Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIT-3
(Broadcast Systems)
SUGUMAR.D,
Assistant Professor,
ECE Department,
Karunya University.
9/17/2012
Karunya University
Karunya University
Broadcast Systems
Unidirectional distribution systems
DAB
architecture
DVB
Container
High-speed Internet
9/17/2012
Karunya University
Karunya University
Unidirectional distribution
service provider
service user
A
B
A
sender
unidirectional
distribution
medium
receiver
receiver
.
.
.
receiver
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individual access
pattern of one user
Karunya University
flat disk
skewed disk
multi-disk
Receiver
use of caching
cost-based strategy: what are the costs for a user (waiting time) if a data
block has been requested but is currently not cached
application and cache have to know content of data blocks
and access patterns of user to optimize
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Karunya University
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Karunya University
Amplitude
subcarrier: sin(x)
SI function= x
f
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Karunya University
OFDM II
Properties
Lower data rate on each subcarrier less ISI
interference on one frequency results in interference of one subcarrier only
no guard space necessary
orthogonality allows for signal separation via inverse FFT on receiver side
precise synchronization necessary (sender/receiver)
Advantages
no equalizer necessary
no expensive filters with sharp edges necessary
better spectral efficiency (compared to CDM)
Application
802.11a, HiperLAN2, DAB, DVB, ADSL
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Karunya University
Real environments
Tdata= 3.2 s;
Tdata= 1 ms;
52 subcarriers)
up to 1536 subcarriers)
impulse response
fade out
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
fade in
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
t
analysis window
TG
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Tdata
TG
Tdata
TG
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Karunya University
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Karunya University
Transmission frame
frame duration TF
symbol Tu
phase
reference
symbol
synchronization
channel
SC
null
symbol
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guard interval Td
......
data
symbol
FIC
fast information
FIC channel
L-1
data
symbol
MSC
data
symbol
main service
channel
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Karunya University
DAB sender
Service
Information FIC
Multiplex
Information
DAB Signal
carriers
Transmission
Multiplexer
OFDM
Transmitter
f
1.5 MHz
Audio
Audio Channel
Services Encoder Coder
Packet Channel
Data
Coder
Services Mux
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MSC
Multiplexer
Radio Frequency
FIC: Fast Information Channel
MSC: Main Service Channel
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
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Karunya University
DAB receiver
(partial)
MSC
Tuner
OFDM
Demodulator
Channel
Decoder
Audio
Decoder
Audio
Service
FIC
Packet
Demux
Control Bus
Independent
Data
Service
Controller
User Interface
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Audio coding
Goal
audio transmission almost with CD quality
robust against multipath propagation
minimal distortion of audio signals during signal fading
Mechanisms
fully digital audio signals (PCM, 16 Bit, 48 kHz, stereo)
MPEG compression of audio signals, compression ratio 1:10
redundancy bits for error detection and correction
burst errors typical for radio transmissions, therefore signal interleaving receivers can now correct single bit errors resulting from interference
low symbol-rate, many symbols
transmission of digital data using long symbol sequences, separated
by guard spaces
delayed symbols, e.g., reflection, still remain within the guard space
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Example of a reconfiguration
DAB - Multiplex
Audio 1
Audio 2
Audio 3
Audio 4
Audio 5
Audio 6
192 kbit/s 192 kbit/s 192 kbit/s 160 kbit/s 160 kbit/s 128 kbit/s
PAD
D1
PAD
D2
PAD
D3
PAD
D4
D5
D6
PAD
D7
PAD
D8
D9
Audio 1
Audio 2
Audio 3
Audio 4
Audio 5
192 kbit/s 192 kbit/s 128 kbit/s 160 kbit/s 160 kbit/s
PAD
PAD
PAD
PAD
PAD
D10 D11
D1
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D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
Audio 7
96 kbit/s
Audio 8
96 kbit/s
PAD
PAD
D7
D8
D9
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Problem
broad range of receiver capabilities
audio-only devices with single/multiple line text display, additional color
graphic display, PC adapters etc.
different types of receivers should at least be able to recognize all kinds of
program associated and program independent data and process some of it
Solution
common standard for data transmission: MOT
important for MOT is the support of data formats used in other multimedia
systems (e.g., online services, Internet, CD-ROM)
DAB can therefore transmit HTML documents from the WWW with very
little additional effort
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MOT structure
MOT formats
MHEG, Java, JPEG, ASCII, MPEG, HTML, HTTP, BMP, GIF, ...
