Unit 2

12EC244-Mobile Communications
UNIT-2
(Wireless Telecommunication Systems)
SUGUMAR.D,
Assistant Professor,
ECE Department,
Karunya University.
7/30/2012
Karunya University
Karunya University
Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems
12EC 244 Mobile Communications
Over View
GSM
DECT
TETRA
UMTS/IMT-2000
7/30/2012
Karunya University
Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

approx. 1.7 bn
1600
2008:
>3.3 bn!
1400
Subscribers [million]
1200
GSM total
1000
TDMA total
CDMA total
PDC total
Analogue total
800
W-CDMA
600
Total wireless
Prediction (1998)
400
200
0
1996
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2
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004 year
Karunya University
CT0/1
AMPS
NMT
CT2
IS-136
TDMA
D-AMPS
GSM
PDC
TDMA
FDMA
Development of mobile telecommunication systems

IMT-FT
DECT
EDGE
GPRS
IMT-SC
IS-136HS
UWC-136
CDMA
IMT-DS
UTRA FDD / W-CDMA
HSPA
IMT-TC
UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA
1G
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IS-95
cdmaOne
cdma2000 1X
2G
2.5G
IMT-TC
TD-SCDMA
IMT-MC
cdma2000 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
(3X)
3G
Karunya University
Some statistics
16th April 2008: The GSMA, the global trade group for the mobile industry, today
announced that total connections to GSM mobile communications networks have
now passed the 3 Billion mark globally. The third billion landmark has been
reached just four years after the GSM industry surpassed its first billion, and just
two years from the second billionth connection. The 3 Billion landmark has been
surpassed just 17 years after the first GSM network launch in 1991. Today more
than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories of the world are
adding new connections at the rate of 15 per second, or 1.3 million per day.
The worlds biggest GSM markets today are China (509 million), which is growing
at a rate of more than 7 million new connections a month and accounts for 14% of
the third billion growth; India (193 million), growing at 6 million per month
accounts for 12% of the third billion growth, Russia (178 million) and Brazil (93
million) which both contributed 4% of the third billion growth.
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I.GSM: Overview
GSM
(founded 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication
Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications
Standardisation Institute)
simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991, 1994,
1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany: D1
and D2)
seamless roaming within Europe possible
Today many providers all over the world use GSM

(218 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
more than 3 billion subscribers in more than 700 networks
more than 75% of all digital mobile phones use GSM
be aware: these are only rough numbers]
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Performance characteristics of
GSM (wrt. analog sys.)
Communication
mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services
Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different
providers
Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles localization
High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell
High transmission quality
high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at
higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)
Security functions
access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
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Disadvantages of GSM
There is no perfect system!!

no end-to-end encryption of user data
no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user, no transparent Bchannel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
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1.GSM: Mobile Services
GSM offers
several types of connections
voice connections, data connections, short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domains
Bearer Services
Telematic Services
Supplementary Services
bearer services
MS
TE
MT
R, S
GSM-PLMN
Um
transit
network
(PSTN, ISDN)
source/
destination
network
TE
(U, S, R)
tele services
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Bearer Services
Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points

Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)
data service (circuit switched)
synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s
data service (packet switched)
synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s
Today: data rates of approx. 50 kbit/s possible will be covered later! (even more
with new modulation)
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Tele Services I
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones

All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security measurements
etc.
Offered services
mobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional
bandwidth of 3.1 kHz
Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service providers;
free of charge; connection with the highest priority (preemption of other
connections possible)
Multinumbering
several ISDN phone numbers per user possible
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Tele Services II
Additional services
Non-Voice-Teleservices
group 3 fax
voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile
terminals)
electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the
fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)
alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal (160
characters) using the signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of
basic services and SMS
(almost ignored in the beginning now the most successful add-on!)
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Supplementary services
Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered stand-alone

Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers, countries and protocol
versions
Important services
identification: forwarding of caller number
suppression of number forwarding
automatic call-back
conferencing with up to 7 participants
locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
...
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Ingredients 1: Mobile Phones,

PDAs & Co.
The visible but smallest

part of the network!
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Ingredients 2: Antennas
Still visible cause many discussions

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Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 1
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
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Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 2
comprise the major part
of the network (also
from an investment
point of view)
Management
Data bases
Switching units
Monitoring
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GSM Architecture : overview

OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR
NSS
with OSS
VLR
MSC
GMSC
VLR
fixed network
MSC
BSC
BSC
RSS
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2.Architecture of the GSM system
GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within
each country
components
MS (mobile station)
BS (base station)
MSC (mobile switching center)
LR (location register)
subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover,
switching
OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
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GSM: elements and interfaces

radio cell
MS
BSS
MS
Um
radio cell
MS
BTS
RSS
BTS
Abis
BSC
BSC
A
MSC
NSS
MSC
VLR
signaling
VLR
GMSC
HLR
IWF
ISDN, PSTN
PDN
O
OSS
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EIR
AUC
OMC
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GSM: system architecture

radio
subsystem
MS
network and
switching subsystem
fixed
partner networks
MS
ISDN
PSTN
MSC
Um
BTS
Abis
BSC
EIR
SS7
BTS
VLR
BTS
BTS
BSS
HLR
BSC
A
MSC
IWF
ISDN
PSTN
PSPDN
CSPDN
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System architecture: radio subsystem

