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17. Give the phase value and line valued of a delta connected system.
5 Marks Questions
1. A 3 4 pole 50 hz induction motor runs at 1460 r.p.m. find its % of slip. Solution
N s = 120f/p
= 120*50/4
= 1500r.p.m.
Running speed of motor
n= 1460r.p.m.
Slip S=( N sN)/ N s*100
=(1500-1460) x 100 / 1500
= 2.667%
2. Explain the working principle of Transformer.
A Transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by
electromagnetic induction (transformer action).
The electrical energy is always transferred without a change in frequency, but may
involve changes in magnitudes of voltage and current. Because a transformer works on
the principle of electromagnetic induction, it must be used with an input source voltage
that varies in amplitude.
There are many types of power that fit this description; for ease of explanation and
understanding, transformer action will be explained using an ac voltage as the input
source.
The amount of power used by the load of an electrical circuit is equal to the current in the
load times the voltage across the load, or P = EI. If, for example, the load in an electrical
circuit requires an input of 2 amperes at 10 volts (20 watts) and the source is capable of
delivering only 1 ampere at 20 volts, the circuit could not normally be used with this
particular source.
However, if a transformer is connected between the source and the load, the voltage can
be decreased (stepped down) to 10 volts and the current increased (stepped up) to 2
amperes.
Notice in the above case that the power remains the same. That is, 20 volts times 1
ampere equals the same power as 10 volts times 2 amperes.
The primary winding is connected to a 50 hertz ac voltage source. The magnetic field
(flux) builds up (expands) and collapses (contracts) about the primary winding.
The expanding and contracting magnetic field around the primary winding cuts the
secondary winding and induces an alternating voltage into the winding.
This voltage causes alternating current to flow through the load.
The voltage may be stepped up or down depending on the design of the primary and
secondary windings.
3. Calculate the amount of resistance (R) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and
current (I):
4. Calculate the amount of voltage supplied by a battery, given values of current (I) and
resistance (R):
5. Calculate the electric power in the given circuit and discuss the effect of increasing the
battery voltage.
The formula for determining the power in an electric circuit: by multiplying the voltage in
"volts" by the current in "amps" we arrive at an answer in "watts." Let's apply this to the given
circuit.
In the above circuit, we know we have a battery voltage of 18 volts and a lamp resistance of 3 _.
Using Ohm's Law to determine current, we get:
Now that we know the current, we can take that value and multiply it by the voltage to determine
power:
8. The effective resistance of two resistors connected in series is 100 . When connected in
parallel, then effective value in 24 ohms. Determine the value of two resistors
Series R1+R2=100 => R2 =100 - R1
R1R2/R1+R2 = 24
R1R2/100 = 24
R1R2 =2400
R1 (100-R1) = 2400
100 R1-R12-2400 = 0
R12-100 R1 + 2400 = 0
(R1-60)(R1-40) = 0
Therefore R1 = 60; R1 = 40
When R1 = 60 ; R2 = 100 60 = 40
When R1 = 40 ; R2 = 100 - 40 = 60
9. Find the Req between two points A & B.
Consider a function formed by 6 conductors. The current in these conductors are i1, i2, .i6.Some
of these currents are flowing towards a 8 others away from A
According to Kirchhoffs Law,
i1+i4+i5+i6 = i2+i3
(Flowing towards) (Flowing away from A)
On the side of the conductor where the lines of flux oppose each other, the magnetic field
will be made weaker.
On the side of the conductor where the lines of flux are not opposing each other, the
magnetic field will be made stronger.
Because of the strong field on one side of the conductor and a weak field or, the other
side, the conductor will be pushed into the weaker field.
The armature is connected to the commutator which rides along the brushes which are
connected to a DC power source.
The current from the DC power source flows from the positive lead, through the brush
labeled A1 through one commutator section, through the armature coil, through the other
commutator section, through the brush labeled A2 and back to the negative lead.
This current will generate lines of flux around the armature and affect the lines of flux in
the air gap.
On the side of the coil where the lines of flux oppose each other, the magnetic field will
be made weaker.
On the side of the coil where the lines of flux are riot opposing each other, the magnetic
field is made stronger.
Because of the strong field on one side of the coil and the weak field on the other side,
the coil will be pushed into the weaker field and, because the armature coil is free to
rotate, it will rotate.
