cuisine
INDIAN GOVERNMENT
www.nic.in
BEST HOTELS IN INDIA
www.oberoihotels.com
www.indianhotels.com
www.tajhotels.com
www.theleela.com
www.holidayinnbombay.com
www.theparkhotels.com
www.welcomegroup.com
www.centaurhotel.com
www.theashokgroup.com
www.neemrana.com
www.siddhartha.de/english/hotels.htm
www.indias.com/hotels.html
www.grandhotelbombay.com
www.fariyas.com
www.presidenthotels.com
www.cindrellahotels.com
www.panchshil.com
www.seaprincess.com
www.nirula.com
Airline Companies in India
www.nic.in/indian-airlines/
www.airindia.com
www.jetairways.com
www.saharaairline.com
www.lufthansa-india.com
www.britishairways.com/india
www.deccan-air.com
www.swissairindia.com
Indian Railway
www.indianrailway.com
www.southernrailway.org
Map of India
www.cslab.uky.edu/~prash1/html/bharat.html
www.imapindia.com
SALUTE OUR BRAVE SOLDIERS
www.bharat-rakshak.com
www.herosofkargil.com
Indian Spices
www.indianspices.com
Indian Women
www.indiawomanpower.com
www.icleo.com
Stunning Truths about India
www.swordoftruth.com
Indian Books
www.indiabookshop.com
www.fabmart.com
www.firstandsecond.com
Newspapers of India
www.timesofindia.com
www.hinduonline.com
www.samachar.com
www.indiaexpress.com
www.indiaabroad.com
www.india-today.com
GENERAL SITES
www.india.com
www.ciol.com
www.indianstates.com
www.ourindia.com
Indian Festivals
www.indiafestivals.com
www.indiatouristoffice.org/Culture/Festivals.htm
www.diwali.com
Holiday Resorts
www.sitaresorts.com/sitaholiday/m-food.htm
www.goacom.com/realestate/asiatic/paraiso.html
www.swagathresorts.com
www.clubmahindra.com
www.khavel-resort.com
www.heritageresort.com
www.vgpindia.com/Holiday.htm
www.beaconholidays.com
www.resortsindia.com
Beaches of India
www.indiagov.org/tourism/beaches/beaches.htm
Indian Heritage
www.tajmahal.com
www.harappa.com
www.khajuraho.com
GOA SPECIAL
www.goacom.com
www.goa-world.net
www.goa-interactive.com
www.goenkar.com
INDIAN WILD LIFE
http://wild.allindia.com
Directory
www.goidirectory.nic.in
www.appuonline.com
www.bigwebindia.com
Indian History
www.itihaas.com
http://ancienthistory.miningco.com/msub7.htm
Indian Music & Dance
www.raga.com
www.carnaticmusic.com
www.darshanam.com
www.kutcheribuzz.com
www.bharathanatyam.com
www.allindia.com/arts/dance.htm
www.indiamusic.com
Tour Operators of India
www.uviholidays.com
www.tcindia.com
www.rajtours.com
www.himalayanholidays.com
www.beaconholidays.com
www.kesaritours.com
www.amantravels.com
Indian Search Engines
www.123india.com
www.khoj.com
www.rediff.com
www.mantraonline.com
www.satyamonline.com
http://in.orientation.com
www.indiatimes.com
Indian Law
www.indlaw.com
Indian Religions & Mysticism
www.osho.com
www.secularindia.com
www.hindunet.org
www.rss.org
www.hinduismtoday.kauai.hi.us/ashram/
www.iconsoftec.com/gita/
www.sikhnet.com
www.siddhivinayak.org
www.chinmaya.org
STATE WISE TOURISM SITES
www.up-tourism.com
www.karnataka.com/tourism/index.html
www.aptourism.com
www.delhitourism.com
www.ktdc.com
www.hellobrain.com
www.niku.com
DOCTORS ONLINE
www.allhealth.com
www.mayohealth.org
www.webmd.com
www.drkoop.com
FREE DISC SPACE
www.freedrive.com
www.freediscspace.com
www.idrive.com
www.docspace.com
MONEY CONVERTER
www.xe.net/currency/
SCHOLARSHIP
www.worldwidescholarships.com
www.scholarship.com
MAKE A ROCKET
www.rocketryonline.com
GAYS AND LESBIANS
www.datalounge.com
www.planetout.com
www.pridenet.com
PC-MAGAZINES
www.pcmag.com
www.cnet.com
www.pcworld.com
DATING
www.dating.com
www.match.com
www.mixnmatch.com
MAKE SOME MONEY
www.activeselling.com
www.jobcash.com
www.radiofreecash.com
http://affiliate.backup.com
GO SHOPPING
www.etoys.com
www.mothermall.com
www.internetmall.com
www.onsale.com
FIND A HOME
www.homefair.com
www.homescout.com
www.realtor.com
www.homeadvisor.msn.com
BROKERS ONLINE
www.ameritrade.com
www.schwab.com
www.datek.com
www.etrade.com
www.waterhouse.com
MOVIES
www.imdb.com
www.oscars.org
www.bollywood.com
www.script-o-rama.com
www.hollywood.com
AUCTIONS
www.ebay.com
www.christies.com
www.sothebys.com
www.auctionuniverse.com
www.onsaleauctions.com
GREETING CARDS
www.bluemountain.com
www.hallmark.com
www.cards4you.com
www.123greetings.com
www.lovingyou.com
COMPUTER GAMES
www.allgame.com
www.planet.com
www.uproar.com
www.rexgames.com
www.challenge.net
HEALTH
www.healthychoice.com
www.thriveonline.com
www.shapeup.org
www.bodytrends.com
www.dietitian.com
DON'T COMMIT SUICIDE
www.rochford.org
NO DRUGS
www.drugwatch.org
AIRPORT DIRECTORY
www.airportsintl.com
STOCK X-CHANGE
www.londonstockexchange.com
www.nyse.com
SPORTS
www.espn.com
www.cnnsi.com
CHAT
www.mirc.com
http://chat.yahoo.com
RELIGION
www.jewishmag.co.il
www.shambhalasun.com
www.hindu.org
www.islam.org
www.christ.net
NATURE
www.panda.org
www.tnc.org
www.nature.org
www.nature.net
www.greenpeace.org
FREE WEB HOSTING
www.homestead.com
www.freeservers.com
www.xoom.com
www.tripod.com
www.bizservers.com
MAILING LISTS
www.tbtf.com
www.lsoft.com
www.egroups.com
www.listbot.com
www.websitepostoffice.com
www.websitejournal.com
BUY A COMPUTER
www.hp.com
www.compaq.com
www.toshiba.com
www.mitac.com
www.nec.com
www.egghead.com
SET UP A STORE
www.vstore.com
www.affinia.com
www.esaler.com
www.econgo.com
www.freemerchant.com
www.bigstep.com
FREE FAX SERVICES
www.efax.com
www.callwave.com
www.fax4free.com
TELEVISIONS
www.tvguide.com
www.discovery.com
www.mtv.com
WORLD NEWS
www.bbc.co.uk
www.cnn.com
www.expressindia.com
YELLOW PAGES
www.bigyellow.com
www.yellowpages.com
www.canadayellowpages.com
www.bigbook.com
ONLINE BANKS
www.sfnb.com
www.firstib.com
www.wellsfargo.com
www.wingspanbank.com
FREE COLLABORATION
www.hotoffice.com
www.daytracker.com
www.scheduleonline.com
www.webex.com
INTERNET
www.internet.edu
www.learnthenet.com
www.searchenginewatch.com
www.internic.net
www.w3c.org
BEST TRAVEL SITES
www.travelocity.com
www.mapquest.com
www.previewtravel.com
www.expedia.com
www.triple1.com
MONEY MATTERS
www.hrblock.com
www.moneycentral.com
www.tradecard.com
www.boler.com
www.businessweek.com
BUY MUSIC
www.audiofind.com
www.allmusic.com
www.musicmaker.com
www.mp3.com
www.saregama.com
ENJOY SEX
www.playboy.com
www.cybersex.com
www.boobs.com
www.desibaba.com
www.hotsex.com
CAR COMPANIES
www.honda.com
www.ford.com
www.mercedez-benz.com
www.toyota.com
www.maruti.com
FIND A COLLEGE
www.alumni.net
www.findcollege.com
REAL ESTATE
www.ired.com
www.propertyonline.com
AIDS
www.amfar.org
www.cab.org
DEATH CLOCK
www.deathclock.com
FREE PHONE SERVICE
www.dialpad.com
BLACKS ON LINE
www.blackfamilies.com
ADOPT A CHILD
www.adoption.com
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
www.britannica.com
LEANING TOWER OF PISA
www.torre.duomo.pisa.it
NAME YOUR BABY
www.babynamer.com
CALCULATOR ON LINE
www.calculator.com
EMBASSY DIRECTORY
www.embassy.org
DOWNLOAD SOFTWARE
www.download.com
COMEDY DIRECTORY
www.funny.co.uk
YOGA
www.timages.com/yoga.htm
CELEBRITY
www.celebrityweb.com
GAMBLING
www.casino-network.com
MOUNTAIN CLIMBING
www.craglink.com
Go shopping online
If you look around, you can find that, life has become very fast when compared to the past.
Nobody has time for anything. All are racing ahead in the rat race of life. For those who have less
time for shopping, shopping through Internet is an excellent option. You can shop with the help of
Internet by simply clicking the mouse. The money transaction is usually done through credit card.
There is lots of shopping sites in the Internet. You can purchase hairpin to aircraft through net (if
you don't believe me log on to www.gulfstream.com -recently one man from Hong Kong ordered an
aircraft for 40 million $. Some of the best shopping malls in India are
www.fabmart.com,
www.jaldi.com,
www.firstandsecond.com etc. the supermarket in the web is called "virtual mall". When you enter a
shopping site, by simply clicking the mouse on a particular item, you can simply add that item to
your shopping cart. After paying the money (mostly through credit card) the goods will arrive at
your doorstep by courier.
A word about credit card transaction
Now a days many people are afraid of purchasing goods through internet using credit card,
because they fear that somebody will use their credit card number and misuse it, to drive them
mad later. But actually that is not the case. Remember that all the data you submit regarding your
credit card goes to your shopping web site in "encrypted form". And nobody can find out your
details. In Western Europe and America, millions of people are using Internet to shop
online. A reputed shopping site will never disclose the details about your credit card, because if
they do so, no customers will buy again from them and they will be ruined totally within no time. So
unnecessary fear about credit card is baseless.
The following are some of the best shopping sites to do shopping in India and abroad. Just try
once, you will be confident in future too.
