ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL
(FOR ME)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
(Sponsored by CMR Educational Society)
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Secunderabad-14.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

SECTION-A: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

S.NO:

EXPERIMENT NAME

1. SWINBURNES TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINE

2. OC & SC TEST ON 1-PHASE TRANSFORMER

PAGE NO:
2-5
6-11

3. BRAKE TEST ON 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

12-16

4. REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMEDANCE

17-19

METHOD
5. SPEED CONTROL OF D.C SHUNT MOTOR

20-23

6. BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINE

24-26

7. MAGNETISATON CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SHUNT GENERATOR

27-29

SECTION-B: ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

S.NO:

EXPERIMENT NAME

PAGE NO:

1. TRANSISTOR CE CHARACTERISTICS

31-34

2. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER

35-38

3. FREAQUENCY RESPONSE OF CE AMPLIFIER

39-42

4. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

43-45

5. CLASS- A POWER AMPLIFIER

46-47

6. MICROPROCESSOR

49-56

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SECTION-A

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1. SWINBURNES TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINE

AIM: To perform Swinburnes test on the given D.C machine and predetermine the
efficiency at any desired load both as motor and as generator.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S.NO
1
2
3
4

Characteristic
Voltage
Current
Speed
Power

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Description
1
Ammeter
2
Voltmeter
3
Rheostat
4
Tachometer

Type
MC
MC
WW
Digital

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

D.C Motor
220V
20A
1500rpm
5HP

Range
0-2A,0-1A,0-10A
0-30V,0-300V
370 /2A
0-10000rpm

Quantity
3no
2no
1no
1no

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

THEORY:
This test is to find out the efficiency of the machine .It is a simple indirect method in
which losses are determined separately and from their knowledge, efficiency at any
desired load can be predetermined. The only test needed is no-load test. This test cannot
be performed on DC series motor. The machine is run as a no load shunt motor at rated
speed and with a rated terminal voltage .However, this test is applicable to those
machines in which flux is practically constant.
The constant losses in a dc shunt machine= Wc = stray losses (magnetic & mechanical
losses) +shunt field copper losses.
PROCEDURE
1) Make all the connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2) Keep the field rheostat in minimum resistance position.
3) Excite the motor with 220V, DC supply by closing the DPST switch and start the
Motor by moving the handle of 3-point starter from OFF to ON position.
4) By adjusting the rheostat in motor field bring the speed of the motor to its rated value.
Note down the readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter at no load condition.
5) The necessary calculations to find efficiency of machine as motor & generator at any
given value of armature current is done.
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):
1) Connect the circuit per the circuit diagram
2) Keep the rheostat in maximum position.
3) Now excite the motor terminals by 30V supply by closing DPST switch.
4) Note down the readings of Ammeter and voltmeter.

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MODEL CALCULATIONS:
Constant losses(Wc)= No load input No load armature copper los
= VIL0 I2aoRa where Ra is the armature resistance
And Iao=IL-Ish
For motor:
IL= Ia+Ish
Input = VIL
Cu losses = Ia2 Ra
Total losses =No load losses or constant losses(Wc)+ cu losses
%Efficiency ( ) = (Output/Input)*100
Output = input-total losses
For generator:
Ia= IL +Ish
Input = VIL
Cu losses = Ia2 Ra
Total losses =No load losses or contant losses(Wc) + cu losses
%Efficiency ( ) = (Output / Input)*100
Output = input - total losses
TABULAR COLOUMN:
Voltmeter
S.NO
reading
V Volts

Ammeter
Reading
ILO in Amps

Ammeter
reading
Ishin Amps

ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

S.No
Voltage

CALCULATION TABLE:
As a Motor:
S.NO
IL ( A)
Ia=(IL-Ish)A

Speed in
RPM

Current

W=Ia2Ra in
watts

Total
losses

%Efficiency

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As a Generator:
S.NO
IL (A)

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Ia=(IL+Ish)
in A

W=Ia2Ra
in watts

Total
losses

%Efficiency

MODEL GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. We should start the motor under no load
2. Take the reading without parallax error.
3. The connections must be tight.
4. If voltmeter gives ding then interchange voltmeter terminal connecting of
voltmeter.
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. Why the magnetic losses calculated by this method are less than the actual value?
2. Is it applied to D.C series machines?
3. Comment on the efficiency determined by this method.

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2. OC & SC TESTS ON 1 PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:To conduct Open circuit and Short circuit tests on 1-phase transformer to predetermine the efficiency, regulation and equivalent parameters.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Voltage Ratio
Full load Current
KVA RATING

220/110V
13.6A
3KVA

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Description

Type

Ammeter

MI

Voltmeter

MI

Wattmeter

LPF
UPF

Range
0-20A
0-5A
0-150V
0-300V
2A,!50V
20A,300V

Auto
transformer

230/0-270V

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

Quantity

1no

2no
2no
2no

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SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

THEORY:
Transformer is a device which transforms the energy from one circuit to other circuit
without change of frequency.
The performance of any transformer can be determined by conducting tests. The OC and
SC tests are conducted on transformer to find the efficiency and regulation of the
transformer at any desired load current.
OC TEST:
The objectives of OC test are
1. To find out the constant losses or iron losses of the transformer.
2. To find out the no load equivalent parameters.
SC TEST:
The objectives of SC test are
1. To find out the variable losses or copper losses of the transformer.
2. To find out the short circuit equivalent parameters.
By calculating the losses and equivalent parameters from the above tests the efficiency
and regulation can be calculated at any desired power factor.