radio
subsystem
MS
network and switching

subsystem
Components
MS (Mobile Station)
BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
consisting of
BTS (Base Transceiver
Station):
sender and receiver
BSC (Base Station
Controller):
controlling several
transceivers
Interfaces
Um : radio interface
Abis : standardized, open
interface with
16 kbit/s user channels
A: standardized, open interface
with
64 kbit/s user channels
MS
Um
BTS
Abis
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BSS
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MSC
BSC
MSC
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System architecture: network and switching subsystem

network
subsystem
fixed partner
networks
ISDN
PSTN
Components
MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center):
IWF (Interworking Functions)
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
MSC
SS7
EIR
HLR
VLR
MSC
IWF
ISDN
PSTN
Network)
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network)
PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.)
CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data
Net.)
Databases
HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
PSPDN
CSPDN
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Radio subsystem
The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the
switching centers
Components
Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender,
receiver, antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several
cells
Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling
BTSs, managing of network resources, mapping of radio channels (Um)
onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
Mobile Stations (MS)
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GSM: cellular network

segmentation of the area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell
cell
idealized shape of the cell
use of several carrier frequencies

not the same frequency in adjoining cells
cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density,
geography, transceiver power etc.
hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor
cell
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GSM frequency bands (examples)

Type
Channels
Uplink [MHz]
Downlink [MHz]
GSM 850
128-251
824-849
869-894
GSM 900
classical
extended
0-124, 955-1023
124 channels
+49 channels
876-915
890-915
880-915
921-960
935-960
925-960
GSM 1800
512-885
1710-1785
1805-1880
GSM 1900
512-810
1850-1910
1930-1990
GSM-R
exclusive
955-1024, 0-124
69 channels
876-915
876-880
921-960
921-925
- Additionally: GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458/460-468 or 479-486/489-496 MHz)
- Please note: frequency ranges may vary depending on the country!
- Channels at the lower/upper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
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Example coverage of GSM networks

T-Mobile (GSM-900/1800) Germany
AT&T (GSM-850/1900) USA
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O2 (GSM-1800) Germany
Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
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Base Transceiver Station and Base

Station Controller
Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS

BTS comprises radio specific functions
BSC is the switching center for radio channels
Functions
Management of radio channels
Frequency hopping (FH)
Management of terrestrial channels
Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels
Channel coding and decoding
Rate adaptation
Encryption and decryption
Paging
Uplink signal measurements
Traffic measurement
Authentication
Location registry, location update
Handover management
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BTS
X
X
X
X
X
X
BSC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Mobile station
Terminal for the use of GSM services

A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups
MT (Mobile Terminal):
offers common functions used by all services the MS offers
corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access
end-point of the radio interface (Um)
TA (Terminal Adapter):
terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics
TE (Terminal Equipment):
peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user
does not contain GSM specific functions
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):
personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters
TE
TA
R
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MT
S
Um
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Network and switching subsystem
NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM

switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks, system
control
Components
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal
within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to a MSC
Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)
Home Location Register (HLR)
central master database containing user data, permanent and semipermanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can
have several HLRs)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user
currently in the domain of the VLR
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Mobile Services Switching Center
The MSC (mobile switching center) plays a central role in GSM

switching functions
additional functions for mobility support
management of network resources
interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)
integration of several databases
Functions of a MSC
specific functions for paging and call forwarding
termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7)
mobility specific signaling
location registration and forwarding of location information
provision of new services (fax, data calls)
support of short message service (SMS)
generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
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Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation, management, and

maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components
Authentication Center (AUC)
generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR
authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and
encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
registers GSM mobile stations and user rights
stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes
even localized
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network
subsystem
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3.Radio interface (GSM - TDMA/FDMA)

935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
higher GSM frame structures

time
GSM TDMA frame

1
8
4.615 ms
GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard
space
tail
3 bits
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user data
S Training S
user data
57 bits
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
guard
tail space
546.5 s
577 s
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GSM hierarchy of frames

hyperframe
0
2045 2046 2047 3 h 28 min 53.76 s
...
superframe
...
48
...
49
24
50
6.12 s
25
multiframe
0
...
0
24
2
120 ms
25
...
48
49
50
235.4 ms
frame
0
...
4.615 ms
slot
burst
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577 s
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4.GSM protocol layers for signaling

Um
Abis
MS
BTS
BSC
CM
CM
MM
MM
RR
RR
BTSM
RR
BTSM
LAPDm
LAPDm
LAPD
LAPD
radio
radio
PCM
PCM
16/64 kbit/s
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MSC
BSSAP
BSSAP
SS7
SS7
PCM
PCM
64 kbit/s /
2.048 Mbit/s
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5.Mobile Terminated Call
1: calling a GSM subscriber

2: forwarding call to GMSC
3: signal call setup to HLR
4, 5: request MSRN from VLR
calling
6: forward responsible
station 1
MSC to GMSC
7: forward call to
current MSC
8, 9: get current status of MS
10, 11: paging of MS
12, 13: MS answers
14, 15: security checks
16, 17: set up connection
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HLR
4
5
3 6
PSTN
GMSC
10
VLR
8 9
14 15
MSC
10 13
16
10
BSS
BSS
BSS
11
11
11
11 12
17
MS
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Mobile Originated Call