Header core
size of header and body, content type
Header extension
handling information, e.g., repetition distance, segmentation, priority
information supports caching mechanisms
Body
arbitrary data
7 byte
header
core
header
extension
body
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Multipoint
Distribution
System
DVB-C Cable
Terrestrial
Receiver
DVB-T
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Integrated
Receiver-Decoder
SDTV
EDTV
HDTV
Multimedia PC
Karunya University
DVB Container
MPEG-2/DVB
container
HDTV
MPEG-2/DVB
container
MPEG-2/DVB
container
SDTV
EDTV
single channel
multiple channels
multiple channels
multimedia
enhanced definition
standard definition
data broadcasting
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satellite receiver
PC
DVB-S adapter
service
provider
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Internet
leased line
satellite
provider
TCP/IP
information
provider
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DVB worldwide
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TV broadcaster
MUX
data
channels
mobile
terminal
Internet
ISP
mobile operator
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GSM/GPRS,
UMTS
(IP data)
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Karunya University
DAB
DVB
Spectrum bands
(depends on
national
regulations) [MHz]
2000 (terrestrial),
2500 (satellite)
1140-1504,
220-228 (UK)
130-260,
430-862 (UK)
Regulation
Telecom,
licensed
Broadcast,
licensed
Broadcast,
licensed
Bandwidth
5 MHz
1.5 MHz
8 MHz
Effective
throughput
30-300 kbit/s
(per user)
1.5 Mbit/s
(shared)
5-30 Mbit/s
(shared)
Mobility support
Low to high
Very high
Low to high
Application
Voice, data
Audio, push
Internet, images,
low res. video
Coverage
Local to wide
Wide
Wide
Deployment cost
for wide coverage
Very high
Low
Low
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Wireless LANs
Characteristics
IEEE 802.11 (PHY, MAC, Roaming, .11a, b, g, h, i, n z)
Bluetooth / IEEE 802.15.x
IEEE 802.16/.20/.21/.22
RFID
Comparison
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802.11a
802.11h
802.11b
802.11i/e//n//z
802.11g
ZigBee
Personal wireless nw
WPAN 802.15
802.15.4
802.15.4a/b/c/d/e
802.15.5, .6 (WBAN)
802.15.3
802.15.3b/c
802.15.2
802.15.1
Bluetooth
Wireless distribution networks
WMAN 802.16 (Broadband Wireless Access)
WiMAX
+ Mobility
[802.20 (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)]
802.16e (addition to .16 for mobile devices)
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Advantages
very flexible within the reception area
Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible
(almost) no wiring difficulties (e.g. historic buildings, firewalls)
more robust against disasters like, e.g., earthquakes, fire - or users pulling a
plug...
Disadvantages
typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks
(1-10 Mbit/s) due to shared medium
many proprietary solutions, especially for higher bit-rates, standards take their
time (e.g. IEEE 802.11n)
products have to follow many national restrictions if working wireless, it takes
a vary long time to establish global solutions like, e.g., IMT-2000
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Infrared
uses IR diodes, diffuse light,
multiple reflections (walls, furniture etc.)
Advantages
simple, cheap, available in
many mobile devices
no licenses needed
simple shielding possible
Disadvantages
interference by sunlight, heat sources
etc.
