05 Grounding Regulations

Installation Manual
M900/M1800 Base Station Controller
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 5 Grounding Regulations............................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 About This Chapter ............................................................................................................ 5-1
5.2 Introduction to Grounding .................................................................................................. 5-1
5.2.1 Related Concepts of Grounding.............................................................................. 5-1
5.2.2 Types and Methods of Grounding........................................................................... 5-2
5.3 M900/M1800 BSC System Grounding .............................................................................. 5-6
5.3.1 Grounding of Assembled Cabinets ......................................................................... 5-7
5.3.2 Grounding of BSC Equipment................................................................................. 5-7
5.3.3 Connection Between BSC and Transmission Equipment..................................... 5-10
5.3.4 Grounding Resistance........................................................................................... 5-10
5.4 Reconstruction of Network Equipment Grounding .......................................................... 5-10
5.5 Grounding Processing ..................................................................................................... 5-12
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Installation Manual
Installation Preparations
Chapter 5 Grounding Regulations

5.1 About This Chapter
This chapter describes the regulations for grounding, including the following contents:
z
Introduction to Grounding
M900/M1800 BSC System Grounding
Reconstruction of Network Equipment Grounding
Grounding
5.2 Introduction to Grounding

This section provides the concepts related to grounding and describes the types and
methods of grounding.
5.2.1 Related Concepts of Grounding

Grounding is one of the key approaches to improving the electromagnetic compatibility
of electronic equipments.
Proper grounding can suppress the negative effect of interference and the interference
to the outside. Improper grounding may generate severe interference, affecting the
operation of equipments.
Grounding requirements vary with the equipment type and working environment.
There are two meanings for "Ground" in electronic equipments:
z
System Reference Ground

It refers to the reference conductor of the signal loop or the reference electric
potential of the zero voltage of the system power supply, that is, "system ground".
Earth
It means the grounding device, consisting of metal cases and cables of electronic
equipment. It is connected to the earth through grounding cables and grounding
poles (bars).
Grounding stated in this manual refers to "connected to the earth".

The purpose of grounding is to:
z
Ensure safety.
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Installation Manual
According to the electric application rules, you must earth the metal case of
electronic equipment to avoid danger caused by insulation failure or electric
leakage.
z
Suppress interference.
The connection of the system ground of electronic equipment to the earth can
provide a stable reference potential for the signal loop. The connection of the
shielding layer to the earth can suppress the interference of the varying electric
field.
5.2.2 Types and Methods of Grounding

Normally, many parts in electronic equipment need to be grounded. Most of them must
be separated into a number of independent grounding subsystems according to loop
attributes and grounding purposes. These subsystems are then connected together to
make an overall grounding.
The common grounding subsystems include:
z
Protection grounding cable

It is the grounding cable of the mental case of equipment.
System grounding cable

It is the grounding cable of the reference conductor of the signal loop or zero
voltage reference potential.
Shielding layer grounding cable

It is the grounding cable of the shielding layers of cables and transformers.
These grounding subsystems are also called three types of grounding busbars. Each
grounding subsystem has many types of grounding modes, as described later.
I. Protection Grounding
There are two grounding modes for the protection grounding of electric equipment:
z
Zero-line protection
It mostly applies to the three-phase four-line power distribution system. Normally
it works with the protection circuit. When a phase line contacts the case, there is a
large short circuit current flowing back to the power supply through protection
grounding. The protection circuit reacts to this and then cuts off the power.
Protection ground
It normally applies to single-phase electric equipment or electronic equipment of
small capacity.

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Installation Manual
II. System Grounding

There are three types of system grounding modes in electronic equipment:
z
Float grounding mode

It is not grounded to the earth but floats freely, as shown in Figure 5-1.
Power cable
Electronic
circuitry
Electronic
circuitry
Electronic
circuitry
System grounding cable
Figure 5-1 Float grounding mode
If the float grounding system has a large resistance to the ground and a small
distribution capacitance to the ground, the interference current caused by the
external common mode interference is small. Generally, this mode applies to a
small control system or low speed device.
z
Direct grounding mode

For large electronic equipment, distribution capacitance to the ground increases
accordingly with the increase of working speed and the expansion of the
equipment. When the system reference potential is unstable due to interference,
displacement current occurs through the capacitance to ground. This affects the
normal operation of the equipment.
In addition, when static induction or lightning strike occurs, very high potential
difference is generated between the control loop and the mental case of the
equipment. This possibly causes arc discharge or breakdown of the poorly
insulated part. Thus, this mode generally applies to large electronic equipment or
complicated systems.
Capacitance grounding mode

The system is connected to the earth through a capacitance. The grounding
capacitance provides a path to the ground for the high-frequency interference
component. It can suppress the effect of the distribution capacitance, but it is still
short-circuit for the low frequency. When a DC component or low frequency
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Installation Manual
potential difference exists between the system ground and the earth, you can
select
this
mode.
The
capacitance
must
have
better
high-frequency
characteristics and voltage endurance. Generally, the capacitance is 2 nF to

10 nF.
III. Shielding Layer Grounding

The shielding layer of twisted-pair cable or coaxial cable used for signal transmission
can protect the transmitted signals against external interference only when it is
grounded to the earth. The shielding layer can only suppress static induction.
Figure 5-2 shows the principle of shielding layer grounding.
C2
Shielding
A
C1
EN
C1
C3
UN
C2
Figure 5-2 Shielding layer grounding
In Figure 5-2, A is the noise source. Its noise voltage is UN and capacitance C3. B is the
inducted signal line. Its capacitance to the ground is C1 and that to A is C2. EN is the
noise induction potential. It can be expressed in the following formula:
E N=
C2
UN
C1 + C 2
The shorter the distance between A and B is, the larger C2 and EN are. Nevertheless, if
the shielding layer of the signal line B is grounded, the induced noise potential is always
zero. Otherwise, the signal line can still be affected by partial induction potential due to
the distribution capacitance existing between the shielding layer and the signal line.
In addition, the grounding of the shielding layer can suppress the signal line from
radiating noise to the outside, as shown in Figure 5-2. If the shielding layer of the noise
source A is grounded, its noise voltage to the earth is zero. Thus it cannot generate
induction voltage to B.
The shielding layer made of non-magnetic conductive materials, such as copper and
aluminum, can only suppress static induction noise. To prevent magnetic induction
noise, you must use materials with strong magnetic conductivity, such as iron, for the
shielding layer.

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Installation Manual
For either system grounding or shielding layer grounding, one-point grounding mode is
often used, that is, use a grounding pole. This is because grounding resistance exists.
When the current flows to the earth, potential of the grounding pole and the earth
around it increases, causing the potential change of the equipment ground. Therefore,
potential difference always exists between two separate grounding points far away
from each other, as shown in Figure 5-3.
U1
U2
Signal line
O1
G1
Signal return line
O2
IN
G2
UN
Figure 5-3 Potential difference between two grounding points
The system grounds of two units U1 and U2 are connected to the earth at a nearby place
respectively. Potential difference UN exists at the grounding points G1 and G2, thus
generating interference current IN. Because of the effect of various factors, a great
change takes place to the potential around the grounding pole.
For example, the voltage can be up to between 1 kV and 2 kV when there is a lightning
strike. Therefore, the system has a large interference current instantly, thus affecting
the normal operation of the system.
In addition, the system ground or the shielding ground forms a closed loop with the
grounding cable and the earth. Interference current can be generated in the loop under
the effect of magnetic induction. Therefore, one-point grounding mode often applies to
the actual magnetic environment.
For high-frequency signal or interference, the shielding layer also uses the two-end
grounding or multi-point grounding mode. This is because even a short grounding
cable has great impedance and the voltage decreases at a high-frequency. Due to the
effect of distribution capacitance, it is indeed difficult to use one-point grounding.
Therefore, the two-end grounding or multi-point grounding mode is often used to
reduce grounding impedance and eliminate distribution capacitance.
For example, when the length of the cable is 1/4 that of the signal wave, the signal
generates standing wave on its shielding layer to form a noise transmission antenna. In
this case, you must use the two-end grounding mode to suppress the noise
transmission. Furthermore, the shielding layer of some sensitive high-frequency input

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Installation Manual
cables must also use the two-end grounding mode to reduce the area of the grounding
loop.
The small-capacity BSC must use the radiation one-point grounding mode, as shown in
Figure 5-4. That is to connect all parts to the grounding pole through grounding cables.
Thus interference due to common impedance and closed loop of grounding can be
avoided.
U1
U3
U2
Figure 5-4 Radiation one-point grounding mode
When the system has many grounding cables, you can use the trunk grounding mode.
That is to use a conductor with an enough cross-sectional area as the grounding
busbar and connect it directly to the grounding pole. Then you can connect all parts to
the busbar nearby, as shown in Figure 5-5.
U1
U3
U2
Figure 5-5 Trunk grounding mode
5.3 M900/M1800 BSC System Grounding

This section describes the grounding requirements for the BSC and introduces how to
ground the components of the BSC.

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Installation Manual
5.3.1 Grounding of Assembled Cabinets

I. General Rules
The general rules apply to the lightning protection and grounding design for Huawei
BSC products, including the following contents:
z
The lightning protection and grounding design must take into consideration the
personal and equipment safety, and normal operation of communications
equipment.
The lightning protection and grounding design must also comply with relevant
specifications.
If there is difficulty in implementing some items of this regulation, you must detail
the reasons in the design documents, and propose solutions for approval.
Huawei is entitled to the interpretation regarding this regulation.
II. General Principle

The general principle includes the following:
z
The grounding cable, as thick and short as possible, must use copper conducting
wires to minimize high-frequency impedance.
The grounding terminal must be secured with bolts to ensure good contact.
To reduce mutual interference, the grounding cables and signal cables cannot be
parallel or wound together.
The BSC system must use joint grounding. The grounding cables of the cabinets
in the same module must be securely jointed to form an equipotential body.
5.3.2 Grounding of BSC Equipment

I. Ground Interconnection in Cabinet
To ensure equal potential between the work ground (GND) and protection ground
(PGND), three grounds must be combined into one on the top of the cabinet (This task
is complete before delivery).
The rack and PGND must be connected through a short conducting wire before delivery.
The cross-sectional area of the wire must be no less than 6 mm2. Fasten one end of the
short conducting wire to the PGND terminal using nuts, and the other end to the rack
body using bolts.
II. Ground Interconnection Between Cabinets

Ground interconnection between cabinets includes the following several cases:
z
Ground interconnection between adjacent racks

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Installation Manual
During installation, connect the racks in the same row using bolts and washers.
z
Ground interconnection between cabinets on the cabinet top

To ensure equal potential for all the cabinets in the same module, connect the
GNDs of the cabinets with each other using copper wires on the top of cabinets.
The copper wires must be 25 mm2 in cross-sectional area and 1,400 mm in length,
as shown in Figure 5-6.
Busbar interconnection between cabinets

Connect the grounding cables of the cabinets in the same module using a short
connecting wire. Ensure that the connecting wire is no less than 2 mm2 in
cross-sectional area and 200 mm in length.
Connect the two ends of the connecting wire respectively to the GNDs of the
busbars of adjacent cabinets, as shown in Figure 5-6.
Ground interconnection when assembled and welded cabinets are combined

When assembled cabinets and welded cabinets coexist in the same module and
are placed side by side, the +5 V GND of the power distribution box of the welded
cabinet must be connected to the GND of the power distribution box of the
assembled cabinet with a short conducting wire.
Cabinet grounding
From each cabinet one GND wire and one PGND wire must be led out and
connected respectively to the GND and the PGND copper bars of the DC
distribution cabinet or power distribution box.
The GND copper bar of the DC distribution cabinet or power distribution box must
be connected to the GND terminal of the DC distribution panel through the black
plastic insulated copper core GND busbar. The PGND copper bar must be
connected to the PGND terminal of the equipment room through yellow and green
plastic insulated copper core PGND busbar.
The grounding cable of the cabinet must be no less than 25 mm2 in cross-sectional
area. The cross-sectional area of the grounding busbar must be calculated based
on engineering design. The cross-sectional area of the grounding busbar of the
DC distribution cabinet must be no less than 240 mm2 and that of the power
distribution box must be no less than 90 mm2.
Figure 5-6 shows the grounding of the assembled cabinet.

