Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Enabling Objectives
1.5
Unaided, the participant will correctly identify and
describe the use of optical aids.
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part i
1.5
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Hand-held Lenses
Low-powered hand-held lenses, up to about 10x
magnifications, are used to magnify fine small detail
to enable a better assessment to be made.
The hand lens is moved close to the surface to be
inspected and then slowly moved away until the
surface is in focus. The distance from the lens to the
eye will he variable so and should be around 300 mm,
the distance for near vision. Continuous adjustment is
often required to focus specific parts of the detail.
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Low-power Microscope
These groups of microscopes cover a large range
from low-power stereoscope of up to 20x
magnification to monocular and binocular equipment
up to 50x magnification. The majority of equipment is
bench mounted and is also portable, with some types
capable of mounting on large components. In most
cases the microscopes consist of a stage, objective
lens, eyepiece lens and a light source.
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Mode of Operation
The working distance between stage and objective
lens is restricted and may therefore require small
sections to be taken from large pieces. The sample
may require special preparation, sections from
translucent material for mounting on to glass slides for
examination by transmitted light. Opaque materials
can only be examined by reflected light and may
require some form of preparation depending on the
features requiring examination.
Once a sample is prepared it is placed on the
microscope stage, the light source switched on, the
eyepieces adjusted (binocular type) and the stage
slowly racked up by means of the coarse focus until
an image is obtained whilst viewing through the
eyepiece lens. Critical focusing is achieved by the use
of the fine focus.
Applications
These microscopes are used for routine
testing/inspection of component surfaces, structure,
metals, ceramics, plants, tissues, electronic
component materials, fabrics, liquid, fractures, fibers,
etc.
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MIRRORS
Inspections can be made with mirrors allowing
viewing behind or underneath objects or components
with flexibility to obtain optimum viewing angles.
Mirrors are available in various shapes, sizes and
curvature configurations (convex, concave, parabolic),
with adjustable and telescopic handles.
The use of mirrors requires a degree of practice to
reflect the light and obtain the desired reflection.
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Figure 1
Rigid Bore Scope
Figure 2
Rigid Bore Scope
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Figure 3
Typical Bore scope Lens System
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Figure 4
Available Angles of View
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Figure 5
Calibrated Bore Scope
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Figure 6
Calibrated Bore Scope
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Figure 7
A Rigid Bore Scope Set-up
ENDOSCOPES or FIBERSCOPES
Endoscopes are flexible systems using fiber optics,
which are used in a similar manner to bore scopes.
They are used extensively in medicine and many
engineering applications.
FIBER OPTICS
Fiber optics use very thin flexible glass fiber filaments
between 9-30 microns in diameter. These filaments
are capable of transmitting light within the boundaries
of the fiber by internal reflections, the light following
the path of the fiber irrespective of its shape. This
property allows the light or image to he transmitted
around bends and curves without additional optical
equipment.
The fiber consists of a core of high quality optical
glass with a case of glass of different refractive index,
which acts as a mirror. The fibers are very small in
cross-section and transmit very little light; therefore
the fibers are grouped together in bundles, many
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Working
length
(mm)
292
333
76
161
247
333
121
207
292
379
5.48
14
290
440
590
290
440
590
290
440
590
740
Direction
of view
(DOV)
Lateral
(90)
Direct (0)
Direct (0)
Direct (0)
Field of
view
(FOV)
50
60
Depth
of
field
(mm)
2 Infinity
4 - Infinity
,10
,30
or ,60
80
30 or
50
10 FOV 80
Infinity
30 FOV 20
Infinity
60/50
FOV
(direct)
Infinity 4- 4
60/50
FOV
(Lateral)
2 Infinity
FOV 2- 80
Infinity
Direct (0) 55
Foreoblique
(45)
Lateral
(90)
5 - Infinity
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7.98
240
440
650
240
440
240
340
440
550
760
960
1280
340
340
9.98
240
440
440
240
340
440
550
760
960
340
11098
340
Direct (0)
Infinity
Foreoblique
(45)
Lateral
(90)
Infinity
Retro
(110)
Infinity
30
10 - Infinity
55 5 - Infinity
Direct (0) 55
5 - Infinity
Foreoblique
(45)
Lateral
(90)
Lateral
(90)
330 10 Infinity
330
Infinity
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Figure 8
Video System
TELEVISION CAMERA
The optical image of the scene to be televised is
focused, via a zoom lens, onto the target of the
camera tube. The target is coated in photo
-conductive or photo -emissive material, and this
generates a pattern of electrical voltages at the back
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Figure 9
Olympus Videoscope
Image Quality
The television camera tube is a very important
component in the system since it must produce highresolution pictures. As mentioned above, any image
can be regarded as a series of very small dots or
elements. The best resolution is obtained with the
highest number of image picture elements as
possible, therefore the higher the number of pixels,
the better the resolution on the target. The quality of
the picture on the screen is governed by scattered
and reflected light within the tube, all of which reduce
image contrast. The visual interpretation of the
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Effect of Magnification
An increase in the size of the image, which is then
projected electronically onto a screen, improves the
resolution of the smallest detail without having to
resort to improving the resolution of the monitor. The
disadvantages are that increasing magnification of the
test-piece also magnifies any movement in the
camera system and may also affect the depth of field
available.
Depth of Field
Depth of field is the range over which the camera/lens
produces satisfactory definition which is in focus. It
can he expected that the depth of field will decrease
with increase in magnification.
Applications
Cameras can operate in a range of diverse
applications. They can be used alone, with zoom and
telescopic lenses, or in conjunction with optical fibers
to produce very small endoscopes. Video cameras
can also he fitted to visual equipment such as
magnifiers, microscopes etc.
Inspection of pipe work and vessels which may
appear difficult, if not impossible, can now be
performed by remote control video equipment
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