1, 2: connection request
3, 4: security check
5-8: check resources
(free circuit)
9-10: set up call
VLR
3 4
6
PSTN
5
GMSC
8
2 9
MS
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MSC
1
10
BSS
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MS
MTC
MTC/MOC
BTS
MS
MOC
BTS
paging request
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channel request
channel request
immediate assignment
immediate assignment
paging response
service request
authentication request
authentication request
authentication response
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering command
ciphering complete
ciphering complete
setup
setup
call confirmed
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment command
assignment complete
assignment complete
alerting
alerting
connect
connect
connect acknowledge
connect acknowledge
data/speech exchange
data/speech exchange
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6.4 types of handover

1
MS
BTS
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MS
MS
MS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
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Handover decision
receive level
BTSold
receive level
BTSold
HO_MARGIN
MS
MS
BTSold
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BTSnew
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Handover procedure
MS
BTSold
BSCold
measurement
measurement
report
result
MSC
BSCnew
BTSnew
HO decision
HO required
HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
HO command
HO command
HO command
HO request ack ch. activation ack
HO access
Link establishment
clear command clear command
clear complete
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HO complete
HO complete
clear complete
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7.Security in GSM
Security services
access control/authentication
user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal
identification number)
SIM network: challenge response method
confidentiality
voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful
authentication)
anonymity
temporary identity TMSI
secret:
(Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
A3 and A8
newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)
available via the
encrypted transmission
Internet
network providers
3 algorithms specified in GSM
can use stronger
A3 for authentication (secret, open interface)
mechanisms
A5 for encryption (standardized)
A8 for key generation (secret, open interface)
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GSM - authentication
SIM
mobile network
Ki
RAND
128 bit
AC
RAND
128 bit
RAND
Ki
128 bit
128 bit
A3
A3
SIM
SRES* 32 bit
MSC
SRES* =? SRES
SRES
SRES
32 bit
Ki: individual subscriber authentication key

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32 bit
SRES
SRES: signed response

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GSM - key generation and encryption

MS with SIM
mobile network (BTS)
Ki
AC
RAND
128 bit
RAND
128 bit
RAND
128 bit
A8
cipher
key
BSS
128 bit
SIM
A8
Kc
64 bit
Kc
64 bit
data
A5
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Ki
encrypted
data
SRES
data
MS
A5
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8.New Data services in GSM I
Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s

advanced coding allows 14.4 kbit/s
not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)
mainly software update
bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate,
e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots @ 14.4)
advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple
disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission
AIUR [kbit/s]
4.8
9.6
14.4
19.2
28.8
38.4
43.2
57.6
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TCH/F4.8
1
2
3
4
TCH/F9.6
TCH/F14.4
1
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
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Data services in GSM II
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

packet switching
using free slots only if data packets ready to send
(e.g., 50 kbit/s using 4 slots temporarily)
standardization 1998, introduction 2001
advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible
disadvantage: more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements
GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN
GGSN (Gateway GSN)
interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)
SGSN (Serving GSN)
supports the MS (location, billing, security)
GR (GPRS Register)
user addresses
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GPRS quality of service

Reliability
class
Lost SDU
probability
Duplicate
SDU
probability
1
2
3
10-9
10-4
10-2
10-9
10-5
10-5
Delay
class
1
2
3
4
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Out of
sequence
SDU
probability
10-9
10-5
10-5
Corrupt SDU
probability
10-9
10-6
10-2
SDU size 128 byte

SDU size 1024 byte
mean
95 percentile
mean
95 percentile
< 0.5 s
< 1.5 s
<2s
<7s
<5s
< 25 s
< 15 s
< 75 s
< 50 s
< 250 s
< 75 s
< 375 s
unspecified
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Examples for GPRS device classes

Receiving Sending
Class
slots
slots
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
2
2
5
2
2
8
4
1
10
4
2
12
4
4
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Maximum number of
slots
2
3
3
4
5
5
5
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GPRS user data rates in kbit/s
Coding
scheme
1 slot
2 slots
3 slots
4 slots
5 slots
6 slots
7 slots
8 slots
CS-1
9.05
18.1
27.15
36.2
45.25
54.3
63.35
72.4
CS-2
13.4
26.8
40.2
53.6
67
80.4
93.8
107.2
CS-3
15.6
31.2
46.8
62.4
78
93.6
109.2
124.8
CS-4
21.4
42.8
64.2
85.6
107
128.4
149.8
171.2
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GPRS architecture and interfaces

SGSN
Gn
BSS
MS
Um
SGSN
Gb
Gn
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Gi
HLR/
GR
MSC
VLR
PDN
GGSN
EIR
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GPRS protocol architecture

MS
BSS
Um
SGSN
Gb
Gn GGSN
Gi
apps.
IP/X.25
IP/X.25
SNDCP
LLC
RLC
MAC
RLC
MAC
radio
radio
BSSGP
FR
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GTP
LLC
GTP
UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
BSSGP
IP
IP
FR
L1/L2
L1/L2
SNDCP
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II.DECT
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) standardized by ETSI (ETS 300.175x) for cordless telephones
standard describes air interface between base-station and mobile phone
DECT has been renamed for international marketing reasons into Digital
Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication
Characteristics
frequency: 1880-1990 MHz
channels: 120 full duplex
duplex mechanism: TDD (Time Division Duplex) with 10 ms frame length
multplexing scheme: FDMA with 10 carrier frequencies,
TDMA with 2x 12 slots
modulation: digital, Gaussian Minimum Shift Key (GMSK)
power: 10 mW average (max. 250 mW)
range: approx. 50 m in buildings, 300 m open space
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DECT system architecture reference

model
D4
D3
VDB
D2
PA
PA
PT
FT
local
network
PT
HDB
D1
global
network
FT
local
network
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DECT reference model