The torque available at the motor shaft (turning effort) is determined by the magnetic
force (flux) acting on the armature coil and the distance from the renter of rotation that
force is.
The flux is determined by the current flowing through the armature coil and strength of
the field magnets.
When the motor is initially switched on and the rotor is stationary, the rotor conductors
experience a changing magnetic field sweeping by at the synchronous speed.
From Faraday's law, this situation results in the induction of currents round the rotor
windings; the magnitude of this current depends on the impedance of the rotor windings.
Since the conditions for motor action are now fulfilled, that is, current carrying
conductors are found in a magnetic field, the rotor experiences a torque and starts to turn.
The rotor can never rotate at the synchronous speed because there would be no relative
motion between the magnetic field and the rotor windings and no current could be
induced.
The induction motor has a high starting torque.
The starting mechanism of the single-phase induction motor is mainly an additional stator
winding (start/ auxiliary winding) as shown in Figure.
The start winding can have a series capacitor and/or a centrifugal switch.
When the supply voltage is applied, current in the main winding lags the supply voltage
due to the main winding impedance.
At the same time, current in the start winding leads/lags the supply voltage depending on
the starting mechanism impedance.
Interaction between magnetic fields generated by the main winding and the starting
mechanism generates a resultant magnetic field rotating in one direction.
The motor starts rotating in the direction of the resultant magnetic field.
Once the motor reaches about 75% of its rated speed, a centrifugal switch disconnects the
start winding.
From this point on, the single-phase motor can maintain sufficient torque to operate on its
own.
One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the
voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current.
The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil.
This produces eddy currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the
disc in proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and voltage.
A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the
disc - this act as a brake which causes the disc to stop spinning when power stops being
drawn rather than allowing it to spin faster and faster.
This causes the disc to rotate at a speed proportional to the power being used.
The type of meter described above is used on a single-phase AC supply.
Different phase configurations u se additional voltage and current coils.
The aluminium disc is supported by a spindle which has a worm gear which drives the
register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of energyused.
The dials may be of the cyclometer type, an odometer-like display that is easy to read
where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or
of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit.
It should be noted that with the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in
opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism.
10 Marks Questions
1. DETERMINE THE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE BETWEEN TERMINALS A & B
SOLUTION:
50 & 12.5 ARE PARALLEL
50*12.5 / 50+12.5 = 10
STEP I
STEP II
20*30/20+30 = 12
STEP III
60*20/60+20 = 15
STEP I V
STEP V
RAB = 50
Solution:
The solution of -1 amp for I2 means that our initially assumed direction of current was incorrect.
In actuality, I2 is flowing in a counter-clockwise direction at a value of (positive) 1 amp:
5. An energy meter revolves 10 revolutions of disc for unit of energy. Find the number of
revolutions made by it during an hour when connected across when connected 20A at 210V
and 0.8 power factor leading. If energy meter revolves 350 revolutions, find the % error.
Answer.
Energy consumed in one hour = VI cos / 1000
= 210 x 20 x 0.8 / 1000
= 3.360 kwh.
The number of revolution the meter should make it is correct :
7. Briefly discuss the construction and working of a PMMC instrument. How range is
extended in moving coil ammeter and voltmeter?
Answer.
CONSTRUCTION: In a permanent magnet with soft iron pole pieces, a cylindrical iron core is mounted
between the two poles of the magnet giving very narrow air gap in which the sides of a
pointed light rectangular coil lies.
The rectangular coil is wound of many turns of coil.
The purpose of using core is to make the field uniform and to reduce the reluctance of the
magnetic circuit.
A low reluctance helps to retain permeance of magnet for a longer period.
WORKING OF TORQUE EQUATION: When the current to be measured is passed through the coil, say in the direction as shown
in fig. (a), deflecting torque is produced.
On account of relation between permanent magnetic field and coil magnetic field, the
direction of deflecting torque can be determined by applying Fleming's left hand rule.
It is the current in amperes flowing through the coil of turns N and length l meters B is
flux density in test as in air gap: Then, deflecting force F = BilN newtons. If r is the distance in meters in between the
centers of the coil and force F.
Then deflecting torque Td = F x r = BilNr Nm
From the above expression it is obvious that if flux density B in the air gap is
constant, then deflecting torque Td = i , Tc= Td
So, = i
And since q is directly proportional to current, the scale of the basic dc PMMC
instrument are usually linearly spaced.
Hence scale is linear.
8. Discuss the construction and working of an electro-dynamic wattmeter with the help of
diagram?
Answer.
This type of instrument is similar in design and principle to the dynamometer type ammeter and
voltammeter.
WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION: When the instrument of this type is used as wattmeter, the fixed coil which is divided into
two equal portions in order to provide them uniform field , is employed as current coil
and moving coil is used as pressure coil.
The fixed coil which is divided into two equal portion in order to provide them uniform
field, is employed as current coil and the moving coil is used as pressure coil, i.e the fixed
coil carries the current proportional to the voltage across the circuit.
A high non inductive resistance is connected in series with the moving coil in order to
limit current.
The magnetic field of the fixed and moving coil react on one another causing the moving
coil to turn about it's axis.
The movement is controlled by hair springs which also leads the current into and out of
the moving element.
Damping is provided by light aluminium moving in an air dash pot.
The pointer is fixed to the moving coil spindle and moves over a suitable calibrated scale.
THEORY:Let us be the supply voltage, i the load current and R the load resistance of the moving coil
circuit.
Current through fixed coil, if = i
Current through moving coil, im = V/R
deflecting torque, Td if
im V/R
For a DC circuit the deflecting torque is thus proportional to the power and for any circuit with
fluctuating torque. The instantaneous to the instantaneous power.
9. Compare merits and demerits of moving iron type instruments and dynamometer type
instruments. Which one is superior why?
Answer.
1. TORQUE HEIGHT RATIO:- Dynamometer type instruments have equal small torque
height ratio.
2. FRICTION ERROR:- Dynamometer type instruments have considerable friction error.
3. FRICTION LOSS:- Owing to heavy moving system, dynamometer type instruments have
more friction losses.
4. COST AND SENSITIVITY TO OVERLOAD:- As a result of measures to reduce the
frictional error, the dynamometer type instruments are more sensitive to overloads and
mechanical impacts is in comparison to moving iron type instruments.
5. SENSTIVITY:- The sensitivity of dynamometer instrument is typically very poor due to poor
deflecting torque.
6. POWER CONSUMPTION:- Dynamometer type instrument have comparatively higher
power consumption.
7. EFFECT OF STRAY MAGNETIC FIELD:- There is no effect of stray magnetic field on
moving iron type while dynamometer type are most sensitive towards it.
8. HYSTERISIS AND EDDY CURRENT ERRORS:- Dynamometer type instruments are free
from these errors while moving iron have these errors.
9. EFFECT OF WAVE FORM:- Dynamometer type instruments are very useful for accurate
measurement of runs voltage while frequency change serious errors in AC measurement in
moving iron type instruments.
10. CALIBRATION:- Dynamometer type instruments have same calibration for AC and DC
measurements while moving iron type have a difference between AC and DC calibration.
10. Why shunt is usually used voltmeter and ammeter? A moving coil instrument has a
resistance of 5 _ and gives full deflection of 100mv. Show how the instrument may be used
to measure:1. voltage upto 50V
2. current upto 10A
Answer.
Shunt is usually used in voltmeter and ammeter to extend the range of voltmeter and ammeters.
Rm = 5
Vm = 100mv
Im = Vm/Rm = 100mv/5 = 20mA
1. For measuring voltage upto 50V.
Series resistance is used with the instrument whose resistance is
R = V/Im - Rm = 50/(20 x 10-3) - 5
R = 2.5 x 10-3 - 5
R = 2495
2. Such resistance of resistance Rf is used to be connected
Rf = Rm/[I/Im - 1]
Rf = 5/[10/20 x 10-3 -1] = 5 x 2/998
Rf = 0.01002004
11. Explain the principle of operation of attraction type moving iron instruments and
explain how the controlling and damping forces are obtained?
Answer.
The earliest and simplest form of attraction moving iron instruments uses a solenoid and
moving oval shaped soft iron pinoted eccentrically.
To this iron a pointer is attached so that it may deflect along with the moving iron over a
graduate scale.