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PROCEDURE (OC TEST):

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially variac should be kept in its minimum position.
3. Close the DPST switch.
4. By varying Auto transformer bring the voltage to rated voltage.
5. When the voltage in the voltmeter is equal to the rated voltage of HV winding note
down all the readings of the meters.
6. After taking all the readings bring the variac to its minimum position.
7. Now switch off the supply by opening the DPST switch.
PROCEDURE (SC TEST):
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Short the LV side and connect the meters on HV side.
3. Before taking the single phase, 230 V, 50 Hz supply the variac should be in minimum
position.
4. Now close the DPST switch so that the supply is given to the transformer.
5. By varying the variac when the ammeter shows the rated current
(i.e. 13. 6A) then note down all the readings.
6. Bring the variac to minimum position after taking the readings and switch off the
supply.
CALCULATIONS:
a) Calculation of equivalent circuit parameters:
OC Test:
coso = (Wo/Vo*Io)
Iw = Io coso =
Im = Imsino =
Ro = Vo/Iw =
Xm = Vo/Im =
K= V2/V1 =
SC Test:
Re1= Wsc 2 /Vsc =
Ze1 = Vsc/Isc =
Xe1 =

12 Re 12

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-
O.C TEST OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO

V0(VOLTS)

I0(AMPS)

W0(WATTS)

ISC(AMPS)

WSC(WATTS)

S.C TEST OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO

VSC(VOLTS)

TBLER COLUMN:
S.NO

% OF LOAD

EFFICIENCY

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TABULATION:
LAGGING POWER FACTOR
SNO
PF
%REG
1
0.3
2
0.4
3
0.5
4
0.6
5
0.7
6
0.8
7
0.9
8
UNITY

LEADING POWER FACTOR

SNO
PF
%REG
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
UNITY

MODEL GRAPHS:
1. EFFICIENCY VS OUTPUT

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2. EFFICIENCY VS POWER FACTOR

RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1) What is a transformer?
2) Draw the equivalent circuit of transformer?
3) What is the efficiency and regulation of transformer?

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3. BRAKE TEST ON 3 -PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM: To perform Brake test on 3- phase induction motor to determine performance
characteristics.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Voltage
Current
Power
Speed
Frequency

415V
7.46A
5HP
1500rpm
50Hz

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
1

Description
Ammeter

Type
MI

Voltmeter

MI

Wattmeter

LPF
UPF

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

12

Range
0-20A
0-150V
0-300V
1/2A,!50V
5/10A,300V

Quantity
1
2
2

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THEORY:
It is the direct method to find the efficiency of the induction motor. In this test the breakig
of the rotor is done with the help of the belt which surrounds the pulley by using spring
balances. When the braking power is increased by tightening the springs then the line
current is increased.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Observing precautions close the TPST switch.
3. Apply he rated voltage to the stator windings of 3 Phase induction motor with the help
of starter.
4. Note down the readings of all meters on no-load.
5. Load the induction motor in steps using the brake-drum arrangement. At each step note
down the readings of all meters up to full load of the motor.
6. Gradually release the load and switch OFF the supply.
7. Using thread, measure the circumference of the brake-drum when motor is at rest.
MODEL CALUCLATIONS:
Force on pulley (F)=(S1-S2)*9.81*W ( N)
Torque (T) =Force(F)* Re. N-m
Output power of the motor = (S1-S2)*Re*9.81*W(watts)
W=2N/60.
S1, S2 = weights on the pulley.
Re= Effective radius of the pulley.
W=motor speed in rad/sec.
If V is the terminal voltage IL is the line current and cos is the power factor.
Power in put =V*IL* cos watts.
Efficiency (%)=(w(S1-S2)*Re*9.81/V*IL* cos)*100
%slip=Ns N/Ns
Where Ns is the synchronous speed and N is the speed of the motor.

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TABLER COLUMN:

MODEL GRAPHS:
1. Output Vs Efficiency
2. Output Vs Torque
3. Slip Vs Torque

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RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1) What is motor?
2) Why test is conducted on motor?
3) What is break test and what is the disadvantage of break test?

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4. REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE

METHOD
AIM: To predetermine the regulation of 3-phase alternator by using synchronous impedance
method by conducting O.C and S.C tests.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Voltage
Current
Power
Speed
Frequency
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Description
1
Ammeter
2
3

Voltmeter
Rheostat

D.C supply

Tachometer

D.C MOTOR
220V
20A
5HP
1500rpm
-

Type
MI
MI
WW

Digital

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OC &SC TEST:

17

ALTERNATOR
415V
7.2A
3KVA
1500rpm
50Hz

Range
0-20A 0-2A
0-30V
0-300V
370 /2A
0-220V

Quantity
2

0-10000rpm

2
1
1

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TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

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RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1) What is alternator and what is regulation?
2) How we can determine the regulation by using synchronous impedance method?
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5. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To control the speed of a DC shunt motor using the following methods
i). field flux control
ii). Armature voltage control
APPARATUS:
S.No
Equipment
1
DC shunt motor
2
Rheostat
3
Ammeter
4
Voltmeter
5
Tachometer