many things shield or absorb IR light
low bandwidth
Example
IrDA (Infrared Data Association)
interface available everywhere
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wired network
ad-hoc network
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802.11 LAN
STA1
802.x LAN
BSS1
Access
Point
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Portal
bridge to other (wired)
networks
BSS2
STA2
Access Point
station integrated into the
wireless LAN and the
distribution system
Distribution System
ESS
Portal
Access
Point
Station (STA)
802.11 LAN
STA3
Distribution System
interconnection network to
form one logical network
(EES: Extended Service Set)
based
on several BSS
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STA1
STA3
IBSS1
STA2
IBSS2
STA5
STA4
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Direct
communication
within a limited
range
Station (STA):
terminal with
access mechanisms
to the wireless
medium
Independent Basic
Service Set (IBSS):
group of stations
using the same
radio frequency
802.11 LAN
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mobile terminal
infrastructure
network
access point
application
application
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
LLC
LLC
LLC
802.11 MAC
802.3 MAC
802.11 PHY
802.11 PHY
802.3 PHY
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802.3 PHY
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MAC
Protocol
MAC Management
MAC Management
PLCP
PHY Management
PMD
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Station Management
DLC
PHY
LLC
MAC
PHY Management
channel selection, MIB
Station Management
coordination of all
management functions
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Infrared
850-950 nm, diffuse light, typ. 10 m range
carrier detection, energy detection, synchronization
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Synchronization
synch with 010101... pattern
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)
0000110010111101 start pattern
PLW (PLCP_PDU Length Word)
length of payload incl. 32 bit CRC of payload, PLW < 4096
PSF (PLCP Signaling Field)
data of payload (1 or 2 Mbit/s)
HEC (Header Error Check)
CRC with x16+x12+x5+1
80
synchronization
16
12
16
SFD
PLW
PSF
HEC
PLCP preamble
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variable
bits
payload
PLCP header
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Synchronization
synch., gain setting, energy detection, frequency offset compensation
Signal
data rate of the payload (0A: 1 Mbit/s DBPSK; 14: 2 Mbit/s DQPSK)
Service
future use, 00: 802.11 compliant
Length
length of the payload
16
SFD
PLCP preamble
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8
8
16
16
signal service length HEC
variable
payload
bits
PLCP header
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Karunya University
Traffic services
Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory)
exchange of data packets based on best-effort
support of broadcast and multicast
Time-Bounded Service (optional)
implemented using PCF (Point Coordination Function)
Access methods
DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory)
collision avoidance via randomized back-off mechanism
minimum distance between consecutive packets
ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)
DFWMAC-DCF w/ RTS/CTS (optional)
Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC
avoids hidden terminal problem
DFWMAC- PCF (optional)
access point polls terminals according to a list
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Karunya University
Priorities
defined through different inter frame spaces
no guaranteed, hard priorities
SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing)
highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response
PIFS (PCF IFS)
medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF
DIFS (DCF, Distributed Coordination Function IFS)
lowest priority, for asynchronous data service
DIFS
medium busy
DIFS
PIFS
SIFS
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
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contention
next frame
t
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Karunya University
station ready to send starts sensing the medium (Carrier Sense based on CCA, Clear
Channel Assessment)
if the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame Space (IFS), the station can
start sending (IFS depends on service type)
if the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS, then the station must
additionally wait a random back-off time (collision avoidance, multiple of slottime)
if another station occupies the medium during the back-off time of the station, the
back-off timer stops (fairness)
DIFS
DIFS
medium busy
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
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contention window
(randomized back-off
mechanism)
next frame
t
slot time (20s)
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DIFS
DIFS
boe bor
station1
DIFS
boe bor
boebusy
boe busy
boebor
boe busy
boebor
boe busy
station2
busy
station3
station4
boe bor
station5
busy
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data
SIFS
receiver
ACK
DIFS
other
stations
waiting time
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data
t
contention
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802.11 - DFWMAC
data
RTS
SIFS
receiver
CTS
SIFS
SIFS
DIFS
NAV (RTS)
other
stations
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ACK
NAV (CTS)
defer access
data
t
contention
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Fragmentation
DIFS
sender
RTS
frag1
SIFS
receiver
CTSSIFS
frag2
SIFS
ACK SIFS
SIFS
ACK2
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
other
stations
DIFS
NAV (frag1)
NAV (ACK1)
data
t
contention
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SuperFrame
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SIFS
D2
SIFS
U1
wireless
stations
stations
NAV
SIFS
U2
NAV
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DFWMAC-PCF II
t2
point
coordinator
D3
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SIFS
D4
t4
CFend
SIFS
U4
wireless
stations
stations
NAV
PIFS
t3
NAV
contention free period
contention
period
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Types
control frames, management frames, data frames
Sequence numbers
important against duplicated frames due to lost ACKs
Addresses
receiver, transmitter (physical), BSS identifier, sender (logical)
Miscellaneous
sending time, checksum, frame control, data
bytes
2
Frame
Control
bits
2
6
6
6
2
6
0-2312
Duration/ Address Address Address Sequence Address
Data
ID
1
2
3
Control
4
2
Protocol
To
Type Subtype
version
DS
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From
More
Frag
Retry
DS
4
CRC
Power More
WEP Order
Mgmt Data
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to DS from
DS
0
0
0
1
SA
BSSID
BSSID
SA
BSSID
SA
DA
RA
TA
DA
SA
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Acknowledgement
ACK
2
2
6
4
Frame
Receiver
Duration
CRC
Control
Address
bytes
Request To Send
RTS
Clear To Send
bytes
CTS
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2
2
6
6
4
Frame
Receiver Transmitter
Duration
CRC
Control
Address Address
2
2
6
4
Frame
Receiver
Duration
CRC
Control
Address
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Synchronization
try to find a LAN, try to stay within a LAN
timer etc.
