Khinen Textbook VN

Peter Croser, Frank Ebel
Kh nen
Giao trnh trnh o c ban
2
Muc luc
So at hang:
Mieu ta:
Ma hang:
Xuat ban:
Trnh bay:
o hoa:
Tac gia :
Bien dch:
093131
PNEUM.GS.LEHRB
D.LB-TP101-1-GB
07/1999
B. Huber
D. Schwarzenberger, T. Ocker
P. Croser, F. Ebel
Nguyen Van Minh, Provina Hanoi
Ban quyen Festo Didactic GmbH & Co., D-73770 Denkendorf 2000
Sao chep, phan phoi va s dung tai lieu nay cung nh lien he noi dung
cua tai lieu nay sang tai lieu khac khong c s ong y cua tac gia b
ngan cam. Ngi sai pham se phai chu hoan toan trach nhiem phap ly
ve boi thng thiet hai. Ban quyen a c ang ky, ac biet quyen ve
cac quy nh lien quan en bang phat minh, thiet ke va kieu dang.
Mot phan cua giao trnh nay co the nhan ban n le cho muc ch ao
tao bi nhng ngi c uy quyen ve van e nay.
Festo Didactic TP101
3
Muc luc
Nhng chu y ve trnh bay cua giao trnh .........................................8
Chng A: Giao trnh

Phan 1 ac iem va nhng ng dung cua kh nen .........................11
1.1 On tap ve kh nen ........................................................................12
1.2 Kh nen va thiet ke he thong ieu khien .......................................18
1.3 Cau truc va dong tn hieu cua he thong kh nen ............................19
Phan 2 Phan t cua he thong kh nen .............................................23

2.1 May nen kh va phan phoi ............................................................24
2.2 Van kh nen .................................................................................27
2.3 Phan t x ly ...............................................................................33
2.4 Thiet b ong lc .........................................................................34
2.5 He thong ....................................................................................35
Chng 3 Ky hieu va tieu chuan trong cong nghe kh nen .............39
3.1 Ky hieu va mo ta phan t .............................................................40
3.2 Yeu cau an toan cho he thong kh nen.......... ................................51
4
Noi dung
Chng 4 Phng phap thiet ke

mach kh nen ................................................................. 55
4.1 Thiet ke mach kh nen ................................................................. 56
4.2 Chuoi ieu khien .................................................... ..................... 57
4.3 Trnh bay mach kh nen ............................................. ................. 60
4.4 Bo tr mach .......................................................... ....................... 61
4.5 S la chon cac phan t rieng biet ............................................... 62
4.6 Vong chu ky mach kh nen .......................................................... 63
Chng 5 Thiet ke mach ieu khien c cau chap hanh n .......... 67
5.1 ieu khien trc tiep xy lanh kh nen ............................................ 68
5.2 V du 1: ieu khien trc tiep xy lanh tac dung n ....................... 68
5.3 Bai tap 1: ieu khien trc tiep xy lanh tac dung kep .... ................ 70
5.4 ieu khien gian tiep xy lanh ........................................................ 72
5.5 V du 2: ieu khien gian tiep xy lanh tac dung n....................... 72
5.6 Bai tap 2: ieu khien gian tiep xy lanh tac dung kep......... ........... 74
5.7 Chc nang lo gic: AND (VA), OR (HOAC) .................................... 76
5.8 V du 3: Chc nang lo gic: AND .................................................. 76
5.9 Bai tap 3: Chc nang lo gic: AND ................................................ 79
5.10 V du 4: Chc nang lo gic: OR .................................................... 81
5.11 Bai tap 4: Chc nang lo gic: OR ................................................. 83
5.12 V du 5: Mach nh va ieu khien toc o xy lanh ........................ 85
5.13 Bai tap 5: Mach nh va ieu khien toc o xy lanh ...................... 88
5.14 Bai tap 6: Van xa nhanh ............................................................ 90
5.15 V du 6: ieu khien phu thuoc ap suat ....................................... 92
5.16 Bai tap 7: ieu khien phu thuoc ap suat ..................................... 94
5.17 V du 7: Van r le thi gian ........................................................ 96
5.18 Bai tap 8: Van r le thi gian ..................................................... 99
5
Muc luc
Chng 6 Phat trien mach kh nen nhieu c cau chap hanh ...... 101
6.1 ieu khien nhieu c cau chap hanh ........................................ 102
6.2 V du 8: Chuyen ong phoi hp .............................................. 102
6.3 V du 9: S trung tn hieu ........................................................ 107
6.4 Kh trung tn hieu bang van ao chieu .................................... 109
6.5 V du 10: Van ao chieu.................................... ...................... 109
6.6 V du 11: Van ao chieu .......................................................... 112
Chng 7 Sa loi cua he kh nen .............................................. 115
7.1 Tai lieu ................................................................................. 116
7.2 Nguyen nhan va hieu ng cua s truc trac ............................... 116
7.3 Bao tr
................................................................................. 120
Phan B: Ly thuyet
Chng 1 C s ly thuyet ve kh nen ........................................ 123
1.1 Nguyen tac vat ly c ban ........................................................ 124
1.2 ac tnh cua khong kh ........................................................... 126
Chng 2 May nen kh va van chuyen kh nen .......................... 129

2.1 Chuan b khong kh ................................................................. 130
2.2 May nen kh ........................................................................... 131
2.3 Bnh tch ............................................................................... 134
2.4 Say kho kh nen ...................................................................... 136
2.5 Phan phoi kh nen .................................................................. 141
2.6 Bo x ly nguon kh nen ............................................................ 144
6
Noi dung
Chng 3 C cau chap hanh va thiet b au ra ........................... 155

3.1 Xy lanh tac dung n ............................................................... 156
3.2 Xy lanh tac dung kep ............................................................... 158
3.3 Xy lanh khong truc ................................................................... 164
3.4 Cau truc xy lanh ...................................................................... 167
3.5 ac iem hieu suat cua xy lanh ............................................... 170
3.6 ong c
................................................................................176
3.7 Ch th ...................................................................................178
Chng 4 Van ieu khien hng ...............................................179
4.1 Cau hnh va cau truc ................................................................180
4.2 Van 2/2 ................................................. ..................................181
4.3 Van 3/2 ...................................................... .............................181
4.4 Van 4/2
...............................................................................193
4.5 Van 4/3
...............................................................................195
4.6 Van 5/2
...............................................................................197
4.7 Van 5/3
...............................................................................200
4.8 Gia tr lu lng cua van ..........................................................201

4.9 o tin cay van hanh cua van ...................................................202
Chng 5 Van mot chieu, Van lu lng va Van ap suat, Van to
hp ...........................................................................203
5.1 Van mot chieu .........................................................................204
5.2 Van lu lng ..........................................................................211
5.3 Van ap suat ...................................... .......................................216
5.4 Van to hp ..............................................................................218
7
Muc luc
Chng 6 He thong ................................................................... 223

6.1 La chon, so sanh s hoat ong va moi trng ieu khien ........ 224
6.2 Ly thuyet ieu khien ............................................................... 227
6.3 Thiet ke he thong ieu khien .................................................. 231
6.4 Thiet ke tng quan ................................................................ 240
6.5 Thiet b ac biet va lap rap ..................................................... 241
Phan C: Bai giai

Bai giai ....................................................................................... 245
Danh sach tieu chuan .................................................................. 264
Danh sach tham khao ................................................................... 265
Danh muc .................................................................................... 267
Nhng ai lng vat ly va n v ................................................. 274
8
Noi dung
Ghi chu ve trnh bay cua tai lieu

Giao trnh nay la mot phan cua he thong ao tao cua Hang FESTO
DIDACTIC ve t ong hoa va thong tin. No c thiet ke cho cac khoa
ao tao va cung phu hp cho muc ch t hoc.
Cuon sach nay c chia thanh cac phan sau:
Phan A: ao tao
Phan B: Ly thuyet
Phan C: Bai giai cac v du
Phan A: ao tao
Khoa hoc nay cung cap cac thong tin can thiet cho chu e lien quan en
viec s dung trong bai tap va v du, no phai c thc hien theo trnh t.
Chu e c phan chia vi chuyen sau trong phan ly thuyet c anh
dau trong phan ch.
Phan B: Ly thuyet
Phan nay bao gom thong tin chi tiet ve cac c s ly thuyet. Cac chu e
c sap at theo kha canh lo gc. Sinh vien co the thc hien qua phan
nay theo tng chng hoac s dung no cho muc ch tham khao.
Phan C: Bai giai cac v du

Phan nay bao gom cac li giai cho cac bai tap trong phan A.
Danh muc toan dien c thc hien cuoi moi giao trnh.
T tng cua giao trnh nay la tr giup ao tao trong giai phap phan loai
chuyen mon trong cau truc trong nghe nghiep c kh va ien ky thuat.
Trong trng hp ngoai le that s la sinh vien c quyen la chon chu
e lien quan e thc hien qua cac chng mot cach oc lap.
Cuon sach nay co the ket hp vi chng trnh ao tao hien hanh.
9
Phn A
Phn A
Kho hc
10
Phn A
11
Chng A-1
Chng 1
Cc c tnh v
ng dng ca kh nn
12
Chng A-1
1.1
Tng quan v kh nn
Kh nn t lu ng vai tr quan trng nh cng ngh nng cao hiu

sut ca cng vic c kh. N cng c s dng trong s pht trin cc
gii php t ng ho.
Trong a s cc ng dng, kh nn c s dng cho mt hoc nhiu
chc nng sau y:
Xc nh trng thi ca qu trnh (cc cm bin)

Thng tin qu trnh (b x l)
Chuyn mch cc c cu chp hnh thng qua cc phn t iu
khin cui cng
Thc hin cng vic (cc c cu chp hnh).
c th iu khin my v lp t, i hi cu trc c quan h lgic

phc tp ni chung ca cc trng thi v cc iu kin chuyn mch.
iu ny xy ra nh kt qu cc nh hng ca cc cm bin, b x l,
cc phn t iu khin v cc c cu chp hnh trong kh nn hoc mt
phn ca cc h thng kh nn.
Qui trnh cng ngh to ra vt liu, thit k v qu trnh sn xut
c ci thin v cht lng nhiu hn v phong ph hn ca cc phn
t kh nn, bi vy c nhiu ng gp cho s dng rng ri phn t kh
nn trong t ng ho.
Xy lanh kh nn c vai tr quan trng nh mt n v truyn ng tnh
tin, bi v n c:
Chi ph tng i r,
d dng lp t,
cu trc n gin v chc chn v
sn sng cung cp cc kch thc v chiu di hnh trnh khc nhau
Xy lanh kh nn c cc tnh nng sau:
ng knh
Chiu di hnh trnh
Cc gi tr lc c th
Tc piston
2,5 n 320mm
1 n 2000mm
2 n 45000N p sut 6 bar
0,1 n 1.5 m/giy
13
Chng A-1
Hnh. 1.1
Xy lanh tc dng n
Cc thit b kh nn c th thc hin cc kiu chuyn ng sau y:
Thng
Xoay
Quay
Mt vi ng dng trong cng nghip s dng kh nn c lit k di

y:
Cc phng php s dng vi vt liu ni chung:

Kp
Dch chuyn
nh v tr
nh hng
Phn nhnh dng vt liu
Cc ng dng ni chung:
ng gi
Rt cht lng
o lng
Kho hm
Dn ng cc trc
iu khin trt hoc iu khin ca ra vo
Chuyn di vt liu
Quay v o ngc cc b phn
Phn loi cc chi tit
Sp xp cc linh kin
p p v chm ni cc b phn
14
Chng A-1
Hnh1.2
Im chuyn i cho 2
bng chuyn
Hnh1.3
My ct dng kh nn
Kh nn c s dng thc hin hot ng gia cng v lm vic.

V d:
Khoan
Tin
Mi
Ca
Hon thin
nh dng
iu khin cht lng
15
Chng A-1
u im v c im tiu biu ca kh nn:
Kh nng
Khng kh c sn mi ni vi s lng khng gii hn.
Vn chuyn
Kh nn c th d dng vn chuyn trong ng ng, thm ch vi

khong cch ln.
Tch tr
Kh nn c th lu gi trong bnh tch kh v vn chuyn theo yu cu.