Type
DC
Wire wound
MC
MC
Digital

NAME PLATE DETAILS FOR DC SHUNT MOTOR:

Rated Voltage: 220V
Rated Speed: 1500rpm
Field current: 1.2A
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

20

Range
220V
370/2.5A
(0-2)A
(0-220)V
(0-30000)rpm

Qty
1
2
1
1
1

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THEORY:
The term speed control means intentional sped variation, carried out manually or automatically.
DC motors are most suitable for wide range speed control and are therefore indispensible for
many adjustable speed drives. The speed of a motor is given by
Wm = (Vt-IaRa)/Ka
Where Ka armature constant = PZ/2A
And is the flux per pole.
Hence it follows that, for a DC motor, there are basically three methods of speed control and
these are:
1. Variation of resistance in armature circuit
2. Variation of the field flux
3. Variation of armature terminal voltage.
Variation of the field flux:
This method of speed control, also called as flux weakening method or filed current control
method gives speeds above the base speed only. Base speed is nothing but the rated speed of the
machine. This is one of the simplest and economical methods and is, therefore extensively used
in modern electric drives. Under steady state running conditions, if the field circuit resistance is
increased, the field current and hence the field flux are reduced. Since the rotor speed cannot
change suddenly due to inertia, a decrease in field current causes a reduction of counter emf. As
a result of it, more current flows through armature. The percentage increase in armature current
is much more than the percentage decrease in the field current. In view of this, the
electromagnetic torque is increased and this being more than the load torque, the motor gets
accelerated. The disadvantages of this method are:
a. The armature may get over heated at higher speeds, because the increased armature
current results in more ohmic losses whereas cooling by ventilation doesnot improve
proportionally.
b. If the field flux is weakened considerably, the speed becomes very highand due to these
changes; the motor operation may become unstable.
Variation of armature terminal voltage:
If the voltage applied to the armature changes the speed changes directly with it. Using this
method, speeds below rated speeds are attained.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the field rheostat in minimum position and armature in maximum position and
close the DPST switch.
3. Bring the motor to rated speed using field rheostat.
4. At this point take a note of the voltmeter and tachometer readings.
5. Now start varying the armature rheostat in steps and for each step note down the
voltmeter and tachometer readings. Take 10 to 15 such readings and bring back the
armature rheostat to initial position.
6. Bring back the field rheostat to initial position. Using the armature rheostat set the motor
at rated speed.
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7. Vary the field rheostat in steps and for each step note down the ammeter and tachometer
readings. Take 10 to 15 such readings.
8. Set both the rheostats to their initial positions and open the DPST switch.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Armature voltage control:

S.No Va(Armature
Voltage(volts))

N
(Speed(rpm))

Field Flux Control:

S.No

If(Field
current(amperes))

MODEL GRAPHS:
Armature Voltage Control:

22

N
(Speed(rpm))

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Field Flux Control:

RESULT:

QUESTIONS:
1. What are the three methods of speed control?
2. What is the main purpose of speed control?
3. Why is three point starters not used in this circuit?
4. What is the method opted to get speeds above rated speed?
5. How is flux per pole related to the speed of the machine?

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6. BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:To conduct the brake test on a given D.C shunt motor and to draw its performance
curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S.NO

Characteristic

D.C Motor

1
2
3
4

Voltage
Current
Speed
Power

220V
20A
1500rpm
5HP

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Description
1
Ammeter
2
Voltmeter
3
Rheostat
4
Tachometer

Type
MC
MC
WW
Digital

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

24

Range
0-20A
0-300V
370 /2A
0-10000rpm

Quantity
1no
1no
1no
1no

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THEORY:
This test is direct test to find the efficiency of the DC shunt motor. In this test the motor directly
loaded by connecting brakes which are with pulley and motor is subjected to rated load so the
entire power is wasted. The belt around the water cooled pulley has its ends attached to spring
balances s1and s2.The belt tightening hand wheels h1 and h2 help in adjusting the load on the
pulley so that the load on the motor can be varied.
PROCEDURE:
1. All the connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2. 220V, DC supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch.
3. Move the 3-point starter handle form OFF to ON position slowly and motor
Starts running.
4. Vary the field rheostat until the motor reaches its rated Speed and take voltmeter and ammeter
readings.
5. Apply the land by break drum pulley and for each applications of load the
Corresponding Voltmeter (V), Ammeter (I), spring forces S1 & S2 and Speed (N)
Readings are noted.
6. Calculate output & efficiency for each reading.
7. Note down all the readings in the tabular form carefully.
8. Remove the load slowly and keep the rheostat as starting position and switch
OFF the supply by using DPST switch.
MODEL CALUCLATIONS:
TABLER COLUMN:
S.
NO

Voltage
(V)

Current Input
(A)
=VI
watts

Forces
inKG
S1 S2

Net
Torque(T)
forces =F*Re*9.81
F=
(N-M)
S1~S2
in kg

25

Speed O/p=
%Efficiency
in
2NT/60 =output/input
RPM (Watts)
(N)

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GRAPH:
The graph is drawn between
a) Output in Watts Vs Speed(N) in RPM
b) Output in Watts Vs Torque (T) in N-m
c) Output in Watts Vs Current (I) in A
d) Output in Watts Vs Efficiency (%)
By taking output in Watts on X axis and speed, Torque, current, Efficiency onY- axis .
MODEL GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially 3-point starter should be kept at OFF position and later it must be varied slowly and
uniformly from OFF to ON position.
2. The field regulator must be kept at its minimum output position.
3. The brake drum of the motor should filled with cold water.
4. The motor should be started without load.
RESULT:

QUESTIONS:
1 .Why a 3-point starter is used for starting a D.C shunt motor?
2. If a 3-point starter is not available, how can a D.C motor be started?
3. Explain the function of overload release coil in 3-point starter.