Power management
sleep-mode without missing a message
periodic sleep, frame buffering, traffic measurements
Association/Reassociation
integration into a LAN
roaming, i.e. change networks by changing access points
scanning, i.e. active search for a network
MIB - Management Information Base
managing, read, write
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access
point
medium
B
busy
busy
B
busy
B
busy
t
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B beacon frame
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station1
B1
B1
B2
station2
medium
busy
busy
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B2
busy
B beacon frame
busy
t
random delay
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Power
management
Idea: switch the transceiver off if not needed
States of a station: sleep and awake
Timing Synchronization Function (TSF)
stations wake up at the same time
Infrastructure
Traffic Indication Map (TIM)
list of unicast receivers transmitted by AP
Delivery Traffic Indication Map (DTIM)
list of broadcast/multicast receivers transmitted by AP
Ad-hoc
Ad-hoc Traffic Indication Map (ATIM)
announcement of receivers by stations buffering frames
more complicated - no central AP
collision of ATIMs possible (scalability?)
APSD (Automatic Power Save Delivery)
new method in 802.11e replacing above schemes
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access
point
medium
DTIM interval
D B
T
busy
busy
D B
busy
busy
p
station
t
T TIM
D DTIM
B broadcast/multicast
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awake
p PS poll
d data transmission
to/from the station
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station1
B1
station2
B beacon frame
awake
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beacon interval
B2
random delay
a acknowledge ATIM
B2
B1
A transmit ATIM
t
D transmit data
d acknowledge data
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802.11 - Roaming
Reassociation Request
station sends a request to one or several AP(s)
Reassociation Response
success: AP has answered, station can now participate
failure: continue scanning
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Data rate
1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbit/s, depending on
SNR
User data rate max. approx. 6
Mbit/s
Transmission range
300m outdoor, 30m indoor
Max. data rate ~10m indoor
Frequency
DSSS, 2.4 GHz ISM-band
Security
Limited, WEP insecure, SSID
Availability
Many products, many vendors
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Quality of Service
Typ. Best effort, no guarantees (unless
polling is used, limited support in
products)
Manageability
Limited (no automated key
distribution, sym. Encryption)
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantage: many installed systems,
lot of experience, available
worldwide, free ISM-band, many
vendors, integrated in laptops, simple
system
Disadvantage: heavy interference on
ISM-band, no service guarantees,
slow relative speed only
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16
synchronization
SFD
16
16
PLCP preamble
bits
variable
payload
PLCP header
1, 2, 5.5 or 11 Mbit/s
16
SFD
16
16
PLCP preamble
(1 Mbit/s, DBPSK)
variable
bits
payload
PLCP header
(2 Mbit/s, DQPSK)
96 s
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2, 5.5 or 11 Mbit/s
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Europe (ETSI)
channel 1
2400
2412
channel 7
channel 13
2442
2472
22 MHz
2483.5
[MHz]
US (FCC)/Canada (IC)
channel 1
2400
2412
channel 6
channel 11
2437
2462
22 MHz
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2483.5
[MHz]
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Data rate
6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbit/s,
depending on SNR
User throughput (1500 byte packets):
5.3 (6), 18 (24), 24 (36), 32 (54)
6, 12, 24 Mbit/s mandatory
Transmission range
100m outdoor, 10m indoor
E.g., 54 Mbit/s up to 5 m, 48 up to 12
m, 36 up to 25 m, 24 up to 30m, 18 up
to 40 m, 12 up to 60 m
Frequency
Free 5.15-5.25, 5.25-5.35, 5.725-5.825
GHz ISM-band
Security
Limited, WEP insecure, SSID
Availability
Some products, some vendors
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Quality of Service
Typ. best effort, no guarantees (same
as all 802.11 products)
Manageability
Limited (no automated key
distribution, sym. Encryption)
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantage: fits into 802.x standards,
free ISM-band, available, simple
system, uses less crowded 5 GHz
band
Disadvantage: stronger shading due
to higher frequency, no QoS
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12
16
variable
service payload
6
tail
variable
bits
pad
PLCP header
PLCP preamble
12
signal
data
1
6 Mbit/s
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variable
symbols
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5150
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
channel
5350 [MHz]
16.6 MHz
100
5470
140
channel
5500 5520 5540 5560 5580 5600 5620 5640 5660 5680 5700