Hn na, bnh tch kh c th di chuyn c.
Nhit
Kh nn tng i khng nhy cm vi s dao ng ca nhit . iu

ny m bo s hot ng tin cy thm ch trong cc iu kin v cng
khc nghit.
Chng chy
n
Kh nn khng c yu cu nguy him v n v chy.
Sch s
Kh x khng c du bi trn rt sch. Kh nn khng bi trn khi ra

khi ng ng hoc cc thit b khng gy ra s nhim khi quyn.
Phn t
Cc phn t cng tc c cu trc n gin v bi vy tng i r.
Tc
Kh nn lm vic rt nhanh. iu ny cho php t c tc lm

vic cao.
An ton qu
ti
Cng c kh nn v cc phn t cng tc c th b gia ti ti cc im

dng bi vy c an ton qu ti tt.
T 1.1
u im v c im tiu
biu ca kh nn
16
Chng A-1
xc nh chnh xc phm vi ca ng dng kh nn, cng cn thit

phi lm quen vi cc c im tiu cc:
T 1.2
Nhc im ca kh nn
Chun b
Kh nn yu cu s chun b tt. Bi v cc cht ngng t khng nn

c mt nhiu trong kh nn.
S nn
Khng phI lc no cng t c tc piston ng nht v khng

thay i vi kh nn
Yu cu v
lc
Kh nn ch kinh t vi mt gi tr lc yu cu no . iu kin lm
vic bnh thng, p sut cng tc t 600 n 700 kPa (6 n 7 bar) v
ph thuc vo dch chuyn v tc , gii hn lc u ra khong 40000
N v 50000 N
Mc n
Kh x gy n. Vn ny cn tn ti, tuy nhin n c gii quyt kh

rng ri bng s pht trin ca vt liu gim m v tiu m.
So snh vi cc hnh thc khc ca nng lng l mt phn cn thit

trong vic la chn phng php, khi ta thy rng kh nn nh mt phn
iu khin hoc mi trng lm vic. S nh gi ny bao qut ton b
h thng t tn hiu vo (cc cm bin) thng qua phn iu khin (b
x l) n cc b iu khin v thit b iu khin. Tt c cc h s phi
c suy ngh c th:
Phng php iu khin ph hp.

Cc ngun cung cp c sn.
Kh nng chuyn mn.
Cc h thng ci t hin thi c tch hp vi k hoch mi.
17
Chng A-1
La chn mi trng lm vic:
Dng in (in)
Cht lng (thu lc)
Kh nn (kh lc)
Kt hp cc phn trn.
Tiu chun cho mi

trng lm vic
Tiu chun la chn cho phn lm vic:
Lc
Hnh trnh
Kiu ca truyn ng (thng, xoay, quay)
Tc
Thi hn s dng
An ton v tin cy
Chi ph nng lng
Kh nng iu khin
Lu gi.
La chn mi trng iu khin
Kt ni my mc (c hc)
Dng in (in, in t)
Cht lng (thu lc)
Kh nn (kh p lc, dng kh p sut thp)
Tiu chun la chn cho phn iu khin:
tin cy ca cc thit b
nhy vi nh hng mi trng
D dng bo dng v sa cha
Thi gian chuyn mch ca cc b phn
Tc tn hiu
Tui th
Thay i ca h thng iu khin
Yu cu o to cho ngi iu khin v ngi bo dng
Tiu chun cho mi

trng iu khin
18
Chng A-1
1.2. Pht trin kh nn v h thng iu khin

Pht trin sn phm kh nn c th c xem xt trong mt s phm vi:
Cc b khi ng
Cc cm bin v thit b u vo
Cc b x l
Cc ph tng
Cc h thng iu khin
Cc yu t sau phi c tnh n trong s pht trin cc h thng kh

nn:
tin cy
D dng bo dng
Chi ph cho ph tng thay th
Cc chi ph cho bo dng v sa cha
Kh nng thay i v kh nng thch nghi
Thit k nh gn
Hiu qu kinh t
Ti liu.
19
Chng A-1
1.3 Cu trc v dng lu thng tn hiu ca h thng kh nn

H thng kh nn bao gm cc kt ni bn trong ca cc nhm thit b
khc nhau.
Hnh1.4
Dng lu thng tn hiu
Nhm cc thit b ny hnh thnh mt ng iu khin cho dng lu

thng tn hiu, bt u t phn tn hiu (u vo) i ti phn chp hnh
(u ra).
Cc phn t iu khin iu khin cc c cu chp hnh ph hp vi
nhng tn hiu nhn c t cc thit b x l.
Cc mc khi u trong mt h thng iu khin l:
Nng lng cung cp

Thit b u vo (cc cm bin)
Thit b x l (cc b x l)
Thit b iu khin
Cc b phn nng lng (cc b truyn ng).
20
Chng A-1
Cc thit b trong h thng c th hin bi cc k hiu ch r chc

nng ca cc thit b.
Hnh1.5
H thng iu khin kh nn
21
Chng A-1
Mt van iu khin hng c th c s dng nh mt u vo, mt

thit b x l hoc iu khin. c im tiu biu cho vic xc nh r
tng b phn ti tng nhm thit b ring r l cu hnh trong phm vi
mt h thng iu khin.
Hnh1.6
S mch v thit b kh
nn
22
Chng A-1
23
Chng A-2
Chng 2
Cc phn t trong h thng kh nn
24
Chng A-2
2.1
My nn kh v phn phi kh nn
Ngun khng kh cho mt h thng kh nn c tnh ton thch hp v

lun lun m bo cht lng ph hp. Khng kh c nn bi my nn
kh v c a ti h thng phn phi kh trong nh my.
m bo cht lng ca kh nn l c th chp nhn, thit b x l kh
nn c s dng chun b kh nn trc khi cung cp ti cc h
thng iu khin.
S hot ng sai chc nng c th gim nhiu trong h thng nu kh
nn c chun b chnh xc. Mt s kha cnh phi c xem xt k khi
chun b cung cp kh nn:
S lng kh nn yu cu phi tho mn nhu cu ca h thng
Kiu my nn kh phi sn xut c lng kh nn yu cu
Yu cu p sut
Yu cu tch tr
Yu cu v kh sch
Mc m c th chp nhn c gim mn v gim hot

ng kh khn
Bi trn cc thit b, nu thy cn thit
Nhit ca kh nn v nh hng ca n ti h thng
Cc kch thc ng ng v cc c van p ng yu cu
La chn vt liu cho ph hp vi mi trng v yu cu ca h

thng
Cc im thot nc v ng x nc trong h thng phn phi
S b tr ca h thng phn phi p ng ng yu cu
Nh mt nguyn tc, cc phn t kh nn phi c thit k cho p sut

hot ng ln nht 800 1000 kPa (8 10 bar) nhng trong thc t, n
c gii thiu hot ng trong khong 500 600 kPa (5 6 bar) v
mc ch kinh t. Bi vy, c tn hao p sut trong h thng phn phi,
my nn kh nn cung cp kh nn trong khong 650 700 kPa (6,5 - 7
bar) t c nhng ch tiu trn.
Nn lp bnh tch kh gim s dao ng ca p sut. Trong mt vi
trng hp, mc bnh nhn kh cng c s dng miu t mt bnh
tch kh".
My nn kh np kh nn vo bnh tch c sn nh mt bung tch tr.
TP101 Festo Didactic
25
Chng A-2
Knh thc ng ng ca h thng phn phi kh nn c la chn

theo cch m tn tht p sut t bnh tch p ti cc thit b tiu th
trong trng hp l tng khng vt qu 10 kPa (0,1bar). La chn kch
thc ng ng b nh hng bi:
T l lu lng
Chiu di ng ng
Tn tht p sut cho php
p sut lm vic
S cc tit lu trn ng dn.
Hnh 2.1
H thng phn phi kh
Cc mch vng thng xuyn c s dng nh cc ng ng chnh.

Phng php lp t ng ng cao p cng t c s cung cp kh
khng i trong trng hp tiu th kh nn cao. Cc ng ng phi
c lp t theo hng dng chy vi dc 1 n 2%. iu ny c
bit quan trng trong trng hp ng dn phn nhnh. Cc cht
ngng t c th c x ra khi ng ng im thp nht.
Bt k nhnh no ca cc im tiu th kh nn, ni m ng ng
dn t nm ngang th lun lun phi lp t pha trn ca ng ng
dn chnh.
Cc ng nhnh cho di chuyn cht ngng t c lp t pha di
ca ng ng dn chnh.
Cc van kho c th c s dng kho ng dn kh nn nu
nhng ng dn kh nn ny khng c yu cu hoc cn phi ng
khi sa cha hoc bo dng thit b.
26
Chng A-2
B x l kh l s kt hp nhng phn sau:
B lc kh (c tch nc)
iu p
B bi trn kh nn.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng thit b bi trn khng cn thit phi cung cp
trong phn ngun ca h thng iu khin nu khng cn thit, bi l
kh nn trong phn iu khin khng cn phi bi trn.
S kt hp chnh xc, c v kiu ca nhng thit b ny c xc nh
bi ng dng v yu cu ca h thng iu khin. B x l kh c gn
thch hp ti mi h thng iu khin trong mng m bo cht lng
kh nn cho cc nhim v ring r.
Hnh 2.2
B x l kh nn
27
Chng A-2
B lc kh nn c nhim v di chuyn tt c cht nhim cng nh nc

ngng t t dng kh nn i qua n. Kh nn i vo mt cc thng qua
cc khe dn. Cc phn t cht lng v cc phn t bn ln hn c lc
tch bng ly tm v c cha trong phn thp nht ca cc lc. Cc
cht ngng t phi c x trc khi vt qu mc ngng t ln nht
cho php c nh du, nu khng x, khi cc cht ngng t s
li xm nhp vo dng kh nn.
B lc kh nn
Mc ch ca b iu chnh l gi cho p sut hot ng ca h thng

(p sut chuyn ho) hu nh khng i cho d c s dao ng trong
ng cao p (p sut ban u) v lng kh tiu th.
iu chnh p sut
kh nn
Mc ch ca b bi trn l phn phi mt s lng du dng sng

m vo trong ng ng ca h thng phn phi kh, khi bi trn cn
thit cho hot ng ca h thng kh nn.
Bi trn kh nn
2.2
Cc van
Chc nng ca cc van l iu khin p sut hoc lu lng. Ph thuc

vo thit k, chng c th c chia thnh cc trng hp sau:
Cc van iu khin hng

Cc phn t u vo / cc phn t tn hiu
Cc phn t x l
Cc thit b iu khin
Cc van mt chiu
Cc van iu khin lu lng
Cc van iu khin p sut
Cc van kho
28
Chng A-2
Cc van
iu khin hng
Van iu khin hng iu chnh s i qua ca cc tn hiu kh nn bng

vic sinh ra, hu b hoc gi li cc tn hiu.
Cc van c miu t bng:
S lng ca hoc ng m :
S cc v tr :
Phng php tc ng ca van:
tc ng c hc,
Phng php tc ng hi tr li:
v.v
2 ca, 3 ca, 4 ca, v.v

