Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Damping in Buildings
Tokyo Polytechnic University
The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program
Yukio Tamura
Damping
Reduction of intensity with time or spatial
propagation
- Vibration Energy Thermal Energy
- Radiation to Outside
0.08
0.04
0
-0.04
-0.08
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (s)
Aexp ( 0t)
xm
2/D
xm+1
t
Logarithmic Decrement
2
xm =
= ln
xm+1 1 2
Damping in Buildings
Estimation of damping
- no theoretical method
- based on full-scale data
significant scatter
Importance of Damping
Improvement of Reliability of Structural
Design
Accurate Response Prediction
Accurate Damping Predictor
Reliable Damping Database
Liquid
Gas
SL
SG
Friction
Internal
Friction
Damping
External
Friction
Damping
Viscosity
Internal Viscous
Damping
External Viscous
Damping
Radiation
Interaction
Plasticity
Hysteretic
Damping
Radiation Damping
HydroHydrodynamic
Damping
AeroAerodynamic
Damping
Plasticity Damping
Energy dissipation due to plasticity of solids
Hysteresis due to Plasticity
Change in microscopic structure of materials
Hysteretic characteristics / Plasticity Rate
Force-Deformation Relation of
Structural Materials
B
Force
B
C
Deformation
Deformation
Radiation Damping
Energy transfer between Solid Solid, or Solid Liquid
Fluid-Dynamic Damping
(Aerodynamic Damping)
Fluid-body interaction
Effects of relative velocity
Effects of additional unsteady flow induced by
body motion (Feedback system)
Ex.
Along-wind Vibrations (Buffeting) due to turbulence:
Positive Damping
Across-wind Vibrations (Galloping, Vortex-resonance
etc.):
Negative Damping
10
1%h12%
2%h13%
3%h14%
4%h15%
h15%
1966
1969
1966
19661969
(25)
25 Buildings
5 and more
1970
1979
1970
19701979
(59)
59 Buildings
1980
1989
1980
19801989
(64)
64 Buildings
1990
1996
1990
19901996
(168)
168 Buildings
h 13
00
50
50
100
100
100(%)
1%h12%
2%h13%
3%h14%
4%h15%
h15%
1969
1966
19661969
(28)
1966
28 Buildings
1970
126 Buildings
1979
1970
19701979
(126)
1980
109 Buildings
1989
1980
19801989
(109)
1990
1996
1990
19901996
(292)
00
h 12
50
50
292 Buildings
100(%)
100
100
11
Country
Australia
(AS1170.2)
Austria
China
France
Actions/Stress Levels
Serviceability
Ultimate & Permissible
(NORM B4014 )
(GB50191(GB50191-93)
Japan
Wind
Wind
Earthquake
Habitability
Earthquake
Frame Bolted
Frame Welded
Damping ratios
1 (%)
0.5 1.0
5
2
Earthquake
Germany
Italy
Joints/Structures
Joints/Structures
(DIN 1055)
(EUROCODE 1)
Singapore
Sweden
(Swedish Code of Practice)
United Kingdom Wind
(ESDU)
USA (Penzien, US Atomic Energy Commission)
Commission)
2
0.8
0.5
0.3
0.3
4
2
5
1
2
1
0.9
Country
Actions/Stress Levels
Australia
(AS1170.2)
Austria
China
Serviceability
Ultimate & Permissible
(NORM B4014 )
(GB50191(GB50191-93)
France
Earthquake
Germany
Italy
Japan
Wind
Wind
Earthquake
Habitability
Earthquake
Structures
Structures
Damping ratios
1 (%)
RC or Prestressed C
0.5 1.0
RC or Prestressed C
5
RC Structures
RC (TV) Towers
Prestressed RC Tower
Standard
Reinforced
Standard
Reinforced
(DIN 1055)
(EUROCODE 1)
Singapore
Sweden
(Swedish Code of Practice)
United Kingdom Wind
(ESDU)
USA
(US Atomic Energy Commission)
Commission)
5
5
3
1.6
0.65
3-4
2
5
1
3
2
1.4
12
DIN 1055
Conditions
Damping ratios
1 (%)
Bolted
0.5 0.8
Welded
0.3
Without cracks
0.6
With cracks
1.6
0.6
- Steel
- Reinforced C
- Prestressed C
ESDU
Wind
1st mode damping ratio 1 (%)
1 = s + a
s : Structural damping ratio
x
60
H
s = 100(s0+
) +1.3 (%)
13
EUROCODE
Wind
1st mode damping ratio 1 (%)
1 = s + a + d
s : Structural damping ratio
s = a f1 + b min
f1 = 46 / H (1st mode natural frequency)
a = 0.72 (Steel), 0.72(RC)
b=
0 (Steel), 0.8 (RC)
min = 0.8 (Steel), 1.6 (RC)
NORM B4014
0.08 (Steel)
0.72 (RC with cracks), 0.4 (RC without cracks, PSRC)
PSRC)
14
Structures
SSE
2
4
2
4
4
7
5
7
Welded Steel
Bolted Steel
Prestressed C
Reinforced C
ISO
ISO4354
ISO/CD3010
1st
15
AIJ, 2000
Damping Ratio 1
Japan
(Earthquake)
ESDU
(Upper Limit)
Australia
Italy
(Earthquake)
ISO/CD 3010
EUROCODE
USA
Poland
Singapore
0.01
ISO4354
Sweden
ONORM B4014
ESDU
(Most Probable)
China
France
Japan
(Habitability)
ESDU
(Lower Limit)
0.001
10
DIN1055
20
50
100
Building Height H (m)
200
Depending on H or f1
AIJ,
2000
Eq.(8)
ESDU
(Upper Limit)
Damping Ratio 1
EUROCODE
Italy
Poland
(Earthquake)
Singapore
Sweden
0.01
ISO4354
Japan
(Habitability)
ESDU
(Most Probable)
ONORM B4014
Australia
DIN1055
ESDU
(Lower Limit)
0.001
10
20
50
100
Building Height H (m)
200
Depending on H or f1
16
17
18
Office : 99
Hotel : 25
Others : 13
Apartment :
Office :
School :
Others :
35
20
4
9
9.1m226.0m
Chimney :
Lattice :
Tower :
Others :
26
24
23
6
19
Building
Information
Dynamic
Properties
Contained Information
Location
Structural Type
Time of Completion
Cladding Type
Building Usage
Foundation Type
Shape
Embedment Depth
Height
Length of Foundation Piles
Dimensions
Soil Conditions
Number of Stories
Reference
Damping Ratio
(up to the 6th mode)
Natural Frequency
(up to the 6th mode)
Excitation Type
Experimental &
Measurement Method
Evaluation Technique
Amplitude
Time of Measurement
etc.
T 0.020 H, r 0.94
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
50
100
150
200
250
Building Height H (m)
300
20
T 0.015 H, r 0.94
1
RC
SRC
50
100
150
Building Height H (m)
200
T2 0.33T1 , r 0.99
T3 0.18T1 , r 0.95
2 T4 0.13T1 , r 0.91
2nd Mode
3rd Mode
1
4th Mode
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fundamental Natural Period T (s)
21
(JDD)
Torsional Mode
Natural Periods
(Steel Buildings)
T 0.75 T , r 0.94
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fundamental Natural Period T (s)
22
Damping Ratio
0.1
0.01
1st
2nd
3rd
0.001
0.05
0.1
Mode
Mode
Mode
0.2
0.5
1
Natural Period T (s)
Damping Predictors
Jeary (1986) :
Lagomarsino (1993) :
23
1 = 0 + I x/H
0 = f1/100
I = 10 D/2
High amplitude
plateau region
f1 Lowest Natural
Frequency (Hz)
Amplitude x/H
Damping Ratio 1
Damping Ratio 1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.1
1 0.014 f1 , r 0.89
1
Natural Frequency f1 (Hz)
RC Buildings
0.01
0.001
10
0.1
1 0.013 f1 , r 0.65
1
Natural Frequency f1 (Hz)
10
Steel Buildings
24
1 = 0.0143 f1
( r = 0.89)
SRC buildings :
1 = 0.0231 f1
( r = 0.32)
Steel buildings :
1 = 0.013 f1
( r = 0.65)
(%)
Damping Ratio
0.7
(%)
H=100mSteel Building (Jeary,1998)
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0
1
2
2
4
4
6
8
10
12
Tip Displacement (mm)
5
10
11
12
13
14
14
15
(mm)
25
Stick-slip Model
for Damping in Buildings
Q
Qc
x
k
Stick
1
0
x
xc
xc
Slip
Friction
Friction
Q = kx < Qc
Q = Qc
Stick-slip Model
for Damping in Buildings
Increase of amplitude
Increase of number of slipping joints
Increase of friction damping
& Decrease of stiffness
Sum of a lot of frictional damping effects
Viscous damping
+
+ =
26
Damping Ratio 1
0.03
0.665
Damping Ratio 1
0.66
0.655
0.02
Natural
Frequency f1
0.65
0.645
0.01
0.64
0
-2
Steel Buildings
xH
1 = B
H
Tall Office Buildings :
B = 400, Upper Limit xH / H = 2105
1 (xH / H) = 0.8%
Tall Towers :
B = 3000, Upper Limit xH / H = 5106
1 (xH / H) = 1.5%
27
RC buildings :
1 = 0.0143 f1 + 470(xH /H) 0.0018
Steel buildings :
1 = 0.013 f1 + 400(xH /H) + 0.0029
RC Buildings
Including Amplitude
Dependent Term
0.05
Eq.(4)(Lagomarsino)o
rsin
Lagoma
AIJ 2000
Eq.(8)(Proposal)
0
0
50
100
150
Building Height H (m)
Frequency
200 Dependent
Term Only
28
0.05
0.04
Including Amplitude
Dependent Term
0.03
Eq.(4)(Lagomarsino) arsino
m
Lago
0.02
0.01
AIJ 2000
Frequency
Dependent
300 Term Only
Eq.(12)(Proposal)
0
0
50
100
150
200
Building Height H (m)
250
0.1
r 0.88
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
AIJ 2000
Predicted Damping Ratio by Eq.(8)
29
(JDD)
Damping Ratio
for Structural Design (AIJ, 2000)
RC/SRC Buildings :
T1 = 0.015 H
(f1= 67/H)
Steel Buildings :
T1 = 0.020 H
(f1= 50/H)
T1 = 0.022 H
(f1= 46/H)
30
Performance Evaluation of
Habitability to Building Vibration
10
4
H-
Peak
Acceleration
(cm/s ) 2
(1--yr
yr--recurrence,
(1
cm/s )
3
H1
0.1
2
1
H- H-
0.5
Natural
Frequency
(Hz)
Performance Evaluation of
Habitability to Building Vibration
1-year-recurrence Peak Acceleration
A = 2.3 f1 0.431
Level H-3 : Guidelines for the evaluation of
habitability to building vibration (AIJ, 1991)
31
(Steel Buildings)
T 0.80 T , r 0.94
m
20%
5
4
3
2
1
0
2
3
4
5
Design Natural Period T (s)
Tm = 0.80 Td
Steel Buildings : Satake et al. (1997)
RC Buildings : Shioya et al. (1993)
Contributions of Secondary
Members to Stiffness
32
(JDD)
RC Buildings
f1 = 1 / 0.018H
Steel Buildings
f1 = 1 / 0.024H
(JDD)
Habitability
Safety
33
(JDD)
Safety
Damping Ratio
Damping Ratio
Natural
Natural
Frequency
Frequency
1 (%)
1 (%)
f1 (Hz)
f1 (Hz)
Rec. Standard
Rec. Standard
30
1.7
1.8
2.5
1.4
2
3
40
1.3
1.5
2
1.0
1.8
2.5
50
1.0
1
1.5
0.83
1.5
2
60
0.83
1
1.5
0.69
1.5
2
70
0.71
0.7
1
0.60
1.5
2
80
0.63
0.7
1
0.52
1
1.5
90
0.56
0.7
1
0.46
1
1.5
100
0.50
0.7
1
0.42
1
1.5
150
0.33
0.7
1
0.28
1
1.5
200
0.25
0.7
1
0.21
1
1.5
"Rec." : "Recommended" values.
f1 = 10.020H (Habitability), f1 = 10.024H (Safety)
Safety : Elastic Range
Height
H (m)
(JDD)
Steel Buildings
Office Buildings
AVE = 1.15 % (HAVE = 112.6m )
Hotels and Residential Buildings
AVE = 1.45 % (HAVE = 100.4m )
25% Increase due to interior walls
34
Number of Buildings
Steel Buildings
R2 (Mean1.35)
R3 (Mean1.31)
R4 (Mean1.22)
40
30
20
10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Ratio of Damping Ratios R
n
n+1
n
(AIJ2000)
RC Buildings
n+1 = 1.4 n , (n=1,2)
Steel Buildings
n+1 = 1.3 n , (n=1,2)
35
Wire Cutting
1G
Wire
Cutting
36
Damping Ratio
for Ultimate Limit State
35-03
37
x (t )
x0
t
35-04
x (t )
v0
x0
0
Sub-sample
35-05
38
x (t )
x0
v0
Sub-sample
35-06
39
2
0
+ sin1 20 )
1 2
35-08
35-09
40
230m
220m
35-10
2Sacc
3 (f)
0.1
f(Hz) (Hz)
Frequency
41
2Sacc
3 (f)
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
0.1
f(Hz) (Hz)
Frequency
(cm/s2)
Acceleration cm/s2
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
50
100
150
200
Time
(s)
(s)
42
1000
100
0.41Hz
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.3
Bandwidth of
Low-pass Filter
0.4
35-11
x01
112
x02
122
x0N
xN =
1N2
+
NNt
e
cos (1N2 N t N)
Mean Value Error
x = x1 + x2 + + xN + m
35
43
-1
-0.1
0.1
(s)
2
(cm/s )
0
-1
40-01
1
2
3
4
5
6
RD
0.40
0.41
1.47
1.53
2.17
2.38
FDD
0.40
0.41
1.47
1.52
2.17
2.38
RD
0.18
0.30
0.83
0.85
0.55
0.42
7
8
2.87
3.10
FDD
0.24
0.39
0.30
0.91
0.65
0.39
0.7740-02
44
53.35m
SE Elevation
SW Elevation
40-04
12 components (Moved)
53 components were
measured in total.
40-10
45
40-11
r =1
d r r rH
d H
+ r r r*
j r
j r
46
Frequency (Hz)
PeakPeak-Picking
Average of Normalized S.V. of PSD Matrices of All Data Sets
Analytical Software: ARTeMIS
40-13
1st Mode
Component
0.85Hz
-20
0.4
0.8
1.2
2nd Mode
Component
40
47
11-story Model
15-story Model
45-01
AMB (Hz)
0.76
0.86
1.11
2.23
2.47
2.94
3.85
4.26
4.47
Error (%)
0
2.22
3.51
-3.99
2.59
2.82
0
0
4.29
45-02
48
f 1= 0.760 Hz
f 2 =0.854 Hz
f3 = 1.111 Hz
45-03
f4 = 2.230 Hz
f5 = 2.468 Hz
f6= 2.939 Hz
45-04
49
f7= 3.849 Hz
f8= 4.255 Hz
f9= 4.493 Hz
45-05
60
60
50
50
FDD
40
30
Height (m)
Height (m)
FEM
20
FEM
20
10
10
0
FDD
40
30
-1
50
60
50
FDD
Height (m)
Height (m)
50
40
FEM
30
20
10
FDD
40
FEM
30
20
10
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0
0.5
60
60
50
50
Height (m)
Height (m)
40
30
20
FEM
FDD
10
40
30
20
FDD
FEM
10
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0
0
0.5
51
45-09
Damping Estimation
Inverse Fourier Transform of
Identified Mode Component (SDOF-PSD)
Auto-Correlation Function: R()
1
1st Mode
0.5
R()
R(0)
0
-0.5
-1
f1=0.76Hz, 1=0.54%
45-10
52
3
3rd
Mode
2
2nd
Mode
1st
Mode
1
6th Mode
6
5th Mode
5
4th Mode
4
2
1
0
3
7
7th
Mode
2
1
0
2000
9th
Mode
9
8th
Mode
8
4000
6000
8000
10000
45-11
3
3rd
Mode
2
2nd
Mode
1st
Mode
1
6th Mode
6
5th Mode
5
4th Mode
4
2
1
0
3
7
7th
Mode
2
1
0
2000
9th
Mode
9
8th
Mode
8
4000
6000
8000
10000
45-12
53
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
3.05
2.81
2.06
1.52
1.91
1.90
2.37
1.57
1.91
1.60
1.58
1.29
1.24
1.64
1.73
2.23
1.60
1.92
0.95
0.99
0.98
1.11
1.65
1.66
2.18
1.38
1.62
0.65
0.74
0.84
1.10
1.56
1.67
2.15
0.85
1.25
0.54
0.67
0.80
1.08
1.62
1.72
2.11
0.78
0.86
0.51
0.58
0.87
1.06
1.29
1.68
1.63
n/a
n/a
45
20
1st
-20
-40
0
6
4
Frequency (Hz)
10
54
f1 = 1.03Hz
f2 = 1.09Hz
f3 = 1.31Hz
f4 = 1.93Hz
f5 = 2.58Hz
f6 = 2.74Hz
f7 = 2.88Hz
f8 = 2.97Hz
f9 = 3.30Hz
f11 = 3.94Hz
f12 = 4.58Hz
f13 = 4.86Hz
f14 = 5.38Hz
f15 = 5.57Hz
f16 = 5.79Hz
f17 = 6.70Hz
f18 = 6.83Hz
55
f19 = 7.00Hz
f20 = 7.42Hz
f22 = 8.23Hz
f23 = 8.70Hz
f21 = 7.71Hz
(%)
0.69
0.59
0.56
0.21
2.17
1.38
1.47
0.27
Mode
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
(%)
0.91
1.44
0.66
0.98
1.01
0.83
0.85
0.61
Mode
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
-
(%)
0.73
0.75
0.50
0.51
1.04
0.72
0.50
-
56