5725
[MHz]
16.6 MHz
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104
108
112
116
120
124
128
132
136
center frequency =
5000 + 5*channel number [MHz]
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5150
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
channel
5350 [MHz]
16.6 MHz
149
153
157
161
channel
center frequency =
5000 + 5*channel number [MHz]
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pilot
-26 -21
-7 -1 1
21 26
subcarrier
number
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Successful successor of 802.11b, performance loss during mixed operation with .11b
Establish an Inter-Access Point Protocol for data exchange via the distribution system
Enhance the current 802.11 MAC to expand support for applications with Quality of Service
requirements, and in the capabilities and efficiency of the protocol
Definition of a data flow (connection) with parameters like rate, burst, period supported by
HCCA (HCF (Hybrid Coordinator Function) Controlled Channel Access, optional)
Additional energy saving mechanisms and more efficient retransmission
EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access): high priority traffic waits less for channel access
Extension for operation of 802.11a in Europe by mechanisms like channel measurement for dynamic
channel selection (DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection) and power control (TPC, Transmit Power
Control)
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Changes of PHY and MAC with the goal of 100Mbit/s at MAC SAP
MIMO antennas (Multiple Input Multiple Output), up to 600Mbit/s are currently feasible
However, still a large overhead due to protocol headers and inefficient mechanisms
Devices and access points should be able to estimate channel quality in order to be able to choose a
better access point of channel
Comprises amendments a, b, d, e, g, h, i, j
Changes of 802.11a for operation at 5GHz in Japan using only half the channel width at larger range
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Note: Not all standards will end in products, many ideas get stuck at working
group level
Info: www.ieee802.org/11/, 802wirelessworld.com, standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
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Bluetooth
Basic idea
Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless connectivity
Interconnecting computer and peripherals, handheld devices, PDAs, cell
phones replacement of IrDA
Embedded in other devices, goal: 5/device (already < 1)
Short range (10 m), low power consumption, license-free 2.45 GHz ISM
Voice and data transmission, approx. 1 Mbit/s gross data rate
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Bluetooth
(was:
History
1994: Ericsson (Mattison/Haartsen), MC-link project
Renaming of the project: Bluetooth according to Harald Bltand Gormsen
[son of Gorm], King of Denmark in the 10th century
1998: foundation of Bluetooth SIG, www.bluetooth.org
1999: erection of a rune stone at Ercisson/Lund ;-)
2001: first consumer products for mass market, spec. version 1.1 released
2005: 5 million chips/week
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Characteristics
Topology
Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet
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Piconet
SB
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P
S
M=Master
S=Slave
SB
P=Parked
SB=Standby
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Forming a piconet
All devices in a piconet hop together
Master gives slaves its clock and device ID
Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique worldwide)
Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock
Addressing
Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit)
Parked Member Address (PMA,
SB
SB
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SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
8 bit)
S
SB
P
S
M
P
S
P
SB
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Scatternet
Piconets
(each with a
capacity of
720 kbit/s)
M
SB
M=Master
S=Slave
P=Parked
SB=Standby
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S
P
SB
SB
S
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vCal/vCard
telephony apps.
OBEX
AT modem
commands
IP
mgmnt. apps.
BNEP PPP
Control
Host
Controller
Interface
Baseband
Radio
AT: attention sequence
OBEX: object exchange
TCS BIN: telephony control protocol specification binary
BNEP: Bluetooth network encapsulation protocol
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625 s
fk
M
fk+1
S
fk+2
M
fk+3
S
fk+4
M
fk+5
S
fk+6
M
t
fk
M
fk+3
S
fk+4
M
fk+5
S
fk+6
M
t
fk
M
fk+1
S
fk+6
M
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Baseband
Piconet/channel definition
Low-level packet definition
Access code
Channel, device access, e.g., derived from master
Packet header
1/3-FEC, active member address (broadcast + 7 slaves), link type,
alternating bit ARQ/SEQ, checksum
68(72)
54
0-2745
bits
64
preamble sync.