2 v tr, 3 v tr, v.v
tc ng bng tay,
tc ng bng kh nn,
hi bng l xo, hi bng kh nn,
Nh mt thit b tn hiu, v d: van iu khin hng c tc ng bi

mt cn con ln kim tra v tr ca cn piston xy lanh.
Hnh 2.3
Van 3/2 cn con ln (mt
chiu v khng)
29
Chng A-2
Nh mt thit b x l, van iu khin hng pht tn hiu li hoc hu b

tnh hiu ph thuc vo b nhn tn hiu vo.
Hnh 2.4
Van 3/2 Iu khin bng kh nn:
van Iu khin n, hi bng l
xo
Nh mt thit b iu khin, van iu khin hng phi phn phi lng

kh nn yu cu ph hp vi yu cu ca cc b phn nng lng.
Hnh 2.5
Van 5/2 Iu khin xy lanh:
Van tc ng kp
30
Chng A-2
Van mt chiu
Cc van mt chiu cho php tn hiu i qua b chia theo mt hng v

hng khc th b cn. Trong cc ng dng, nguyn l ny c p dng
trong cc van con thoi hoc van x nhanh. Van mt chiu trong dng
mt thit b c bn ca cc kiu van khc c th hin dng ng nt
t c minh ho di y.
Hnh 2.6
Van mt chiu v cc dng
khc ca n
Cc van iu khin
lu lng
Van iu khin lu lng hn ch hoc tit lu kh nn theo mt hng

c th gim lu lng kh v v vy iu khin dng lu thng tn hiu.
Theo l tng c th c rt nhiu cch hn ch khc nhau t m hon
ton n ng hon ton. Van iu khin lu lng phi c lp gn
nht ti cc thit b lm vic v phi c iu chnh ph hp vi yu
cu ca ng dng. Nu van iu khin lu lng c lp cng vi van
mt chiu th chc nng iu khin lu lng theo mt hng ngc li
duy nht vi dng hon ton t do theo mt hng kia.
Hnh 2.7
Cc van iu khin
lu lng
31
Chng A-2
Cc van iu khin p sut c s dng trong cc h thng kh nn c

ba nhm chnh :
Van iu khin p
sut
Cc van gii hn p sut

Cc van iu chnh p sut
Cc van p sut tun t
Cc van gii hn p sut c s dng trn ng cao p ca my nn

kh m bo p sut nhn c c gii hn, cho an ton, v p
sut cung cp ti h thng c xc lp ng p sut.
Van iu chnh p sut gi cho p sut khng i bt k s thay i p
sut no trong h thng. Van iu chnh p sut thng qua mt mng
cao su c lp bn trong.
Van p sut tun t c s dng nu mt tn hiu p sut ph thuc
c yu cu cho s thay i trong h thng iu khin.
Hnh 2.8
Van p sut tun t
Khi tn hiu iu khin t c p sut xc lp, van 3/2 chuyn mch

ti im c tc ng. Ngc li, van s o ngc li, nu tn hiu
iu khin di p sut c xc lp.
32
Chng A-2
Cc van t hp
Kt hp chc nng ca cc thit b khc nhau c th to ra mt chc

nng mi. Mt v d: van r le thi gian m chm, van ny c kt hp
bng mt van tit lu mt chiu, mt bnh tch kh v mt van iu khin
hng 3 ca 2 v tr.
Hnh 2.9
Van r le thi gian
Ph thuc vo xc lp ca vt iu chnh tit lu, lu lng kh ln hn

hay nh hn trong mt khong thi gian s i vo bnh tch kh. Khi p
sut iu khin cn thit t c, van chuyn mch cho dng kh i
qua.
V tr chuyn mch ny c duy tr trong khong thi gian tn hiu iu
khin c p dng.
Cc van kt hp khc bao gm:
Thit b khi ng bng hai tay

B to dao ng
Mdul nh bc
Mdul b nh
33
Chng A-2
2.3
Cc thit b x l tn hiu (b x l)
h tr cc van iu khin hng ti cp x l tn hiu, c rt nhiu

thit b khc nhau m cc tn hiu iu khin khc nhau tu thuc vo
nhim v. Cc thit b l:
Van song p (chc nng v "AND")
Van con thoi (chc nng hoc "OR")
Van con thoi cho php kt hp hai tn hiu vo trong mt chc nng OR.
Ca OR c hai u vo v mt u ra. Mt tn hiu ra c to ra, nu
p sut c cung cp ti mt hoc c hai u vo.
2
1
1/3
Hnh 2.10
Van con thoi
S pht trin hn na ca cc thit b x l trong kh nn mang li

cc h thng modul, nhng h thng ny kt hp cc chc nng ca
van iu khin hng v cc thit b lgc thc hin mt nhim v x
l kt hp. iu ny gp phn gim kch thc, chi ph v s phc tp
ca h thng.
Hnh 2.11
n v modul x l (mdul
bc)
34
Chng A-2
2.4
Phn t ng lc
Phn ng lc bao gm cc thit b iu khin v cc b phn ng lc

hoc truyn ng. Nhm c cu chp hnh bao gm cc kiu khc nhau
ca thit b truyn ng tnh tin v quay vi cu trc v c khc nhau.
Truyn ng c thc hin bi cc thit b iu khin, cc thit b ny
chuyn i lu lng kh nn yu cu ti cc thit b truyn ng. Thng
thng van ny s c kt ni trc tip ti b phn cung cp kh nn v
lp gn vi truyn ng gim tn tht nh nht do s cn tr.
Hnh 2.12
C cu truyn ng cng
phn t Iu khin
Cc truyn ng c th chia c th theo nhm:
Truyn ng tnh tin

Xy lanh tc dng n
Xy lanh tc dng kp
Truyn ng quay
ng c kh nn
Xy lanh quay
Hnh 2.13
Truyn ng, thng v quay
35
Chng A-2
2.5
H thng
Ni chung, s truyn ng ca xy lanh c tc ng thng qua van

iu khin hng. S la chn van iu khin hng nh vy (s cc
ca, s cc v tr chuyn mch, kiu truyn ng) ph thuc vo tng
ng dng.
Mch iu khin cho xy lanh tc dng n

Cn piston ca xy lanh tc dng n i ra khi nt n c tc ng. Khi
nt n c th, piston t ng tr li v tr ban u.
Vn in hnh
Mt van 3/2 s iu khin xy lanh tc dng n. Van chuyn mch t v

tr ban u n v tr cp lu lng, khi nt n c nhn. Mch bao gm
cc c im c bn sau:
Gii php
Xy lanh tc dng n, hi bng l xo.

Van iu khin hng 3/2: nt n hot ng v l xo to lc phn
hi.
Ngun cp kh c ni ti van 3/2.
u ni kh gia van v xy lanh.
Hnh 2.14
iu khin xy lanh tc
dng n
36
Chng A-2
Van iu khin 3/2 c 3 ca. Ca cp kh, ca x v ca lm vic. Quan

h gia nhng ca ny c xc nh bi ng dn kh i qua van. Cc
v tr chuyn mch c th c th hin trong minh ho phn trn.
V tr ban u:
V tr ban u (mch bn tay tri) c xc nh nh v tr dng ca h
thng. Tt c cc kt ni c to ra v khng c s can thip bng tay
ca ngi iu khin. Kh nn cung cp c kho v cn piston ca xy
lanh co v (bi l xo t hi). v tr ny ca van, bung piston ca xy
lanh c x kh.
Nt nhn c tc ng:
Nhn nt n di chuyn van 3/2 chng li l xo t hi. S (mch bn
tay phi) th hin van trong trng thi tc ng hoc v tr ang lm
vic. Kh nn cung cp by gi c kt ni thng qua van i ti ca xy
lanh tc dng n. S tng ca p sut lm cho cn piston ca xy lanh
i ra chng li lc ca l xo. Ngay khi cn piston tin ra n v tr cui
cng, p sut kh trong thn xy lanh t ti mc cc i.
Nh nt n:
Ngay khi nt n c nh, l xo t hi hi van tr li v tr ban u ca
n v cn piston ca xy lanh co v.
Ghi ch
Tc tin v tc li l khc nhau v:
Piston xc lp mt lc chng li lc l xo khi tin

Khi li, kh thi ra ngoi thng qua van. Bi vy, kh nn phi vt
qua mt s cn tr lu lng
Thng thng, cc xy lanh tc dng n c thit k theo cch m tc

tin ra ln hn tc li v.
37
Chng A-2
Mch iu khin cho xy lanh tc dng kp

Cn piston ca xy lanh tc dng kp tin ra pha trc khi mt nt n
c tc ng v co v v tr ban u khi nt n c nh ra. Xy lanh tc
dng kp c th thc hin cng vic theo c hai hng ca chuyn
ng, bi v p sut kh cung cp c sn cho hnh trnh i ra v co
v.
Vn in hnh
Mt van iu khin hng 5/2 iu khin xy lanh tc dng kp. Tn hiu

c to ra hoc xc lp trn van, nu mt nt n truyn ng c
nhn hay th. Mch bao gm:
Gii php
Xy lanh tc dng kp
Van iu khin hng 5 ca 2 v tr: nt n cho hot ng v l xo
cho lc phn hi
Ngun cp kh c kt ni ti van 5/2
Ni kh gia van v xy lanh
Hnh 2.15
iu khin mt xy lanh
tc dng kp
38
Chng A-2
V tr ban u:
Ti v tr ban u (mch bn tay tri) tt c cc kt ni c to ra v
khng c s can thip bng tay ca ngi iu khin. Ti v tr khng
c tc ng, kh nn cung cp ti bn c cn piston ca xy lanh, trong
khi p sut bn mt piston ca xy lanh c x kh.
Khi ng nt n:
Nhn nt n khi ng van 5/2 chng li lc l xo t hi. S (mch
bn tay phi) th hin van v tr hot ng hay c tc ng. v tr
ny, p sut cung cp c kt ni ti mt piston ca xy lanh, trong khi
mt c cn piston c x kh. p sut trn mt piston y cn piston.
Khi s tin ra ca cn piston t c n v tr cui cng, p sut kh
trn mt piston t ti mt gi tr cc i.
Khi nh nt n:
Khi nt n c nh ra, l xo t hi y van v v tr ban u. p sut
cung cp lc ny c cung cp ti mt c cn piston, trong khi mt
piston x kh thng qua ca x ca van. Cn piston co v.
Ch :
Tc tin v tc li khc nhau bi v mt thc t l th tch xy lanh

trn mt c cn piston th nh hn trn mt piston. Vi vy, lng kh yu
cu c cung cp trong qu trnh co v th nh hn trong qu trnh tin
ra, v hnh trnh co v th nhanh hn.
39
Chng A-3
Chng 3
Cc k hiu v
cc tiu chun trong kh nn
40
Chng A-3
3.1
Cc k hiu v m t cc phn t
S pht trin ca cc h thng kh nn c tr gip bi mt s tip cn

gn gi thng qua vic th hin ca cc thit b v cc mch. Cc k
hiu c s dng cho tng thit b phi th hin cc c im sau y:
Cc phng php tc ng v t tc ng.

S lng cc kt ni (tt c cc k hiu ng nht).
S cc v tr chuyn mch.
Nguyn l hot ng chung.
n gin ho s th hin ca ng dn lu lng.
Cu trc ca cc thit b k thut khng c gii thch dng k hiu

tru tng.
Cc k hiu c s dng trong kh nn c c th trong tiu chun
DIN ISO 1219, Cc k hiu mch cho cc h thng v thit b cht
lng).
Cc tiu chun thch hp cho cu trc, th nghim v thit k ca cc
h thng iu khin kh nn c lit k trong phn tham kho ca cun
sch ny.
41
Chng A-3
Cc k hiu cho h thng cung cp nng lng c th c th hin nh

tng thit b ring r hoc nh cc thit b kt hp. Nu mt b cung cp
kh tiu chun thng thng c s dng cho tt c cc thit b, th cc
k hiu n gin nht c th c s dng.
Ngun cp kh v to
kh nn
Hnh 3.1
Cc k hiu c dng
trong qu trnh trao i v
chun b nng lng
42
Chng A-3
Hnh 3.2
Cc van iu khin hng:
trnh by cc k hiu
43
Chng A-3
Van iu khin hng c th hin bi s cc kt ni iu khin, s

cc v tr v ng dn. m bo trnh li kt ni, tt c cc u vo
v u ra ca mt van l ng nht ho.
Cc van iu khin
hng
Hnh 3.3
Cc van iu khin hng:
cc ca v cc v tr
44
Chng A-3
Mt s k hiu c s dng xc nh r cc van iu khin hng

v ph hp vi DIN ISO 5599-3. Trc tiu chun ny, h thng cc ch
s ny c s dng v c hai h thng ca tn gi c th hin y:
Cc ng lm vic
Cc ng iu khin
Ghi ch
ISO 5599-3
H thng ch
Ca hoc ni ng
2, 4
A, B
Cc ng lm vic
3, 5
R, S
Cc ca x
10
12
Y, Z
iu khin ni tn hiu t ca 1 n ca 2
14
iu khin ni tn hiu t ca 1 n ca 4
81, 91
Pz
Iu khin ph tr
Cc ng ni ngun
iu khin ngn tn hiu lu lng t ca 1 n

ca 2
Trong gio trnh ny, tt c cc kt ni l xc nh thng qua cc ch s.
Hnh 3.4
Cc v d v ch nh ca
45
Chng A-3
Cc phng php tc ng ca cc van iu khin hng ph thuc vo

yu cu ca nhim v. Cc kiu tc ng khc nhau, v d:
Tc ng bng tay
Tc ng c hc
Tc ng bng kh
Tc ng bng in
Tc ng kt hp
Cc k hiu cho cc phng php tc ng c th hin trong DIN ISO

