English

For Risk Prevention

Index

pages

Unit 1 Risk Prevention Issues

Part 1.1 Safety first: Describing safety elements.

Part 1.2 The Stuntman: Routine and safety elements.

Part 1.3 Protect Yourself: Directions and Instructions.

14

Part 1.4 Prevention and Protection: Suggestions, necessity

and obligation.

22

Unit 2 Risk Analysis

Part 2.1 At Risk: Safety and risk assessing methodologies.

28

Part 2.2 Reporting: Reporting accidents and events occurred

at work.

38

Unit 3 Making Presentations on Risk

Analysis
Part 3.1 Organization and planning: Risks within a specific
Setting.

47

Part 3.2 Risk prevention standards: Training, making,

comments and talks.

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Unit 1
Risk
Prevention
Issues

Part 1.1 Safety First

1 Get ready:
a. Look at the pictures. How many safety elements can you identify?

b. Look at the pictures again. Can you say some safety elements that are
not here?

2. Vocabulary:
a. Match the words with the pictures.

helmet safety boots reflective jacket mask safety gloves

sun screen safety shoes hearing protection safety glasses - harness

3. Study:
a. Uses and description:
Examples:

We

wear a

to protect

our head.

He

wears

to protect

his feet.

She

uses

to protect

her skin

b. Complete:
1. He __________ a

to protect his _________.

2. They _________

to protect their _________.

4. Speaking:
a. In pairs, discuss with your partner the uses of the following
safety elements.

5. Reading:
a.

Are safety elements used in Chilean construction sites?

b.

Do you think safety elements should be used at all times?

c.

What safety elements are mostly used, which ones are not?

________________________

________________________

________________________

________________________

________________________

_________________________

d. Compare your answers with a classmate.

e. Read and answer the questions.

Identifying elements of poor construction safety

management in China
Construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique nature.
Measured by international standards, construction site safety records in China are
poor. This paper aims to examine the status of safety management in the Chinese
construction industry, explore the risk-prone activities on construction sites, and identify
factors affecting construction site safety. The findings reveal that the behavior of
contractors on safety management are of grave concern, including the lack of provision
of personal protection equipment, regular safety meetings, and safety training. The
main factors affecting safety performance include poor safety awareness of top
management, lack of training, poor safety awareness of project managers,
reluctance to input resources to safety and reckless operations. The study also
proposes that the government should play a more critical role in stricter legal
enforcement and organizing safety training programs.
Taken from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753503000602
website. (abstract)
-

What is the paper mainly about?

How are the construction site safety records in China?

What do the findings reveal?

What are the main factors affecting safety performance?

What role should the government play?

Part 1.2 The Stuntman

1. Reading:
a. Do you think there are jobs more dangerous than others?
b. Name some dangerous jobs. Give reasons.
c. Compare your answers with a classmate.
d. Look at the picture. Is it a dangerous job? Yes/No. Why?
e. What is his job?

f. What does the following statement refer to?

If you dont think you can safely do

something more than once, then dont do it

g. Read and answer the questions:

STUNT SAFETY No stunt, action sequence or actor doing his own stunts is worth
injuring someone. Safety is a very broad subject and we cant cover everything in a
paragraph, but as usual, you need to find people you can trust to be safe. Its natural for
a producer to want to cut costs. Movies are not easy things to create. It takes a lot of
energy, which can either be time or money. This is one corner it is unwise to cut, unless
the person cutting really knows what theyre doing. Always have B and C backup plans
if your primary safety mechanism fails. Always walk through each stunt slowly and try
to figure out what can go wrong. Think outside the box. Ask an expert. Everybody loves
making movies. Even if you cant afford a pro, take him out to dinner and tell him what
you plan to do, and ask him for advice. Offer to give him consulting credit, or
something, or better yet, pay him to get the job done right. When youre dealing with
action, all kinds of things can go wrong. Take the example of Sarah Jones incident on
the set of Midnight Rider, and that wasnt even shooting action. Of course we can come
up with stories of people who got away with it but they were lucky. What about the
people that werent lucky? You need to trust your Stunt Coordinator implicitly. If
youre not sure, check with someone else. Again, you can contact us and we can give
you an opinion based on the information you provide us. It pays to be safe.

Taken from http://txstarentertainment.com/shooting-stunts-and-action-on-a-budgetsxsw-2014-goodaction/ website. (Adapted)

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What do the producers try to do?

What is it always advisable to have?

What should you do if you cant afford a pro?

Why do you think the article mentions Sarah Jones?

h.

Read the article again. Guess the meaning of the highlighted words.
Check with your teacher or a dictionary.