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(4)
(trailer) AM address
type
flow
ARQN
SEQN
bits
HEC
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audio (10)
HV2
audio (20)
HV3
audio (30)
DV
audio (10)
FEC (20)
FEC (10)
2/3 FEC
CRC (2)
(bytes)
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payload (0-339)
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
payload (0-121)
payload (0-183)
payload (0-224)
payload (0-339)
2/3 FEC
(bytes)
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
2/3 FEC
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
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3 slot
5 slot
SCO
Type
Payload User
Header Payload
[byte]
[byte]
FEC
CRC
Symmetric Asymmetric
max. Rate max. Rate [kbit/s]
[kbit/s]
Forward
Reverse
DM1
0-17
2/3
yes
108.8
108.8
108.8
DH1
0-27
no
yes
172.8
172.8
172.8
DM3
0-121
2/3
yes
258.1
387.2
54.4
DH3
0-183
no
yes
390.4
585.6
86.4
DM5
0-224
2/3
yes
286.7
477.8
36.3
DH5
0-339
no
yes
433.9
723.2
57.6
AUX1
0-29
no
no
185.6
185.6
185.6
HV1
na
10
1/3
no
64.0
HV2
na
20
2/3
no
64.0
HV3
na
30
no
no
64.0
DV
1D
64.0+57.6 D
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MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
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SCO
f0
ACL
f4
SCO
f6
f1
ACL
f8
f7
f5
SCO
f12
f9
ACL
f14
SCO
f18
f13
ACL
f20
f19
f17
f21
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Robustness
Retransmission
ACL only, very fast
Error in payload
(not header!)
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
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NAK
ACK
G
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standby
detach
inquiry
transmit
AMA
park
PMA
hold
AMA
Standby: do nothing
Inquire: search for other devices
Page: connect to a specific device
Connected: participate in a piconet
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page
connecting
connected
AMA
active
sniff
AMA
low power
Karunya University
26.0 mA
26.0 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
15.5 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
4.0 mA
0.5 mA
0.6 mA
47.0 A
20.0 A
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Protocol multiplexing
RFCOMM, SDP, telephony control
Group abstraction
Create/close group, add/remove member
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Slave
L2CAP
L2CAP
2
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L2CAP
1 d d d d 1
baseband
signalling
Slave
baseband
ACL
connectionless
baseband
connection-oriented
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CID=2
0-65533
PSM
payload
Connection-oriented PDU
2
2
length
CID
bytes
0-65535
bytes
payload
CID=1
bytes
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1
ID
2
length
0
data
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Security
User input (initialization)
PIN (1-16 byte)
E2
link key (128 bit)
E3
encryption key (128 bit)
Pairing
Authentication key generation
(possibly permanent storage)
Authentication
Encryption key generation
(temporary storage)
Encryption
E2
link key (128 bit)
E3
encryption key (128 bit)
Keystream generator
Keystream generator
payload key
Ciphering
payload key
Cipher data
Data
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Data
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RFCOMM
Emulation of a serial port (supports a large base of legacy applications)
Allows multiple ports over a single physical channel
OBEX
Exchange of objects, IrDA replacement
WAP
Interacting with applications on cellular phones
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Profiles
Represent default solutions for a certain
Applications
Protocols
usage model
Profiles
Additional Profiles
Advanced Audio Distribution
PAN
Audio Video Remote Control
Basic Printing
Basic Imaging
Extended Service Discovery
Generic Audio Video Distribution
Hands Free
Hardcopy Cable Replacement
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Bluetooth versions
Bluetooth 1.1
also IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2002
initial stable commercial standard
Bluetooth 1.2
also IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005
eSCO (extended SCO): higher, variable bitrates, retransmission for SCO
AFH (adaptive frequency hopping) to avoid interference
Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR (2004, no more IEEE)
EDR (enhanced date rate) of 3.0 Mbit/s for ACL and eSCO
lower power consumption due to shorter duty cycle
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR (2007)
better pairing support, e.g. using NFC
improved security
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Data rate
Transmission range
POS (Personal Operating Space) up to 10 m
with special transceivers up to 100 m
Security
Challenge/response (SAFER+), hopping
sequence
Depends on power-mode
Max. 2.56s, avg. 0.64s
Availability
Integrated into many products, several
vendors
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Quality of Service
Guarantees, ARQ/FEC
Manageability
Public/private keys needed, key
management not specified, simple
system integration
Frequency
Free 2.4 GHz ISM-band
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantage: already integrated into
several products, available
worldwide, free ISM-band, several
vendors, simple system, simple adhoc networking, peer to peer,