1219.
Khi p dng cho mt van iu khin hng, phi a ra s cn nhc cho
phng php tc ng ban u ca van v phng php tc ng hi
tr li. Thng thng, c hai phng php khc nhau. C hai phng
php c th hin trn k hiu tng ng vi tng pha ca hp v tr.
Cng c th thm vo cc phng php tc ng c th nh iu khin
bng tay ln c th hin ring r.
Cc phng php tc
ng
46
Chng A-3
Hnh 3.5
Cc phng php tc ng
47
Chng A-3
Van mt chiu (van cn) l c s cho s pht trin ca rt nhiu cc

thit b kt hp. C hai cu hnh chnh cho cc van mt chiu, c hoc
khng c l xo hi tr li. Nhm m bo m c van, lc p sut tc
ng ln l xo hi phi ln hn lc l xo.
Van mt chiu v cc
van dn xut
Hnh 3.6
Van mt chiu v cc van
dn xut
Phn ln cc van iu khin lu lng l iu chnh c v cho php

iu khin dng theo c hai hng. Mi tn th hin rng thit b iu
chnh c nhng khng cp ti hng ca dng; n ch l biu .
Trong trng hp ca van iu khin lu lng mt chiu, mt van mt
chiu c lp song song vi van iu khin lu lng. iu khin lu
lng ch hiu qu theo mt hng.
Van Iu khin lu
lng
Hnh 3.7
Van Iu khin lu lng
48
Chng A-3
Cc van p sut
Chc nng ca cc van p sut l nh hng ti p sut trong mt tng

th h thng kh nn hoc trong mt phn ca h thng. Cc van iu
chnh p sut ni chung l iu chnh c chng li lc l xo. Cc k
hiu c bit ph hp vi cc loi sau y:
Van iu chnh p sut khng c ca x p

Van iu chnh p sut c ca x p
Van p sut tun t
Hnh 3.8
Cc van p sut
Cc k hiu th hin van p sut nh mt van mt v tr vi mt ng

dn m ban u m hoc ng. Trong trng hp iu khin p sut vi
dng kh lun lun m, van p sut tun t ng li cho ti khi p
sut t ti gi tr gii hn xc lp trn l xo c th thay i.
49
Chng A-3
Cc truyn ng tnh tin hoc xy lanh c m t bi kiu cu trc v

phng php hot ng ca chng.
C cu chp hnh tnh

tin
Xy lanh tc dng n, xy lanh tc dng kp v xy lanh khng cn hnh

thnh c s cho thit k khc nhau. S dng m gim chn gim ti
ti cc v tr cui u bch v cc gi trong qu trnh gim gia tc
ca piston l quan trng nhm ko di tui th v hot ng m. Gim
chn piston c th hin trn mt x kh ca piston. Mi tn cho bit
m gim chn iu chnh c v khng iu chnh c theo hng
chuyn ng ca gim chn.
Hnh 3.9
C cu chp hnh tnh tin
50
Chng A-3
C cu chp
hnh quay
C cu truyn ng quay c chia thnh chuyn ng lin tc v gc

quay gii hn.
ng c kh nn thng thng l thit b tc cao vi tc iu khin
c nh hoc c th iu chnh c. Cc n v vi gc quay gii hn l
c nh hoc iu chnh c gc dch chuyn. Truyn ng quay c th
c m gim chn ph thuc vo ti v tc hot ng.
Hnh 3.10
Chuyn ng quay
Cc k hiu ph
C mt s k hiu quan trng cho cc thit b c s dng trong kt

hp vi thit b kh nn.
Hnh 3.11
K hiu ph
51
Chng A-3
3.2 Cc yu cu an ton cho cc h thng kh nn

Ngy nay, khng c tiu chun ring tn ti cho vn an ton ca cc
h thng kh nn. Bi vy, trong tt c cc yu t tc ng n an ton,
tham kho phi c to ra nhm hng dn ni chung v iu chnh t
mt s lnh vc k thut khc nhau.
Mt trch dn t mt ca VDI (hip hi k s c) hng dn s 3229
Thit k k thut hng dn cho my cng c v cc thit b sn xut
khc i vi cc vn an ton:
P 4.5
An ton
P 4.5.1 Hng hc b iu khin

Trong trng hp ca iu khin sai chc nng hoc h thng khng kt ni, nhn vin
iu hnh khng b gy nguy him.
P 4.5.2 CNG TC Dng khn cp
Cc h thng kh nn s dng mt vi xy lanh lc phi c trang b vi cng tc dng
khn cp. Da trn thit k v c im hot ng ca h thng, la chn phi c to
ra d chc nng dng khn cp l
t h thng vo trng thi khng p sut
Xc lp tt c cc xy lanh lc v v tr ban u, hoc
hn ch tt c cc xy lanh ti v tr hin ti ca chng
Ba thng s ny cng c th c kt hp
Cn phi cn nhc vi cc ch dn sau khi cc xy lanh kh nn hot

ng di iu kin kp gi:
H thng iu khin cho cc thit b kp kh nn nn c thit k hoc
sp xp theo cch trnh cc thao tc ngu nhin. iu ny c th t
c thng qua:
Cc thit b chuyn mch hot ng bng tay vi np bo v hoc

cc kho lin ng iu khin.
S phng phi c a ra nhm ngn cn tn thng tay gy ra bi

thit b kp. iu ny c th t c thng qua kim tra cc iu kin
kp bng cch:
Xy lanh kp c t bn ngoi vng cp pht

S dng cc xy lanh kp an ton, cc xy lanh khng dng lc kp
cho ti khi chng chm vo phi hoc
S dng iu khin bng hai tay
Yu cu an ton cho
cc thit b kp kh
52
Chng A-3
Cc my mc vi cc thit b kp kh phi c trang b theo mt cch

m truyn ng ca trc lm vic hoc trc cung cp khng th khi
ng cho ti khi ng tc kp c xc nhn. iu ny c th t c
vi:
B chuyn i p sut, hoc

Cc van p sut tun t
Mt hng hc ca b cung cp kh phi khng gy ra vic m thit b

kp trong sut qu trnh gia cng ca phi c kp. iu ny c th t
c thng qua:
nhim mi trng
Hai hnh thc ca nhim mi trng c th xy ra trong cc h thng

kh nn:
n kh x
Thit b kp c kh
Thit b kp t kho
Cc bnh tch kh
n: gy ra bi kh thot ra ngoi
Bi m du: gy ra bi cc thit b bi trn c a vo ti my nn
kh hoc thng qua mt n v x l kh v c thi ra kh quyn
trong qu trnh x.
Cc phng php phi c a ra chng li qu n. iu ny c

th t c thng qua:
B tiu m
B tiu m c s dng gim n ti cc ca x ca cc van. Chng

hot ng theo nguyn l ca dng kh x iu khin bi vic to ra vic
cn tr dng kh nhiu hay t. Cc tiu m thng thng ch c nh
hng gii hn trn tc ca cn piston.
Trong trng hp ca cc tiu m tit lu, vic cn tr dng l c th
iu chnh c. Cc tiu m ny c s dng iu khin tc
ca cn piston xy lanh.
Mt phng php khc ca vic gim n l lp cc ng phn phi vi
cc u ni ti cc ca x ca cc van ngun v v vy thi kh qua mt
tiu m thng thng ln hn.
53
Chng A-3
Kh x ca cc cng c truyn ng c hc hoc my iu khin c hc

cha ng dng nguyn t du thng c gi li trong mt phng
trong mt thi gian ng k dng sng m, chng c th c ht
vo. nhim mi trng l c bit nghim trng c bit l mt s
lng ln ca ng c kh hoc cc xy lanh vi ng knh ln c lp
t ni lm vic.
Du bi trn dng
sng m
Trong trng hp ny, s dng cc b tiu m l hp l, theo phn

ln lng du dng sng m c lc v khng nh hng ti mi
trng xung quanh.
Khi bo dng hoc lm vic vi cc h thng kh nn, phi cn thn vi
vic di chuyn v kt ni li cc ng kh. Nng lng c lu gi
trong cc ng hoc ng dn s b bt ra trong mt thi gian rt ngn vi
lc gy ra qung cc ng v c th gy nguy him cho ngi.
Mt nguy him thm vo l trong trng hp cc phn t bay t tung do
kh thot ra c th gy tn thng ti mt.
An ton vn hnh
54
Chng A-3
55
Chng A-4
Chng 4
Cc phng php pht trin h thng kh nn
56
Chng A-4
4.1
S pht trin ca cc h thng kh nn
Gii php ti vi cc vn iu khin l tin hnh theo mt h thng

vi ti liu ng vai tr quan trng trong vic t ti kt qu cui cng.
S mch nn c v vi s dng cc k hiu v ghi nhn tiu
chun. Ton b ti liu c yu cu bao gm cc ti liu ch yu sau:
S chc nng
S mch
M t hot ng ca h thng
Thng s k thut trn cc b phn
Ti liu kt hp b sung
Danh sch cc phn ca tt c cc b phn trong h thng

Bo dng v tm ra cc tn hiu hng hc
Danh sch cc phn d tr
C hai phng php c bn cho cc s cu trc mch:
Phng php trc quan

Thit k c phng php ca mt s mch theo ng vi cc quy
tc v cu trc quy nh
Nhng ngc li, phn ln kinh nghim v trc gic c yu cu trong

trong trng hp u v tt c cc trng hp trn, theo thi gian ti
nhng ni cc mch phc tp c kt ni; cc s mch thit k ca
trng hp hai yu cu lm vic c phng php v mt s lng no
v kin thc l thuyt c bn.
Cho d phng php no c s dng trong s pht trin ca s
mch, mc ch i ti l vi mt chc nng ph hp v iu khin s
hot ng vi tin cy.
Nhng ngc li vi s cao trc y v chi ph t nhm cho gii php
phn cng, hin ny tm quan trng ln hn c gn vi s hot ng
ng tin cy v d dng bo dng bng vic sp xp r rng v y
ti liu. iu ny chc hn dn ti vic quen dn vi phng php thit
k c phng php.
Trong trng hp ny, iu khin lun lun c iu chnh cho ph hp
vi th tc a ra v t ph thuc vo tc ng ring ca ngi thit k.
Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp, c nhiu b phn c yu cu cho
gii php theo phng php hn trong mt mch c sng ch bi
phng php trc gic.
57
Chng A-4
Nhu cu b xung vt liu s thng xuyn c p ng nhanh chng

theo thi gian, tit kim ti tng on ca cng trnh v trong thi gian
bo dng.
Ni chung, n phi c m bo rng thi gian s dng thit k cng
trnh v c th trong mch n gin ho l i xng ph hp vi ton b
c gng.
Cho d phng php no v cng ngh no c s dng to ra mt
s mch, cc yu cu c bn l kin thc c bn ca cc thit b lin
quan v kin thc v c im chuyn mch ca cc b phn c s
dng phi chnh xc
4.2 Chui iu khin

Chui iu khin l mt trng hp th hin ca mt h thng iu
khin, t y trong s nhng h thng khc, hng tn hiu c th c
xc nh.
Hnh 4.1
Chui iu khin
Vi thit k mch, s hng hc ca h thng gy ra mt s ngn cch

ln ca cc tn hiu vo, tn hiu x l, tn hiu u ra v lnh iu hnh.
Trong thc t, s phn chia ny c th thy d dng. Trong trng hp
t h thng my mc ni chung, phn iu khin c t ring vi
phn truyn ng.
58
Chng A-4
S dng lu thng tn hiu cho bit ng dn ca dng lu thng tn

hiu t tn hiu vo ti thc hin lnh.
S sau minh ho mt vi v d cho s b tr ca thit b trong dng
lu thng tn hiu:
Hnh 4.2
B tr ca cc thit b theo
dng lu thng tn hiu.
59
Chng A-4
Minh ho di y th hin r rng cu trc ca chui iu khin.
V d
Yu t u vo l cc van tc ng bng tay 1S1, 1S2 (cc van nt

n) v van tc ng c kh 1S3 (van n by con ln).
Thit b x l (b x l) l van con thoi 1V1
Thit b iu khin l van iu khin hng 1V2
Cc b phn truyn ng l xy lanh1A
Hnh 4.3
S mch
60
Chng A-4
4.3 Thit k ca s mch

Cu trc ca s mch nn ph hp vi chui iu khin, theo ,
dng lu thng tn hiu c th hin t di ln trn.
Cc k hiu n gin hay chi tit c th c s dng th hin trong
s mch. Trong trng hp s mch ln hn, phn cung cp nng
lng (b x l kh, van ng, cc u phn phi khc) c th hin
trn mt trang ring r ca bn v nhm mc ch n gin ho.
Hnh 4.4
Chui Iu khin
Nu mt s mch c th hin trong hnh thc gin ny, iu ny

c bit nh mt s mch. Khng k n thc t kt ni cc ng
ng trong khi lp t, cu trc s mch lun lun ging nhau.
61
Chng A-4
4.4 B tr mch
Cn piston ca xy lanh tc dng kp tin ra nu mt nt n bng tay
hoc mt bn p bng chn c tc ng.
Vn in hnh
Xy lanh hi li v v tr bt u chm dn sau khi tin ra ht. Cn piston

s tr li vi iu kin l cc thit b tc ng bng tay c th ra.
Hnh 4.5
S mch
Van n by con ln 1S3 c b tr nh mt cng tc gii hn trong v

tr tin ra tn cng ca xy lanh. S mch th hin yu t ny c t
mc tn hiu vo v khng trc tip phn hi s nh hng ca van.
Du trn mch ti v tr tin ra cho bit v tr t nhin ca cng tc gii
hn 1S3 cho mch hot ng.
Nu iu khin l phc tp v cha ng mt vi yu t ang lm vic,
chui iu khin nn c chia nh thnh cc chui ring r, theo ,
mt chui c hnh thnh iu khin mt xy lanh.
Bt c trng hp no, nhng chui ny nn c v cch cc chui
khc vi yu cu ging nhau nh mt s hot ng lin tip.
Li gii
62
Chng A-4
4.5 t k hiu ca tng phn t ring l

Cc thit b tn hiu nn c th hin ti v tr bnh thng trong s
mch. Nu cc van c tc ng ti v tr ban u nh mt iu kin c
trc, iu ny phi c xc nh bi s th hin ca mt cam nh.
Trong trng hp ny, v tr chuyn mch tc ng phi c kt ni.
Hnh 4.6
Tc ng v tr ban u
t k hiu bng s
T 4.1
t k hiu bng s
t k hiu bng ch
T 4.2
t k hiu bng ch
Vi hnh thc ny ca nh danh, cc thit b c chia thnh cc nhm.