Major shopping sites in India
www.fabmart.com
www.firstandsecond.com
www.jaldi.com
www.shopinbangalore.com
www.indiaartshopping.com
www.deal-se.com
www.fashionbistro.com
www.shopinbangalore.com
www.totaram.com
www.emahatmagandhi.com
www.indiaplaza.com
www.info1001.com
www.mandani.com
www.giftshop.com.pk/india/
www.lucknowmall.com
www.indiavirtualshop.com
www.bazaarno1.com
www.indiashoppingmall.com
www.netshoppe2000.com
http://indiapoint.com
www.jaipurmart.com
www.officebazar.com
www.india-mail.com
www.valueindia.com
www.india-mail.com
Major international shopping sites
www.amazon.com
www.cdnow.com
www.etoys.com
www.buy.com
www.bn.com
www.reel.com
www.beyond.com
www.shopping.com
www.thepubliceye.com
www.ivillage.com/shopping
www.excite.fr/shopping/
www.i-stores.com
www.freeshoppingonline.com
www.schoolcash.com
www.ecomz.com
www.epicurious.com
www.latimes.pointshop.com
www.shopping.sharelook.de
www.guitarnotes.com
www.shoppingideas.com
www.majon.com
www.onlineshoppingsites.com
www.cooking.com
www.looking4sales.com
www.xtrasite.co.nz/shopping/
www.spree.com
www.asia-shop.com
www.jwolfeandco.com
www.shoppinglist.com
www.epubliceye.com
www.dealtime.com
www.career1000.com
www.humanwareindia.com
www.indianmanpower.com
www.careersindia.com
www.udyog.com
www.timesjobsandcareers.com
www.therightside.com/recruitment
www.tarvindiajobs.com
www.recruitmentindia.com
www.indianindex.com/jobfinder
www.surf4jobs.com
www.rediff.com
www.headstartexpress.com
www.youngindia.com
www.indianjobs.com
www.techvilla.com
www.jobhost-india.com
www.geocities.com/akthar_1999
www.naukri2000.com
www.indiaecommerce.net
www.alltimejobs.com
www.ezeejobs.com
www.bharatcareers.com
www.humanware-india.com
www.indoaust.com/jobs.htm
www.appointmentsindia.com
www.sioindia.com/links/career/jobs.htm
www.hrdclub.com
http://in.jobstreet.com
www.webindia.com/india/jobs.htm
www.smartindia.com
www.fastrakjobs.com
http://indiaworld.jobstreet.com
SOFTWARE JOBS
www.netpilgrim.com
www.itspace.com
www.sampoorna.com
www.e-careerprofiles.com
www.inputsindia.com
www.oxfordcpl.com
www.mahindia.com
www.alto-infotech.com
http://1webcareer.hypermart.net
www.cioljobs.com
www.winjobs.com
www.it-people.com
www.y-axis.com
www.itplacement.com
www.fitjobs.com
www.3pjobs.com
www.rediff.com/computer/jobs.htm
www.it-appointments.com
www.prizedjobs.com
www.soft.net
www.sheratonconsultancy.com
www.nexusconsultants.com
www.clickitjobs.com
www.cniit.com
www.dice.com
www.cyberjobsonline.com
www.cyber-jobs.com
www.chooseindia.com/softwarejobs/index.htm
http://www.globsyn.com/careers.htm
www.mousetrapcareers.com
www.it-people.com
H-1B VISA RESOURCES
www.h1bresources.com
JOBS IN BIG COMPANIES
www.hindujagroup.com/jobs.htm
www.bpljobs.com
www.hssworld.com
www.birlaglobal.com
TEACHING JOBS ABROAD
http://joyjobs.com
www.academploy.com
www.educationjobs.com
www.teacherjobs.com
http://chronicle.merit.edu/jobs/
www.higheredjobs.com
www.k12jobs.com
www.aft.co.uk
www.greatteacher.net
CAMPUS RECRUITMENTS
www.india-web.net/nsit/recruitment.html
www.hssworld.com/peoplenet/campus@net/peoplenet_campus.htm
www.globsyn.com/technocampus/crprg.htm
www.becs.ac.in/bec/manas/impact/campus-graph.html
PART TIME JOBS
www.indianparttimejobs.com
ENGINEERING JOBS
www.nriplacement.com
http://business.vsnl.com/kbs/vacancies.html
www.indiacore.com/jobs.html
www.corecompt.com
www.resourceindia.com
BEST CAREER WEB SITES
www.careerlauncher.com
www.infomasala.com
www.careersindia.com
www.edurite.com
www.padayi.com
www.vidyalay.com
www.trainingwhere.com
www.padhayee.com
www.knowledgecareer.com
SITE FOR TALENT SEEKERS IN FILMS
www.staryakalakaar.com
PLACEMENT CONSULTANCIES
www.stshahco.com
www.exclusivesearch.com/hotjobs.htm
www.indobase.com/web/dhruv.htm
www.maxpages.com/placements
www.sunitaglobal.com
www.swiftindia.com/careers/
www.angelfire.com/va/skf7/
www.cidronpeoplebank.com
http://www8.bcity.com/kbsconsultants/
http://continentalcontractors.com/hrdindex.htm
www.continentalcontractors.com/hrdindex.htm
www.commercenetindia.com/placement/home.htm
www.angelfire.com/az/zams/
www.wehelpindia.com/jobs/
http://members.tripod.com/~placements/index.html
www.indiainfobase.com/newera/ne01.htm
http://sconsultant.hypermart.net/
www.chimeratechnologies.com/cgi-bin/pinnacle.pl
www.akp.hotresume.net
www.assureconsulting.com
www.careerage.com
http://cloudninenet.com/jobs/
www.ajplacement.com
www.pashaenterprises.com
www.haleema.com
http://members.tripod.com/~recruitments/index2.htm
www.selpages.com
www.selectedjobs.com
www.pitampurainfo.com/amanplacement/
LIST OF PLACEMENT CONSULTANTS IN INDIA & ABROAD
www.careerage.com/plcmt/index.shtml
http://apply.homepage.com/Consultant.htm
GULF JOBS
www.continentalmanpower.com
www.gulfjobs.com
http://apexrecruitment-indiaa.com/
www.jmmjobs.com
www.petrome.com
www.mlinkindia.com
www.backerassociates.com
www.melcotech.com
www.ihrcanada.com
www.indiamanpower.com
www.return2india.com
www.middleeastnews.com/indiajobseekers.html
www.jobhuntdubai.com
www.cmoverseas.com
www.ihrcanada.com/jobs/kkngjobs.htm
www.ksinternational.com
JOB LINKS
www.khoj.com/business/companies/employment/index.html
www.indiaa2z.com/htmlPages/Employment/Default.htm
http://apply.homepage.com/
http://www.dinesh.com/india/careers.shtml
MBA JOBS
www.coolavenues.com
www.mbastyle.com
http://members.tripod.com/iitd/index2.html
www.foreignmba.com/getjob.shtml
www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Quad/1109/jobs.html
www.jobvertise.com
JOBS IN AMERICA
www.alumni-network.com
www.ajb.dni.us
www.americanjobs.com
www.bestjobsusa.com
www.careercast.com
www.careerexchange.com
www.cweb.com
www.developers.net
www.futurescan.com
www.jobbankusa.com
www.jobfind.com
www.interbiznet.com/hunt/
www.helpwanted.com
www.monsterboard.com
www.softwaredeveloper.com
www.techjobbank.com
www.uscareers.com
www.hire.com
www.jobweb.org
www.overseasjobs.com
www.brassring.com
www.dice.com
www.jobweb.com
www.jobsmart.org
www.net-temps.com
www.jobtrack.com
www.resumeblaster.com
www.1-jobs.com
www.usahotjobs.com
www.jobbankusa.com
www.americanjobs.com
www.monster.com
www.kforce.com
www.net-temps.com
www.careercentral.com
www.fedworld.gov
www.jobweb.org
www.thelinkzone.com
www.recruitex.com
www.jobs.com
www.jobsfed.com
www.ajb.org
www.AmericanJobs.com
www.job-source.com
www.careercity.com
www.careermag.com
www.classifieds2000.com
www.nationjob.com
www.coolworks.com
www.careershop.com
www.lawjobs.com
www.careermosaic.com
www.4work.com
www.cweb.com
www.careerbuilder.com
www.eriss.com
www.espan.com
www.blackcollegian.com
www.campuscareercenter.com
www.jobtrak.com
www.careerexperience.com
www.occ.com
www.headhunter.net
www.staffhunter.com
www.rileyguide.com
www.jobweb.org
www.job-hunt.org
www.ed.gov
www.dol.gov
www.doleta.gov
www.ttrc.doleta.gov
www.skillsnet.org
www.collegeview.com
www.petersons.com
www.bls.gov
www.census.gov
www.ed.gov
www.mlinc.com
www.bea.doc.gov
www.stat-usa.gov
MEDICAL JOBS IN AMERICA
www.medsearch.com
www.collegegrad.com
www.ceweekly.wa.com
www.headhunter.net
www.careeravenue.com
www.employmed.com
BANK JOBS IN AMERICA
www.frbatlanta.org
www.frbchi.org
www.clev.frb.org
www.dallasfed.org
www.ny.frb.org
www.stls.frb.org
JOBS IN AUSTRALIA
http://employment.byron.com.au
www.monsterboard.com.au
www.jobnet.com.au
www.employment.com.au
www.bitme.com.au/semployment/
www.seek.com.au
www.zdnet.com.au/jobs/
www.zdnet.com.au/jobs/
www.jobs-engineering.com
www.jobnet.com.au
www.job-directory.com.au
JOBS IN MALAYSIA
www.jobstreet.com.my
www.jobsmalaysia.com
www.newmalaysia.com/job/
http://jobs.asiaco.com/malaysia/
www.datum-asiapacific.com
http://jobs.malaysiadirectory.com
www.jobpolitan.com.my
JOBS IN CHINA & HONG KONG
www.adsproject.com
www.atlanticresearch.com/regions/zhongguo.htm
www.china-plc.com/jobs/
www.careermosaic.com.hk
www.jobchina.net
www.chinacareer.com
www.dragonsurf.com/careerwise/
www.hkjobs.com
www.jobok.com
www.shanghaijob.com
www.recruitonline.com
www.cc-jobs.com
www.myjob.com.hk
www.dailyjob.com
JOBS IN SINGAPORE
www.jobasia.com.sg
www.careermosaic.com.sg
www.recruitasia.com
www.singseek.com/job/
www.recruit.net
www.jobpilot.com.sg
www.catcha.com.sg/jobs/jobs.shtml
www.singaporejobsite.com
www.expertise.com.sg
www.jobs.com.sg
www.9to5.com.sg
www.careerzone.com.sg
www.microsoft.com/singapore/jobs/
www.singapore-careers.com.sg
www.pceservices.com
www.asia-jobs.com
JOBS IN CANADA
www.mediacorp2.com
www.canadajobs.com
www.canada-jobs.com
www.kenevacorp.mb.ca
www.canada-ny.org/english/employ.htm
www.retailsale.com/main/jobs.htm
www.jobs.ca
www.jobfind2000.com
www.jobbus.com
www.canadajobs.com
www.canadiancareers.com
www.careerplace.com
www.canada-wide.com
www.jobsweb.com
http://jobsearchcanada.about.com
www.jobfind2000.com
www.jobbus.com
www.canadajobs.com
www.canadiancareers.com
www.careerplace.com
JOBS IN UK
www.e-job.net
www.jobsunlimited.co.uk
www.visioncr.co.uk
www.jobserve.co.uk
www.reed.co.uk
www.e-job.net
www.topjobs.co.uk
www.netjobs.co.uk
www.livein-jobs.co.uk
www.gti.co.uk
www.planetrecruit.com/liveportal/mediauk/
www.dotjobs.co.uk
www.monster.co.uk
www.jobs.ac.uk
www.1stjob.co.uk
www.jobsite.co.uk
www.cityjobs.com
www.recruitlink.co.uk
www.highstreetcentral.com/jobs.htm
www.recruitlink.co.uk
www.jobworlduk.co.uk
www.microsoft.com/uk/jobs/
www.tsr.co.uk
www.jobsunlimited.co.uk
www.anancyweb.com/emp-uk.html
www.gamejobs.co.uk
www.stirlingjobs.co.uk
www.jobserve.com
www.retailcareers.co.uk
www.cvserve.com
www.london-jobs.net
www.aboutjobs.co.uk
www.ifi.co.uk
http://jobs.asiaco.com/uk/