C-Plane
U-Plane
network
layer
data link
control
application
processes
management
signaling,
interworking
OSI layer 3
data link
control
OSI layer 2
medium access control
physical layer
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OSI layer 1
close to the OSI

reference model
management
plane over all
layers
several services
in C(ontrol)- and
U(ser)-plane
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DECT layers I
Physical layer
modulation/demodulation
generation of the physical channel structure with a guaranteed
throughput
controlling of radio transmission
channel assignment on request of the MAC layer
detection of incoming signals
sender/receiver synchronization
collecting status information for the management plane
MAC layer
maintaining basic services, activating/deactivating physical channels
multiplexing of logical channels
e.g., C: signaling, I: user data, P: paging, Q: broadcast
segmentation/reassembly
error control/error correction
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Karunya University
DECT time multiplex frame

1 frame = 10 ms
12 down slots
slot
0
0
sync
A: network control
B: user data
X: transmission quality
25.6 kbit/s
simplex bearer
32 kbit/s
7/30/2012
31 0
419
guard 420 bit + 52 s guard time (60 bit)

in 0.4167 ms
D field
A field
12 up slots
387
B field
63 0
protected
mode
unprotected
mode
319 0
X field
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
64
16
64
16
64
16
64
16
DATA
56
Karunya University
DECT layers II
Data link control layer

creation and keeping up reliable connections between the mobile terminal and
basestation
two DLC protocols for the control plane (C-Plane)
connectionless broadcast service:
paging functionality
Lc+LAPC protocol:
in-call signaling (similar to LAPD within ISDN), adapted to the underlying
MAC service
several services specified for the user plane (U-Plane)
null-service: offers unmodified MAC services
frame relay: simple packet transmission
frame switching: time-bounded packet transmission
error correcting transmission: uses FEC, for delay critical, time-bounded
services
bandwidth adaptive transmission
Escape service: for further enhancements of the standard
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
DECT layers III
Network layer
similar to ISDN (Q.931) and GSM (04.08)
offers services to request, check, reserve, control, and release resources at the
basestation and mobile terminal
resources
necessary for a wireless connection
necessary for the connection of the DECT system to the fixed network
main tasks
call control: setup, release, negotiation, control
call independent services: call forwarding, accounting, call redirecting
mobility management: identity management, authentication, management
of the location register
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
Enhancements of the standard
Several DECT Application Profiles in addition to the DECT specification

GAP (Generic Access Profile) standardized by ETSI in 1997
assures interoperability between DECT equipment of different manufacturers
(minimal requirements for voice communication)
enhanced management capabilities through the fixed network: Cordless Terminal
Mobility (CTM)
DECT
basestation
fixed network
DECT
Common
Air Interface
DECT
Portable Part
GAP
DECT/GSM Interworking Profile (GIP): connection to GSM

ISDN Interworking Profiles (IAP, IIP): connection to ISDN
Radio Local Loop Access Profile (RAP): public telephone service
CTM Access Profile (CAP): support for user mobility
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked Radio
Trunked radio systems

many different radio carriers
assign single carrier for a short period to one user/group of users
taxi service, fleet management, rescue teams
interfaces to public networks, voice and data services
very reliable, fast call setup, local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard
formerly: Trans European Trunked Radio
point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
encryption (end-to-end, air interface), authentication of devices, users
and networks
group call, broadcast, sub-second group-call setup
ad-hoc (direct mode), relay and infrastructure networks
call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
TETRA Contracts by Sector

(percentage)
Used in over 70 countries, more than 20 device manufacturers
Industrial, 1
Oil/Gas, 3
PAMR, 6
others, 6
Public safety &
security, 39
Military, 6
Government, 7
Utilities, 8
Transportation,
24
7/30/2012
61
Karunya University
TETRA Network Architecture

TETRA infrastructure
switch
PSTN, ISDN,
Internet, PDN
NMS
switch
switch
BS
BS
other
TETRA
network
s
BS
AI: Air Interface
BS: Base Station
DMO: Direct Mode Operation
ISI: Inter-System Interface
NMS: Network Management
System
PEI: Peripheral Equipment
Interface
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
TETRA Direct Mode I
Direct Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences
to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM, cdma2000 or UMTS.
network
Individual Call
Dual Watch alternating participation in

Infrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Authorizing
mobile station
Group Call
7/30/2012
Managed Direct Mode
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Karunya University
TETRA Direct Mode II
An additional repeater may increase the transmission range (e.g. police car)
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
network
Authorizing
Repeater
Direct Mode with Repeater/Gateway

7/30/2012
Managed Repeater/Gateway
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Karunya University
TETRA Technology
Services
Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)
Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies
Duplex: FDD, Modulation: DQPSK
Europe (in MHz, not all available yet)
380-390 UL / 390-400 DL; 410-420 UL / 420-430 DL, 450-460 UL / 460470 DL; 870-876 UL / 915-921 DL
Other countries
380-390 UL / 390-400 DL; 410-420 UL / 420-430 DL, 806-821 UL / 851866 DL
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Karunya University
TDMA structure of the voice+data

system
hyperframe
0
...
57
58
59
61.2 s
15
16
17
1.02 s
multiframe
0
...
CF
frame
0
7/30/2012
slot
509
56.67 ms
Control Frame
14.17 ms
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Karunya University
TETRA Data Rates
Infrastructure mode, V+D in kbit/s