Nhm 0 bao gm cc thit b cho cung cp nng lng, nhm 1,2
c ch nh ti tng chui iu khin ring r. Mt s nhm ni chung
c xc lp cho mi xy lanh.
0Z1, 0Z2 etc.
n v cung cp nng lng
1A, 2A, etc.
Cc b phn truyn ng
1V1, 1V2, etc.
Cc phn t iu khin
1S1, 1S2, etc.
Cc thit b u vo (cc van khi ng bng tay v bng c

hc)
Hnh thc ny ca nh danh c dng ch yu cho s pht trin ca

cc s mch mt cch c h thng. y, cc cng tc gii hn
c phn phi ti xy lanh, iu c cng nhn.
1A, 2A, etc.
Cc b phn cng sut
1S1, 2S1, etc.
Cc cng tc gii hn, c tc ng v tr co v tn cng ca

cc xy lanh 1A, 2A
1S2, 2S2, etc.
Cc cng tc gii hn, c tc ng v tr tin ra tn cng ca

cc xy lanh 1A, 2A
63
Chng A-4
Sp xp t nhin ca cc thit b c th b qua.

V cc xy lanh v cc van iu khin hng theo phng ngang nu
c th.
Dng nng lng trong mch kh nn di chuyn t di ln trn.
Ngun nng lng c th c th hin dng n gin ho.
Th hin cc thit b v tr ban u ca iu khin. Nhn bit cc
hot ng ca thit b thng qua mt cam.
V cc ng ng dn thng khng ct ngang nu c th.
4.6 Tui th ca cc h thng kh nn

S pht trin ca cc gii php cho h thng iu khin kh nn ph
thuc vo phng php lp k hoch.
Cc phng din khc nhau c lin quan ti s tn ti ca cc h thng
t vn ban u cho ti cc vn cao hn m h thng th hin ti
y.
Summary
64
Chng A-4
Hnh 4.7
Tui th ca cc h thng
kh nn
65
Chng A-4
Bc u tin l xc nh i tng cho cng trnh vi mt nh danh r

rng cc vn . Thit k hoc tm ti gii php khng lin quan ti phn
phn tch. Mt lu ca ton b k hoch cng trnh c th c pht
trin xc nh tng hng x l.
Phn tch vn iu
khin kh nn
C hai giai on pht trin thit k.
Thit k
u tin l ton b h thng thit k trong cc h thng phn cng

ni chung v cc gii quyt iu khin trung gian c to ra. on
ny cc gii php xen k c th l mt hng nghin cu.
Giai on tip theo ca x l thit k bao gm nhng phn sau:
S pht trin cc h thng phn cng

Ti liu b tr
Xc nh cc yu cu cao hn
Lch trnh thi gian cho thc hin d n
Danh sch sn phm v chng ch
Chi ph d liu
Trc khi ci t h thng, cc chc nng ca h thng phi c th

nghim y . Chc nng th nghim khc phi c tip tc cho n
khi hon thnh vic ci t cui cng. Cui cng, m bo s hot
ng lin tip di tt c cc iu kin, my mc phi c quay vng
theo chu trnh di tt c cc iu kin hot ng xc nh v mong
mun, v d, chu trnh tay, chu trnh t ng, cc iu kin dng khn
cp, bao vy, v. v...
Thc hin
Trn c s hon thnh cc nhim v phi gii quyt, kt qu cui cng

c nh gi v so snh vi yu cn k thut ban u v tin hnh
hiu chnh nu cn thit.
nh gi
66
Chng A-4
Bo dng
Bo dng l cn thit vi cc h thng trong thi gian dng my.

Bo dng ng v cn thn gip cho tng tin cy ca mt h thng
v gim chi ph hot ng.
Sau mt s lng chu k lm vic, mt vi b phn c th cho thy du
hiu ca hng hc sm m c th bi v
La chn sn phm khng ng hoc

Mt thay i trong iu kin lm vic
Bo dng phng nga c bn c thc hin lc dng my gip cho

phn tch hng hc v v vy trnh thi gian cht ca h thng.
Nng cp h thng
Kinh nghim thu c t hot ng, bo dng v sa cha mt h

thng, s m bo tin cy ln hn trong trng hp ci tin bt c h
thng no.
67
Chng A-5
Chng 5
Pht trin cc mch c cu chp hnh n
68
Chng A-5
5.1
iu khin trc tip mt xy lanh kh nn
Mc n gin nht ca iu khin cho xy lanh tc dng n hoc kp

bao gm cc tn hiu iu khin trc tip. Vi nhng tn hiu ny, xy lanh
c tc ng trc tip thng qua mt van tc ng bng tay hoc bng
c hc, m khng c mt chuyn mch trung gian no hoc thm vo
cc van iu khin hng. Nu cc c ca v gi tr lu lng ca cc
van qu ln, lc hot ng yu cu c th qu ln vi hot ng iu
khin bnh thng.
Tham s gi tr gii hn ca iu khin trc tip xy lanh:
5.2
Vn
Xy lanh vi ng knh piston nh hn 40mm

Cc van vi kch thc ca ni nh hn 1/4
V d 1: iu khin trc tip xy lanh tc dng n
Mt xy lanh tc dng n vi ng knh 25mm kp mt phn t khi mt

nt n c nhn. Trong thi gian nt n c tc ng, xy lanh vn gi
v tr kp. Nu nt n c th, thit b kp c nh ra.
Hnh 5.1
Phc tho v tr
69
Chng A-5
Van iu khin c s dng cho xy lanh tc dng n l van 3 ca 2 v

tr. Trong trng hp ny, v xy lanh vi dung tch nh, vic hot ng c
th c iu khin trc tip bi mt nt n ca van iu khin hng 3
ca 2 v tr vi l xo t hi.
Li gii
Hnh 5. S mch
Khi khi ng nt n, kh nn i qua van t ca 1 ti ca 2 thng qua

van 1S vo bung piston ca xy lanh 1A. p sut to ra v y cn
piston chng li lc l xo phn hi ca xy lanh. Khi th nt n, l xo hi
van 3 ca 2 v tr tr li v tr ban u v xy lanh co v. Kh nn tr li t
xy lanh i qua ca x 3. Cc b phn m ch c mt trong s cc kiu
ca chng c ch nh khng thm phn ph s 2. V xy lanh ch l
thit b lm vic trong mch, n c nh danh l 1A.
Trong cc s mch di y, b x l kh (0Z) v van khi ng (0S)
cng c v vo.
Ghi ch
70
Chng A-5
5.3
Bi tp 1: iu khin trc tip mt xy lanh tc dng kp
Vn
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp tin ra khi mt nt n c hot ng. Khi th

nt n xy lanh co v. Xy lanh c nh (ng knh 25mm) yu cu mt t
l lu lng nh hot ng ng vi tc .
Bi tp
V s mch cho vn .
nh danh r cc van v ch r h thng nh s cho cc kt ni (cc
ca)
Hnh 5.3
Phc tho v tr
71
Chng A-5
iu g xy ra vi xy lanh, nu nt n c nhn trong mt khong thi

gian rt ngn, v c th ngay lp tc?
Cu hi
Miu t s hot ng ca mch.

Hnh 5.4
S mch
72
Chng A-5
5.4
iu khin gin tip mt xy lanh
Cc xy lanh vi ng knh piston ln c yu cu kh nn nhiu hn. Mt

thit b iu khin vi lu lng thng thng ln phi c s dng
p ng iu ny. Nu lc cho thy qu ln vi tc ng bng tay ca
van, th mt tc ng gin tip nn c b tr, theo mt tn hiu c
sinh ra thng qua mt van th hai nh hn, van ny s cung cp lc cn
thit chuyn mch thit b iu khin.
5.5
Vn
V d 2: iu khin gin tip mt xy lanh tc dng n
Mt xy lanh tc dng n vi mt ng knh piston ln hn s kp mt

phi sau khi khi ng nt n. Xy lanh co v ngay khi nt n c th.
Hnh 5.5
Phc tho v tr
73
Chng A-5
v tr ban u, xy lanh tc dng n 1A c co v. Mt l xo hi van

kh 3 ca 2 v tr c s dng tc ng xy lanh. Kt ni 1 ca van 1V
c ng, kt ni 2 c x ra kh quyn thng qua kt ni 3.
Li gii
Hnh 5.6
S mch
Van 1S c tc ng khi nt n c khi ng v p sut c cp ti

ca iu khin 12 ca van iu khin 1V. Van iu khin 1V c tc
ng chng li lc l xo v v vy dng lu lng c thng. p sut
tng ti mt piston ca xy lanh lm cho cn piston ca xy lanh tc dng
n c tin ra. Tn hiu ti ca iu khin 12 c gi trong khong
thi gian nt n c tc ng. Khi cn piston tin ra v tr tn cng,
n ch tr li sau khi nt n c th.
Khi nt n c th ra, van 1S tr li v tr ban u ca n. Ca iu
khin12 ca van 1V x ra ngoi kh quyn v tn hiu c xc lp li.
Van iu khin cng hi tr li v tr ban u. L xo phn hi lm cho xy
lanh co v. Kh nn t bung xy lanh c x ra kh quyn thng qua
van iu khin.
74
Chng A-5
5.6
Bi tp 2: iu khin gin tip mt xy lanh tc dng kp
Vn
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp tin ra khi nt n c tc ng. Khi th nt n

xy lanh co v. Xy lanh vi ng knh 250mm v i hi th tch kh nn
nhiu hn.
Bi tp
V s mch cho vn trn.