www.jobsdomain.co.uk
www.hts.co.uk/UKJobs/
www.thejob.com
www.jobs-by-email.co.uk
www.datumeurope.com
www.gradunet.co.uk
www.ukjobs-backpackers.co.nz
www.purcon.co.uk
www.jobs.tes.co.uk
www.coolwebjobs.co.uk
www.jobsin.co.uk
www.employmentservice.gov.uk
www.search-beat.com/ukjobs.htm
www.shorterm.co.uk
www.jobs-at.co.uk
ENVIRONMENTAL JOBS IN UK
www.ends.co.uk
HOTEL JOBS IN UK
www.hotel-jobs.co.uk
CHEMICAL JOBS IN UK
www.chemjobs.net
JOBS IN GULF
www.continentalmanpower.com
www.gulfjobs.com
http://apexrecruitment-indiaa.com
www.jmmjobs.com
www.petrome.com
www.mlinkindia.com
www.backerassociates.com
www.melcotech.com
www.ihrcanada.com
www.indiamanpower.com
www.return2india.com
www.middleeastnews.com/indiajobseekers.html
www.jobhuntdubai.com
www.cmoverseas.com
www.ihrcanada.com/jobs/kkngjobs.htm
www.ksinternational.com
FREELANCE JOBS
http://localweb.com/proaccess/FreeLancer/
www.freelancers.com/company_history.html
www.worldcalendar.com/jobs.htm
www.ework.com
www.freelancewriting.com
HR JOBS
www.sap-hr-jobs.com
www.jobs4hr.com
www.pro-alt.com/se/hr_job.htm
www.hrmjobs.com/links.html
www.clevshrm.org/hrjobs.htm
www.hrjobs.com
www.dist.maricopa.edu/jobs/
www.hr-jobs.net
www.edjob.com
EDUCATIONAL & TEACHING JOBS
http://faculty.web.waseda.ac.jp/vicky/jobs.html
http://scout18.cs.wisc.edu/NH/96-10/96-10-23/0033.html
http://home.istar.ca/~cye/jobs.html
www.metnet.state.mt.us/TeacherPlace.html
www.aft.co.uk
www.njschooljobs.com/index.html
http://commlink.atlantic.county.lib.nj.us/educjob1.htm
http://services.dese.state.mo.us/humanres/jobvacdir.html
www.ejsinc.com/highfram.htm
http://216.20.15.81/mass/massjobs/jobsearch.cfm
http://pe.central.vt.edu/jobcenter/edjobsites.html
www.tealit.com
www.privateschooljobs.com
www.teachers-teachers.com
www.dphelps.pe.kr
www.academploy.com
www.works.state.mo.us
www.mav.net/phil/tchrjobs.shtml
www.ncbe.gwu.edu/links/jobs.htm
www.shu.ac.uk/schools/ed/tesol/tejob.html
MANAGEMENT JOBS
www.materialsmanagementjob.com/
www.practicemanagementjobs.com/
www.pmi.org/jobs/postings.htm
www.dwtechnologies.com/jobs/JL-mgt.htm
MEDICAL JOBS
www.medicaleducationjobs.com
www.medicaldevicejobs.com
www.medicalsecretaryjobs.com
www.medicaldirectorjobs.com
www.medicalbillerjobs.com
www.medicalassistantjobs.com
www.medical-job.net
www.medicalrecordsjobs.com
www.nuclearmedicinejobs.com
www.oncologistjobs.com
www.healthmanagementjobs.com
http://nurseoptions.com/top/nl003.html
www.bchealthjobs.com
www.job-source.com
COMPUTER JOB SITES
www.computerjobs.com
www.cweb.com
www.apple.com/jobs/
www.webadvertisingjobs.com
www.webdesignerjobs.com
www.graphicdesignerjobs.com
www.internetsalesjobs.com
www.mediaplannerjobs.com
www.multimediaemployment.com
www.webmarketingjobs.com
www.webmasteremployment.com
www.webproducerjobs.com
www.ecommerceemployment.com
www.databaseprogrammerjobs.com
www.internetdeveloperjobs.com
www.softwaredeveloperjobs.com
www.programmeranalystjobs.com
www.technicalwriterjobs.com
www.webdeveloperemployment.com
www.webprogrammerjobs.com
www.it123.com
www.webjobsusa.com
www.colorado-computerjobs.com
www.jobauthority.com
www.computerwork.com
www.corporateskills.com/Jobs.htm
www.jobs4it.com
www.programmer-jobs.com
www.software-jobs.net
www.computerjobspage.com
www.computerjobsportal.com
www.computer-jobs-online.com
www.computerjobfair.com
www.staffsolutions.com
www.dalmanjobs.com
http://computerjob.scan-careerpath.com/search/
http://miami.computerwork.com/
www.lazytrader.com/feb14alf.htm
www.n-s-i.com/computerjobs.html
www.careermagazine.net/computer_jobs.html
www.etcrecruiting.com/computer_jobs.htm
www.computer-jobs-online.com/
www.occ-computing.co.uk/vpspace.htm
www.sandiego-hightech.com
www.contract-jobs.com
www.isjobbank.com
www.prgjobs.com
www.careerindex.com
www.softwarejobs.com
www.careermarthi-tech.com
www.developers1.net
www.sandiego-online.com/forums/careers/
www.computerwork.com
www.surfn.com/bayjobs.html
www.softmoonlighter.com
www.cweb.com
www.apple.com/jobs/
www.webadvertisingjobs.com
www.webdesignerjobs.com
www.graphicdesignerjobs.com
www.internetsalesjobs.com
www.mediaplannerjobs.com
www.multimediaemployment.com
www.webmarketingjobs.com
www.webmasteremployment.com
www.webproducerjobs.com
www.ecommerceemployment.com
www.databaseprogrammerjobs.com
www.internetdeveloperjobs.com
www.softwaredeveloperjobs.com
www.programmeranalystjobs.com
www.technicalwriterjobs.com
www.webdeveloperemployment.com
www.webprogrammerjobs.com
www.it123.com
www.webjobsusa.com
www.colorado-computerjobs.com
www.jobauthority.com
www.computerwork.com
www.corporateskills.com/Jobs.htm
www.jobs4it.com
www.programmer-jobs.com
www.software-jobs.net
www.computerjobspage.com
www.computerjobsportal.com
www.computer-jobs-online.com
www.computerjobfair.com
www.staffsolutions.com
www.dalmanjobs.com
ENGINEERING JOBS
www.nationjob.com/engineering
www.engineerjobs.com
www.phds.org
www.engineering-jobs.net
www.nerinc.com
www.oingo.com/topic/8/8506.html
www.engcen.com/turbo/entry.htm
www.craigslist.org/eng/
www.ajob4engineers.com
www.engcen.com
www.engineering-jobs-here.com
www.pnet.co.za/engineering/
www.1engineeringjobs.com
http://valleyjobs.com/eng.html
www.carnegieresources.com/engineerjobs.htm
www.engineeringjobs.com
www.slicknet.com/jobsearch.htm
MAJOR JOB LINKS
www.csustan.edu/Counseling/joblinks.html
www.nationjob.com/education
www.nau.edu/~career/jobs.html#TEACHING JOBS
www.webster.edu/homecampus/homes/inter.htm
http://web.utk.edu/~career/hotlinks/htlinks.htm
www.larrysworld.com/jobs.htm
www.edurite.com
www.iitsonline.com
www.brainvisa.com
www.mocktest.com
www.primetutor.com
www.entranceguru.com
www.entranceonline.com
www.eamcet.com
www.iitjee.freeservers.com
www.hotexams.com
www.iitjeeguide.com
DIRECTORY OF MEDICAL COLLEGES
www.indiaedu.com/medical
DIRECTORY OF ENGINEERING COLLEGES
www.indiaedu.com/engineering
DISTANCE EDUCATION
www.ignou.com
www.distance-educator.com
www.utahsbr.edu/tech/intro.htm
www.detc.org
www.smartplanet.com
GENERAL SITES ON INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
www.aei-india.org/aaeri.htm
www.unimelb.edu.au/international/OverseasReps.html
www.iecnet.com/english.html
www.webpage.com/hindu/adverts/campus.htm
www.iteachnet.com/employment/
www.cam.ac.uk/CambUniv/Overseas/
www.escapeartist.com/expatriate/education.htm
www.9to5.com.sg/education/ovrseaedu.asp
www.oecth.com
SCHOLARSHIPS
www.scholarship.com
www.worldwidescholarships.com
www.terry.uga.edu/insurance/insschol.html
www.studentpilot.net/articles/financial_aid.html
www.onassis.gr/amer/scholar.html
www.aef.org
www.salemohio.com/alumni/99scholar.html
www.baldwinw.edu/admission/scholarships.html
STUDY IN EUROPE
www.ciee.org/study/europe
www.sussex.ac.uk/International/europe
www.rochester.edu/College/study-abroad/europe.html
www.istc.umn.edu
STUDY IN USA
www.foreignerinamerica.com/study_in_USA.html
www.study-in-usa-universities.com/study_in_usa.html
www.usa.or.th/services/study.htm
http://ait.org.tw/study.html
http://usinfo.org/study_e.htm
www.ben2.ucla.edu/~shenyang/Contents.htm
www.algonet.se/~cis/usa.html
www.woonkyung.or.kr/infomd/study_in_usa.html
STUDY IN AUSTRALIA
www.international.rmit.edu.au/is/become.HTM
www.gsm.com.au/study/
www.study-australia.com
www.studylink.com.au
STUDY IN CANADA
www.studyincanada.com/english/index.htm
www.fenghua.org/study.htm
http://gateway1.gmcc.ab.ca/users/urdc/study.htm
www.studyincanada.net
www.studyin-canada.com
www.vancouver-english-club.com/study-canada/
www.canadianembassy.org/studyincanada/index.html
STUDY IN UK
www.studyinuk.com
www.educationuk.com
http://chiron.latrobe.edu.au/www/artmedia/media/sis.html
www.britishcouncil.fi/education/undergra.htm
STUDY IN NEW ZEALAND
www.immigration.govt.nz/study/home.html
http://pl.net/dlyon/advantage.html
www.ljudmila.org/srce/is/is_nz.html
www.nzeil.co.nz/index.htm
www.nzeducation.co.nz/ed/study.html
EDUCATION NEWS
www.ed.gov
www.education-channels.com
Either you should have a reputed literary agent to help you or lot of money with you for publishing
your book. Almost all the new authors will get lot of rejection letters from major publishes initially.
But times have changed with the advent of Internet. Now a stage has been reached, where
anybody can publish a book at cheap rates through Internet. In self-publishing, the author has to
spend some money to publish and market his book through Internet. There are lots of reputed
agencies that will assist you to edit, print, publish and market your work at nominal fees. " Minerva
press ( www.minerva -press.
press co.u k) is the finest example of this sort. In self-publishing, you can
simply write your book, put it on net and allow people to download it for a flat fee. The money is
usually accepted through credit card and you can earn even while you are sleeping.
E-zines
The Internet has suddenly opened millions of writing opportunities to talented writers all over the
world and e-zines comprises the largest market for the freelance writes. E-zine is the short form of
electronic magazines. There are thousands of e-zines on various topics all over the world. Just see
some of them at www.ezines.com
Major publishing resources in Internet
The following are the precise web sites through which you can become a published author. Just
open your computer or go to the nearby cyber cafe and open the following web sites. You will
immediately get more details on the spot. But, before that, I suggest you to open
"www.iuniverse.com"
"www.iuniverse.co at first and see the full details.