2. Speaking:
a. Match the words with the pictures.

Miner - Lumberjack Carpenter Stuntman - Lineman

11

b. Are these jobs popular in your country?

c. Where in your country?
d. What kind of special equipment do they need to work with?
e. What do they do exactly?
3. Reading:
a. Read and answer.

My Routine as a carpenter
I get up at 6:30 everyday, I take a shower, have some breakfast and leave the
house. It takes me almost one hour to get to my job. I work for a furniture
company. Every day is quite similar. First, I go to my locker and change my
clothes. I put on my overall, my safety boots and gloves. After that, I go to my
working site and I put on my safety glasses and I start working. Right now, I am
working on some kitchen cupboards. I have to finish them by the end of the
week...
a. What does he do before he gets to his job?
b. How long does it take him to get to work?
c. What does he do before he starts working?
d. What kind of special equipment does he wear?
e. What is he doing right now?

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4. In pairs:
a. Write 3 other jobs that may need special safety equipment.
You can check in the dictionary.
________________
________________
________________

b. What kind of equipment do they need?

________________
________________
________________
c. Write a short paragraph. Describe the routine of one of the
jobs you wrote in a.

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Part 1.3 Protect Yourself

1. Grammar: The Imperative
a. Check
We can use the imperative to give a direct order.
1.
2.
3.

Take those boots and put them there.

Stand up straight.
Give me that tool.
We can use the imperative to give instructions.

1.
2.
3.

Open your manual.

Guide the pipe into position.
Take a left and then a right.
We can use the imperative to make an invitation.

1.
2.

Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home.

Please start without me. I'll be there shortly.

3.

Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious.

We can use the imperative on signs and notices to
prohibit.

1.
2.
3.

Push.
Do not use.
Do not step.
We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice.

1.
2.
3.

Speak to him. Tell him how you feel.

Have a quiet word with her about it.
Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover.

b. Match.
1. wear

___ your right

2. protect

___ your safety jacket

3. do not

___ your eyes

4. keep

___ enter

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c. Online. Mix and match

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/imperative/exercise1.html
http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/imperative/exercise4.html

d. Look at the photos. What instructions and orders would you give them?

1. ___________________

1.

_______________

2. _________________________

2.

___________________

3. _________________________

3.

___________________

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1.________________________
2._______________________
3._____________________

1.____________________
2.____________________
3.____________________

1._______________________

1.________________________

2._______________________

2._______________________

3._______________________

3._______________________

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2. Speaking
a. Read and answer.
Top 10 Workplace Safety Tips Every Employee Should
Know

Workplace safety cannot exist on

best practice guidelines and policies alone. A safe working
environment is based on how well the people, in both management
and on the factory floor, adhere to -- and communicate about -safety standards.
The foundation of any successful workplace safety effort is one that
encourages employees to identify unsafe behaviors and
opportunities for improvement while also making well-informed
safety decisions during daily routine tasks.
- Do you agree with what you read?
- What would you add?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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3. Writing
a. Read the headings. Give an instruction (a), an order (b), and draw a sign
(c) for each heading.

1.

Be Aware Of Your Surroundings

a._______________________________________

c.

b._______________________________________
2. Keep Correct Posture To Protect Your Back
a. _______________________________________

c.

b.________________________________________
3. Take Regular Breaks.
a.__Take breaks every 2 hours_______________

c.

b.________________________________________

4. Use Tools and Machines Properly

a.________________________________________

c.

b.________________________________________

5. Keep Emergency Exits Easily Accessible

a.________________________________________

b.________________________________________

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c.

6. Report Unsafe Conditions to Your Supervisor

a._________________________________________

c.

b._________________________________________
7. Use Mechanical Aids Whenever Possible
a._________________________________________

c.

b._________________________________________
8. Stay Sober
a._________________________________________

c.

b._________________________________________
9. Reduce Workplace Stress
a._________________________________________

c.

b._________________________________________
10. Wear the Correct Safety Equipment
a._________________________________________

b._________________________________________

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c.

4. Reading.
a. Put a heading from 3 a (writing) in each blank.

1.

____________________________________________________.

So many work-related injuries and illnesses occur because a worker is tired,

burned out and not alert to their surroundings. Taking regular breaks helps you
stay fresh on the job. One trick to staying alert is to schedule the most difficult
tasks when your concentration is best, like first thing in the morning.
2. _____________________________________________________.
Instead of attempting to carry or lift something thats really heavy in an attempt
to save a sliver of time during your workday, take the extra minute to use a
wheelbarrow, conveyor belt, crank or forklift. Too many injury risks are involved
with trying to lift something that weighs too much.
3. _____________________________________________________.
This step requires knowing the particular hazards of your job or workplace.
Once youve learned these risks, you are able to keep clear of potential
hazardous areas, and potential hazardous situations. Also, always be alert of
machinery.
4. _____________________________________________________.
Take the proper precautions when using tools, and never take shortcuts.
Taking shortcuts is the leading cause of workplace injury. Its a huge safety risk
to use scaffolding as a ladder or one tool in place of another for a specific job.
Using tools the right way greatly reduces the chance of workplace injury.
5. _____________________________________________________.
Your supervisor needs to be informed about any workplace safety hazards or
risks. They are legally obligated to ensure their employees have a safe working
environment and will take care of the unsafe conditions and make them safe
for you and your co-workers.
6. _____________________________________________________.
In case of an emergency, youll need quick, easy access to the exits. Its also
recommended to keep clear access to equipment shutoffs in case you need to
quickly stop them from functioning.