No. of time slots
1
No protection
7.2
Low protection
4.8
High protection
2.4
TETRA Release 2 Supporting higher data rates

TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)
up to 100 kbit/s
backward compatibility
7/30/2012
2
14.4
9.6
4.8
3
21.6
14.4
7.2
4
28.8
19.2
9.6
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Karunya University
UMTS and IMT-2000
Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)

UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS
UTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)
enhancements of GSM
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s
CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)
VHE (virtual Home Environment)
fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI
requirements
min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)
min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s)
up to 2 Mbit/s urban
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
Frequencies for IMT-2000

1850
1900
ITU allocation
(WRC 1992)
Europe
China
IMT-2000
GSM DE
1800 CT
GSM
1800
Japan
T
D
D
1900
2050
MSS
T
D
D
MSS
2000
2200
MHz
MSS
UTRA MSS
FDD
IMT-2000
MSS
cdma2000 MSS
W-CDMA
MSS
1950
2100 2150
IMT-2000
cdma2000 MSS
W-CDMA
PCS
1850
2000
UTRA MSS
FDD
IMT-2000
PHS
North
America
7/30/2012
1950
rsv.
2050
2100 2150
MSS
2200
MHz
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Karunya University
IMT-2000 family
Interface
for Internetworking
IMT-2000
Core Network
ITU-T
GSM
(MAP)
Initial UMTS
(R99 w/ FDD)
IMT-2000
Radio Access
ITU-R
7/30/2012
ANSI-41
(IS-634)
IP-Network
Flexible assignment of
Core Network and Radio Access
IMT-DS
IMT-TC
IMT-MC
IMT-SC
IMT-FT
(Direct Spread)
(Time Code)
(Multi Carrier)
(Single Carrier)
(Freq. Time)
UTRA FDD
(W-CDMA)
3GPP
UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA);
TD-SCDMA
3GPP
cdma2000
UWC-136
(EDGE)
UWCC/3GPP
DECT
3GPP2
ETSI
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Karunya University
1.GSM and UMTS Releases

GSM/EDGE Release
3G Release
Abbreviated name
Spec version number
Freeze date
(indicative only)
Phase 2+ Release 6
Release 6
Rel-6
6.x.y
December 2004 March 2005
Phase 2+ Release 5
Release 5
Rel-5
5.x.y
March - June 2002
Phase 2+ Release 4
Release 4
Rel-4
4.x.y
March 2001
Release 2000
Phase 2+ Release 2000
Release 1999
R98
7.x.y
early 1999
R97
6.x.y
early 1998
R96
5.x.y
early 1997
Phase 2
Ph2
4.x.y
1995
Phase 1
Ph1
3.x.y
1992
7/30/2012
4.x.y
R00
Renaming
9.x.y
3.x.y
R99
8.x.y
March 2000
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Karunya University
Licensing Example: UMTS in Germany, 18. August 2000
UTRA-FDD:
Uplink 1920-1980 MHz
Downlink 2110-2170 MHz
duplex spacing 190 MHz
12 channels, each 5 MHz
UTRA-TDD:
1900-1920 MHz,
2010-2025 MHz;
5 MHz channels
Coverage of the population
25% until 12/2003
50% until 12/2005
Sum: 50.81 billion
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
2.UMTS architecture
UTRAN (UTRA Network)

Cell level mobility
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)
Inter system handover
Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and
UTRAN
Uu
UE
7/30/2012
Iu
UTRAN
CN
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Karunya University
3.UMTS domains and interfaces I

Home
Network
Domain
Zu
Cu
USIM
Domain
Mobile
Equipment
Domain
Uu
Access
Network
Domain
Iu
Serving
Network
Domain
Yu
Transit
Network
Domain
Core Network Domain

User Equipment Domain
Infrastructure Domain
User Equipment Domain

Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain
Shared among all users
Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
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Karunya University
UMTS domains and interfaces II
Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)

Functions for encryption and authentication of users
Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain
Functions for radio transmission
User interface for establishing/maintaining end-to-end connections
Access Network Domain
Access network dependent functions
Core Network Domain
Access network independent functions
Serving Network Domain
Network currently responsible for communication
Home Network Domain
Location and access network independent functions
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Karunya University
Spreading and scrambling of user data
Constant chipping rate of 3.84 Mchip/s

Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors
higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes
users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes
much simpler management of codes: each station can use the same orthogonal
spreading codes
precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasiorthogonal
data1
data2
data3
data4
data5
spr.
code1
spr.
code2
spr.
code3
spr.
code1
spr.
code4
scrambling
code1
sender1
7/30/2012
scrambling
code2
sender2
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Karunya University
OSVF coding
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
...
1,1,1,1
1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1
1,1
1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1
1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1
...
1,1,-1,-1
X,X
1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1
X,-X
...
1,-1,1,-1
1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1
SF=n
SF=2n
1,-1
1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1
...
1,-1,-1,1
1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1
SF=1 SF=2
7/30/2012
SF=4
SF=8
77
Karunya University
UMTS FDD frame structure

Radio frame
10 ms
...
12
13
14
Time slot
666.7 s
Pilot
TFCI
FBI
TPC
uplink DPCCH
2560 chips, 10 bits