TOP WEB SITES TO PUBLISH YOUR WORK
www.mightywords.com
www.iuniverse.com
www.xlibris.com
www.upublish.com
www.buybooksontheweb.com
www.lighingsource.com
www.trafford.com
www.celebratelove.com/traterffordpub.htm
www.aalbc.com/placesto.htm
www.athomepublishing.com
www.minerva-press.co.uk
www.bhrpress.com/publish.htm
www.adventurezine.com/Editorials/PublishYourWork.html
www.1stbooks.com/probooks.htm
http://208.133.53.78/ent/publish.htm
http://24.128.32.82/coolpub/publish.htm
www.darkroom-on-line.com/html/submit.htm
http://boston.indymedia.org/publish.php3
www.sweet-petudie.com/publish.htm
www.write101.com/epublish.htm
www.happilypublished.com
www.getpub.com
PUBLISH POEMS
www.reports-unlimited.com/publish.htm
www.pw.org
www.surfnetkids.com/pubpoem.htm
www.poets.org
ARTICLES ON HOW TO PUBLISH YOUR BOOK
http://myks.sitesell.com
www.jmcforum.com
PUBLISH A MEDICAL WORK
www.medicalmantra.com
WRITE FOR CHILDREN
www.write4kids.com
www.kidnews.com
http://mgfx.com/kidlit/
www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~david/derya/ywc.html
www.stonesoup.com
www.justwrite.org
www.co-nect.net/Schools/Webzine/Sep99/Elementary/
www.childrensmagazine.com
WRITER'S RESOURCES
www.rosedog.com
www.garbl.com
www.writers.net
www.writers.com
www.writersdigest.com
www.quintcareers.com/writing
www.writers-exchange.com
www.inkspot.com
www.wga.org
www.ants.com
www.writerswrite.com
E-ZINE PUBLISHING
www.e-zinez.com
PUBLISH PHOTOGRAPHS
http://mediadive.com/mediadive/pubyourwor.html
ARTICLE ABOUT COPYRIGHT
www.cla.co.uk/www/owncopy.htm
WEB SITES ON SELF PUBLISHING
www.wordassociation.com
www.self-publishing.com
www.rradream.com/sys-tmpl/faqaboutus/
www.ability.org.uk/self_publishing.html
www.phoenixpublishinggroup.com/self-publishing/index.htm
http://publishing.miningco.com/arts/publishing/msubselfpub.htm
http://independentbookarts.com/Authors.htm
www.hotyellow98.com/realitypress/publish.html
www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568600593/chance22online
http://aalbc.com/publishers.htm
WEB SITES ON E-BOOKS
www.ebookconnections.com
www.ozemedia.com/ebooks.htm
FREELANCE WRITING
www.freelancewriting.com
www.masterfreelancer.com
www.freelanceworkexchange.com
Even though self-publishing is a good choice, you'll still need to gather the information needed to
do it yourself, and approx. $13,000 to $15,000 minimum needed to get started? $13,000 to
$15,000 will probably cover printing, promotion, and some other expenses for about 4000 copies of
a 100 to 250 page book. But, it's still $13,000 and not readily available to most struggling authors.
Some first time authors will opt for the vanity publisher. The vanity publisher will be more than
happy to look at your manuscript and even give you glowing reviews, but this I'm afraid is false
praise. The only thing the vanity publisher wants to do for you is manufacture your book.
An author using a vanity press will pay a lot more than printing costs and will only receive around
40 percent of the retail price of the book. This service will cost you around $12,000 to $30,000 or
more, depending on the book. This doesn't include things like editing, promotion, or distribution.
Copies sent to columnists for book reviews are generally trashed as soon as they see a subsidy
publisher name on your book, and here's why. Review columnists are well aware of the problems
associated with vanity presses. They know there was little attention paid to editing and that little if
any promotional effort will take place. So the book will probably not be available in bookstores.
Of all the choices before you, the best so far would be to self publish your book. The only problem
would be gathering the know how and of course the $15,000 to get started. So what if you don't
have $15,000? What's next?
How in the world are you going to get published?
Just a few short years ago the idea of distributing books in a digital format seemed a ridiculous
notion to many. "It will never fly!", "Nonsense!", they bellowed. The large publishers in their shining
glass towers ruled. They scoffed at the very idea of such a scenario. They sat upon their thrones
like they always have, decade after decade deciding on what you and I will read next. They
would hurl the hard work of many would be authors to the circular file like flicking a piece of lint
from a $900 dollar suit. The dream of being published once again dashed upon the jagged rocks of
this "Impenetrable Conglomerated Fortress". OK, I got a little carried away. We will never know
how many great books have been dispatched to the dumpster, but one thing is for sure, a lot less
will be from now on.
Enter E-Book Publishing
The world is changing at a very rapid clip. So rapid in fact, that it's really not possible to predict
anything at this point. We can speculate all we want, but the bottom line is, ever since the Internet
explosion a few years ago the pace has been just a blur. To suggest any kind of logical destination
for the Net, at this point, would be a wild guess at best.
However, people will always have wants and needs. As the population continues to warm up to the
Internet, it will become second nature for them to actively seek out the things they want and
purchase them over the Internet. At no time in our recent history have book authors been in a
better position to compete heads up with the Big Boys.
The number 1 & 2 selling items on the Net in the United States are "Software and Books", in that
order. So if you are going to write books and sell them on the Internet, you'll have a very large and
responsive market. The only difference will be that your books will be in a digital format.
But, before you do anything else you should determine whether or not you want to make a living as
a book author. This is extremely important for a couple of reasons.
Some authors just like to write, while others want to write books for a living. Deciding which one
you are is very important because it may determine what kinds of books you begin to write.
What are the advantages of publishing e books?
SAVES RESOURCES
With e Book publishing, the use of our resources such as Tree's, diesel fuel, electricity, etc. is
greatly diminished.
LOWER COSTS
With no printing, storing, or shipping costs, publishers can sell the same quality at reduced prices
to consumers, while at the same time earning more profits. It's a classic win -win situation.
SPEEDY DELIVERY
Just download your book, and start reading. FedEx is a giant snail compared to this. In the time it
takes you to start your car to go get a book, you could be reading it with no "Shipping and
Handling" charges.
PORTABILITY
With the new electronic reading devices hitting the market, you can carry 20 or 30 maybe more,
large books in a single device. A great way to travel. Manufacturers of reading devices are making
them waterproof so you can read your books in the tub, no more wet pages.
www.inetsonic.com/lozzab/stuff.htm
www.cgocable.net/~moores/hackz.htm
www.i82hq.com/links/Hacking_Resources
www.he.net/~jachim/hacking.htm
www.hack.org
http://hscool.netclub.ru/
www.hackers.co.za
www.hip97.nl
www.annexgrp.org/hr/
www.hf.ah.cn/computer/unixbook/index1.htm
www.avk.org/alain/hacking.html
www.crossbar.demon.co.uk
www.angelfire.com/or/warz/index2.html
www.translogik.com/sites/hyperdome/computer.htm
http://www2.netdoor.com/~gold/link.html
www.netice.com/Advice/Underground/Hacking/
www.hackcanada.com
www.underground-book.com
http://vcorp.hypermart.net/html/links.html
HACKERS DIRECTORY
www.infowar.com/hacker/hacker.shtml
LIST OF HACKED SITES
www.ultrapassword.com
WONDERFUL HACKERS
www.angelfire.com/ab2/aolsucks/hackers.html
http://blackbrain.freeservers.com
www.cyber-warriors.co.uk
www.angelfire.com/in/hackersachin/
http://members.xoom.com/hackerindia/index.htm
www.uha1.com
www.casema.net/~nr9/
www.expage.com/page/gleeson
http://hackersheaven.freehosting.net/
HIGHER LEARNING CENTER
www.xs4all.nl/~l0rd/
EXPOSED HACKERS
http://hackingexposed.com/links.html
HACKING NEWS
www.hackernews.com
GENERAL SITES ON HACKERS
www.hackers.com
www.anticode.com
www.hackershomepage.com
www.infosyssec.org/infosyssec/index.htm
www.tt.rim.or.jp/~tatsushi
http://w1.340.telia.com/~u34002171/hhd.html
www.netindex.pt/links//HACKERS/index.html
www.athens.net/~borremans/hackers.htm
http://project.cyberpunk.ru:8101/idb/hackers.html
www.juwelier-hacker.de
www.cyberpunkproject.org
WORLD WIDE HACKING RESOURCES
www.hooked.net/users/jester/hacker.html
www.kirche-muelheim.de/homepages/rpr/on_hackers.htm
www.geocities.com/Area51/Crater/1856/index.html
HACKERS CLUB
www.home.sk/web/hackersclub
www.ash.ch/hacker/hacker.htm
www.hackersclub.net
http://hackerclub.iscool.net
www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/4605/chc.html
HACKERS ONLINE
www.grinse.de/gts/index2.html
http://members.tripod.com/embarrass/Hackers.html
THE HACKERS TOOL BOX
http://pages.infinit.net/rave/htb.html
http://flni.org/flni/tools.htm
www.uncut.de/seiten/passwort.html
CYBERLAW
Q.1. What is the introductory background for Cyberlaws ?
Since the beginning of civilization, man has always been motivated by the need
to make progress and better the existing technologies. This has led to
tremendous development and progress which has been a launching pad for
further development. Of all the significant advances made by mankind from the
beginning till date, probably the important of them is the development of
Internet. To put in a common mans language, Internet is a global network of
computers, all of them speaking the same language. In 1969, America's
Department of Defense commissioned the construction of a Super network called
ARPANET. The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET),
basically intended as a military network of 40 computers connected by a web of
links & lines. This network slowly grew and the Internet was born. By 1981, over
200 computers were connected from all around the world. Now the figure runs
into millions.
The real power of today's Internet is that it is available to anyone with a
computer and a telephone line. Internet places at an individual's hands the
immense and invaluable power of information and communication.
Internet usage has significantly increased over the past few years. The number
of data packets which flowed through the Internet have increased dramatically.
According to International Data Corporation ("IDC"), approximately 163 million
individuals or entities will use the Internet by the end of this year as opposed to
16.1 million in 1995. If left to its own measure, it is highly unlikely that such a
trend can reverse itself. Given this present state of the Internet, the necessity of
Cyberlaws becomes all the more important.
Q.2. Why is there a need for Cyberlaw?
When Internet was developed, the founding fathers of Internet hardly had any
inclination that Internet could transform itself into an all-pervading revolution
which could be misused for criminal activities and which required regulation.
Today, there are many disturbing things happening in cyberspace. Due to the
anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible to engage into a variety of
criminal activities with impunity and people with intelligence, have been grossly
misusing this aspect of the Internet to perpetuate criminal activities in
cyberspace. Hence the need for Cyberlaws.
Q.3. What is Cyberlaw ?
Internet is believed to be full of anarchy and a system of law and regulation
therein seems contradictory. However, cyberspace is being governed by a
system of law and regulation called Cyberlaw. There is no one exhaustive
definition of the term "Cyberlaw". Simply speaking, Cyberlaw is a generic term
which refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and the World
Wide Web. Anything concerned with or related to or emanating from any legal
aspects or issues concerning any activity of netizens and others, in Cyberspace
comes within the ambit of Cyberlaw. The growth of Electronic Commerce has
propelled the need for vibrant and effective regulatory mechanisms, which would
further strengthen the legal infrastructure, so crucial to the success of Electronic
Commerce. All these regulatory mechanisms and legal infrastructures come
within the domain of Cyberlaw.
Q.4. What is the importance of Cyberlaw?
Cyberlaw is important because it touches almost all aspects of transactions and
activities on and concerning the Internet, the World Wide Web and Cyberspace.
Initially it may seem that Cyberlaws is a very technical field and that it does not
have any bearing to most activities in Cyberspace. But the actual truth is that
nothing could be further than the truth. Whether we realize it or not, every
action and every reaction in Cyberspace has some legal and Cyber legal
perspectives.
Q.5. Does Cyberlaw concern me?
Yes, Cyberlaw does concern me. As the nature of Internet is changing and this
new medium is being seen as the ultimate medium ever evolved in human
history, every activity of yours in Cyberspace can and will have a Cyber legal
perspective. From the time you register your Domain Name, to the time you set
up your web site, to the time you promote your website, to the time you conduct.98
electronic commerce transactions on the said site, at every point of time, there
are various Cyberlaw issues involved. You may not be bothered about these
issues today because you may feel that they are very distant from you and that
they do not have an impact on your Cyber activities. But sooner or later, you will
have to tighten your belts and take note of Cyberlaw for your own benefit.
For example, you may knowingly or unknowingly book a Domain
Name, say www.xyx.com which may be the trade mark of any other company,
person or legal entity in any part of the world, say B. Domain Names are given to
you on first come first served basis. But you may be involved by the other party
being B in a Cyber legal dispute which may allege that you are deliberately
involved in the practice of Cyber squatting (the practice of knowingly registering
the trade mark of any legal entity, company or person with the intention of
holding on to it and thereafter selling the same to the said legal entity, company
or person at a handsome premium). You may also be involved in Cyber litigation
as the concerned party, B, may approach the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) for adjudicating the matter and WIPO by a summary
procedure may direct you to relinquish and release the said Domain Name to B,
the concerned party. Needless to say, it shall be incumbent on the concerned
party, B, to produce all documentary and other evidence to substantiate its claim
to the concerned Domain Name. This is just one of the many examples that
show the importance of Cyberlaw for you.
Q.6. What is the general awareness about Cyberlaw today?
Today, the awareness about Cyberlaw is beginning to grow. Many technical
experts in the beginning felt that legal regulation of Internet is not necessary.
But with the rapid growth of technologies and Internet, it is crystal clear that no
activity on Internet can remain free from the influence of Cyberlaw. Publishing a
Web page is an excellent way for any commercial business or entity to vastly
increase its exposure to millions of persons, organizations and governments
world-wide. It is that feature of the Internet, which is causing much controversy
in the legal community.
Q.7. Is Cyberlaw constantly evolving?
Yes, Cyberlaw is constantly being evolved. As new and new opportunities and
challenges are surfacing, Cyberlaw, being a constantly evolving process, is
suitably modifying itself to fit the call of the time. As the Internet grows,
numerous legal issues arise. These issues vary from Domain Names, to
Intellectual Property Rights to Electronic Commerce to Privacy to Encryption to
Electronic Contracts to Cybercrime to Online Banking to Spamming and so on.
The list is very long.
Q.8. What is the stage of development of Cyberlaw today?
Cyberlaw today, on a global scale, is at an early stage of development. Just as
different civilizations and societies in history have taken time to develop and
refine their legal systems, in the case of Internet too, it will take some time for
Cyberlaws to be fully developed and refined. Different countries in different parts
of the world are adopting their own strategies to this new field.
Q.9. What do we intend to do by means of this interactive feature?
By means of this interactive feature, every week we shall aim to look at various
important issues relating to Cyberlaw. Next week we begin to look at the legal
issues relating to domain names.
DOMAIN NAMES
Q. 10.What is an IP address?
The Internet is a network of computers. Each computer on the said network has
its own distinct entity and presence. That is the reason why every
computer is given a distinct Electronic Address called the Internet
Protocol address or in short IP address. This IP address is given by numerical
values like 202.54.15.75. The IP address is just like any telephone number,
which identifies a particular computer on the Internet.
Q.11. What is a Domain Name?
Since it is not possible to remember each and every numerical value of an IP
address, the system of domain names evolved. Internet domain names, in a
common man's language, are used as an easy-to-remember alias which point to
a specific IP address. The dominant purpose of the domain name is simply to
provide an easy method for remembering another's electronic address. It's a
unique name used to identify, among other things, a specific Web site. Thus a
typical domain name would be http://www.indiainfoline.com.
Q.12. What are the components of a Domain Name?
Any domain name consist of two components, namely the top level domain
name(TLD) and a second level domain name. Thus in the said example,
http://www.indiainfoline.com, ". com" would be the top level domain name
while "indiainfoline" would be second level domain name.
Q.13. What are the categories of Top Level Domain Names (TLDs)?
As on date, there are two categories of top-level domain names. In the first
category comes the domain names .com, .net, .org, .edu. When the system of
registering domain names began, the norms were that the .com name is to be
given to commercial organizations, while others such as .org, .net, .gov and
.edu are to be assigned to non-commercial organizations, network providers,
government agencies and educational institutions respectively. However, as
time has passed, due to the enhanced volumes of domain name registrations,
the said norms have been abandoned and today anyone can, without any
restriction of any kind whatsoever, can register any domain name.
The second category of top level domain names is the country code TLDs
denoted by a two letter country code. For instance, the top level domain name
for India is .in. The responsibility for assigning the same is given in each country
to a specified country domain name registrar. In India, the TLD.in is registered
by NCST at Bombay.
Q.14. Who registers Domain Names ?
The domain names were initially registered by Network Solutions only, who had
the sole monopoly to register the said TLDs. This monopoly of Network Solutions
continued for many years and only in 1999, the Internet Corporation Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN) allowed other accredited registrars to register
domain names. Today there are more than 100 registrars with whom one can
register a TLD.
Q.15. What is the unique feature of Domain Names?
The unique feature of domain names is that the said domain names are given on
"first come, first served" basis. This feature of domain names give rise to
numerous legal issues and disputes. Thus the important thing in domain names
registration is speed. To take an example, the domain name www.microsoft.org
was available and was registered by Amit Mehrotra much before Microsoft
Corporation could think of it. This led to numerous ticklish legal issues. Microsoft
Corporation, despite having the trademark Microsoft, could not get the domain
name www.microsoft.org because of the "first come, first served" criteria of
CYBERCRIME
http://indiafocus.indiainfo.com/education/medical.html
MEDICAL WEBSITES
http://indiafocus.indiainfo.com/health
www.health-search.org/p38.htm
www.heartinfo.com/reviews/web/web__427175834.htm
www.qmedin.com/medsites
www.mahesh.com/india/health/
www.indianindex.com/Health
www.healthlibrary.com/news/
www.mic.ki.se/India.html
www.wellmedia.com/news/week16/indianmed.html
www.investindia.com/newsite/medicine/siddha.htm
www.nic.in/ismh/
www.greyowlcrafts.com/indian_medicine.htm
www.indiamart.com/himalaya/
http://meditrackindia.com/index.htm
HEALING
www.solemn.com/incenses.htm
www.naturalhealthdirect.com.au/markets/product/itm00264.htm
www.aegis.com/pubs/woalive/1998/wo980402.html
www.mindbodyhealing.com/index2.html
CHRISTIAN MEDICALCOLLEGE - VELLORE
www.vellorecmc.org
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
www.aiims.ac.in
KASTHURBA MEDICAL COLLEGE - MANIPAL
www.manipalgroup.com/news
HOSPITAL JOURNALS
www.elisda.com/health/journals.html
IRANIAN MOVIES
www.iranianmovies.com
FRENCH MOVIES
www.discoverfrance.net/France/vid_index.shtml
SWEDISH MOVIES
www.sfi.se/eng/efilm/mefilm.htm
www.sverigeturism.se/smorgasbord/lifestyle/film.html
JAPANESE MOVIES
www.j-video.com/enterE.html
http://members.xoom.com/hamasaki
AFRICAN MOVIES
www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/african/movies.htm
http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/FINE/juhde/stonm941.htm
FILM FESTIVALS
www.filmfestivals.com
www.film.com/reviews/rev_ff/
www.canoe.ca/FilmFest/home.html
CELEBRITIES
www.women-celebrities.com
www.mencelebs.
www.chicagosymphony.org
www.orchestranet.co.uk
www.cincinnatisymphony.org
www.lso.co.uk
www.avid.com
www.bso.org
www.orsymphony.org
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
www.savageresearch.com/jester/inst.html
www.instrumentalmusic.com/index.html
www.arrowrecords.com
www.columbus.k12.oh.us/brookhaven/instrmus.html
www.bca-online.com/music/instrum.htm
CARNATIC MUSIC
www.saigan.com/heritage/music/carnatic.htm
www.carnatic-music.com/intro.html
www.sangeetham.com/_disc1/0000017f.htm
www.webindia.com/india/music.htm
http://artindia.net/carnatic.html
www.carnaticmusic.com
CLASSICAL MUSIC
www.classical.net
www.classicalmusic.about.com
www.gprep.org/classical
www.classicaliscool.com
www.classicalsearch.com
www.classicalmusic.co.uk
ROCK MUSIC
www.rockhall.com
www.sjoki.uta.fi/~latvis/rockdata.html
www.rockDaily.com
www.dmxmusic.com
www.musi-cal.com
MUSIC DIRECTORY
www.musicalonline.com
http://dmoz.org/A rts/Music/Directories/
www.piano-pal.com/pop.htm
www.offbeat.com/la_music_directory_home.html
www.mooremusic.com.au/mooremen.htm
www.americangospel.com
HINDUSTANI MUSIC
www.medieval.org/music/world/hindustani.html
www.webcom.com/raag
www.allindia.com/arts/hcm.htm
POP MUSIC
www.audioreview.com/passion/messages/10715.html
www.bluebirds.co.uk/bluebook/muspop.html
www.cdspider.com/music/pop.htm
www.wfmu.org/MACrec/pop.html
RAP MUSIC
www.b-boys.com
www.cdspider.com/music/rap.htm
CHINESE MUSIC
http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~felsing/cstuff/tunes.html
www.chinese-music.com
LATIN MUSIC
www.picadillo.com
http://eleaston.com/latin_music.htm
www.latinmusicmag.com/index.html
www.musicandmore.com
Note: recorded music is stored as "wav" file and big music files are stored as
"mp3" files in the computer e.g. Fluteraga.mp3, drumbeat.wav
www.ammachi.org
www.hindunet.org/ammachi/
SWAMY CHINMAYANANDAN
www.chinmaya.org
www.globalserve.net/~chinmaya/
www.chinmaya-aa.org
www.chinmayapublications.org
SREE NARAYANA GURU
www.sngm.org
www.sndp.org
SWAMY NARAYAN
www.swaminarayan.org
www.akshardham.com
ISKCON - A SPIRITUAL ORGANISATION
www.iskcon.org
www.iskcon.net
www.hkw.iskcon.net
GURUVAYOORAPPAN
http://guruvayoorappan.homepage.com/guruvayoor.html
DALAI LAMA
www.insidechina.com/tibet/lamabio.php3
www.tibet.com/DL/index.html
http://dalailama.web-discovercard.com
www.globalcensus.org/dalai_lama.htm
www.tibet.com
GURU NANAK / GURU GOVIND SINGH
www.sikhnet.com
www.pugmarks.com/gallery/golden/
www.sikh-history.com
http://webpunjab.com/sikhheritage/page5.htm
www.srigurugranthsahib.org/audio/g10.htm
MAHAVIRA
www.chs.chico.k12.ca.us/~drabut1/religion/mahavira.htm
www.dd-b.net/~raphael/jain-list/msg00949.html
http://adaniel.tripod.com/Jainism.htm
www.india4u.com/religion/jainism.htm
GAUTAMA BUDHA
www.fundamentalbuddhism.com/buddhism.htm
http://maxpages.com/lisaliu/Chinese_Budhism
http://jbe.la.psu.edu
SANKARACHARYA OF KALADY
www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/
www.eaisai.com/baba/docs/sankara.html
HINDU MYTHOLOGY
www.hindumythology.com
KAMAKOTIPEETAM
www.kamakoti.org
SARADAPEETHAM
http://users.erols.com/ramakris/sringeri/sringeri.html
TEMPLES OF INDIA
www.templenet.com
www.india-biz.com/indian_temples.htm
www.saranamayyappa.org
www.siddhivinayak.org
www.hindunet.org. 118
www.chennaionline.com
www.kanchipuram.net
http://vlink.webjump.com
www.pujaseva.com/default.asp
www.srirangamtemple.org
www.orissa-tourism.com/temples.htm
www.balaji.net
CYCLING
www.cyclery.com
www.usacycling.org
www.adv-cycling.org
CHESS
www.uschess.org
www.chesscafe.com
www.chessmail.com
www.chessclub.com
CIRCUS
www.circuscircus-lasvegas.com
COMPUTER GAMES
www.cdmag.com
www.gamesdomain.com
www.gamespot.com
www.won.net
www.cgda.org
www.nikita.ru
www.geliosoft.com
FOOTBALL
www.football.com
www.fifa.com
www.footballcentral.net
www.asian-football.com
GOLF
www.pga.com
www.golftoday.co.uk
www.golfcircuit.com
www.golfmag.com
GYMNASTICS
http://directory.netscape.com/Sports/Gymnastics/
www.ncaachampionships.com
www.nadn.navy.mil/GymnTeam/
HORSE RACING
www.blood-horse.com
www.sports-days.com
www.horseracing.com
HOCKEY
www.nhl.com
www.inthecrease.com
www.chlonline.com
LAWN TENNIS.