scatternets
Disadvantage: interference on ISMband, limited range, max. 8 active
devices/network, high set-up latency
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802.15.2: Coexistance
Coexistence of Wireless Personal Area Networks (802.15) and Wireless Local
Area Networks (802.11), quantify the mutual interference
802.15.3: High-Rate
Standard for high-rate (20Mbit/s or greater) WPANs, while still lowpower/low-cost
Data Rates: 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 Mbit/s
Quality of Service isochronous protocol
Ad hoc peer-to-peer networking
Security
Low power consumption
Low cost
Designed to meet the demanding requirements of portable consumer imaging
and multimedia applications
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802.15.3a: - withdrawn Alternative PHY with higher data rate as extension to 802.15.3
Applications: multimedia, picture transmission
802.15.3b:
Enhanced interoperability of MAC
Correction of errors and ambiguities in the standard
802.15.3c:
Alternative PHY at 57-64 GHz
Goal: data rates above 2 Gbit/s
Not all these working groups really create a standard, not all standards will be
found in products later
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ZigBee
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802.15.4a:
Alternative PHY with lower data rate as extension to 802.15.4
Properties: precise localization (< 1m precision), extremely low power consumption,
longer range
Two PHY alternatives
UWB (Ultra Wideband): ultra short pulses, communication and localization
CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum): communication only
802.15.4b, c, d:
Extensions, corrections, and clarifications regarding 802.15.4
Usage of new bands, more flexible security mechanisms
Not all these working groups really create a standard, not all standards will be
found in products later
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Wireless distribution system, e.g., for the last mile, alternative to DSL
75 Mbit/s up to 50 km LOS, up to 10 km NLOS; 2-66 GHz band
Initial standards without roaming or mobility support
802.16e adds mobility support, allows for roaming at 150 km/h
Licensed bands < 3.5 GHz, optimized for IP traffic
Peak rate > 1 Mbit/s per user
Different mobility classes up to 250 km/h and ranges up to 15 km
Relation to 802.16e unclear
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Data rate
Transmission range
5-100 m, depending on power (typ. 10-500
mW)
Security
Some products with added processors
Cost
Cheap: 10-50
N/A
Availability
Many products, many vendors
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Quality of Service
none
Frequency
Typ. 27 (EU, US), 315 (US), 418 (EU), 426
(Japan), 433 (EU), 868 (EU), 915 (US) MHz
(depending on regulations)
Manageability
Very simple, same as serial
interface
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantage: very low cost, large
experience, high volume available
Disadvantage: no QoS, crowded
ISM bands (particularly 27 and 433
MHz), typ. no Medium Access
Control, 418 MHz experiences
interference with TETRA
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Data rate
Transmission of ID only (e.g., 48 bit, 64kbit,
1 Mbit)
9.6 115 kbit/s
Transmission range
Passive: up to 3 m
Active: up to 30-100 m
Simultaneous detection of up to, e.g., 256
tags, scanning of, e.g., 40 tags/s
Frequency
125 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8
GHz and many others
Security
Application dependent, typ. no crypt. on
RFID device
Cost
Very cheap tags, down to 1 (passive)
Availability
Many products, many vendors
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Quality of Service
none
Manageability
Very simple, same as serial
interface
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantage: extremely low cost,
large experience, high volume
available, no power for passive
RFIDs needed, large variety of
products, relative speeds up to 300
km/h, broad temp. range
Disadvantage: no QoS, simple
denial of service, crowded ISM
bands, typ. one-way (activation/
transmission of ID)
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Function
Standard: In response to a radio interrogation signal from a reader (base
station) the RFID tags transmit their ID
Enhanced: additionally data can be sent to the tags, different media access
schemes (collision avoidance)
Features
No line-of sight required (compared to, e.g., laser scanners)
RFID tags withstand difficult environmental conditions (sunlight, cold, frost,
dirt etc.)
Products available with read/write memory, smart-card capabilities
Categories
Passive RFID: operating power comes from the reader over the air which is
feasible up to distances of 3 m, low price (1)
Active RFID: battery powered, distances up to 100 m
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Applications
Total asset visibility: tracking of goods during manufacturing, localization of
pallets, goods etc.
Loyalty cards: customers use RFID tags for payment at, e.g., gas stations,
collection of buying patterns
Automated toll collection: RFIDs mounted in windshields allow commuters to
drive through toll plazas without stopping
Others: access control, animal identification, tracking of hazardous material,
inventory control, warehouse management, ...