666.7 s
uplink DPDCH
Data
2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...6)
666.7 s
Data1 TPC TFCI Data2
Pilot
downlink DPCH
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...7)
Slot structure NOT for user separation

but synchronization for periodic functions!
7/30/2012
W-CDMA
1920-1980 MHz uplink
2110-2170 MHz downlink
chipping rate:
3.840 Mchip/s
soft handover
QPSK
complex power control
(1500 power control
cycles/s)
spreading: UL: 4-256;
DL:4-512
FBI: Feedback Information

TPC: Transmit Power Control
TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel
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Karunya University
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data

rates
12.2
(voice)
64
144
384
60
240
480
960
DPCCH [kbit/s]
15
15
15
15
Spreading
64
16
User data rate [kbit/s]

DPDCH [kbit/s]
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type2)

Radio frame
10 ms
666.7 s
Time slot
Data
Midample
1104 chips 256 chips
2560 chips
...
Data
GP
1104 chips
12
13
14
Traffic burst
GP: guard period
96 chips
TD-CDMA
2560 chips per slot
spreading: 1-16
symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to UL/DL (min. 1 per direction)
tight synchronization needed
simpler power control (100-800 power control cycles/s)
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
5.UTRAN architecture
RNS
UE1
Node B
Iub
RNC: Radio Network Controller

RNS: Radio Network Subsystem
Iu
RNC
CN
UE2
Node B
UE3
Iur
Node B
Iub
Node B
RNC
UTRAN comprises several

RNSs
Node B can support FDD or
TDD or both
RNC is responsible for
handover decisions requiring
signaling to the UE
Cell offers FDD or TDD
Node B
RNS
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
UTRAN functions
Admission control
Congestion control
System information broadcasting
Radio channel encryption
Handover
SRNS moving
Radio network configuration
Channel quality measurements
Macro diversity
Radio carrier control
Radio resource control
Data transmission over the radio interface
Outer loop power control (FDD and TDD)
Channel coding
Access control
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
Core network: protocols

VLR
MSC
GSM-CS
backbone
RNS
GMSC
PSTN/
ISDN
GGSN
PDN (X.25),
Internet (IP)
HLR
RNS
Layer 3: IP
Layer 2: ATM
Layer 1: PDH,
SDH, SONET
UTRAN
7/30/2012
SGSN
GPRS backbone (IP)

SS 7
CN
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Karunya University
Core network: architecture

VLR
BTS
Abis
BSS
BSC
Iu
MSC
GMSC
PSTN
Node
BTSB
IuCS
AuC
EIR
HLR
GR
Node B
Iub
Node B
RNC
SGSN
GGSN
Gn
Node B
RNS
7/30/2012
IuPS
Gi
CN
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Karunya University
Core network
The Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu, too, are separated into two logical
domains:
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)
Circuit switched service incl. signaling
Resource reservation at connection setup
GSM components (MSC, GMSC, VLR)
IuCS
Packet Switched Domain (PSD)
GPRS components (SGSN, GGSN)
IuPS
Release 99 uses the GSM/GPRS network and adds a new radio access!
Helps to save a lot of money
Much faster deployment
Not as flexible as newer releases (5, 6)
7/30/2012
85
Karunya University
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)

UE
Uu
UTRAN
IuCS
3G
MSC
apps. &
protocols
Circuit
switched
RLC
MAC
RLC
MAC
radio
radio
UE
Packet
switched
7/30/2012
apps. &
protocols
IP, PPP,
PDCP
Uu
SAR
SAR
AAL2
AAL2
ATM
ATM
UTRAN
IuPS
3G
SGSN
Gn
IP tunnel
PDCP
GTP
UDP/IP
GTP
UDP/IP UDP/IP
GTP
3G
GGSN
IP, PPP,
GTP
UDP/IP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
AAL5
AAL5
L2
L2
radio
radio
ATM
ATM
L1
L1
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Karunya University
Support of mobility: macro

diversity
UE
Node B
Node B
RNC
CN
7/30/2012
Multicasting of data via several

physical channels
Enables soft handover
FDD mode only
Uplink
simultaneous reception of UE data
at several Node Bs
Reconstruction of data at Node B,
SRNC or DRNC
Downlink
Simultaneous transmission of data
via different cells
Different spreading codes in
different cells
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Karunya University
6.Support of mobility: handover
From and to other systems (e.g., UMTS to GSM)

This is a must as UMTS coverage will be poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (e.g., for soft handover) is called Drift RNS
(DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS
Change of SRNS requires change of Iu
Initiated by the SRNS
Controlled by the RNC and CN
Node B
Iub
UE
CN
SRNC
Node B
Iur
Iu
DRNC
Iub
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
Example handover types in

UMTS/GSM
UE1
Node B1
UE2
UE3
UE4
RNC1
Iu
Node B2
Iur
Iub
Node B3
RNC2
3G MSC2
BTS
BSC
2G MSC3
Abis
7/30/2012
3G MSC1
89
Karunya University
Breathing Cells
GSM
Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station
Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS
Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity
Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity
Noise is generated by interference from
other cells
other users of the same cell
Interference increases noise level
Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max.
power limit) and thus drop out of the cell
no more communication possible
Limitation of the max. number of users within a cell required
Cell breathing complicates network planning
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
Breathing Cells: Example
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
UMTS services (originally)
Data transmission service profile
Service Profile
High Interactive MM
High MM
Bandwidth
Transport mode
128 kbit/s Circuit switched