nh danh r cc van v cho bit h thng nh s cho cc kt ni
Hnh 5.7
Phc tho v tr
75
Chng A-5
iu g xy ra vi xy lanh, nu nt n c nhn trong khong thi gian

rt ngn v sau c th ngay lp tc?
Cu hi
M t hot ng ca mch
Hnh 5.8
S mch
76
Chng A-5
5.7
Chc nng lgc: AND (V), OR (Hoc)
Miu t chc nng s dng mt s mch. Van kh nn con thoi v

van song p c chc nng lgc. C hai van c hai u vo v mt u
ra. Van con thoi c c im ca chc nng OR (Hoc), theo , t
nht mt trong hai tn hiu vo 1 hoc 1(3) c yu cu cho mt tn
hiu ra ti ca 2 ca van. Trong trng hp ca van song p, n c c
im ca chc nng AND (V), theo c hai tn hiu vo 1 v 1(3)
c yu cu khi u mt tn hiu ra 2.
5.8
Vn
V d 3: Chc nng lgc AND (V)
Cn piston ca xy lanh tc dng kp tin ra khi van n by con ln 3

ca 2 v tr 1S2 c tc ng v nt n ca van 3 ca 2 v tr 1S1 c
tc ng. Nu mt trong hai nt n c th, th xy lanh tr li v tr ban
u.
Hnh 5.9
S mch
77
Chng A-5
Cc u vo 1 v 1(3) ca van song p 1V1 c kt ni ti ca lm

vic 2 ca cc van 1S1 v 1S2. Van n by con ln 3 ca 2 v tr 1S2
c tc ng bi s cp phi v sau to ra mt tn hiu ti mt u
vo ca van song p. Khi ch c mt u vo c tc ng, iu kin
AND khng c tho mn v u ra ca van song p vn ng.
Nu nt n ca van 3 ca 2 v tr 1S1 by gi cng c ng, mt tn
hiu cng c a ti u vo th hai. iu kin AND by gi c
tho mn v mt tn hiu c sinh ra ti u ra 2 ca van song p. Van
kh nn 5 ca 2 v tr 1V2 chuyn mch, mt piston ca xy lanh c cp
p v cn piston tin ra.
Nu mt trong hai van 1S1 hoc 1S2 khng c tc ng na th iu
kin AND s khng c tho mn na v tn hiu u ra ca van song
p s c xc lp li. Tn hiu p sut ti ca iu khin 14 ca thit b
iu khin 1V2 c x ra kh quyn thng qua van xc lp 1S1 hoc
1S2. Thit b iu khin 1V2 chuyn mch tr li. p sut tng trn mt
cn piston m bo s co v ca cn piston ca xy lanh.
Mt gii php kt hp s dng van song p l s dng hai van 3 ca
2 v tr trong chui. Ti y tn hiu c i qua t nt n ca van 1S1 ti
van n by con ln 1S2 v sau n thit b iu khin 1V2 nhng
ch khi c hai van 1S1 v 1S2 c hot ng, v d: khi iu kin AND
c tho mn. Khi mt van th, tn hiu ti thit b iu khin c xc
lp li v cn piston co v.
Li gii
78
Chng A-5
Hnh 5.10
S mch
Ghi ch
Mt s th hin n gin ho khng c b x l kh v van khi ng

c la chn cho s mch ny.
79
Chng A-5
5.9
Bi tp 3: Chc nng lgc AND (V)
Cn piston ca xy lanh 1A tin ra ch khi mt chi tit phi c a vo

khoang cha phi, mt ci chn c t di thp v ngi th nhn
nt n ca van. Trong khi th nt n hoc cht chn khng v tr thp
ca n, xy lanh 1A co v v tr ban u.
Vn
V s mch cho vn trn
Bi tp
nh danh cc van v ch r h thng nh s cho cc kt ni (cc ca).

Hnh 5.11
Phc tho v tr
80
Chng A-5
Cu hi
iu g xy ra vi xy lanh, nu nt n c nhn trong khong thi gian

rt ngn v c th ngay lp tc?
M t s hot ng ca mch
Hnh 5.12
S mch
81
Chng A-5
5.10
V d 4: Chc nng lgc OR (Hoc)
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp tin ra nu mt hoc hai nt n c tc ng.

Nu nt n sau c th, xy lanh s co v.
Vn
Hnh 5.13
S mch
Cc u vo 1 v 1(3) ca van con thoi 1V1 c kt ni ti u ni lm

vic ca van 1S1 v 1S2. Khi mt nt n khi ng, van phn hi 1S1
hoc 1S2 c tc ng v mt tn hiu c sinh ra ti mt 1 hoc 1(3)
ca van con thoi. iu kin OR (Hoc) c tho mn v tn hiu i
qua van con thoi v c pht ra ti ca 2. Tn hiu p sut b cn s
thot qua ng x van khng c tc ng do ng ng trong
van con thoi. Tn hiu nh hng ti chuyn mch ca thit b iu khin
1V2. Mt piston ca xy lanh c cp p v cn piston tin ra.
Khi nt n tc ng c th, tn hiu p sut x qua cc van 1S1 v
1S2 v thit b iu khin c chuyn mch tr li v tr ban u ca n.
p sut lc ny tng trn mt cn piston m bo s co v ca cn
piston.
Li gii
82
Chng A-5
M rng vn
nh ngha
Mt van iu khin kp c lp cho iu khin xy lanh. Nu xy lanh co

v sau khi tin ra v tr tn cng, cc van n by con ln nn c s
dng nh cc van gii hn xc nhn rng v tr ny c vn ti.
Hnh 5.14
S mch
Mt trong nhng iu cn thit ca cc nt n l hot ng trong mt

khong thi gian ngn v xy lanh s tin ra ht, khi nh hng ca tn
hiu ti u vo 14 ca van iu hng hai pha 5/2 1V2 l duy tr cho
ti khi mt tn hiu c cp ti u vo 12. Ngay khi cn piston tin ra
v tr tn cng, cng tc gii hn 1S3 sinh ra mt tn hiu ti u vo 12,
v van 1V2 o chiu li. V tr co v tn cng ca piston c th c
cm nhn. iu ny yu cu thm mt cng tc gii hn.
Hnh 5.15
S mch
83
Chng A-5
Vic thm mt van song p 1V2 v chuyn mch cn con ln gii hn

1S4 m bo rng xy lanh co v tn cng trc khi xy lanh c th tin ra
ln na. iu kin cho mt chuyn ng tin ra tip theo ca cn piston
l s tc ng mt trong s cc van 1S1 hoc 1S2 v cng tc gii hn
1S4. Khi xy lanh tin ra ti v tr 1S3, xy lanh co v thm ch nu cc van
1S1 v 1S2 vn hot ng trong khi cng tc gii hn 1S4 l khng hot
ng.
5.11
Bi tp 4: Chc nng lgc OR (hoc)
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp c dng chuyn cc chi tit t mt

cha. Nu mt nt n hoc mt bn p c khi ng, xy lanh s tin
ra. Sau khi xy lanh tin ra ht, n s co v v tr ban u. Mt van n
by con ln 3/2 c s dng kim tra v tr tin ra ht ca xy lanh.
Vn
V s mch ca vn trn
Bi tp
Xc nh cc van v ch r h thng nh s cho cc kt ni (cc ca).

Hnh 5.16
Phc tho v tr
84
Chng A-5
Cu hi
iu g xy ra vi xy lanh, nu nt n hoc bn p c nhn trong thi

gian rt ngn v sau c th ra ngay lp tc?
Hnh 5.17
S mch
85
Chng A-5
5.12
V d 5: Mch nh v iu khin tc ca xy lanh
Cn piston ca xy lanh tc dng kp tin ra, khi mt nt n ca van 3/2

c tc ng bng tay. Xy lanh vn tip tc tin ra cho ti khi mt van
th hai c tc ng. Tn hiu ca van th hai c th ch c th tc
dng sau khi van u tin c th. Xy lanh sau co v v tr ban u.
Xy lanh tip tc co v v tr ban u cho ti khi mt tn hiu khi ng
mi c a ra. Tc ca xy lanh c th iu chnh theo c hai
hng.
Vn
Hnh 5.18
S mch vi van iu
khin hng hai pha 4/2
86
Chng A-5
Li gii
Cc van iu khin hng hai pha 4/2 hoc 5/2 thc hin chc nng
yu cu ca b nh. Van gi v tr chuyn mch cui cng ca n cho ti
khi nhn c mt tn hiu i lp. c tnh ny khng ph thuc vo
khong thi gian, trong tn hiu c cp ti van chuyn mch.
Cc van iu khin lu lng mt chiu iu khin tc xy lanh theo
c hai hng v iu chnh c lp. V dng kh b tit lu trong mi
trng hp, y l mt iu khin lu lng kh x.
Hnh 5.19
S mch vi van iu
khin hng hai pha 5 ca
2 v tr
Ti v tr ban u, thit b iu khin 1V1 c chuyn mch theo mt

hng m mt cn piston ca xy lanh c cp p v xy lanh trng
thi co v.
87
Chng A-5
Khi vn hnh nt n, van 1S1 c tc ng, v vy, mt tn hiu c

sinh ra ti ca 14 ca thit b iu khin 1V1. Thit b iu khin 1V1
chuyn mch, mt piston ca xy lanh c cp p v cn piston ca xy
lanh tin ra. Trong khi dng kh nn cung cp khng b tit lu qua van
tit lu mt chiu 1V2, kh nn dch chuyn qua van tit lu mt chiu
1V3 trn mt cn piston b hn ch.
Tc tin ca cn piston do vy b gim. Trng thi chuyn mch ca
van 1V1 c duy tr, nu van 1S1 c th, v y l mt van nh. Nu
van 1S2 c tc ng, mt tn hiu c sinh ra ti ca iu khin 12
ca thit b iu khin. Van chuyn mch, p sut c cung cp ti mt
cn piston ca xy lanh v cn piston co v. iu khin lu lng kh x
b nh hng thng qua van tit lu mt chiu 1V2. Nu van 1V2 c
th, v tr chuyn mch ca thit b iu khin 1V1 c duy tr bi chc
nng nh ca n.
Kh nn cung cp c chuyn qua van mt chiu phn nhnh ca van
iu khin lu lng, a ra s cung cp khng hn ch ti cc xy lanh.
iu khin lu lng nh hng ti t l lu lng ca kh x cng nh
tc ca piston. Bi v, th tch kh khc nhau dn ti trn mt piston
v trn mt cn piston, s hn ch phi c xc lp ti cc mc khc
nhau nhn c tc li v v tc tin ra ging nhau.
88
Chng A-5
5.13
Bi tp 5: Mch nh v iu khin tc ca xy lanh
Vn
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp c s dng di chuyn cc chi tit t mt

cha. Xy lanh tin ra ht khi mt nt n c tc ng v sau t
ng co v. S tin ra ht c xc nhn bi mt van n by con ln.
Xy lanh tip tc tin ra thm ch nu nt n c th ra trc khi tin ti
v tr cui cng. Tc ca piston l c th iu chnh c theo c hai
hng ca chuyn ng.
Bi tp
V s mch ca vn trn.
Hnh 5.20
Phc tho v tr
89
Chng A-5
1. Ci g tc ng n dch chuyn cn piston, nu nt n c gi li

trng thi tc ng khi cn piston vn ti v tr cui cng?
Cu hi
2. Ci g nh hng ti hnh trnh tin ra, nu van n by con ln

c lp ti v tr gia ca hnh trnh cn piston?
3. Miu t trng thi ban u ca h thng
4. Miu t s hot ng ca mch.
Hnh 5.21
S mch
90
Chng A-5
5.14
Bi tp 6: Van x nhanh
Vn
Kt hp hot ng ca mt van iu khin bng tay v mt van n by

con ln hnh thnh mt cng c to hnh trn mt thit b gp vin. Cng
c to hnh c truyn ng bi mt xy lanh tc dng kp . tc
tin ra nhanh chng, mch s dng mt van x nhanh. Tc li l iu
chnh c. Nu mt trong hai van c th ra, cng c to hnh tr li v
tr ban u ca n.
Bi tp
V s mch gii quyt vn trn.

Hnh 5.22
Phc tho v tr
91
Chng A-5
iu g xy ra vi xy lanh nu nt n c nhn trong khong thi gian

ngn v sau khi th ra?
Cu hi

Hnh 5.23
S mch
92
Chng A-5
5.15
Vn
V d 6: iu khin ph thuc vo p sut
Mt tm nha c chm ni bng cc s dng mt truyn ng khun

dp thng qua mt xy lanh tc dng kp . Khun dp tin ra v chm ni
tm nha khi mt nt n c khi ng. Chuyn ng ca khun dp b
tc ng li tr li khi t ti mt gi tr p sut c t trc. p sut
chm ni l c th iu chnh c.
Hnh 5.24
Phc tho v tr
Li gii
Nu cn piston khng v tr ban u ca n, mch phi c xc lp

bi hot ng bng tay trn van iu khin hai pha 5/2 .
Tt c cc van khng c tc ng ti v tr ban u, p sut c cp
ti mt cn piston ca xy lanh v cn piston gi li trng thi co v.
Tc ng nt n chuyn mch van 1S th lu lng v mt tn hiu c
cung cp ti ca iu khin 14 ca van iu khin hai pha 1V2. Van
1V2 chuyn mch, p sut c cp ti mt piston ca xy lanh v cn
piston tin ra pha trc. Trng thi chuyn mch ca van iu khin hai
pha 1V2 vn khng b nh hng nu nt n 1S c th ra. Khi cn
piston tin ra chm phi, chuyn dch b dng li v p sut bt u tng
trn mt piston. p sut tng lm cho lc ca khun chm tng.
93
Chng A-5
Ca iu khin 12 ca van p sut tun t 1V1 c kt ni ti ng

p sut trn mt piston ca xy lanh 1A. Khi p sut trong xy lanh t ti
gi tr t trn van p sut tun t, van 3/2 chuyn mch. Lc ny, mt
tn hiu c cp ti ca iu khin 12 ca van 1V2. Van 1V2 chuyn
mch, p sut c cp ti mt cn piston ca xy lanh v cn piston co
v. Trong qu trnh co v, p sut phn hi xc lp trn van p sut tun
t khng c p ng v van p sut tun t tr li v tr ban u ca
n.
Hnh 5.25
S mch
p sut phn hi xc lp trn van p sut tun t phi nh hn p sut

h thng m bo rng c th chuyn mch c.
Trong qu trnh tin ra ca cn piston n nu gp mt vt cn, sau
n s li tr li trc khi i ti v tr chm ni.
94
Chng A-5
5.16 V d 7: iu khin ph thuc vo p sut; chm ni ca tm

nha
Bi tp
Mt tm nha c chm ni bng cch s dng mt truyn ng dp

khun do mt xy lanh tc dng kp . S hi tr li ca khun dp c
tc ng khi cn xy lanh tin ra ht v tr chm ni v t ti gi tr p
sut t trc. Mt van n by con ln c s dng xc nhn v tr
tin ra tn cng. Tn hiu cho chuyn ng co v phi c sinh ra ch
khi cn piston t ti v chm ni. p sut trong bung piston c ch
th bi mt ng h p sut.
V s mch cho vn trn.
Hnh 5.26
Phc tho v tr
95
Chng A-5
Ci g nh hng ti xy lanh, nu nt n c nhn trong thi gian ngn

v sau c th ra ngay lp tc?
Cu hi
Miu t s hot ng ca mch

Hnh 5.27
S mch
96
Chng A-5
5.17
Vn
V d 7: Van r le thi gian
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp c s dng p cng vi dung dch h

dn. Khi nt n c tc ng, xy lanh kp tin ra.
Sau khi v tr tin ra t n cui cng, xy lanh vn gi nguyn v tr
trong mt thi gian T = 6 giy v sau co v v tr ban u ngay lp
tc. Vic co v ca xy lanh c th iu chnh c. Mt chu trnh khi
ng mi ch c th khi ng sau khi piston co v v tr tn cng.
Hnh 5.28
Phc tho v tr
Li gii
Nu cn piston khng v tr ban u ca n, mch phi c xc lp

bng tay trn van iu khin 5/2.
Ti v tr ban u, tt c cc van tr van n by con ln 1S2 (cng tc
gii hn) l khng hot ng. p sut c cung cp ti mt cn piston
ca xy lanh v cn piston vn trng thi co v.
97
Chng A-5
Van 1S1 v cng tc gii hn 1S2 phi c tc ng nh mt iu kin

khi ng. Cng tc gii hn 1S2 khng c tc ng nu cn piston
khng v tr ban u ca n. Nu iu kin khi ng c tho mn,
van song p 1V1 c chuyn mch dng v mt tn hiu c cung
cp ti ca iu khin 14 ca van iu khin hai pha 1V3. Van 1V3 o
chiu ngc li, p sut c cung cp ti mt piston ca xy lanh v cn
piston tin ra. Tc tin ra ph thuc vo vic xc lp ca van tit lu
mt chiu 1V5 (iu khin kh x). Sau mt chuyn dch tin ra ngn,
cn piston tch ra khi cng tc 1S2.
1A
1S2
1V4
1V5
1V3
14
12
5
1V1
Hnh 5.29
S mch
1S3
1V2
1(3)
12
1S1
1S2
1S3
98
Chng A-5
Sau nhng iu ny, iu kin AND (V) ti van song p 1V1 c tho
mn khng lu v tn hiu ti ca iu khin 14 ca van iu khin hai
pha 1V3 c xc lp li, trong khi v tr chuyn mch ca n (c lu
gi) khng thay i. Mt tc ng lp li ca van 1S1 by gi khng c
nh hng cho ti khi h thng tr li trng thi ban u ca n ln na.
Khi v tr chm ni c t ti, cng tc gii hn 1S3 c tc ng.
Bnh tch kh trong Van r le thi gian 1V2 bt u c in y thng
qua van tit lu mt chiu tch hp. T l ca lu lng tng ph thuc
vo xc lp ca hn ch tch hp. Khi p sut cao, van 3/2 chuyn
mch v mt tn hiu c cp ti ca iu khin 12 ca van iu khin
hai pha 1V3. Van 1V3 o ngc, p sut c cp ti mt cn piston
ca xy lanh v cn piston co v. Tc co v ph thuc vo xc lp ca
van tit lu mt chiu 1V4.
Khi ang li, cng tc gii hn 1S3 o chiu v bnh tch kh ca Van r
le thi gian 1V2 c x ra kh quyn thng qua van mt chiu v cng
tc gii hn 1S3. Kt qu ca iu ny, van 3/2 ca Van r le thi gian
chuyn mch ti v tr ban u ca n. Tn hiu ti ca iu khin 12 ca
van iu khin hai pha 1V3 sau c xc lp li.
Khi cn piston vn ti v tr ban u ca n, cng tc gii hn 1S2 c
tc ng v mt chu trnh mi c th c bt u.
99
Chng A-5
5.18
Bi tp 8: Van r le thi gian
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp c s dng p cng cc dung dch h

dn. Khi nt n hot ng, xy lanh kp t t tin ra. Khi v tr tin ra
t c v tr cui cng, xy lanh vn gi trong mt khong thi gian T= 6
giy v sau ngay lp tc co v v tr ban u. Mt chu trnh khi ng
mi ch c th thc hin c sau khi xy lanh co v v tr tn cng sau
mt khong tr 5 giy. Trong khi qu trnh tr ny kt thc, phn c
dch chuyn bng tay v thay th vi cc b phn mi gn li. Tc
li nn nhanh, nhng c th iu chnh.
V s mch cho vn trn
Vn
Bi tp
Xc nh cc van v ch r h thng c nh s cho cc kt ni (cc

ca).
Hnh 5.30
Phc tho v tr
100
Chng A-5
Cu hi
iu g xy ra vi xy lanh nu nt n c nhn trong mt thi gian ngn

v sau c th ra ngay lp tc?
Miu t s hot ng ca mch
Hnh 5.31
S mch
101
Chng A-6
Chng 6
Pht trin mch kh nn nhiu c cu chp hnh
102
Chng A-6
6.1
iu khin nhiu c cu chp hnh
Trong trng hp ca cc mch nhiu xy lanh, mt nh ngha r rng l

quan trng. Th hin chuyn ng mong mun ca tt c cc c cu
chp hnh l miu t cc s dng s bc-dch chuyn. Cc iu
kin c bit cho khi ng ca chui cng phi c xc nh.
Nu s chuyn ng v cc iu kin ph c xc nh r rng,
bn v ca s mch c th bt u. S mch nn c thit k
theo ng vi quy nh xc lp chng A-4.
m bo cho mt mch hot ng, cn phi trnh cc tn hiu chng
ln nhau. Bi mt s chng tn hiu, chng ta hiu cc tn hiu c
cung cp cng mt lc ti hai ca iu khin ca mt van iu khin hai
pha. Cc van sau y c th c s dng loi tr hin tng chng
tn hiu: cc van n by con ln mt chiu, cc van n by con ln
n khuu, cc van r le thi gian, cc van o chiu hoc van tun t.
cung cp s hiu bit su sc hn v cc phng php, mt vi v d
c a ra s dng ca cc van n by con ln mt chiu v cc van
o chiu.
6.2
Vn
V d 8: Chuyn ng phi hp
Hai xy lanh c s dng dch chuyn cc chi tit t mt cha ln

trn mt cu trt. Khi nt n c tc ng, xy lanh u tin tin ra y
chi tit ra khi cha v nh v tr n chun b cho dch truyn bng
xy lanh th hai pha trn ra bn ngoi cu trt. Sau khi chi tit c
dch chuyn, xy lanh u tin co v, theo sau l xy lanh th hai.
Vic xc nhn tt c cc v tr tin ra v co v l cn thit.
103
Chng A-6
Hnh6.1
Phc tho v tr
Hnh6.2
S dch chuyn - bc
104
Chng A-6
Hnh6.3
S mch:
v tr ban u
Li gii
Cc van n by con ln mt chiu c s dng nh cc cng tc gii

hn kim tra s tr v v v tr tin ra ca cc cn piston. Tn hiu vo
bng tay c tc ng thng qua van 3 ca 2 v tr.
Ti v tr ban u, c hai xy lanh u trng thi co v, cc cng tc gii
hn 2S1 v 1S2 c tc ng.
iu kin khi ng cho mt chu trnh l cng tc gii hn 2S1 v nt n
1S1 phi c tc ng
Chu trnh chuyn ng c th c xc nh t s bc dch chuyn
v c chia thnh cc bc sau:
Bc 1
Bc 2
Bc 3
Bc 4
Bc 5
1S1 v 2S1 c tc ng
1S3 c tc ng
2S2 c tc ng
1S2 c tc ng
2S1 c tc ng
Xy lanh 1A tin ra
Xy lanh 2A tin ra
Xy lanh 1A co v
Xy lanh 2A co v
V tr ban u
105
Chng A-6
1. Nu nt n 1S1 c tc ng, van iu khin hai pha 5 ca 2 v tr

1V2 chuyn mch, v cn piston ca xy lanh 1A tin ra. Chi tit c
y ra khi cha.
2. Khi xy lanh 1A tin ra v tr cui cng, cng tc gii hn 1S3 c tc
ng. Van iu khin hai pha 5 ca 2 v tr sau chuyn mch v
cn piston ca xy lanh 2A tin ra. Chi tit c di chuyn ln trn
cu trt.
3. Khi xy lanh 2A tin ra v tr xa nht, cng tc gii hn 2S2 chuyn
mch. iu ny lm cho phn t iu khin 1V2 chuyn mch v
cn piston ca xy lanh1A co v.
4. Khi xy lanh 1A co v v tr cui cng, cng tc gii hn 1S2 chuyn
mch v phn t iu khin 2V chuyn mch. Cn piston ca xy
lanh 2A co v v tc ng cng tc gii hn 2S1 trn co v v tr
cui cng.
5. V tr ban u ca h thng by gi li t c. Mt chu trnh mi c
th c khi ng bi tc ng vo nt n 1S1.
106
Chng A-6
Hnh6.4
Th hin ca cc bc
1 n 5
107
Chng A-6
6.3
V d 9: Chng tn hiu
Trong iu khin cc chuyn ng kt hp, van nh 5 ca 2 v tr c th

ch chuyn mch v tr khi mt tn hiu iu khin cho mt pha c a
ra. Nu hai tn hiu c hot ng ng thi, v d: c hai tn hiu iu
khin trn van 5 ca 2 v tr c tc ng, mt vn xy ra l chng
tn hiu. Mt vi kh nng l c sn cho gii quyt vn ny.
Vn
Tuy nhin, u tin cc im chng tn hiu phi c thnh lp