The iron is made of sheet metal specially shaped to give a scale as nearby uniform as
possible.
The moving iron is drawn into field of solenoid when current flows through it.
The movement of the iron always from weaker magnetic field outside the coil into the
stronger field inside the coil regardless the direction of flow of current.
When the current to be measured is passed through the solenoid, a magnetic field is set
up inside the solenoid, which in turn magnetises the iron.
Thus the iron is attached into the coil causing the spindle and the pointer to rotate.
So much instruments normally have spring control and pneumatic damping forces.
13. Explain the method of temperature control in open loop and closed loop systems.
Temperature controllers are needed in any situation requiring a given temperature be kept
stable.
This can be in a situation where an object is required to be heated, cooled or both and to
remain at the target temperature (set point), regardless of the changing environment
around it.
There are two fundamental types of temperature control; open loop and closed loop
control.
Open loop is the most basic form and applies continuous heating/cooling with no regard
for the actual temperature output.
It is analogous to the internal heating system in a car. On a cold day, you may need to
turn the heat on to full to warm the car to 75.
However, during warmer weather, the same setting would leave the inside of the car
much warmer than the desired 75.
Thermostats are also used in refrigerators. So if the temperature gets too high, a controller
initiates an action to bring the temperature down.
14. Explain about open loop and closed loop control system.
Figure 1 shows an open loop system. A computed force is applied to the system which is
expected to respond based on the specifications.
If the system fails to respond correctly (because your estimates were off) or an
unanticipated disturbance acted on it, then there is no way to correct the course.
On the other hand, figure 2 shows a feed-back system.
The response C(s) is measured using the sensor H(s) and the resultant is compared with
the input R(s).
The resultant difference (error) is acted upon by the controller which works on the
actuator.
The actuator then applies the required force on the system.
The closed loop thus contains the sensor dynamics, the controller dynamics, the actuator
dynamics in addition to the system we are interested in.
It should be noted that all measurements have to be done or converted if necessary into
one unit so that comparison with the target signal is possible.
Usually, measurements result in currents and voltages.
Hence, this conversion from a mechanical input to an electrical output is also included in
the sensor, controller and actuator dynamics.
In designing the full control system the dynamics of all the components need to be
accounted for.
If the controller is very slow compared to the system, it will not send the right input at the
right time.
In this class, we will assume perfect sensor and actuator dynamics, i.e., what goes into the
sensor (it is commonly denoted by H(s)) and the actuator comes out unmodified
instantaneously.So we replace them with unity transfer functions.
The wattmeter is an electrodynamic instrument for measuring the electric power or the
supply rate of electrical energy of any given circuit.
The device consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils, and a movable coil
known as the potential coil.
The current coils are connected in series with the circuit, while the potential coil is
connected in parallel.
Also, on analog wattmeters, the potential coil carries a needle that moves over a scale to
indicate the measurement.
A current flowing through the current coil generates an electromagnetic field around the
coil.
The strength of this field is proportional to the line current and in phase with it.
The potential coil has, as a general rule, a high-value resistor connected in series with it
to reduce the current that flows through it.
The result of this arrangement is that on a dc circuit, the deflection of the needle is
proportional to both the current and the voltage, thus conforming to the equation
W=VA or P=EI.
On an ac circuit the deflection is proportional to the average instantaneous product of
voltage and current, thus measuring true power, and possibly (depending on load
characteristics) showing a different reading to that obtained by simply multiplying the
readings showing on a stand-alone voltmeter and a stand-alone ammeter in the same
circuit.
The two circuits of a wattmeter are likely to be damaged by excessive current.
The ammeter and voltmeter are both vulnerable to overheating - in case of an overload,
their pointers will be driven off scale - but in the wattmeter, either or even both the
current and potential circuits can overheat without the pointer approaching the end of the
scale!
This is because the position of the pointer depends on the power factor, voltage and
current.
Thus, a circuit with a low power factor will give a low reading on the wattmeter, even
when both of its circuits are loaded to the maximum safety limit.
Therefore, a wattmeter is rated not only in watts, but also in volts and amperes.
The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux.
The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the ac source.
The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary winding and
delivers it to the load.
The ENCLOSURE, which protects the above components from dirt, moisture, and
mechanical damage.