2 Mbit/s Packet switched
Medium MM
Switched Data
14.4 kbit/s Circuit switched
Simple Messaging
14.4 kbit/s Packet switched
Voice
Bidirectional, video telephone

Low coverage, max. 6 km/h
asymmetrical, MM, downloads
SMS successor, E-Mail
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

Enables access to personalized data independent of location, access network,
and device
Network operators may offer new services without changing the network
Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the
automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
Integration of existing IN services
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
Example 3G Networks: Japan
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimedia

Access) in Japan
7/30/2012
Examples for FOMA phones

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Karunya University
Example 3G networks: Australia
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in Melbourne/Australia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices

7/30/2012
94
Karunya University
Isle of Man Start of UMTS in

Europe as Test
7/30/2012
95
Karunya University
UMTS in Monaco
7/30/2012
96
Karunya University
UMTS in Europe
Orange/UK
Vodafone/Germany
7/30/2012
97
Karunya University
Some current enhancements
GSM
EMS/MMS
EMS: 760 characters possible by chaining SMS, animated icons, ring tones, was
soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
MMS: transmission of images, video clips, audio
see WAP 2.0
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was: GSM] Evolution)
8-PSK instead of GMSK, up to 384 kbit/s
new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 8.8/11.2/14.8/17.6 kbit/s
MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 22.4/29.6/44.8/54.4/59.2 kbit/s
UMTS
HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)
initially up to 10 Mbit/s for the downlink, later > 20 Mbit/s using MIMO- (Multiple
Input Multiple Output-) antennas
can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally > 13 Mbit/s)
user rates e.g. 3.6 or 7.2 Mbit/s
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)
initially up to 5 Mbit/s for the uplink
user rates e.g. 1.45 Mbit/s
7/30/2012
98
Karunya University
Satellite Systems
History
Basics
Localization
Handover
Routing
Systems
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
History of satellite communication
1945 Arthur C. Clarke publishes an essay about Extra Terrestrial Relays

1957 first satellite SPUTNIK
1960 first reflecting communication satellite ECHO
1963 first geostationary satellite SYNCOM
1965 first commercial geostationary satellite Satellit Early Bird
(INTELSAT I): 240 duplex telephone channels or 1 TV channel, 1.5 years lifetime
1976 three MARISAT satellites for maritime communication
1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-A
1988 first satellite system for mobile phones and data communication INMARSAT-C
1993 first digital satellite telephone system
1998 global satellite systems for small mobile phones
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Karunya University
Applications
Traditionally
weather satellites
radio and TV broadcast satellites
military satellites
satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS)
replaced by fiber optics
Telecommunication
global telephone connections
backbone for global networks
connections for communication in remote places or underdeveloped areas
global mobile communication
7/30/2012
satellite systems to extend cellular phone systems (e.g., GSM or AMPS)
101
Karunya University
Classical satellite systems

Inter Satellite Link
(ISL)
Mobile User
Link (MUL)
Gateway Link
(GWL)
MUL
GWL
small cells
(spotbeams)
base station
or gateway
footprint
ISDN
PSTN: Public Switched
Telephone Network
7/30/2012
PSTN
GSM
User data
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Karunya University
Basics
Satellites in circular orbits

attractive force Fg = m g (R/r)
centrifugal force Fc = m r
m: mass of the satellite
R: radius of the earth (R = 6370 km)
r: distance to the center of the earth
g: acceleration of gravity (g = 9.81 m/s)
: angular velocity ( = 2 f, f: rotation frequency)
Stable orbit
2
Fg = Fc
r3
7/30/2012
gR
2
(2 f )
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Karunya University
Satellite period and orbits

24
satellite
period [h]
velocity [ x1000 km/h]

20
16
12
8
4
synchronous distance
35,786 km
10
20
30
40 x106 m
radius
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
Basics
elliptical or circular orbits

complete rotation time depends on distance satellite-earth
inclination: angle between orbit and equator
elevation: angle between satellite and horizon
LOS (Line of Sight) to the satellite necessary for connection
high elevation needed, less absorption due to e.g. buildings
Uplink: connection base station - satellite
Downlink: connection satellite - base station
typically separated frequencies for uplink and downlink
transponder used for sending/receiving and shifting of frequencies
transparent transponder: only shift of frequencies
regenerative transponder: additionally signal regeneration
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Karunya University
Inclination
plane of satellite orbit
satellite orbit
perigee
d
inclination d
equatorial plane
7/30/2012
106
Karunya University
Elevation
Elevation:
angle e between center of satellite beam
and surface
minimal elevation:
elevation needed at least
to communicate with the satellite
7/30/2012
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Karunya University
Link budget of satellites
Parameters like attenuation or received power determined by four parameters:

L: Loss
sending power
f: carrier frequency
gain of sending antenna
r: distance
c: speed of light
distance between sender
2
and receiver
4 r f
gain of receiving antenna
L
c
Problems
varying strength of received signal due to multipath propagation
interruptions due to shadowing of signal (no LOS)
Possible solutions
Link Margin to eliminate variations in signal strength
satellite diversity (usage of several visible satellites at the same time) helps to use
less sending power
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Karunya University
Atmospheric attenuation
Attenuation of
the signal in %
Example: satellite systems at 4-6 GHz
50
40
rain absorption
30
fog absorption
e
20
10
atmospheric
absorption
5 10
20
30
40
50
elevation of the satellite
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Orbits I
Four different types of satellite orbits can be identified depending on the

shape and diameter of the orbit:
GEO: geostationary orbit, ca. 36000 km above earth surface
LEO (Low Earth Orbit): ca. 500 - 1500 km
MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit): ca. 6000
- 20000 km
HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit) elliptical orbits
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Orbits II
GEO (Inmarsat)
HEO
MEO (ICO)
LEO
(Globalstar,
Irdium)
inner and outer Van