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7. _____________________________________________________.
If you work at a desk, keep your shoulders in line with your hips to avoid back
problems. If youre picking things up, use correct form so your back doesnt get
hurt. Avoid stooping and twisting. If possible, always use ergonomic designed
furniture and safety equipment so everything you need is within easy reach.
8. _____________________________________________________.
Stress can lead to depression and concentration problems. Common causes of
workplace stress include long hours, heavy workload, job insecurity and
conflicts with coworkers or managers. Take your concerns about workplace
stress to your supervisor to see how they might help you address them.
9. _____________________________________________________.
Around three percent of workplace fatalities occur due to alcohol and drugs.
When a workers ability to exercise judgment, coordination, motor control,
concentration or alertness is compromised, this leads to any number of risks
for workplace injury and fatalities.
10. _____________________________________________________.
If youre not wearing the correct safety equipment for a task, you may get
injured. Depending on the job, equipment like earplugs, earmuffs, hard hats,
safety goggles, gloves or a full-face mask greatly reduce the risk of workplace
injury.

Taken from http://arbill1.web11.hubspot.com/arbill-safetyblog/bid/182469/Top-10-Workplace-Safety-Tips-Every-Employee-ShouldKnow website. (adapted)

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Part 1.4 Prevention and Protection

1. Speaking. In pairs
a. Look at the pictures. Name the places.
b. How would you prevent accidents in each place?

c. Compare your answers with a different classmate .

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2. Grammar
a. Check

CAN >>>>>>> We use CAN to say that something is

possible or somebody has the ability to do something.
- In case of an accident you CAN use the first aid
kit.
The negative is CANT
- You CANT use your cell phone when a plane is
taking off.
MUST and HAVE TO >>>>>>> We use MUST and HAVE
TO to say that it is necessary to do something.
- You MUST use your turn signal when turning right
and left.
- You HAVE TO use your car seatbelt when driving.
SHOULD >>>>>>> We use SHOULD to give advice or to
give an opinion.
- You SHOULD take regular breaks.
The negative is SHOULDNT
- You SHOULDNT work more than 8 hours a day.

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b. Complete the sentences with can/cant, must,

have, should or shouldnt.
1. John _______ drive but he doesnt have a car.
2. You _______ put on sunscreen when working
outdoors.
3. Workers _______ use a harness while climbing or in a dangerous
situation.
4. Drivers always _______ to stop at red lights.
5. In case of a fire, you _______ use the fire extinguisher.
6. In case of an earthquake, you _______ use the stairs.
7. You _______ work outside if the temperature is higher than 35c.
8. You _______ to use safety glasses when welding something.
9. Sarah ______ manage the lathe, she doesnt have the skills.
10. Firefighters _______ wear safety gloves when using a hose.

2. Speaking
a. Discuss with your classmate.
The General Principles of Prevention are set out in descending order of preference as follows:

- Avoid risks.
- Evaluate unavoidable risks.
- Combat risks at source
- Adapt work to the individual, especially the design of places of work.
- Adapt the place of work to technical progress.
- Replace dangerous articles, substances, or systems of work by non-dangerous or less
dangerous articles, substances or systems.
- Use collective protective measures over individual measures.
- Develop an adequate prevention policy
- Give appropriate training and instruction to employees
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b. Do you agree with the general principles of prevention?. Give reasons.

c. Would you add more?
d. Look at the following places and situations. Name the places and
describe the situations.

e. In Pairs. How would you prevent accidents and avoid risks in those
places? Make a list and take notes.
f. Compare your answers with a different classmate.

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3. Project.
a. Select a working site and present a project; protecting the
workers and preventing risk.
- Identify the working site. (Name it)
- Number of workers.
- Identify the risks and possible solutions.
- How the workers can protect themselves from
possible hazards.
- Present the project to the class.

Example: Working site: Install/repair cables or wires used in

electrical power or distribution systems on the street.
Number of workers: 3
Identify the risk: Heights, heavy equipment, traffic, hazardous
materials, summer heat, falling, and electricity.
How the workers can protect themselves: They must use a helmet
and a harness. They should use sunscreen. Etc.

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Unit 2
Risk
Analysis

27

Part 2.1 At Risk

1. Reading
a. Read and answer:

Every year in America, 3.3 million people

suffer a
workplace
injury from
which they
may never
recover.
These are
preventable
tragedies
that disable
our workers,
devastate
our families, and damage our economy

1. Do you agree with that?

2. Why do you think that happens?

3. How should we prevent that?

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2. Vocabulary:
a. What are most common accidents at work? Compare with a
partner.
b. Match the words with the pictures.
Repetitive Motion Injuries - Machine Entanglement - Overexertion Injuries Vehicle Accidents - Walking Into Injuries - On the Job Violent Acts - Falling Object
Injuries - Reaction Injuries Falling from Heights - Slipping/Tripping.

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3. Reading:
a. Put a heading from 2b (vocabulary) in each blank. Compare your
answers with your partner.
Out of the 10 most common injuries on the job, the majority are those random incidents that
can happen to anyone and at any time. Not only is it the employer's responsibility to ensure a
safe work environment, each employee also has a responsibility to themselves to take caution
when on the job.
Here are the top 10 reported worker's compensation
injuries as listed by top insurance companies around the
country:
10. ______________________ - Attacks caused by office politics and other arguments have
led to serious physical injuries. Workplace violence employee training and employee diligence
in watching out for suspicious activities can help keep these incidents at bay
9. _______________________ - This type of workplace injury is one of those less obvious
but definitely harmful ones in the long run. Repetitive motions such as typing and using the
computer 24/7 can strain muscles and tendons causing back pain, vision problems, and
carpal tunnel syndrome. Employee training and the use of proper ergonomic equipment can
help keep these incidents low.
8. _______________________ - This type of injury usually occurs in a factory where heavy
equipment and machinery are used. Clothing, shoes, fingers and hair are by everyday
equipment when no precaution is taken. Protective equipment and attention to personal
details are necessary to avoid these incidents.
7. _______________________ Employees who drive for business purposes are often
injured in auto accidents, some of which can be fatal. Employee Safe-Driver training and
employer safe driving policies are likely to reduce accidents.
6. _______________________ - This happens when a person accidentally runs into concrete
objects such as walls, doors, cabinets, glass windows, table, chairs etc. Head, knee, neck,
and foot injuries are common results. Employee's diligence and employer focus on keeping
the work environment free from hazards are key to preventing these types of injuries.
5. ________________________ - Objects that fall from shelves or dropped by another
person can cause very serious injuries. Head injuries are a common result of this type of
accident. Employee's diligence and employer focus on keeping the work environment free
from hazards are key to preventing these types of injuries. Of course, proper personal
protection gear usage, such as a hard hat, can be instrumental in keeping the employee safe.

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4. ______________________ - These are injuries caused by slipping and tripping without

falling. These incidents can cause muscle injuries, body trauma, and a variety of other
medical issues. It can be hard to prevent such incidents but it is important for employees to
pay attention to what is going on in the environment around them.
3. ______________________ - This type of fall happens from an elevated area such as roofs,
ladders, and stairways. They can be caused by slip and fall accidents or due to faulty
equipment. These types of accidents can be reduced by the use of proper personal
protection gear, training and employee diligence.
2. ______________________ The number 2 cause of workplace injuries, this pertains to
falls on wet and slippery floors or trips over something lying on the floor. Attention to what is
going on around them is required of employees and employers will have safety guidelines to
ensure spills are promptly cleaned and no debris is present which can be dangerous.
1. _______________________ - This includes injuries related to pulling, lifting, pushing,
holding, carrying, and throwing activities at work. Overexertion not only consistently been the
number one workplace injury according but is also the most expensive. According to the
2008 Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index, overexertion incidents account for $3.4 million in
benefit costs annually.

Taken from: http://arbill1.web11.hubspot.com/arbill-safetyblog/bid/160371/Workplace-Accidents-10-Most-CommonWorkplace-Injuries

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4. Speaking
a. Work in pairs.
How can you avoid injuries or accidents at work? Write down some ideas:
1.________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________

b. Read and discuss. What do you think are the 3 most important tips to
avoid injuries or accidents at work? Why? Give reasons.

Every person can avoid being involved in

accidents at work by following these simple
tips.
Wear the required uniform - Listen and actively
participate during emergency drills - Always ask your
supervisor about the possible risks of doing a certain
task - Never risk the health and safety of the
employees Always follow the safety program of your
workplace - Always be on the lookout for possible
cause of accidents and then report it to the
management - Owners of a company should always
post signs or rules that should be observed by their
employees - Formation of an emergency team among
the workers - Always be alert on the job - Never
take a high-risk job for which you have not been
trained for

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5. Reading
a. Match the heading from 4b (Speaking) in each blank. Compare your
answers with your partner.
1. ____________________________________________- Being awake
and alert all the time while at work will not only prevent accidents
from happening at work. It will also enhance the performance of the
worker and can even earn him a promotion or a salary increase.
Most of the people who become involved with accidents at work are
those who feel sleepy while working.
2. _______________________________________ A person who
works in a factory has a greater chance of being involved in an
accident at work. Thus, he should be more vigilant about the
wearing of proper uniforms and other protective garments when
working. Never take safety to chance so always go to work with the
proper dress code. If your work requires you to wear a hardhat
helmet then wear it.
3. ___________________________________________ Some work
places conduct emergency drills to make sure their employees know
what to do in cases of emergencies so as to avoid accidents. Some
employees take this as another boring drill so they just look around
and take it for granted. So when emergency time comes they are
the ones who are left behind in the face of grave danger.

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4. ______________________________________________________
There are workers who are exposed to danger just by doing their
regular workloads. A worker should always check with his
supervisor if he is unsure about the task at hand or if he feels that
doing that task will expose him to great danger.
5. _____________________________________________________ - It is
stupid for anyone to take on a high-risk job especially if he has not
been trained for the job. Imagine an untrained person doing the job
of a fireman? Doing this will not only expose you to a great danger
but will expose other people to danger as well.
6. _________________________________________________
Employers are responsible for the well-being of their workers while
at work so they have installed safety programs which the employees
should follow. Employees can avoid an accident at work if they
follow the safety program mandated by the employer.
7. _____________________________________________________ There are workers who are already aware of a disaster waiting to
happen but they refuse to see the warning and go on with their work.
If you see tell-tale signs of a possible cause of accident at work like
a ceiling that is about to give way or a stairway thats about to give
way then you should report it to the proper authority immediately.
Do not wait for the accident to happen as it might happen to you.

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8. ______________________________________________________ in
order to avoid a possible accident at work. These posters should be
posted in areas that are highly visible to the workers so they will be
able to read them.
9. __________________________________________________ - The
team will be responsible for monitoring possible hazards at work that
may cause an accident. They will also formulate rules and
regulation to be observed in case of possible incidents that may
cause harm to the workers.
10. __________________________________________________ Profit
may be the main motivation of a company but they should earn their
keep without exposing their workers to hazard. Company owners
should always prioritize the health and safety of their workers no
matter what.

Taken from: http://www.character-training.com/blog/top-10-tips-on-howto-prevent-an-accident-at-work/ (Adapted).

35

6. Reading and speaking.

a. Look at the following signs. What do they represent?
b. Match each accident prevention sign with its definition.

1. The _______________ indicated a potentially hazardous situation, a

hazard capable of resulting in severe but not irreversible injury or
damage.
2. The _______________ provides information of a general type in order
to avoid confusion and misunderstanding.
3. The _______________ includes notices of general practice and rules
relating to health, first aid, medical equipment, sanitation,
housekeeping and general safety.
4. The _______________ indicates a potentially hazardous situation,
which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
5. The _______________ indicates an immediate hazard, a hazard
capable of producing irreversible damage or injury.
6. The _______________ indicates Biohazardous Materials.
36

7. The _______________ indicates Radioactive Materials.

7. Project part 1. In pairs:

a. You are assigned to design prevention risk signs at a
construction working site. Draw 2 accident prevention signs
individually in your notebook and explain where you would
place them and why.

Example:

Crane:

: I would place the Overhead Crane

safety sign to alert workers to the
presence and dangers of cranes in the
area. This sign is placed outside, near
the crane in order to prevent injuries
and fatalities.

8. Project part 2.
a. Design 5 safety accident prevention signs. Bring them
to class, place them on the wall and explain to your
teacher and the class what they mean.

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Part 2.2 Reporting

1. Speaking
a. What do you think are the most common accidents/events in
Chile?
b. Compare your answer with your partner. Give reasons.

2. Reading
a. Read and answer the questions.
People working in different types of job obviously face a range of different
hazards.
For example, an office worker is much less at risk from burns than a chef but
there are a range of common accidents and injuries which occur across all
occupational sectors and trips/slips and falls invariably top the league.
In 2007/08, these accounted for almost four out of every 10 major workplace
injuries. Other national statistics for the same year show that the most common
over-three-day injury was caused by handling, lifting or carrying
A total of 34 million workdays were lost because of workplace-related accident
or illness. Of these, 6 million were due to injuries within the workplace while 28
million were work-related ill health days
A total of 229 people were killed at work and although this equates to just 0.8
per 100,000 workers, it is still a lot of lives lost. (Long term, death rates have
fallen, but the fatality figures have changed very little over the past six years)
The most commonly cited workplace hazards involved in accidents/illness were
manual handling, sitting for long periods and the handling of harmful substances
More than 2 million people believed that their current or previous type of work
had caused them to suffer an illness or made a previous illness worse.

38

Overall, the three most common types of accident/injury were:

Trips/slips or falls

Electrical incidents

Manual handling/lifting

Some of the most common injuries were:

Sprains and strains

Back injury

Head injury

Neck injury

Repetitive Strain Injury

Taken from: http://www.workplacesafetyadvice.co.uk/commoninjuriescauses-accidents-work.html. (Adapted).

What type of hazards do people at work may face?

What do statistics show?

How many days are missing because of

accidents at work?
How many people were killed because of
accidents at work?
What were the most common cited workplace
hazards involved in accidents?
What were the most types of accidents?

39

What were the most common injuries

3. Reading.
a. Read and answer the questions.

Reporting Of Workplace Accidents

Reporting accidents and ill health at work is a legal requirement
under the Reporting of Injuries, The information gathered helps the
Local Authority and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) to
identify where and how risks arise and to prevent reoccurrence and
prevent further pain and suffering to employees.
You must report all of the following:

A death
A major injury
An over-three-day injury (this is when an employee or selfemployed person has an accident at work and is unable to
work for over three days, but does not have a major injury);
A work-related disease
A dangerous occurrence
Where a member of the public is taken directly to hospital

How Soon Do I Have To Report The Incident?

All time limits for reporting accidents vary depending on the severity
and the guide below should be followed.

Where the accident has resulted in someone's death or a

major injury we need to be notified immediately.
Over 3-day injuries need to be reported within 10 days.
As soon as possible after the doctor diagnosis a work related
disease.
Dangerous occurrences need to be reported immediately

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Examples of Major Injuries

Fracture other than to fingers, thumbs or toes

Amputation
Dislocation of the shoulder, hip, knee or spine
Loss of sight (temporary or permanent)
Chemical or hot metal burn to the eye or any penetrating injury
to the eye
Injury resulting from electric shock or electrical burn leading to
unconsciousness or requiring resuscitation or admittance to
hospital for more than 24 hours
Any other injury: leading to hypothermia, heat induced illness
or unconscious; or requiring resuscitation; or requiring
admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours.
Unconsciousness caused by asphyxia or exposure to a
harmful substance or biological agent
Acute illness requiring medical treatment, or loss of
consciousness arising from absorption of any substance by
inhalation, ingestion or through the skin
Acute illness requiring medical treatment where there is
reason to believe that this resulted from exposure to a
biological agent or its toxin or infected material

Examples of Work Related Disease

Certain poisonings
Some skin diseases such as occupational dermatitis, skin
cancer, chrome ulcer, oil folliculitis/acne
Lung diseases including occupational asthma, farmers lung,
pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma
Infections such as leptospirosis, hepatitis, tuberculosis,
anthrax, Legionellosis and tetanus
Other conditions such as; occupation cancer, certain
musculoskeletal disorders, decompressions illness and handarm vibration syndrome

41

Examples of Dangerous Occurrences

Collapse, overturning or failure of load-bearing parts of lifts

and lifting equipment
Explosion, collapse or bursting of any closed vessel or
associated pipework
Plant or equipment coming in to contact with overhead power
lines
Electrical short circuit or overload causing fire or explosion
Accidental release of a biological agent likely to cause severe
human illness
Explosion or fire causing suspension of normal work for over
24 hours
Unintended collapse of any building or structure under
construction alteration or demolition where over 5 tons of
material falls; a wall or floor in a place of work; any false work
Accidental release of any substance which may damage
health

Taken from: http://www.tameside.gov.uk/workplace/accidents

(Adapted)
- What are the main events/accidents you have to report?
- How soon do you have to the report the event/accident?
- How soon do you have to report a dangerous event?
- Name three examples of major injuries.
- Name three examples of work related disease.
- Name three examples of dangerous occurrences.
42

4. Speaking
a. What are the most common types of accidents/injuries at work?
(Check page 39). Do you agree with them? Would you add more?
5. Video Watching
a. Watch the following videos. Take notes about
the accidents/events:
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhGG
Aax5FfM
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKP1GaEHTs4
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNi0-W8MpAM
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AybUj5FXc6E
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riJtEDO0O24
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
43

____________________________________________________
________________________________________________

6. Writing
b. Use your notes to complete the report form.
Accident/Incident Report Form

Date of incident: _______________ Time: ________ AM/PM

Name of injured person:
Address:
Phone Number(s):
Date of birth: ________________ Male ______ Female _______
Who was injured person?(circle one) Passenger

System Employee

Type of injury:
Details of incident:
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Injury requires physician/hospital visit?

Yes ___

Name of physician/hospital:
Address:
Physician/hospital phone number:

44

No _____

Signature of injured party

_________________________________________________________
Date
*No medical attention was desired and/or required.
___
Signature of injured party

Date

Accident/Incident Report Form

Date of incident: _______________ Time: ________ AM/PM

Name of injured person:
Address:
Phone Number(s):
Date of birth: ________________ Male ______ Female _______
Who was injured person? (Circle one)

Passenger

System Employee

Type of injury:
Details of incident:
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Injury requires physician/hospital visit?

Yes ___

No _____

Name of physician/hospital:
Address:
Physician/hospital phone number:

Signature of injured party

_________________________________________________________
Date

45

*No medical attention was desired and/or required.

___
Signature of injured party

Date

Unit 3
Making
Presentations on
Risk
Analysis

46

Part 3.1 Organization and planning

1. Reading
a. Look at the four types of engineers and, in pairs, discuss the questions.
Safety engineer - Operating engineer - Maintenance engineer- Control
engineer
- What differences are there
between these types of
engineers?
- What do these fields of
engineering have in
common?

b. Match each word with the correct definition:

1. Compensation ___

a. Protect

2. Initial

___

3. Safeguard

___

b. Small, specific change to

something
c. Probability, chance

4. Hazardous

___

d. Existing at the beginning

5. Modification ___
6. Likelihood

e. Payment for damage, harm

or loss.
f. Dangerous, risky.

___

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c. Read through the text and, for each actions in parentheses, suggest a
more formal replacement from the box, in the correct form. There are
four extra verbs.

conceal

eliminate

modify

prevent

ensure

initiate

maintain

propose

reduce

seek

As we have seen, safety engineers

can offer help at the design stage
by (1)_proposing__(put forward)
improvements that can
(2)____________ (cut down) the
risk of accidents. For example,
when some new machinery is being designed, a safety engineer tries to find
ways to (3)____________(get rid of) any dangerous protecting parts that
might hurt someone. The safety engineer tries to (4)________________
(cover up) the moving parts of a machine to minimize the chance of
accidental contact with the operator. The safety engineer will also
(5)______________ (make sure) that any emergency cutoff switches are
within reach of the operator.
As for the design of safer roads, when a new road system is being
designed, safety engineers (6)______________(look for) ways of avoiding
hazards like sharp turns or blind intersections things that have been
known to cause traffic accidents.

48

2. Writing
a. Write a list of adjectives that describe the personal and
professional qualities that you think are required in the field of
risk prevention engineering.
Example:

In my field, you need to be patient and you have to be

confident...____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

3. Speaking
a. In pairs, compare and make comments about your ideas. Then
discuss with other pairs the personal and professional qualities
that are required in your particular field of study or work.

49

d. Reading
a. Read and answer the questions:

Risk Management
Plan
Developing a risk management
plan for the company is an
effective way to provide a safe workplace for the staff and
prevent safety incidents. A risk management plan includes
an assessment of risks, a business security plan
incorporating staff safety, measures to control risks, and
staff training in risk identification and management.
You should implement safe work systems (including
incident reporting and support) and train your staff in
workplace personal safety so that everyone knows what to
do in the event of an accident.
To ensure the long-term safety of your staff a risk
management policy is recommended, where you identify
safety risks to staff and develop a management plan to
minimise them.
You will also need a personal safety continuity plan in order
to make sure the company stays up and running even in the
event of a personal safety breach.

Taken from:
http://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/employing/employeerights-awards-entitlements/personal-safety-workplace (Adapted)

50

- Why is it important to develop a risk management plan?

- What should a risk management plan include?
- What should you implement so that everyone knows what to
do in case of an accident/event?
- What should you do to make sure the company stays up in the
event of a personal safety breach?

b. Compare your answers with your partner.

5. Project
a. In pairs. Conduct a physical inspection of your school or place of work
take photos, take notes, fill out a chart like the one below and present your
findings to your teacher and class.
LOCATION

POTENTIAL
DANGER

Supermarket

Lifting and carrying

heavy objects
Slipping on a wet
surface

51

RECOMMENDATION
FOR
IMPROVEMENT
A better supervision

Place a sign where

the floor is being
cleaned.

Part 3.2 Risk prevention standards

1. Reading
Answer the questions. Compare your
answers with a partner.
- Do you think the safety standards in
Chilean working sites are good?
- Do you think the safety standards
should be the same in every working
site?