www.wimbledon.com
www.indianewsnetwork.com/200001/lawn_tennis.htm
www.pavilion.co.uk/sclta/welcome.htm
MOTOR RACING
www.bmrc.co.uk
www.mrnnet.com
www.formula1.com
www.motorsport.com
MOUNTAIN CLIMBING
www.mountain-climbing-rock-climbing.com/guide/index.html
www.adventures.ca/gasnet/mtc.htm
www.millenniumwriters.com/mountain/index.html
www.visit-america.com/vermont/north/outdoors/mountain.htm
OLYMPICS
www.specialolympics.org
www.sydney2000.com
www.olympics.com
ROWING
www.usrowing.com
www.ul.ie/~rowing/
SEX GAMES
www.ozemail.com/~teekataylor/freepics/sex-games.html
www.sexpace.net/sex-game-hb.html
www.telesouth1.com/~avatar/sexinfo/sexgames.htm
SPORTS NEWS
www.sportsforwomen.com
www.sportscom.com
www.foxsports.com
www.espn.com
SQUASH
www.kisco.com/squash.htm
www.ffsquash.org
SKATING
www.usfsa.org
www.championsonice.com
www.isu.org
SPORTS DIRECTORY
www.onlinesports.com/pages/top,dept.html
http://toronto.planeteer.com/~cowin/sports.htm
www.sportsinfinity.com
SUMO WRESTLING
www.3zcompany.com/sumo_wrestling.htm
http://misterinflatable.com/sumo_wrestling.htm
www.sports-fun.com/html/sumo_wrestling.htm
www.edgamesandart.com/japanesesumo.html
SWIMMING
www.usswim.org
www.swimnews.com
www.trials2000.com
www.usasynchro.org
www.pacswim.org
VOLLEY BALL
http://194.250.166.229/lpcvb/
www.fivb.ch
www.volleyhall.org
www.volleyballmag.com
WINTER OLYMPICS
www.winterolympics.com
www.sportingnews.com/winterolympics/articles/54548.html
WATERPOLO
www.scoreboard-canada.com/e-zine/waterpolo.htm
www.usawaterpolo.com
www.waterpoloaus.asn.au
www.scafwp.org
www.scarboroughwaterpolo.com
WEIGHT LIFTING
www.justlift.com
www.powerlifting.com
www.wlinfo.com
www.guru.com
www.hellobrain.com
www.niku.com
DOCTORS ONLINE
www.allhealth.com
www.mayohealth.org
www.webmd.com
www.drkoop.com
FREE DISC SPACE
www.freedrive.com
www.freediscspace.com
www.idrive.com
www.docspace.com
MONEY CONVERTER
www.xe.net/currency/
SCHOLARSHIP
www.worldwidescholarships.com
MAKE A ROCKET
www.rocketryonline.com
GAYS AND LESBIANS
www.datalounge.com
www.planetout.com
www.pridenet.com
PC-MAGAZINES
www.pcmag.com
www.cnet.com
www.pcworld.com
DATING
www.dating.com
www.match.com
www.mixnmatch.com
MAKE SOME MONEY
www.activeselling.com
www.jobcash.com
www.radiofreecash.com
http://affiliate.backup.com
GO SHOPPING
www.etoys.com
www.mothermall.com
www.internetmall.com
www.onsale.com
FIND A HOME
www.homefair.com
www.homescout.com
www.realtor.com
www.homeadvisor.msn.com
BROKERS ONLINE
www.ameritrade.com
www.schwab.com
www.datek.com
www.etrade.com
www.waterhouse.com
MOVIES
www.imdb.com
www.oscars.org
www.bollywood.com
www.script-o-rama.com
www.hollywood.com
AUCTIONS
www.ebay.com
www.christies.com
www.sothebys.com
www.auctionuniverse.com
www.onsaleauctions.com
GREETING CARDS
www.bluemountain.com
www.hallmark.com
www.cards4you.com
www.123greetings.com
www.lovingyou.com
COMPUTER GAMES
www.allgame.com
www.planet.com
www.uproar.com
www.rexgames.com
www.challenge.net
HEALTH
www.healthychoice.com
www.thriveonline.com
www.shapeup.org
www.bodytrends.com
www.dietitian.com
DON'T COMMIT SUICIDE
www.rochford.org
NO DRUGS
www.drugwatch.org
AIRPORT DIRECTORY
www.airportsintl.com
STOCK X-CHANGE
www.londonstockexchange.com
www.nyse.com
SPORTS
www.espn.com
www.cnnsi.com
CHAT
www.mirc.com
http://chat.yahoo.com
RELIGION
www.jewishmag.co.il
www.shambhalasun.com
www.hindu.org
www.islam.org
www.christ.net
NATURE
www.panda.org
www.tnc.org
www.nature.org
www.nature.net
www.greenpeace.org
FREE WEB HOSTING
www.homestead.com
www.freeservers.com
www.xoom.com
www.tripod.com
www.bizservers.com
MAILING LISTS
www.tbtf.com
www.lsoft.com
www.egroups.com
www.listbot.com
www.websitepostoffice.com
www.websitejournal.com
BUY A COMPUTER
www.hp.com
www.compaq.com
www.toshiba.com
www.mitac.com
www.nec.com
www.egghead.com
SET UP A STORE
www.vstore.com
www.affinia.com
www.esaler.com
www.econgo.com
www.freemerchant.com
www.bigstep.com
FREE FAX SERVICES
www.efax.com
www.callwave.com
www.fax4free.com
TELEVISIONS
www.tvguide.com
www.discovery.com
www.mtv.com
WORLD NEWS
www.bbc.co.uk
www.cnn.com
www.expressindia.com
YELLOW PAGES
www.bigyellow.com
www.yellowpages.com
www.canadayellowpages.com
www.bigbook.com
ONLINE BANKS
www.sfnb.com
www.firstib.com
www.wellsfargo.com
www.wingspanbank.com
FREE COLLABORATION
www.hotoffice.com
www.daytracker.com
www.scheduleonline.com
www.webex.com
INTERNET
www.internet.edu
www.learnthenet.com
www.searchenginewatch.com
www.internic.net
www.w3c.org
BEST TRAVEL SITES
www.travelocity.com
www.mapquest.com
www.previewtravel.com
www.expedia.com
www.triple1.com
MONEY MATTERS
www.hrblock.com
www.moneycentral.com
www.tradecard.com
www.boler.com
www.businessweek.com
BUY MUSIC
www.audiofind.com
www.allmusic.com
www.musicmaker.com
www.mp3.com
www.saregama.com
ENJOY SEX
www.playboy.com
www.cybersex.com
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support. Users will be able to receive and request information in a controlled, fast, and low-cost
environment, a fact that renders WAP services more attractive to consumers who demand more
value and functionality from their mobile terminals.
As the initial focus of WAP, the Internet will set many of the trends in advance of WAP
implementation. It is expected that the ISPs will exploit the true potential of WAP. Web content
developers will have great knowledge and direct access to the people they attempt to reach. In
addition, these developers will likely acknowledge the huge potential of the operators' customer
bases; thus, they will be willing and able to offer competitive prices for their content. WAP's push
capability will enable weather and travel information providers to use WAP. This push mechanism
affords a distinct advantage over the WWW and represents tremendous potential for both
information providers and mobile operators.
3. Why Choose WAP?
In the past, wireless Internet access has been limited by the capabilities of handheld devices and
wireless networks.
WAP utilizes Internet standards such as XML, user datagram protocol (UDP), and IP. Many of the
protocols are based on Internet standards such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and TLS but
have been optimized for the unique constraints of the wireless environment: low bandwidth, high
latency, and less connection stability.
Internet standards such as hypertext markup language (HTML), HTTP, TLS and transmission
control protocol (TCP) are inefficient over mobile networks, requiring large amounts of mainly textbased data to be sent. Standard HTML content cannot be effectively displayed on the small-size
screens of pocket-sized mobile phones and pagers.
WAP utilizes binary transmission for greater compression of data and is optimized for long latency
and low bandwidth. WAP sessions cope with intermittent coverage and can operate over a wide
variety of wireless transports. WML and wireless markup language script (WMLScript) are used to
produce WAP content. They make optimum use of small displays, and navigation may be
performed with one hand. WAP content is scalable from a two-line text display on a basic device to
a full graphic screen on the latest smart phones and communicators.
The lightweight WAP protocol stack is designed to minimize the required bandwidth and maximize
the number of wireless network types that can deliver WAP content. Multiple networks will be
targeted, with the additional aim of targeting multiple networks. These include global system for
mobile communications (GSM) 900, 1,800, and 1,900 MHz; interim standard (IS) 136;
digital European cordless communication (DECT); time-division multiple access (TDMA), personal
communications service (PCS), FLEX, and code division multiple access (CDMA). All network
technologies and bearers will also be supported, including short message service (SMS), USSD,
circuit-switched cellular data (CSD), cellular digital packet data (CDPD), and GPRS.
As WAP is based on a scalable layered architecture, each layer can develop independently of the
others. This makes it possible to introduce new bearers or to use new transport protocols without
major changes in the other layers.