Allen belts
earth
1000
10000
Van-Allen-Belts:
ionized particles
2000 - 6000 km and
15000 - 30000 km
above earth surface
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35768
km
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Geostationary satellites
Orbit 35,786 km distance to earth surface, orbit in equatorial plane (inclination 0)

complete rotation exactly one day, satellite is synchronous to earth rotation
fix antenna positions, no adjusting necessary
satellites typically have a large footprint (up to 34% of earth surface!), therefore
difficult to reuse frequencies
bad elevations in areas with latitude above 60 due to fixed position above the
equator
high transmit power needed
high latency due to long distance (ca. 275 ms)
not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data transmission,
typically used for radio and TV transmission
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LEO systems
Orbit ca. 500 - 1500 km above earth surface

visibility of a satellite ca. 10 - 40 minutes
global radio coverage possible
latency comparable with terrestrial long distance
connections, ca. 5 - 10 ms
smaller footprints, better frequency reuse
but now handover necessary from one satellite to another
many satellites necessary for global coverage
more complex systems due to moving satellites
Examples:
Iridium (start 1998, 66 satellites)
Bankruptcy in 2000, deal with US DoD (free use,
saving from deorbiting)
Globalstar (start 1999, 48 satellites)
Not many customers (2001: 44000), low stand-by times for mobiles
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MEO systems
Orbit ca. 5000 - 12000 km above earth surface

comparison with LEO systems:
slower moving satellites
less satellites needed
simpler system design
for many connections no hand-over needed
higher latency, ca. 70 - 80 ms
higher sending power needed
special antennas for small footprints needed
Example:
ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit, Inmarsat) start ca. 2000
Bankruptcy, planned joint ventures with Teledesic, Ellipso cancelled again,
start planned for 2003
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Routing
One solution: inter satellite links (ISL)

reduced number of gateways needed
forward connections or data packets within the satellite network as long as possible
only one uplink and one downlink per direction needed for the connection of two
mobile phones
Problems:
more complex focusing of antennas between satellites
high system complexity due to moving routers
higher fuel consumption
thus shorter lifetime
Iridium and Teledesic planned with ISL
Other systems use gateways and additionally terrestrial networks
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Localization of mobile stations
Mechanisms similar to GSM

Gateways maintain registers with user data
HLR (Home Location Register): static user data
VLR (Visitor Location Register): (last known) location of the mobile station
SUMR (Satellite User Mapping Register):
satellite assigned to a mobile station
positions of all satellites
Registration of mobile stations
Localization of the mobile station via the satellites position
requesting user data from HLR
updating VLR and SUMR
Calling a mobile station
localization using HLR/VLR similar to GSM
connection setup using the appropriate satellite
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Handover in satellite systems
Several additional situations for handover in satellite systems compared to

cellular terrestrial mobile phone networks caused by the movement of the
satellites
Intra satellite handover
handover from one spot beam to another
mobile station still in the footprint of the satellite, but in another cell
Inter satellite handover
handover from one satellite to another satellite
mobile station leaves the footprint of one satellite
Gateway handover
Handover from one gateway to another
mobile station still in the footprint of a satellite, but gateway leaves
the footprint
Inter system handover
Handover from the satellite network to a terrestrial cellular network
mobile station can reach a terrestrial network again which might be
cheaper, has a lower latency etc.
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Overview of LEO/MEO systems

# satellites
altitude
(km)
coverage
min.
elevation
frequencies
[GHz
(circa)]
access
method
ISL
bit rate
# channels
Lifetime
[years]
cost
estimation
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Iridium
66 + 6
780
Globalstar
48 + 4
1414
ICO
10 + 2
10390
Teledesic
288
ca. 700
global
8
70 latitude
20
global
20
global
40
1.6 MS
29.2
19.5
23.3 ISL
FDMA/TDMA
1.6 MS
2.5 MS
5.1
6.9
CDMA
2 MS
2.2 MS
5.2
7
FDMA/TDMA
19
28.8
62 ISL
yes
2.4 kbit/s
no
9.6 kbit/s
no
4.8 kbit/s
4000
5-8
2700
7.5
4500
12
yes
64 Mbit/s
2/64 Mbit/s
2500
10
4.4 B$
2.9 B$
4.5 B$
9 B$
FDMA/TDMA
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Karunya University
References
Chapter # 4 and Chapter # 5 from Mobile Communications, Second

Edition, By Prof. Dr. Jochen H. Schiller.
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119

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12EC244-Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Development of mobile telecommunication systems

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Today many providers all over the world use GSM

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

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12EC 244 Mobile Communications

There is no perfect system!!

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

1.GSM: Mobile Services

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered stand-alone

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Ingredients 1: Mobile Phones,

The visible but smallest

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Still visible cause many discussions

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

GSM Architecture : overview

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

2.Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

GSM: elements and interfaces

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

GSM: system architecture

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

System architecture: radio subsystem

network and switching

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications