Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Test 1 Solution
And
Review Chapter 2 & 3 Problems

m.moniruzzaman@petronas.com.my

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Replacement Tutorial Class

Date:

12th November 2013 (Tuesday)

Time:

8:00-10.00 am (For group 2)

12:00 noon -2.00 pm (For group 1)

Venue: 04.02.16
Review Class on lectures (From week 1 to week 7)

Date:
Time:

Venue:

Week 14

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Step 1: Problem Statement
Step 2: Schematic
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
Step 4: Physical Laws

Step 5: Properties
Step 6: Calculations
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification
and Discussion

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Class example
Air is compressed from an initial state of 1 bar to a final state of 5 bar by three
different mechanically reversible processes in a closed system:
(a) Heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure
(b) Isothermal compression
(c) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant volume
Assume air to be an ideal gas. Calculate the changes in internal energy and
enthalpy of the air for each process.

Solution
Let system = 1 mol air.
For constant T (beginning and end of
process), dT = 0.
Thus,
= = 0

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Example 3.2
Air is compressed from an initial state of 1 bar and 25oC (298.15 K) to a final state of
5 bar and 25oC (298.15 K) by three different mechanically reversible processes in a
closed system:
(a) Heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure
(b) Isothermal compression
(c) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant volume
Assume air to be an ideal gas with the constant heat capacities, CV = (5/2) R and CP =
(7/2) R. At 25oC (298.15 K) and 1 bar, the molar volume of air is 0.024 79 m3 mol-1.
Calculate the work required, heat transferred, and the changes in internal energy and
enthalpy of the air for each process.

Solution
Let system = 1 mol air. For R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1,
CV = 20.785 J mol-1 K-1 and CP = 29.099 J mol-1 K-1
For constant T (beginning and end of process), dT = 0.
Thus, = = for all three processes

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Example 3.2 (Contd)

P1 V1 P2 V2

T1
T2
V2 V1

For T1 T2 , P1 V1 P2 V2

P1
1
0.024 79 m3 0.004 958 m3
P2
5

(b) Heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure

Fist step: heating at constant volume:
P1 V1 PV

T1
T
T T1

For V1 V , P P2

P2
5
298.15 K 1490.75 K
P1
1

For constant volume:

Q = U = CV T = (20.78 J K-1)(1490.75 298.15)K = 24 788 J
Second step: cooling at constant pressure
Q = H = CP T = (29.10 J K-1)(298.15 1490.75) K = 34 703 J
U = H (PV) = H P V = 34 703 J ( 5 105 N m-2)(0.004 958 0.024 79) m3 = 24 788 J
Combined steps (complete process):
Q = 24 788 J 34 703 J = 9915 J
U = 24 788J 24 788 J = 0
As U = Q + W , W = Q = 9915 J
As H = U + (PV) and (PV) = 0 , H = U = 0

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

Example 3.2 (Contd)

(b) Heating at constant volume followed by cooling

at constant pressure (Alternative method)

Fist step: heating at constant volume:
w=0 J
Second step: cooling at constant pressure
w= PV
= ( 5 105 N m-2)(0.004 958 0.024 79) m3
= 9915 J
Total work W = 9915 J + 0 J = 9915 J
Since, U is zero, Q =- W = - 9915 J
Combined steps (complete process):
H =U =0
W = Q = 9915 J

September 2013

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Example 3.2 (Contd)

(b) For the isothermal compression of ideal gas,
= = ln

1
1
= 8.314 J K 1 298.15 K ln = 3990 J
2
5

Alternative method
1
1
= = 11 ln = 1 x 105 Pa (0.02479 m3)ln = 3990 J
2
5
(c) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant volume
Fist step: adiabatic compression:
Formulae:

1 1 1 = 2 1
29.099
=
=
= 1.4
20.785
= 1

1
2

= 298.15 K

0.02479 m3
0.004958 m3

0.4

= 567.57 K

For adiabatic process, Q = 0

= = 20.785 J K 1 567.57 298.15 K = 5600 J

1 = constant

W = U = CVT

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

Example 3.2 (Contd)

Second step: cooling at constant
volume:
=0
= = 2
= 20.785 J K 1 (298.15
567.57)K
= 5600 J
Combined steps (overall process):
W = 5600 J
Q = 5600 J

September 2013

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Test 1 Solution
1. a. An ideal gas at P1=1 bar, 25 C and V1=12 m3 is compressed to
P2= 5 bar, 25 C and V2= 1m3 by two different mechanically reversible
processes: (1) cooling at constant pressure followed by heating at constant
volume; (2) isothermal compression. For each path, calculate:
i.

The enthalpy, H (J).

[3 marks]

ii.

The work, W (J).

[3 marks]

iii.

The heat, Q (J).

[3 marks]

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

Test 1 Solution (Q. 1, a, Contd)

September 2013

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

Test 1 Solution (Q. 1, a, Contd)

September 2013

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Test 1 Solution (Q. 1, b)

1. b. TWO (2) heat engines produce power of 90000 kW each:
(1) A Carnot engine operates between heat reservoirs at 750 K and 300 K.
(2) A practical engine operates between the same heat reservoirs but with
a thermal efficiency, = 0.30. Determine in each case the rates at
which heat is absorbed from the hot reservoir and discarded to the cold
reservoir.
[6 marks]

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

Test 1 Solution (Q. 1, b, Contd)

September 2013

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

Test 1 Solution (Q. 1, b, Contd)

September 2013

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Test 1 Solution (Q. 2, a)

2. a.

Superheated steam at 1000 kPa and 250 C (523.15 K) expands

isentropically to 200 kPa.
i.

Find the enthalpy and entropy for the superheated steam at the
initial state (1000 kPa and 250 C).
[4 marks]
ii. Determine the down-stream state of the steam.
[2 marks]
iii. What is the final specific enthalpy in kJ kg-1?
[7 marks]

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

Test 1 Solution (Q. 2, a, Contd)

isentropic

September 2013

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

Test 1 Solution (Q. 2, a, Contd)

September 2013

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CCB 2024)

September 2013

Test 1 Solution (Q. 2, b)

2. b.

A process is assumed to be reversible and adiabatic. What is

the entropy change of the process? Justify your answer.
[2 marks]