Summary
WAP provides a markup language and a transport protocol that open the possibilities of the
wireless environment and give players from all levels of the industry the opportunity to access an
untapped market that is still in its infancy. The bearer-independent nature of WAP has proved to be
a long-awaited breath of fresh air for an industry riddled with multiple proprietary standards that
have suffocated the advent of a new wave of mobile-Internet communications. WAP is an enabling
technology that, through gateway infrastructure deployed in mobile operator's network, will bridge
the gap between the mobile world and the Internet, bringing sophisticated solutions to mobile
users, independent of the bearer and network.
Backed by 75 percent of the companies behind the world's mobile telephone market and the huge
development potential of WAP, the future for WAP looks bright.
The Future of WAP
The tremendous surge of interest and development in the area of wireless data in recent times has
caused worldwide operators, infrastructu re and terminal manufacturers, and content developers to
collaborate on an unprecedented scale, in an area notorious for the diversity of standards and
protocols. The collaborative efforts of the WAP Forum have devised and continue to develop a
set of protocols that provide a common environment for the development of advanced telephony
services and Internet access for the wireless market. If the WAP protocols were to be as
successful as transmission control protocol (TCP)/Internet protocol (IP), the boom in mobile
communications would be phenomenal. Indeed, the WAP browser should do for mobile Internet
what Netscape did for the Internet.
As mentioned earlier, industry players from content developers to operators can explore the vast
opportunity that WAP presents. As a fixed-line technology, the Internet has proved highly
successful in reaching the homes of millions worldwide. However, mobile users until now have
been forced to accept relatively basic levels of functionality, over and above voice communications
and are beginning to demand the industry to move from a fixed to a mobile environment, carrying
the functionality of a fixed environment with it. Initially, services are expected to run over the wellestablished SMS bearer, which will dictate the nature and speed of early applications. Indeed,
GSM currently does not offer the data rates that would allow mobile multimedia and Web browsing.
With the advent of general packet radio services (GPRS), which aimed at increasing the data rate
to 115 kbps, as well as other emerging high-bandwidth bearers, the reality of access speeds
equivalent or higher to that of a fixed-line scenario become evermore believable. GPRS is seen by
many as the perfect partner for WAP, with its distinct time slots serving to manage data packets in
a way that prevents users from being penalized for holding standard circuit-switched connections.
a chance that will impact the look and feel of the hardware they produce. The
main issues faced by this arm of the industry concern the size of mobile phones, power supplies
display size, usability, processing power, and the role of personal digital assistants (PDAs) and
other mobile terminals.
With over 75 percent of the world's key handset manufacturers already involved in the WAP Forum
and announcing the impending release of WAP compatible handsets, the drive toward new and
innovative devices is quickly gathering pace. The handsets themselves will contain a microbroswer
that will serve to interpret the byte code (generated from the WML /WMLS content) and display
interactive content to the user.
The services available to users will be wide-ranging in nature, as a result of the open specifications
of WAP, their similarity to the established and accepted Internet model, and the simplicity of the
WML / WMLS languages with which the applications will be written. Information will be available in
push and pull functionality, with the ability for users to interact with services via both voice and
data interfaces. Web browsing as experienced by the desktop user, however, is not expected to be
the main driver behind WAP as a result of time and processing restraints.
Real-time applications and services demand small and key pieces of information that will fuel the
success of WAP in the mobile marketplace. Stock prices, news, weather, and travel are only some
of the areas in which WAP will provide services for mobile users. Essentially, the WAP application
strategy involves taking existing services that are common within a fixed-line environment and
tailoring them to be purposeful and user-friendly in a wireless environment. Empowering the user
with the ability to access a wealth of information and services from a mobile device will create a
new battleground. Mobile industry players will fight to provide their customers with sophisticated,
value-added services. As mobile commerce becomes a more secure and trusted channel by which
consumers may conduct their financial affairs, the market for WAP will become even more
lucrative.
WAP in the Competitive Environment
Competition for WAP protocols could come from a number of sources: subscriber identity module
(SIM) toolkit
The use of SIMs or smart cards in wireless devices is already widespread and used
system from Microsoft designed for including or embedding mobile and other space-constrained
devices.
JavaPhone
is embedded in a Java
and a JavaPhone
API, which
NEPs will be able to build cellular phones that can download extra features and functions over the
Internet; thus, customers will no longer be required to buy a new phone to take advantage of
improved features.
The advantages that WAP can offer over these other methods are the following: open standard,
vendor independent network-standard independent transport mechanism optimised for wireless
data bearers application downloaded from the server, enabling fast service creation and
introduction, as opposed to embedded software.
Fundamentals of e-commerce
What is e-commerce?
E-commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services across the Internet.
An e-commerce site can be as simple as a catalogue page with a phone number,
or it can range all the way to a real-time credit card processing site, where
customers can purchase downloadable goods and receive them on the spot.
E-commerce merchants can range from the small business with a few items for
sale all the way to a large online retailer such as www.amazon.com. E-commerce
has altogether brought a revolution in the business dealings all over the world.
In 1998 alone consumers spent $8 billion to buy goods and services online.
This figure is expected to reach $130 billion in the next four years.
Last year alone transactions worth $43 billion have taken place between
business to business (B2B) online all over the world. According to a recent
research the business to business e-commerce will touch $1.3 trillion. This is
ten times more than the business to consumer (B2C) value and greater than the
gross domestic product of Britain or Italy.
Using the techniques of e-commerce, you can link dealers and factories online,
reducing both lag time and paperwork. You can move procurement online by
setting up an extarnet that links directly to vendors, cutting inventory and
carrying costs and becoming more responsive to your customers. The payment
for all the transactions is done through secured credit card system.
What is the end result of e-commerce?
While building customer royalty, companies can reduce costs by improving order-processing
efficiency, with reduced cost. It means higher margins of profit. For
example, the cost of processing an airline ticket through conventional method is
$8, while the cost of processing an airline ticket booked online is just $1.
A word about online payment processing
When a customer purchases an item with a credit card, a two step process
begins.
Step1
The merchant or the web site requests an authorization from the customer's
credit card account to ensure that the card is valid and the customer has enough
available balance for the purchase. The customer bank sends an authorization
number back to the merchant or web site and the order is captured..155
Step2
The merchandise is sent and the merchant informs the bank where they have a
merchant account. The bank deposits funds to the merchant's account, while the
customer's account is debited for the amount of the purchase. At that time, the
customer's bank takes out the required fees and the transaction is complete.
Note:
Credit cards are an important part of enabling business through Internet. The
easiest process to integrate into an existing business is an offline authorization
and settlement process.
Who are the credit card processing agencies?
There is lot of credit card processing agencies in the Internet. Some major ones
are
www.cybercash.com
www.authorizenet.com
www.clickbank.com
www.ibill.com
www.paypall.com
These service providers will generate authorization request when the customer
places an order. If the merchant is selling hard goods, which have to be shipped
to the customer, then the order is saved securely for later settlement. Once
goods are shipped, the merchant can settle the order and the transaction is
completed. If the merchant is selling downloadable goods like computer games
and software, then the order can be authorized and settled in real time, without
any intervention by the merchant.
E-COMMERCE TUTORIAL
Introduction
Welcome to the e-Commerce Tutorial. Would you like to be able to accept
secure, real time credit card transactions on your web site? Well, here's how!
This tutorial will show you how to get started in the complex and exciting world
of Electronic Commerce.
This is how E Commerce works.
The consumer moves through the Internet to the merchant's web site. From
there, he decides that he wants to purchase something, so he is moved to the
Online transaction server, where all of the information he gives is encrypted.
Once he has placed his order, the information moves through a private gateway. 156
to a Processing Network, where the issuing and acquiring banks complete or
deny the transaction. This generally takes place in no more than 5-7 seconds.
There are many different payment systems available to accommodate the varied
processing needs of merchants, from those who have a few orders a day to
those who process thousands of transactions daily. With the addition of Secure
Socket Layer technology, e Commerce is also a very safe way to
complete transactions.
There are several basic steps involved in becoming Commerce Enabled.
Getting an Internet Merchant Bank Account
Web Hosting
Obtaining a Digital Certificate
Finding a Provider of Online Transactions
Creating or purchasing a Shopping Cart Software
E Commerce Directory
Welcome to the e Commerce Directory. Below you will find a listing of e
Commerce Companies that are prominent in the industry. These will not include
resellers or consultants; only those companies that provide Payment Gateways
for Online Transactions.
www.AuthorizeNet.com
www.MasterMerchant.com
www.CambistSolutions.com
www.MerchantOnline.com
www.CyberCash.com
www.ICVerify.com
www.CyberSource.com
www.OpenMarket.com
www.FirstSecurity.com
www.PaymentNet.com
www.iTransact.com
www.GeneSys.com
Web Hosting
Web hosting is a very important step in this process, as this is how you gain a
presence on the Internet in the first place. It is important that the web hosting
company is capable of providing you with the level of service that you need to
maintain your Web Store. A few things to look for are:.157
Good uptime
Good technical support
Fast connection to the Net
The Directory page provides a good cross section of the companies out there. It
is a good idea to go through a few of them and compare their prices and
services. For a quick breakdown of the most popular packages these companies
provide, visit the Summary section..159
Shopping Cart Software
Shopping cart software is an operating system that can be used to allow people
to purchase your items, keep track of your accounts, and tie together all of the
aspects of your e Commerce site into one cohesive whole.
While there are many other types of software that you can use in it's place, such
as catalogue software or a flat order form, shopping cart software is the most
popular and the most widely known.
Many Online Transaction Providers will have shopping cart software that comes
with their service, but it can often be very expensive, so be warned. If you
cannot afford to spend at least a couple of hundred dollars on this software, you
should be looking for a package that offers it as a rental included in the monthly
service charge, or one that offers a simple flat order form.
Conclusion
E Commerce can be a very rewarding venture, but it should not be undertaken
lightly. There is a lot of information to absorb. Here are some additional tips on
creating a successful Online Store:
If you know nothing about web design, it is probably a good idea to hire a
designer.
Marketing your site is very important on the web. Here are some useful tips:
Submit your site to as many search engines as possible. Try finding web sites
with similar themes and make deals to create reciprocal links.
Create an advertising banner and purchase space from a popular web site to
display it. Put your URL in the signature file of your email and the header of all
business correspondence.
Word of mouth is very powerful on the Net; tell all of your friends about your
page. Avoid spamming - it is a sure way to get a very bad reputation.
Investigate the web sites that are possible rivals and formulate a strategy for
competing against them..160
If you anticipate a lot of growth in the amount of orders coming through your
site, figure out how you are going to cope with the increased load before you get
swamped.
Now that you know the basics, you should be able to make some informed
decisions about how to proceed. Remember that you can ask for further advice
from the company that you decide to employ..161
Abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol. A special FTP program is used to transfer
files from one computer to another. It is often used by Webmasters to upload
their files to a Web site. It is also used to download files from Web sites.
HARDWARE
Term used for the physical components of a computer.
HISTORY
Your browser keeps a record of sites that have been loaded by the browser.
HOME PAGE
A Web page that is about you or a page that you create with your favorite links.
Also this term is used for the start page that loads whenever you open your
browser.
HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL
A standard used by World Wide Web servers to provide rules for moving text,
images, sound, video, and other multimedia files across the Internet.. 163
ICON
A small picture on a Web page that represents the topic or information category
of another Web page. Frequently, the icon is a hypertext link to that page.