Poor safety standards

led to Chilean mine
disaster
- What do you remember about this disaster?
- Do you agree with the previous heading?
SANTIAGO, Chile When the dust settled several hours after the mine
caved in on them, the 33 miners began climbing the emergency ladder in a
ventilation shaft that would lead them to the surface 2,300 feet above. But
they only got a third of the way.
The mine owners had never bothered to finish the ladder to the top.
In their first remote phone contact with government officials above ground
18 days after getting trapped in the San Jose mine in the Atacama Desert,
the miners told them that the emergency ladder, which every mine in Chile
is supposed to have, did not exist.
That evacuation exit was clear for 48 hours after the accident, and the
miners could have gotten out if the ladder had been fully in place, said an
52

upset Laurence Golborne, the countrys mining minister, to the media after
speaking with the shift leader Luis Urzua inside the mine.
The owners of the San Esteban Mining Company that controls the mine
said that it was thanks to their safety regulations that the miners were found
alive and well. But this outraged the workers families and worsened their
public image. Not even the refuge at the bottom of the mine, where the
miners were presumed to be while rescue workers drilled into the solid
rock for two weeks in an effort to reach them, was a safe haven.
On Thursday, a small camera was lowered down the grapefruit-sized duct
that has been piping messages, water, food and supplies to the miners. With
one miner filming and another illuminating the inside of the mine with the
beam of his safety helmet, the miners showed their living conditions and
took turns greeting their loved ones.
This is the famous refuge, said miner Mario Sepulveda in the video, as he
pointed to the shabby sign with Refuge stamped on it. It was supposed
to be in conditions to shelter us, but when we got here, the energy was cut
off and there was no ventilation, he said bitterly.
It was an accident waiting to happen. And after it happened, the mediumsized gold and copper mine, 500 miles north of Santiago, became the
epitome of unsafe mining practices. Alejandro Bohn and Marcelo Kemeny,
owners of the San Esteban Mining Company, have been demonized by the
public as an example of the ultimate disregard for human life.

Taken from: http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/100828/minesafety (Adapted)

Why were the miners unable to use the emergency ladder?

When was the first phone contact?
What could have happened, if the ladder had been fully in place?
What did the owners of the mining company say regarding the safety
regulations?
- Was the refuge in good conditions to shelter the miners? Give
reasons.

53

2. Speaking
a. Answer the questions.
- What do you know about safety procedures?
- Are safety procedures always taken into consideration?
- What are the main problems to manage safety procedures at work?

Safety Procedures are available across all industries and for

all types of equipment and processes. Procedures that are easy to
understand and easy to use can significantly help manage the safety of
your workplace.
Safety Procedures - Construction & Building
Safety Procedures are becoming more commonplace in the
Construction and Building Industries. Principle Contractors are
implementing Safety Procedures, and they are also expecting SubContractors to provide Safety Procedures for the work they are
performing. Construction Safety Procedures include Asbestos
Removal, Air Compressors, Circular Saws, Demolition Work,
Electrical Power Tools, Hiab Cranes, Nail Guns, Scaffolding,
Working on Roofs, Safety Harnesses and more.
How to Develop a Safety Procedure
Safety Procedures are not complicated to develop. Firstly, complete
a Job Safety Analysis Sheet. Some common steps include:

Risk Assessments
Pre-Planning
Pre-Start Checks
Site Safety
Personal Protective Equipment
First Aid
General Safety Information
Maintenance
Job Completion

3. Reading
a. Use the following safe work procedure forms and
complete a job safety analysis.

54

Safe Work Procedure Job Title or Task:

Department / Area:

Approved By:

Date Created:

Potential Hazards:
Fill in those that apply
H M L risk for injury
Awkward / sustained postures
Forceful exertions
Repetitive motions
Vibration
Skin compression
Sharp points / edges
Pinch points
Material falling
Surfaces causing falls
Moving machinery
Chemicals
Biological pathogens
Electrical
Extreme heat / cold
Noise
Combustibles / flammables
Other _______________________

Review / Revised
date:

Personal protective equipment / devices

required / other safety considerations

Training / Reference information

Note: Signs and symptoms of a musculoskeletal injury (MSI) can include pain, burning, swelling,
stiffness, numbness/tingling, and/or loss of movement or strength in a body part. Report these to your
supervisor
Employers must ensure that workers are trained and follow this safe work procedure
Steps to perform this task safely:

55

Safe Work Procedure

Name of Task:
Position/Job :

Department/Area:

Hazards:
Note: This task may expose workers to musculoskeletal injury (MSI) risks. Signs
and symptoms include pain, burning, numbness, tingling, swelling, loss of
movement or strength in a body part.
Personal Protective Equipment or other required equipment or other
safety considerations:
Education and training
prerequisites: e.g. instructions or
other SWPs
Steps to be taken to complete task safely:
1
2
3
4
5
Responsibilities, Completion and Review

.
Completed by and Date:

Approved by:

Last Reviewed / Revised by and

Date:

Note: This task will be monitored

periodically to ensure compliance
and effectiveness

Taken from: http://safemanitoba.com/sample-procedure

56