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7. MAGNETIZATION or OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C

SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM: To obtain the no load characteristics of a DC shunt generator and to determine the critical
field resistance.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S.NO
1
2
3
4

Characteristic
Voltage
Current
Speed
Power

D.C Motor
220V
13.6A
1500rpm
5HP

D.C Generator
220V
20A
1500rpm
3KW

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
1
2
3
4

Description
Voltmeters
Ammeters
Rheostats
Tachometers

Type
MC
MC
WW
Digital

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

27

Range
0-300V
0-2A
370ohm/2A
0-10000rpm

Quantity
2no
1no
2no
1no

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THEORY:
Magnetization curve is relation between the magnetizing forces and the flux density B. this is
also expressed as a relation between the field current and the induced emf , in a D.C machine.
Varying the field current and noting corresponding values of induced emf can determine this.
For a self-excited machine the theoretical shape of the magnetization
Curve is as shown in the figure. The induced emf corresponding to residual magnetism exists
when the field current is zero. Hence the curve starts, a little above the origin on y-axis. The field
resistance line Rsh is a straight-line passing through the origin.
PROCEDURE:
1) All the connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2) 220V, DC supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch.
3) Move the 3-point starter handle form OFF to ON position slowly and motor starts running.
4) Adjust the speed of the motor to rated value by the adjusting the field rheostat of
motor.
5) By using field rheostat vary the field current of generator.
6) By varying the field current in steps note down all the readings of generated voltage at
constant speed.
7) Now the field current & field rheostat of motor is removed slowly and the power is switched
OFF.
TO FIND CRITICAL FIELD RESISTANCE:
1) Draw the shunt field resistance line
2) Draw tangent to the OCC
3) The slope of this tangent gives the Rc
Critical field resistance, Rc=Eg/ IF =
TABULAR COLUMN:
Residual Voltage =
SNO
If(A)

Speed=
Eg(V)

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MODEL GRAPH:
Draw the graph between generated voltage at no load and field current. By taking
Generated voltage Eg in volts on Y axis and field current If in amps on X-axis.

PRECAUTIONS:1) The rheostat is connected such that minimum resistance is included in field circuit of motor.
2) The rheostat is connected such that maximum resistance is included in field circuit of
generator.
3) Starter handle is moved slowly.
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1.What is meant by critical field resistance?
2. What is meant by critical speed?
3. Residual magnetism is necessary for self excited generators or not.
4.Why this test is conducted at constant speed.

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SECTION-B

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1. TRASISTOR CE CHARACTERISTICS (INPUT AND OUTPUT)

AIM:
1. To draw the input and output characteristics of transistor connected in
configuration.
2. To find of the given transistor and also its input and output Resistances.

APPARATUS:

NAME
Transistor, BC107
Regulated power supply (0-30V)
Voltmeter (0-20V)
Ammeters (0-20mA)
Ammeters (0-200A)
Resistor, 100
Resistor, 1K
Bread board
Connecting wires

CE

QUANTITY
-1No.
-1No.
- 2No.
-1No.
-1No.
-1No
-1No.
-1No
Required number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
In common emitter configuration, input voltage is applied between base and emitter terminals
and out put is taken across the collector and emitter terminals. Therefore the emitter terminal is
common to both input and output.
The input characteristics resemble that of a forward biased diode curve. This is expected
since the Base-Emitter junction of the transistor is forward biased. As compared to CB
arrangement IB increases less rapidly with VBE. Therefore input resistance of CE circuit is
higher than that of CB circuit.
The output characteristics are drawn between Ic and VCE at constant IB. the
collector current varies with VCE upto few volts only. After this the collector current becomes
almost constant, and independent of VCE. The value of VCE up to which the collector current
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changes with V CE is known as Knee voltage. The transistor always operated in the region
above Knee voltage, IC is always constant and is approximately equal to IB.The current
amplification factor of CE configuration is given by
= IC/IB
Input Resistance, ri
= VBE /IB (A) at Constant VCE
Output Rsistance, ro
= VCE /IC
at Constant IB (A)

PROCEDURE:
A) INPUT CHARECTERSTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. For plotting the input characteristics the output voltage VCE is kept constant at 1V and
for different values of VBB , note down the values of IB and VBE
3. Repeat the above step by keeping VCE at 2V and 4V and tabulate all the readings.
4. plot the graph between VBE and IB for constant VCE
B) OUTPUT CHARACTERSTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. for plotting the output characteristics the input current IB is kept constant at 50A and
for different values of VCC note down the values of IC and VCE
3. Repeat the above step by keeping IB at 75 A and 100 A and tabulate the all the
readings.
4. plot the graph between VCE and IC for constant IB.