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Installation Manual
......
PGND
GND
......
-48V2
-48V1
-48V2
(2)
PGND
GND
-48V2
-48V1
PGND
-48V1
GND
-48V2
-48V1
(1)
......
GND
(4)
PGND
(4)
(4)
......
(3)
(1) DC high resistance cabinet or power distribution box

(3) Protection grounding bar of the equipment room
(2) To DC distribution panel

(4) Assembled cabinet
Figure 5-6 Grounding of assembled cabinets
III. Grounding of Signal Cables

The shielding layer of the HW cables or DT8K cables must be grounded at both ends.
IV. Grounding of the BAM

The power supply to the embedded industrial-computer BAM must be led in directly
from the 48 V and GND of the BSC busbar to share the GND with the BSC.
The standalone server BAM using 220 V power supply must share the GND with the
BSC through an inverter.
V. Grounding of the Alarm Box

The power supply to the alarm box must be led in directly from the 48 V and GND of
the BSC busbar to share the GND with the BSC.
For the DC power supply of GM12 alarm box, the alarm box can support 110 V/220 V
power. There is a three-phase socket at the lower right corner of the alarm box. To
connect the DC power supply, only a three-phase socket is needed. The alarm box
uses the grounding of the three-phase socket.
VI. Grounding of Terminal Equipment and Their Connection Cables

For the terminal equipment connecting the BSC, their AC power supply PGND must be
connected to the shell of the BSC. That is, the PE end of the connector card must be

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Installation Manual
disconnected from the AC neutral line and then connected to the grounding cable from
the BSC GND.
5.3.3 Connection Between BSC and Transmission Equipment

The shielding layer of the cable connecting the BSC and the transmission equipment
must be grounded at both ends. The transmitting end must be securely grounded while
the receiving end can be disconnected.
5.3.4 Grounding Resistance

It is recommended that the grounding resistance of the telecommunication site where
the base station equipment is located be less than 10 ohm. It must conform to the
relative stipulation of the country.
5.4 Reconstruction of Network Equipment Grounding

This section covers grounding reconstruction for the installed equipment that does not
comply with the grounding rules. For the sake of safety, grounding reconstruction must
be performed when the traffic is low and the power supply is cut off.
To reconstruct the grounding of equipment, do as follows:
1)
Back up data.
2)
Cut off the power supply to the power supply unit in each frame in regular
sequence.
3)
Turn off the air breakers on the upper front of the rack one by one.
4)
Turn off the power switch of the cabinet through the power distribution cabinet or
power distribution box.
5)
Remove the nut from the PGND connector post and push the lug at one end of the
0.19m GND feeder into the PGND connector post.
6)
Remove the nut from the GND connector post and connect the lug at the other end
of the 0.19m GND feeder to the GND connector post. Meanwhile, connect the lug
on one end of another connecting 1.4m GND feeder to this post and connect the
other end to the GND connector post of the neighboring cabinet.
7)
Ensure that the installation of lugs meet the requirements.

If you need to connect two or more cables to the same connector post, ensure that
the lugs are not overlapped. You can use the cross installation or back-to-back
installation mode. If they must be overlapped, ensure to curve the lugs for 45 or
90. Mount the larger one beneath the smaller one and then tighten them, as
shown in Figure 5-7, Figure 5-8, and Figure 5-9.