INTERNET
A world wide collection of computer networks that allows people to find and use
information and communicate with others.
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
A generic term for any company that can connect you directly to the Internet.
LINK (HYPERTEXT LINK)
A term used on the Internet for a clickable address or word that will send you to
another area of the site you are at, or to a different Internet site.
MODEM
A device that allows computers to communicate with each other over telephone
lines or other delivery systems by changing digital signals to telephone signals
for transmission and then back to digital signals. Modems come in different
speeds: the higher the speed, the faster the data is transmitted. There are also
cable modems where you can connect to the Internet
through your cablevision.
NETIQUETTE
Rules or manners for interacting courteously with others online (such as not
typing a message in all capital letters, which is equivalent to shouting).
ONLINE SERVICE
A company that provides Internet access with extras, like their own chat rooms
and services. Examples are www.aol.com and www.earthlink.com
PIXEL
A very tiny dot of information that is displayed on a picture or screen. Refer to
Resolution.
POST
An act of putting information on the Internet. You usually post to newsgroups or
bulletin boards. You can also post a Web page.
RESOLUTION
You can adjust your computer's resolution, so you can fit more on the screen.
Resolution refers to the number of pixels that fit on the screen. Usual
configurations include 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768. With 640x480 it is 640.164
pixels wide by 480 pixels tall, for a total of 307,200 pixels (640*480) being
shown on your screen.
SEARCH ENGINE
A program that performs keyword searches for information on the Internet. The
program sends a robot to an Internet site and it gathers keywords and stores
them. When you search, it's search results are gathered by relevance to your
query. Some of the more popular search engines are Altavista, Go,
Thunderstone etc
SOFTWARE
A computer program or set of instructions. System software operates on the
machine itself and is invisible to you. Application software allows you to carry out
certain activities, such as word processing, games, and spread sheets.
SPAM
An expression for unsolicited email, generally from a company trying to get you
to visit their web site or an offer to make money.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
The World Wide Web address of a site on the Internet. For example, the URL
for the White House is http://www.whitehouse.gov.
USENET NEWSGROUPS
A system of thousands of special interest groups to which readers can send or
"post" messages; these messages are then distributed to other computers on the
network. Usenet registers newsgroups, which are available through Internet
Service Providers.
VIRUS
A piece of programming code inserted into other programming to cause some
unexpected and usually undesirable event, such as lost or damaged files. Viruses
can be transmitted by downloading programming from other sites or can be
present on a diskette. The source of the file you're downloading or of a diskette
you've received is often unaware of the virus. The virus lies dormant until
circumstances cause its code to be executed by the computer.
WALLPAPER
The picture or design that is present on your screen when you don't have any
windows open.
WORLD WIDE WEB (Web or WWW)
A hypertext-based system that allows you to browse through a variety of linked
Internet resources organized by colorful, graphics-oriented home pages..165
Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can travel a communications
path in a given time, usually measured in seconds. If you think of the
communications path as a pipe, then bandwidth represents the width of the pipe
that determines how much data can flow through it all at once.
Bit
Short for binary digit, a bit is the smallest unit of data a computer can handle.
Bits are used in various combinations to represent different kinds of data. Each
bit has a value of 0 or 1.
Byte
A byte is a series of bits of a particular length, usually 8. Computer storage space
is measured in bytes. A Kilobyte (or 1 K) represents 1024 bytes and a Megabyte
(1 Mb) represents one thousand "K" bytes, or one million bytes.
Bps
This is an abbreviation for bits per second and a measurement of how fast data
is transmitted. Bps is usually used to describe modem speeds or the speed of a
digital connection.
Browser
A browser is a software program that allows you to view and interact with
various kinds of Internet resources available on the World Wide Web. A browser
is commonly called a web browser.
Cache
When you download a web page, the data is "cached," meaning it is temporarily
stored on your computer. The next time you want that page, instead of
requesting the file from the web server, your web browser just accesses it from
the cache, so the page loads quickly. But if the web page is updated frequently,
as are pages with news, sports scores or financial data, you won't see the most
current information. Use the Reload button on your browser to download fresh
data from the server.
CD-ROM
An acronym for Compact Disk read-only Memory, a CD-ROM is a storage medium
for digital data. CD-ROMs can hold 650 Mb.
Chat
Chat describes the way people communicate online in real time. The term "chat"
is actually a misnomer. Typically, people in online chat sessions type messages
to each other using their keyboards. The message then appears on the screens
of all the participants. Chats can involve two or more people..166
Chat Room
An electronic space, typically a web site or a section of an online service, where
people can go to communicate online in real time. Chat rooms are often
organized around specific interests, such as small business owners, gardening,
etc.
Clickable Image
A clickable image is any image that has instructions embedded in it so that
clicking on it initiates some kind of action or result. On a web page, a clickable
image is any image that has a URL or more than one URL embedded in it (i.e.
hidden behind it). This can be accomplished simply by including an <A HREF>
anchor tag in an HTML <IMG> (image) tag. Embedding more than one URL in
an image requires constructing an image map.
Computer Virus
A computer virus is a program created specifically to invade computers and
networks and wreak havoc on them. The mischief caused can be very minor,
such as causing a funny image or cryptic message to be displayed on your
screen, or it can do some serious damage by altering or even destroying files.
Cyberspace
Cyberspace is a term coined by science fiction author William Gibson to describe
the whole range of information resources available through computer networks.
Domain Name
The domain name is the unique name that identifies an Internet site. The
Internet is made up of hundreds of thousands of computers and networks, all
with their own domain name or unique address. Domain names always have two
or more parts separated by dots. A given server may have more than one
domain name, but a given domain name points to only one server. For example,
whitehouse.gov is the domain name belonging to the White House computer
system. Once a system administrator registers a unique domain name, sub
addresses can be assigned to the machines and people on the local network.
Thus, the President's e-mail address is president@whitehouse.gov, the Vice-President's
is vice-president@whitehouse.gov, and so on.
Encryption
A way of coding the information in a file or e-mail message so that if it is
intercepted by a third party as it travels over a network it cannot be read. Only
the person or persons that have the right type of decoding software can
unscramble the message.. 167
Firewall
A firewall is a combination hardware and software buffer that many companies
or organizations have in place between their internal networks and the Internet.
A firewall allows only specific kinds of messages from the Internet to flow in and
out of the internal network. This protects the internal network from intruders or
to transmit network data over telephone lines. It allows you to connect your
computer to the Internet itself, rather than logging on through an Internet
service provider's host computer and using UNIX commands through a shell. This
type of connection lets you communicate directly with other computers on the
network using TCP/IP connections. It is part of the TCP/IP suite of programs
necessary to connect to and use the Internet.
Protocol
A protocol is the standard or set of rules that two computers use to communicate
with each other. Also known as a communications protocol or network protocol,
this is a set of standards that assures that different network products or
programs can work together. Any product that uses a given protocol should work
with any other product using the same protocol. For example, TCP/IP, PPP, and
SLIP.
Search Engine
A search engine is a type of software that creates indexes of databases or
Internet sites based on the titles of files, keywords, or the full text of files. The
search engine has an interface that allows you to type what you're looking for
into a blank field. It then gives you a list of the results of the search. When you
use a search engine on the Web, the results are presented to you in hypertext,
which means you can click on any item in the list to get the actual file.
Server
A server is a computer that handles requests for data, e-mail, file transfers, and
other network services from other computers (i.e., clients).
SPAM
Originally just a canned sandwich filler product, Spam now also refers to the
practice of blindly posting commercial messages or advertisements to a large
number of unrelated and uninterested newsgroups.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the language
governing communications between all computers on the Internet. TCP/IP is a
set of instructions that dictates how packets of information are sent across
multiple networks. It also includes a built-in error-checking capability to ensure
that data packets arrive at their final destination in the proper order. IP, or
Internet Protocol, is the specification that determines where packets are routed
to, based on their destination address. TCP, or Transmission Control Protocol,
makes sure that the packets arrive correctly at their destination address. If TCP
determines that a packet was not received, it will try to re send the packet until.171
it is received properly. You must be running TCP/IP to have full Internet access.
In UNIX, TCP/IP is a part of the operating system. In the DOS and Windows
world, the functionality of TCP/IP is handled by WinSock. This piece of software
takes care of your TCP/IP configuration information.
Telnet
Telnet is a software program that allows you to log in to other remote computers
on the Internet to which you have access. Once you are logged into the remote
system, you can download files, engage in conferencing, and perform the same
commands as if you were directly connected by computer. You need an Internet
account to be able to use a telnet program.
Uploading
Often confused with downloading, uploading a file means loading it from your
computer onto a remote one. Most people do a lot more downloading than
uploading. See Downloading
URL
An acronym for Uniform Resource Locator, a URL is the address for a
resource or site (usually a directory or file) on the World Wide Web and the
convention that web browsers use for locating files and other remote services.
Virtual Reality
Virtual reality, sometimes called VR, refers to computer simulations of real-world
"environments" that use 3-D graphics and external devices like a dataglove or
helmet to allow users to interact with the simulation. Users move through
virtual reality environments as though they were navigating in real worlds -walking through structures and interacting with objects in the environment.
WAN
An acronym for Wide Area Network, WAN refers to a network that connects
computers over long distances via telephone lines or satellite links. In a WAN,
the computers are physically and sometimes geographically far apart.
Web Page
A web page is a document created with HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
that is part of a group of hypertext documents or resources available on the
World Wide Web. Collectively, these documents and resources form what is
known as a web site. You can read HTML documents that reside somewhere on
the Internet or on your local hard drive with a software program called a web
browser. Web browsers read HTML documents and display them as formatted
presentations, with any associated graphics, sound, and video, on a computer
screen. Web pages can contain hypertext links to other places within the same. 172
document, to other documents at the same web site, or to documents at other
web sites. They can also contain fill-in forms, photos, large clickable images,
sounds, and videos for downloading.
World Wide Web
You can think of the Web as a worldwide collection of text and multimedia files
and other network services interconnected via a system of hypertext documents.
Http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) was created in 1990, at CERN, the European
Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, as a means for sharing
scientific data internationally, instantly, and inexpensively. With hypertext, a
word or phrase can contain a link to other text. To achieve this, CERN developed
a programming language called HTML that allows you to easily link to other
pages or network services on the Web
SSL
An acronym for Secure Socket Layer, SSL is a protocol developed by Netscape
communications Corporation for securing data transmission in commercial
transactions on the Internet. Using public-key cryptography, SSL provides server
authentication, data encryption, and data integrity for client/server
communications
Cryptography
The process of securing private information that is passed through public
networks by mathematically scrambling (encrypting) it in a way that makes it
unreadable to anyone except the person or persons holding the mathematical
"key" that can unscramble (decrypt) it. The two most common types of
cryptography are "same-key" and "public-key." In same-key cryptography, a
message is encrypted and decrypted using the same key, which is passed along
from one party to another in a separate transmission. A more secure method is
public-key cryptography, which uses a pair of different keys (one public, one
private) that have a particular relationship to one another, such that any
message encrypted with one key can only be decrypted with the other key and
vice versa.. 173
Conclusion
The utility of any book depends upon its contents and simplicity. Let us sincerely
hope that, this book has given you some vital information about many useful
web sites, which you may not find in other books. Use these resources to get
ahead in life. Always remember that, you are the product of digital economy and
you have got the capacity to challenge the entire world.
If you find this book useful, simple and interesting recommend it to your friend.
Also give your comments on this book in the following address
GIJO K.V/ H.M. JADEJA
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