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MODEL GRAPHS:
A) INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

B) OUTPUT CHARACTERSITICS:

OBSERVATIONS:
A) INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
VCE = 1V
VBB

VBE(V)

IB(A)

VCE = 2V
VBE(V)

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IB(A)

VCE = 4V
VBE(V)

IB(A)

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B) OUTPUT CHAREACTARISTICS:
IB = 50 A

IB = 75 A

IB = 100 A

S.NO
VCE(V)

IC(mA)

VCE(V)

IC(mA)

VCE(V)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The supply voltage should not exceed the rating of the transistor
2. Meters should be connected properly according to their polarities

RESULT:

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the range of for the transistor?
2. What are the input and output impedances of CE configuration?
3. Identify various regions in the output characteristics?
4. What is the relation between and ?
5. Define current gain in CE configuration?
6. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?
7. What is the phase relation between input and output?
8. Draw diagram of CE configuration for PNP transistor?
9. What is the power gain of CE configuration?
10. What are the applications of CE configuration

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2. FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER

AIM: To Examine the input and output waveforms of Full Wave Rectifier and also calculate
its load regulation and ripple factor.
1. with Filter
2. without Filter
APPARATUS:

NAME
Digital Multimeter
Transformer (6V-0-6V)
Diode, 1N4007
Capacitor 100f/470 f
Decade Resistance Box
Breadboard
CRO and CRO probes
Connecting wires

QUANTITY
- 1No.
- 1No.
- 2No.
- 1No.
- 1No.
-1No
-1No
Required number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A) FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER:

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B) FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER:

MODEL WAVEFORMS:
A) INPUT WAVEFORM

B) OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITHOUT FILTER:

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C) OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITHOUT FILTER:

THEORY:
The circuit of a center-tapped full wave rectifier uses two diodes D1&D2. During
positive half cycle of secondary voltage (input voltage), the diode D1 is forward biased and
D2is reverse biased. So the diode D1 conducts and current flows through load resistor RL.
During negative half cycle, diode D2 becomes forward biased and D1 reverse biased.
Now, D2 conducts and current flows through the load resistor RL in the same direction. There is
a continuous current flow through the load resistor R L, during both the half cycles and will get
unidirectional current as show in the model graph. The difference between full wave and half
wave rectification is that a full wave rectifier allows unidirectional (one way) current to the
load during the entire 360 degrees of the input signal and half-wave rectifier allows this only
during one half cycle (180 degree).
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
Vrms = Vm/ 2
Vm =Vrms2
Vdc=2Vm/
(i)Without filter:
Ripple factor, r = (Vrms/ Vdc )2 -1 = 0.812
(ii)With filter:
Ripple factor, r = 1/ (43 f C RL)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the ac mains to the primary side of the transformer and the secondary side to
the rectifier.
3. Measure the ac voltage at the input side of the rectifier.
4. Measure both ac and dc voltages at the output side the rectifier.
5. Find the theoretical value of the dc voltage by using the formula Vdc=2Vm/
6. Connect the filter capacitor across the load resistor and measure the values of Vac and
Vdc at the output.
7.
8.

The theoretical values of Ripple factors with and without capacitor are calculated.
From the values of Vac and Vdc practical values of Ripple factors are calculated. The
practical values are compared with theoretical values.
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PRECAUTIONS:
1. The primary and secondary side of the transformer should be carefully identified.
2. The polarities of all the diodes should be carefully identified.

RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Define regulation of the full wave rectifier?

Define peak inverse voltage (PIV)? And write its value for Full-wave rectifier?
If one of the diode is changed in its polarities what wave form would you get?
Does the process of rectification alter the frequency of the waveform?
What is ripple factor of the Full-wave rectifier?
What is the necessity of the transformer in the rectifier circuit?
What are the applications of a rectifier?
What is meant by ripple and define Ripple factor?
Explain how capacitor helps to improve the ripple factor?

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3. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF CE AMPLIFIER

AIM:

1. To Measure the voltage gain of a CE amplifier

2. To draw the frequency response curve of the CE amplifier

APPARATUS:

NAME
QUANTITY
Transistor BC107
-1No.
Regulated power Supply (0-30V)
-1No.
Function Generator
-1No.
CRO
-1No.
Resistors [33K, 3.3K, 330,
-1No.Each
1.5K, 1K, 2.2K, 4.7K]
Capacitors (10F
-2No
100F )
-1No.
Bread Board
-1No
Connecting Wires
Required number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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THEORY:
The CE amplifier provides high gain &wide frequency response. The emitter lead is
common to both input & output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward
biased. The collector current is controlled by the base current rather than emitter current. When
a transistor is biased in active region it acts like an amplifier. The input signal is applied to base
terminal of the transistor and amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small
change in base current produces a much larger change in collector current. When positive halfcycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the circuit which causes the
collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage more negative. Thus when input cycle
varies through a negative half-cycle, increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal is common emitter amplifier is in out of
phase with the input signal. An amplified output signal is obtained when this fluctuating
collector current flows through a collector resistor Rc.
The capacitor across the collector resistor Rc will act as a bypass capacitor. This will improve
high frequency response of amplifier.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram
2. Apply the input of 20mV peak-to-peak and 1 KHz frequency using Function Generator
3. Measure the Output Voltage Vo (p-p) for various load resistors.
4. Tabulate the readings in the tabular form.
5. The voltage gain can be calculated by using the expression , Av= (V0/Vi)
6. For plotting the frequency response the input voltage is kept Constant at 20mV peak-topeak and the frequency is varied from 100Hz to 1MHz Using function generator
7. Note down the value of output voltage for each frequency.
8. All the readings are tabulated and voltage gain in dB is calculated by Using The expression
Av=20 log10 (V0/Vi)
9. A graph is drawn by taking frequency on x-axis and gain in dB on y-axis On Semi-log
graph.
10.The band width of the amplifier is calculated from the graph Using the expression,

Bandwidth, BW=f2-f1
Where f1 lower cut-off frequency of CE amplifier, and
Where f2 upper cut-off frequency of CE amplifier
11. The bandwidth product of the amplifier is calculated using the Expression
Gain Bandwidth product=3-dBmidband gain X Bandwidth

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MODELWAVE FORMS:
A) INPUT WAVE FORM:

B) OUTPUT WAVE FORM

FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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OBSERVATIONS:
INPUT VOLTAGE, Vi =20MV
LOAD
RESISTANCE(K)

OUTPUT
VOLTAGE (V0)

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
Frequency in KHZ

Vi=20mv
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE(Vo)

GAIN
AV=(V0/Vi)

GAIN IN dB
Av=20log10
(V0/Vi)

GAIN IN
dB=20log10(vo/vi)

RESULT:

QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

What is phase difference between input and output waveforms of CE amplifier?

What type of biasing is used in the given circuit?
If the given transistor is replaced by a p-n-p, can we get output or not?
What is effect of emitter-bypass capacitor on frequency response?
What is the effect of coupling capacitor?
What is region of the transistor so that it is operated as an amplifier?
How does transistor acts as an amplifier?
Draw the h-parameter model of CE amplifier?
What type of transistor configuration is used in intermediate stages of a multistage
amplifier?
10. What is early effect?
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4. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM: To conduct experiment on RC phase shift oscillator.
Assume R1 = 100k, R2 = 22K, RC = 4 K, RE =1K & VCC = 12V.
APPARATUS:
Name

Quantity

Resistors(100k,20k,4k,1k)
Transistors(2N2222A)
CRO
RPS

4no
1no
1no
1no

Bread Board
Capacitors(1uF,1ouF,100uF)

1no
3no

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

a) Let R = 10K

fr

When K

2 RC 6 4 K

RC
R

4K
10 K
0.962nF 1nF ( Select s tan dard )
2 10 K 6 K 6 4

b)

R 10K ; C 1nF
29
hfe 23
4 K for sustained oscillatio n
K
97.1

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VCC
12V
VCC
R1

R3

100kohm

4kohm
C2
XSC1

10
A

C1

10uF

Q2

12
C3
100uF

11
R4

22kohm

R2

2N2222A

10uF

1kohm
0

C6

C5
1.0nF 6

9
R7
10kOhm_5%

PROCEDURE:
Oscilloscope.

C4
1.0nF

1.0nF

R6

R5

10kOhm_5%

10kOhm_5%

Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using

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RESULT:

QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What is an Oscillator circuit?

What is the main difference between an amplifier and an oscillator?
State Barkhausen criterion for oscillation.
State the factors on which oscillators can be classified.
Give the expression for the frequency of oscillation and the minimum gain required for
sustained oscillations of the RC phase shift oscillator.
6. Why three RC networks are needed for a phase shift oscillator? Can it be two or four?
7. What are the merits and demerits of phase shift oscillator?
8. At low frequency which oscillators are found to be more suitable?
9. What are the two important RC oscillators?
10. What makes Quartz produce stable oscillations?
11. What are the factors which contribute to change in frequency in oscillators?

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5. CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER

AIM: To study the operation of Class A, Class B, Class AB and Class C power amplifiers.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Class/A/B/C/AB amplifier trainer.
2. Function generator.
3. C.R.O
4. Connecting patch cords.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram, and get the circuit verified by your
Instructor.
2. Connect the signal generator with sine wave at 1KHz and keep the
Amplitude at .5V (peak-to-peak)
3. Connect the C.R.O across the output terminals.
4. Now switch ON the trainer and see that the supply LED glows.
5. Keep the potentiometer at minimum position, observe and record
the waveform from the C.R.O.
6. Slowly varying the potentiometer, observe the outputs for the
Class A/B/AB/C amplifiers as shown in fig.
CLASS A:

RESULT:

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MICROPROCESSOR

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INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

EDITOR
An editor is a program, which allows you to create a file containing the assembly
language statements for your program. As you type in your program, the editor stores the ASCII
codes for the letters and numbers in successive RAM locations. When you have typed in all of
your programs, you then save the file on a floppy of hard disk. This file is called source file. The
next step is to process the source file with an assembler. In the MASM /TASM assembler, you
should give your source file name the extension, .ASM
ASSEMBLER
An assembler program is used to translate the assembly language mnemonics for
instructions to the corresponding binary codes. When you run the assembler, it reads the source
file of your program the disk, where you saved it after editing on the first pass through the source
program the assembler determines the displacement of named data items, the offset of labels and
pails this information in a symbol table. On the second pass through the source program, the
assembler produces the binary code for each instruction and inserts the offset etc that is
calculated during the first pass. The assembler generates two files on floppy or hard disk. The
first file called the object file is given the extension. OBJ. The object file contains the binary
codes for the instructions and information about the addresses of the instructions. The second file
generated by the assembler is called assembler list file. The list file contains your assembly
language statements, the binary codes for each instructions and the offset for each instruction. In
MASM/TASM assembler, MASM/TASM source file name ASM is used to assemble the file.
Edit source file name LST is used to view the list file, which is generated, when you assemble
the file.
LINKER
A linker is a program used to join several object files into one large object file and
convert to an exe file. The linker produces a link file, which contains the binary codes for all the
combined modules. The linker however doesnt assign absolute addresses to the program, it
assigns is said to be relocatable because it can be put anywhere in memory to be run. In
MASM/TASM, LINK/TLINK source filename is used to link the file.
DEBUGGER
A debugger is a program which allows you to load your object code program into system
memory, execute the program and troubleshoot are debug it the debugger allows you to look at
the contents of registers and memory locations after your program runs. It allows you to change
the contents of register and memory locations after your program runs. It allows you to change
the contents of register and memory locations and return the program. A debugger also allows
you to set a break point at any point in the program. If you inset a breakpoint the debugger will
run the program upto the instruction where the breakpoint is set and stop execution. You can
then examine register and memory contents to see whether the results are correct at that point. In
MASM/TASM, td filename is issued to debug the file.
DEBUGGER FUNCTIONS:
1. Debugger allows to look at the contents of registers and memory locations.
2. We can extend 8-bit register to 16-bit register which the help of extended register option.
3. Debugger allows to set breakpoints at any point with the program.
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4. The debugger will run the program upto the instruction where the breakpoint is set and
then stop execution of program. At this point, we can examine registry and memory
contents at that point.
5. With the help of dump we can view register contents.
6. we can trace the program step by step with the help of F7.
7. We can execute the program completely at a time using F8.

DEBUGGER COMMANDS
ASSEMBLE: To write assembly language program from the given address.
A starting address <cr>
Eg: a 100 <cr>
Starts program at an offset of 100.
DUMP: To see the specified memory contents
D memory location first address last address
(While displays the set of values stored in the specified range, which is given above)
Eg: d 0100 0105 <cr>
Display the contents of memory locations from 100 to 105(including).
ENTER: To enter data into the specified memory locations(s).
E memory location data data data data data <cr>
Eg: e 1200
10
20
30
40
.
Enters the above values starting from memory locations 1200 to 1203, by loading 10 into
1200,20 into 1201 and soon.
GO: To execute the program
G: one instruction executes (address specified by IP)
G address <cr>: executes from current IP to the address specified
G first address last addresses <cr>: executes a set of instructions specified between the given
addresses.
MOVE: Moves a set of data from source location to destination location
M first address
last address destination address
Eg: m100
104
200
Transfers block of data (from 100 to 104) to destination address 200.
QUIT: To exit from the debugger.
Q <cr>
REGISTER: Shows the contents of Registers
R register name
Eg: r ax
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Shows the contents of register.

TRACE: To trace the program instruction by instruction.
T = 0100 <cr>: traces only the current instruction. (Instruction specified
by IP)
T = 0100 02 <cr>: Traces instructions from 100 to 101, here the second argument specifies
the number of instructions to be traced.
UNASSEMBLE: To unassembled the program.
Shows the opcodes along with the assembly language program.
U 100 <cr>: unassembled 32 instructions starting from 100th location.
U 0100