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Security
Denial-of-Service attacks are always possible
Interference of the wireless transmission, shielding of transceivers
IDs via manufacturing or one time programming
Key exchange via, e.g., RSA possible, encryption via, e.g., AES
Future Trends
RTLS: Real-Time Locating System big efforts to make total asset visibility
come true
Integration of RFID technology into the manufacturing, distribution and
logistics chain
Creation of electronic manifests at item or package level (embedded
inexpensive passive RFID tags)
3D tracking of children, patients
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Relevant Standards
9/17/2012
ISO/TC204, www.sae.org/technicalcommittees/gits.htm,
www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ISOTC204.htm
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ISO Standards
ISO 15418
MH10.8.2 Data Identifiers
EAN.UCC Application Identifiers
ISO 15434 - Syntax for High Capacity ADC Media
ISO 15962 - Transfer Syntax
ISO 18000
Part 2, 125-135 kHz
Part 3, 13.56 MHz
Part 4, 2.45 GHz
Part 5, 5.8 GHz
Part 6, UHF (860-930 MHz, 433 MHz)
ISO 18047 - RFID Device Conformance Test Methods
ISO 18046 - RF Tag and Interrogator Performance Test Methods
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NEW
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9/17/2012
DIFS
802.11b
3 channels
(separated by
installation)
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
DIFS
500 byte
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
SIFS
DIFS ACK
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
DIFS
DIFS
500 byte
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
SIFS
DIFS ACK
SIFS
ACK
2402
1000 byte
500 byte
DIFS
DIFS
DIFS
f [MHz]
2480
SIFS
DIFS ACK
100
byte
802.15.1
79 channels
(separated by
hopping
t pattern)
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ETSI - HIPERLAN
ETSI standard
European standard, cf. GSM, DECT, ...
Enhancement of local Networks and interworking with fixed networks
integration of time-sensitive services from the early beginning
HIPERLAN family
one standard cannot satisfy all requirements
range, bandwidth, QoS support
commercial constraints
HIPERLAN 1 standardized since 1996
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HIPERLAN 1 - Characteristics
Data transmission
point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, connectionless
23.5 Mbit/s, 1 W power, 2383 byte max. packet size
Services
asynchronous and time-bounded services with hierarchical
priorities
compatible with ISO MAC
Topology
infrastructure or ad-hoc networks
transmission range can be larger then coverage of a single node
(forwarding integrated in mobile terminals)
Further mechanisms
power saving, encryption, checksums
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CAC service
definition of communication services over a shared medium
specification of access priorities
abstraction of media characteristics
MAC protocol
MAC service, compatible with ISO MAC and ISO MAC bridges
uses HIPERLAN CAC
CAC protocol
provides a CAC service, uses the PHY layer, specifies hierarchical access
mechanisms for one or several channels
Physical protocol
send and receive mechanisms, synchronization, FEC, modulation, signal
strength
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Scope
modulation, demodulation, bit and frame synchronization
forward error correction mechanisms
measurements of signal strength
channel sensing
Channels
3 mandatory and 2 optional channels (with their carrier frequencies)
mandatory
channel 0: 5.1764680 GHz
channel 1: 5.1999974 GHz
channel 2: 5.2235268 GHz
optional (not allowed in all countries)
channel 3: 5.2470562 GHz
channel 4: 5.2705856 GHz
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Modulation
GMSK for high bit-rate, FSK for LBR header
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HIPERLAN 1 - EY-NPMA I
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HIPERLAN 1 - EY-NPMA II
Several terminals can now have the same priority and wish to send
contention phase
Elimination Burst: all remaining terminals send a burst to eliminate
contenders (11111010100010011100000110010110, high bit- rate)
Elimination Survival Verification: contenders now sense the channel, if the
channel is free they can continue, otherwise they have been eliminated
Yield Listening: contenders again listen in slots with a nonzero probability, if
the terminal senses its slot idle it is free to transmit at the end of the contention
phase
the important part is now to set the parameters for burst duration and channel
sensing (slot-based, exponentially distributed)
data transmission
the winner can now send its data (however, a small chance of collision
remains)
if the channel was idle for a longer time (min. for a duration of 1700 bit) a
terminal can send at once without using EY-NPMA
synchronization using the last data transmission
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HIPERLAN 1 - DT-HCPDU/AKHCPDU
HI: HBR-part Indicator
HDA: Hashed Destination HCSAP Address
HDACS: HDA CheckSum
BLIR: Block Length Indicator
BLIRCS: BLIR CheckSum
TI: Type Indicator
BLI: Block Length Indicator
HID: HIPERLAN IDentifier
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
UD: User Data (1-2422 byte)
PAD: PADding
CS: CheckSum
AID: Acknowledgement IDentifier
AIDS: AID CheckSum
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HIPERLAN 1 - DT-HMPDU
LI: Length Indicator
TI: Type Indicator
RL: Residual Lifetime
PSN: Sequence Number
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
ADA: Alias Destination Address
ASA: Alias Source Address
UP: User Priority
ML: MSDU Lifetime
KID: Key Identifier
IV: Initialization Vector
UD: User Data, 12383 byte
SC: Sanity Check (for the
unencrypted PDU)
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Information bases
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References
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