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Installation Manual
8)
After all cable connections are complete, measure with a multimeter to see if there
is any short circuit between the 48 V terminal and the GND before power-on
again.
9)
Turn on the power switch in the power distribution cabinet or power distribution
box.
10) Turn on the air breakers on the upper front of the rack one by one.
11) Power on the power supply units in all frames in sequence.
12) Observe if every frame works normally.
Proceed with the reconstruction of the next rack.
Flat washer
Nut
Spring washer
Back-to-back installation
Figure 5-7 Installation of connectors (1)
Flat washer
Nut
Spring washer
Bending 45 or 90 degrees

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Installation Manual
Flat washer
Nut
Spring washer
Cross installation
5.5 Grounding Processing

The grounding resistance must be as small as possible. During the engineering design,
the grounding body is generally made of zinc-plated material and the length, width, and
thickness must meet the grounding requirements of the BSC. For example, 50 mm x 50
mm x 5 mm angle steel, 2.5 m in length.
Factors that affect the grounding resistance include:
z
Resistance of the grounding bar
Contact resistance among the connecting cables, grounding post, and soil
Soil type
The soil type has the greatest impact on grounding resistance. For areas in poor
soil conditions, you can use some chemical agents such as acrylamide resistance
reduction agent around the grounding bar to meet the grounding requirements of
the BSC.
Temperature
When the temperature is below 0C, the grounding resistance may change much.
For the BSC installed in a cold area, you must mount grounding bars deep in the
earth and use chemical agents.
Humidity of soil
The connecting cables from the grounding bars to the grounding bolts on the BSC
equipment must use copper core cables with the cross-sectional area no less than 50
mm2 and the distance between them as short as possible. When the distance is over 50
m, you must use the copper core cables with a larger diameter.

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Installation Manual
You must tin both ends of the connecting cable or soak them in tin. Then clean the
coating material, varnish, and paint around the fixing point to ensure good contact
between the two metal surfaces.
All grounding parts must have anticorrosion protection. You must tighten the grounding
bolts mechanically to ensure a low resistance connection.

5-13

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Installation Manual

M900/M1800 Base Station Controller

Huawei Technologies Proprietary

Chapter 5 Grounding Regulations

M900/M1800 BSC System Grounding

Reconstruction of Network Equipment Grounding

5.2 Introduction to Grounding

5.2.1 Related Concepts of Grounding

System Reference Ground

Grounding stated in this manual refers to "connected to the earth".

5.2.2 Types and Methods of Grounding

Protection grounding cable

System grounding cable

Shielding layer grounding cable

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II. System Grounding

Float grounding mode

System grounding cable

Figure 5-1 Float grounding mode

Direct grounding mode

Capacitance grounding mode

characteristics and voltage endurance. Generally, the capacitance is 2 nF to

III. Shielding Layer Grounding

Figure 5-2 Shielding layer grounding

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Signal return line

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Figure 5-4 Radiation one-point grounding mode

Figure 5-5 Trunk grounding mode

5.3 M900/M1800 BSC System Grounding

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5.3.1 Grounding of Assembled Cabinets

Huawei is entitled to the interpretation regarding this regulation.

II. General Principle

5.3.2 Grounding of BSC Equipment

II. Ground Interconnection Between Cabinets

Ground interconnection between adjacent racks

Ground interconnection between cabinets on the cabinet top

Busbar interconnection between cabinets

Ground interconnection when assembled and welded cabinets are combined

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(1) DC high resistance cabinet or power distribution box

(2) To DC distribution panel

Figure 5-6 Grounding of assembled cabinets

III. Grounding of Signal Cables

IV. Grounding of the BAM

V. Grounding of the Alarm Box

VI. Grounding of Terminal Equipment and Their Connection Cables

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5.3.3 Connection Between BSC and Transmission Equipment

5.3.4 Grounding Resistance

5.4 Reconstruction of Network Equipment Grounding

Ensure that the installation of lugs meet the requirements.

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Figure 5-7 Installation of connectors (1)

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5.5 Grounding Processing

Resistance of the grounding bar

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