0109 <cr>: unassebles the lines from 100 to 104

Using Macro Assembler Linker Debugger

(MASM, LINK)
UDT-1.1
1. Open an MSDOS window.
2. Set the PATH so that the MASM programs are available
The MASM programs are on the C drive; set the path so that DOS can find them. This only
needs to be done once each time you open an MSDOS prompt.
set PATH=%PATH%;C:\MASM\BIN
3. Use a Text Editor to Edit the .ASM FileUDT-1.2
Create your file using one of the following programs:
notepad proj.asm
wordpad proj.asm
edit proj.asm
UDT-1.3
4. Compile the source code to create an object module.
tasm/z/zi proj.asm
The /z switch causes MASM to display the lines that generate compilation errors. The /zi switch
enables information needed by the debugger to be included in the .OBJ file. Note that you should
use "real mode" assembler, MASM.EXE. Do not use the "protected mode" assembler
MASM32.EXE for the assignments that will be given in class
UDT-1.4
5. Run Linker LINK.EXE- generate .EXE file from the .OBJ file
tlink/v proj
6. Run the Program
Your final program (if there were no errors in the previous step) will have an .EXE ending. To
just run it, type:
proj
If you want to use the debugger to examine the instructions, registers, etc., type:
td proj
This brings up the regular full-screen version of the Turbo debugger.
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UDT 1.5
1. Tracing the Program's Execution
The Turbo debugger first starts, a Module Window which displays the . Executable lines of
program code, marked with a bullet in the left column of the window. You can set breakpoints
or step to any of these lines of code. An arrow in the first column of the window indicates the
location of the instruction pointer. This always points to the next statement to be executed. To
execute just that instruction use one of the two methods listed under the Run menu item:
o Trace into (can use F7 key): executes one instruction; traces "into" procedures.
o Step over (can use F8 key): executes one instruction; skips (does not trace into) procedures.
Hitting either of these executes the instruction, and moves the arrow to the next instruction. As
each instruction executes, the effects might be visible in the Registers Window and Watches
Window
UDT 1.6
o Trace into (can use F7 key): executes one instruction; traces "into" procedures.
o Step over (can use F8 key): executes one instruction; skips (does not trace into) procedures.
Hitting either of these executes the instruction, and moves the arrow to the next instruction. As
each instruction executes, the effects might be visible in the Registers Window and Watches
Window
UDT 1.7
2. Setting and Removing Breakpoints
To set a breakpoint, position the cursor on the desired line of source code and press F2. The line
containing the breakpoint will turn red. Pressing F2 again removes the breakpoint. To execute all
instructions from the current instruction pointer up to the next encountered breakpoint, choose
Run (can use F9 key) from the Run menu item.
UDT 1.8
3. Examining Registers
Another window, the Registers Window, can be opened to examine the current value of the CPU
registers and flags. The View menu can be used to open this Registers Window. The registers
and flags might change as each instruction is executedUDT 1.9
4. Examining Memory
To examine memory, you will need to open an Inspector window. An Inspector window shows
the contents of a data structure (or simple variable) in the program you are debugging. It also
allows you to modify the contents of the data structure or variable. To open an Inspector
window, place the cursor on what you want to inspect and press CTRL-I. After you've examined
the data item, press the ESC key to remove the Inspector window
UDT 1.10
5. Viewing the Program's Output
Output written to the screen by a program is not immediately visible, since the main purpose of
using a debugger is to examine the internal operation of the program. To observe what the user
would see, press ALT-F5. The entire screen will change to a user-view showing the program's
input and output (and possibly that of previous programs as well). Press any key to return to the
debugger screen.
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ADDITION, SUBSTRACTION AND MULTIPLICATION

OF TWO NUMBERS
AIM: To Write and execute an Assembly language Program (ALP) to 8086 processor to add,
subtract and multiply two 16 bit unsigned numbers. Store the result in extra segment.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Pc with windows(95/98/XP/NT/2000)
2. MASM SOFTWARE
PROGRAMS:
(A) 16-BIT ADDITION
.MODEL TINY
DATA SEGMENT
NUM1 DW 23C5H
NUM2 DW 6789H
DATA ENDS
EXTRA SEGMENT
RESULT DW 0000H
EXTRA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA,ES:EXTRA
START:
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AX,EXTRA
MOV ES,AX
SUB AX,AX
MOV AX, NUM1
MOV BX, NUM2
ADD AX,BX
MOV DI,OFFSET RESULT
MOV [DI],AX
MOV RESULT,AX
INT 3H
CODE ENDS
END START

RESULT:
INPUT:

NUM1
NUM2

OUTPUT: RESULT

23C5H
6789H
8B4EH

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(B) 16-BIT SUBTRACTION

.MODEL TINY
DATA SEGMENT
NUM1 DW 23C5H
NUM2 DW 1789H
RESULT DW 0000H
DATA ENDS
EXTRA SEGMENT
RESULT DW 0000H
EXTRA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA,ES:EXTRA
START:
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AX,EXTRA
MOV ES,AX
SUB AX,AX
MOV AX, NUM1
MOV BX, NUM2
SUB AX,BX
MOV DI,OFFSET RESULT
MOV [DI],AX
MOV RESULT,AX
INT 3H
CODE ENDS
END START

RESULT:
INPUT:

NUM1
NUM2

OUTPUT: RESULT

23C5H
1789H
0C3CH

(C) 16-BIT MULTIPICATION

.MODEL TINY
DATA SEGMENT
NUM1 DW 23C5H
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NUM2 DW 1789H
DATA ENDS
EXTRA SEGMENT
RESULT DW 0000H
EXTRA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA,ES:EXTRA
START:
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AX,EXTRA
MOV ES,AX
SUB AX,AX
MOV AX, NUM1
MOV BX, NUM2
MUL AX,BX
MOV DI,OFFSET RESULT
MOV [DI],AX
MOV RESULT,AX
INT 3H
CODE ENDS
END START
RESULT:
INPUT:

NUM1
NUM2
OUTPUT: DX:AX

23C5H
1789H
0349D76DH

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DIVISION OF TWO NUMBERS

AIM: To Write and execute an Assembly language Program (ALP) to 8086 processor to divide a
32 bit unsigned number by a 16 bit unsigned numbers. Store the result in stack segment.
SOFTWARE REQIRED:
1. Pc with windows(95/98/XP/NT/2000)
2. MASM SOFTWARE
PROGRAMS:
MODEL SMALL
DATA SEGMENT
NUM1 DD 4096H
NUM2 DW 1024H
DATA ENDS
STACK SEGMENT
RESULT DW ?
STACK ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA,SS:STACK
START: MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AX,STACK
MOV SS,AX
SUB AX,AX
MOV SI,OFFSET NUM1
MOV AX,[SI]
INC SI
INC SI
MOV DX,[SI]
MOV BX, NUM2
DIV BX
LEA BP,RESULT
MOV [BP],AX
INC BP
MOV [BP],DX
INT 3H
CODE ENDS
END START

RESULT: INPUT: NUM1

00004096H
NUM2 : 1024H
OUTPUT: AX: 0004H DX:0000H

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