Hnh6.5
S bc-dch chuyn
trng thI hot ng ca tn
hiu vo
u xut hin chng tn hiu?
Cu hi
Hnh 6.6
S mch vi chng
tn hiu
108
Chng A-6
Li gii
S chng tn hiu xy ra trong bc 1 v 3. Ti v tr ban u, mt tn

hiu c cp ti ca iu khin 12 ca van iu khin hai pha 1V2
thng qua tc ng vo cng tc gii hn 2S1. Nu nt n 1S1 c tc
ng, mt tn hiu c cp ti ca iu khin 14 ca van iu khin hai
pha 1V2. Tn hiu chng ny c th c loi tr bi s dng cc van
n by con ln mt pha. Cc van ny c tc ng ch trong mt
hng ca chuyn ng thng qua cn piston v c nh hnh theo
cch m s tc ng c xy ra rt nhanh chng trc khi t ti v tr
ban u tng ng v tn cng.
Trong bc 3, mt tn hiu chng xy ra ti van iu khin hai pha 2V.
Cn piston ca xy lanh 1A tin ra v tc ng vo cng tc gii hn1S3.
Cn piston ca xy lanh 2A tin ra v tc ng cng tc gii hn 2S2,
chuyn mch gy ra mt tn hiu cho cn piston co v ngay lp tc. Nu
cng tc gii hn 1S3 vn c tc ng v tr , hai tn hiu c
cung cp ng thi ti van iu khin hai pha 2V v van khng th
chuyn mch.
Ti y cng vy, tn hiu chng c th b loi tr, nu cng tc gii hn
1S3 l mt van n by con ln mt pha. Trong s mch, mt mi
tn c v trn ng ca cng tc gii hn 2S1 v 1S3. Hng ca
mi tn ch r hng dch chuyn lp li no ca van n by con ln
mt pha dn ti tc ng. Khng c s tc ng xy ra trong trng hp
ca dch chuyn lp li theo hng i din.
Hnh6.7
S mch
109
Chng A-6
Vic s dng cc van n by con ln mt pha loi tr chng tn hiu

c nhng nhc im sau:
6.4
V tr cui khng c quan st chnh xc

Chc nng c th b suy yu do s nhim bn
Cc h thng iu khin nhanh l khng th c.
Tn hiu loi tr bi cc van o chiu
S loi tr tn hiu thng qua mt van o chiu l mt gii php thng

xuyn c s dng. tng c bn ny l cho php tn hiu c hot
ng ch trong khong thi gian c yu cu. iu ny c thc hin
bi khi tn hiu xui dng ca thit b tn hiu thng qua mt van o
chiu, hoc bng nng lng cung cp ti thit b tn hiu ch khi tn hiu
c yu cu. Mt van iu khin hai pha c s dng tc ng ngc
li.
6.5
V d 10: Cc van o chiu
Mt van o chiu c s dng thay cho mt van n by con ln mt

pha loi tr tn hiu chng. iu ny l cn thit di chuyn cc tn
hiu ti cc van in t tc ng hai pha 5 ca 2 v tr 1V v 2V trong
khong thi gian thun tin nhm hu b cc tn hiu chng. thc
hin iu ny, cc ng p sut cung cp ca cc cng tc gii hn
2S1 v 1S3 phi c x nhanh chng trc khi tn hiu i ch c
cung cp, v d: khng c tn hiu ngc ti cc van c nh 1V v 2V.
Vn
110
Chng A-6
Li gii
Van o chiu 0V cung cp kh nn cho cc ng P1 v P2 hoc x

kh ra kh quyn. Ti v tr ban u, c hai cn piston u c co v,
cc cng tc gii hn 2S1 v 1S2 c tc ng v p sut c cp ti
ca iu khin 12 ca cc van iu khin hai pha 1V v 2V.
Sau khi tc ng vo nt n 1S1, van o chiu 0V chuyn mch.
ng P1 c cp kh nn v ng P2 c x kh. Cng tc gii hn
2S1 vn c tc ng, nhng ca iu khin 12 ca van 1V khng
c cp p. p sut c cp ti ca iu khin 14 ca van 1V v van
o chiu. Cn piston ca xy lanh 1A tin, theo cng tc gii hn
1S2 c xc lp li v ca iu khin 14 ca van o chiu 0V c
x.
Cng tc gii hn 1S3 c tc ng khi piston tin ra v tr tn cng v
van 2V o chiu. Cn piston ca xy lanh 2A tin ra. Sau khi cn piston
ri v tr ban u, cng tc gii hn 2S1 c xc lp li. Khi t ti v tr
cui cng, cng tc gii hn 2S2 c tc ng. Van o chiu 0V
chuyn mch, ng P2 c cung cp vi p sut h thng v ng
P1 khng c p. Van 2V chuyn mch v cn piston ca xy lanh 2A co
v.
Khi v tr ban u t ti, cng tc gii hn 2S1 c tc ng, van
1V chuyn mch v cn piston ca xy lanh 1A co v. Khi cn piston ca
xy lanh co v v tr ban u ca n, cng tc gii hn 1S2 c tc ng
v h thng li tr trng thi ban u.
Mt chu trnh mi by gi c th c khi ng bng nt n 1S1.
111
Chng A-6
Hnh6.8
S mch
112
Chng A-6
6.6
Vn
V d 11: Cc van o chiu
S dng mt trm dch chuyn, cc chi tit c dch chuyn t mt

cha thng ng ln cu trt pha trn. Cc chi tit c y ra khi
cha bi xy lanh 1A v sau dch chuyn ln cu trt bi xy lanh 2A.
Cn piston ca xy lanh 1A ch c th tin ra khi xy lanh 2A co v.
Chu trnh c bt u khi mt nt n khi ng c nhn. Cng tc
gii hn c s dng xc nhn cc v tr ca cc xy lanh.
Hnh6.9
Phc tho v tr
Hnh6.10
S dch chuyn-bc
113
Chng A-6
Hnh6.11 S mch
114
Chng A-6
Li gii
Trong s mch, tt c cc tn hiu ca thit b u vo c kt ni

trong trng thi hot ng. iu ny c ngha rng cc thit b u vo
c cung cp kh nn trc tip. Theo cch ny, kh nn khng phi i
qua tt c cc van kt ni trc khi mt tin trnh iu khin c pht
ng. Dao ng p sut c gim v iu khin nhanh hn. Cc thit
b u vo c kt ni ti cc van o chiu thng qua van song p.
Chui tun t c ba bc v chng tn hiu l mt vn cn n cha
ti hai v tr. Bc u tin l xy lanh 1A tin ra, tip l bc 2, xy lanh
1A co v ngay lp tc. Bi vy, s chng tn hiu c th xy ra trn van
1V1 ti ca 14 v 12, nu phng php ca van o ngc khng c
s dng. Van 2S1 c gi hot ng v tr ban u ca xy lanh 2A,
nhng nt n van 1S1 l mt nt n tc thi, v trong phn ln trng
hp, s khng th mong i rng nt n khi ng c tc ng trong
lc ang tin ra. Bi vy, van 1S1 c th c s dng nhm mc ch
hu b tn hiu chng u tin.
Vn chng tn hiu th hai xy ra vi xy lanh 2A v van 2V1. Vn
y xy ra trong bc 3, khi xy lanh co v ngay lp tc sau khi tin ra
ht. Tn hiu u tin trong hai tn hiu trn van iu khin 2V1 phi rt
nhanh trong khong thi gian .
d b s chng tn hiu, mch van o chiu c pht trin vi ba
ng cung cp cho ba bc. ng P1 n P3 i din cc bc 1 n
3.
Trong bc 1 xy lanh 1A tin ra, bi vy, tn hiu iu khin 1V1 ti ca
14 c cp thng qua ng P1.
Hai dch chuyn xy ra trong bc 2: xy lanh 1A co v v xy lanh 2A tin
ra. Bi vy, ng P2 cp cc tn hiu iu khin 1V1 ti ca 12 v 2V1
ti ca 14.
Trong bc ba, cn pis ton ca xy lanh 2A co v bi tn hiu iu khin
2V1 ti ca 12 c cp ti ng P3.
Pha u vo ca mch th hin rng cc van 1S1 v 2S1 phi c
hot ng khi ng vng hot ng. Van 1S3 hot ng tip theo v
n cp ti ca 12 ca van o ngc 0V6. iu ny chuyn mch tc
ng ng P2 v ng x P1. Dch chuyn tip theo l xy lanh 1A co
v v 2A tin ra, xc nhn bi cc van 2S2 v 1S2, y l chui kt ni
ti ca 12 ca van o chiu 0V5. Van 0V5 chuyn mch, ng P2
c x kh v ng P3 hot ng. Chu k hot ng lc ny ang
chun b cho iu kin khi ng, sau khi van 2S1 tr v v tr ban u
bi xy lanh 2A co v. Tc ng ca nt n khi ng 1S1 lm cho chu
k c khi ng li.
101
Chng A-7
Chng 7
S c trong h thng kh nn
102
Chng A-7
7.1
Ti liu
Ti liu ca h thng kh nn bao gm:
S chc nng
S mch
Cc ch dn hot ng
Bng thng s
Khi mt h thng c hiu chnh, ti liu v ngun gc ca my mc

nn c cp nht nhn bit c bt c thay i no, nhm d dng
loi b cc hng hc v s c.
7.2
Nguyn nhn v hu qu ca hot ng sai chc nng
Ni chung, hot ng sai chc nng ca mt h thng xy ra trong cc

trng hp sau:
Mn v xc trong cc linh kin v ng dn, iu ny c th gy

ra bi:
Mi trng xung quanh ( v d: kh tn cng, nhit )
Cht lng ca kh nn (v du. Qu m hoc c s bi trn)
Chuyn ng tng i ca cc b phn
Gia ti sai cc phn t
Bo dng sai
Lp t v kt ni khng ng
Nhng nh hng ny c th dn ti s hot ng sai chc nng hoc

hng hc ca h thng:
Tc ng dn
Kt cc linh kin
Nt, v
D r
Tt p
Chuyn mch sai
103
Chng A-7
Mt quy trnh c h thng tm hiu v loi tr cc li gim nh hng

v thi gian cht ca h thng iu khin kh.
Phn tch hng hc
Cc li ni chung xy ra bi:
Bi cc hng hc bn ngoi ca cc b phn my hoc do b chn

dng
Hng hc bn ngoi trong phm vi h thng iu khin
Kinh nghim cho thy rng s c hng hc ca h thng iu khin l

him so vi cc cm bin bn ngoi hoc hng hc my.
Nu mt hng hc xy ra, iu ny chng t bn thn n qua s hot
ng sai chc nng hoc thi gian cht ca mt my. Mt hng hc c
th c loi tr nh sau:
Loi tr hng hc bi ngi iu khin hoc ngi bo dng

Loi tr hng hc thng qua dch v khch hng
Cc hng hc bn ngoi v phn ln cc hng hc bn trong c th

c xc nh v thng xuyn gii quyt bi mt ngi iu khin kinh
nghim. Nu vn khng th c gii quyt nhanh chng, c im
ca my ti im hng hc v trng thi ca h thng iu khin nn
c ghi li. S dng nhng thng tin ny, k s bo dng c th a
ra nhng quyt nh loi hng hc ang xy ra v a ra hnh ng cn
thit.
Phn tch hng hc nn c thc hin ngay tc khc ti thi im hng
hc v cc bc a ra loi tr li. Bi vy, thi gian cht ca my s
l nh nht.
Pht hin hng hc
104
Chng A-7
Bo dng phng
Cc b phn b mn sm hoc hng hc c th c l kt qu ca li

thit k hoc li lp k hoch. Nu cc im sau c a vo xem xt
trong qu trnh lp k hoch, iu ny gim thiu ri ro ca vic my
mc hng sm.
Nhn bit hng hc

trong h thng kh nn
La chn tng thch cc b phn v ngun pht sinh tn hiu.

Chng nn c iu chnh cho ph hp vi mi trng v cc iu
kin hot ng ca h thng ( v d: Chuyn mch lin tc, qu ti)
Bo v cc thit b chng li s nhim bn.
Cc thit b gim tc ng ca cc lc tc ng thng qua vic thm
vo cc gim chn.
Chiu di ngn, lp va vi b khuych i ti v tr cn thit.
Nh mt quy tc, mt h thng kh nn c thit k v lp t mi s

chy khng trc trc trong mt khong thi gian, sau khi bt u cc
iu chnh c thc hin.
Vic x l mt cch c h thng khi hng hc xy ra l rt quan trng.
Thm ch cc iu khin phc tp c th c chia thnh cc n v nh
v sau kim tra c lp mi n v tm hng hc.
Nu ngi iu khin khng th sa c hng hc, th ngi bo dng
hoc ngi ca dch v chm sc khch hng s phi c gi ti.
105
Chng A-7
Thng xuyn xy ra vn , cc phn ca h thng kh nn c m

rng m khng c s m rng cn thit ca ngun cung cp kh nn. S
hot ng sai chc nng c th gy ra do kh c cung cp di mc
yu cu l:
Hot ng sai chc

nng lm cho kh cung
cp di mc cn thit
Tc cn piston khng lun lun ng.

Lc ti xy lanh truyn ng tt gim trong mt thi gian ngn, p
sut st gim.
Thi gian chuyn mch qu lu.
Cc biu hin tng t c th xy ra nh kt qu ca s thay i trong

mt ct ming ng gy ra bi s nhim bn hoc s tht cc ng dn
hoc nu r r ang gy ra tt gim p sut.
Mt phn t thit hi do mn tc ng ti b mt bi cc cht ngng t,
trong nhiu trng hp chng li iu ny v cng kh khn, c nguy
him ng k ca s kt cc thit b van nu chng cn c xc lp li
bi l xo lc sau khi b gi mt v tr chuyn mch trong mt thi gian
ng k. Cc cht bi trn khng c ph gia c khuynh hng c c v
to v to cht do hoc keo. Tt c cc dung sai trt va trong cc
van c bit nhy cm vi nhng s chng li dch chuyn.
Hot ng sai chc

nng gy ra bi cc
cht ngng t
Trong mt h thng kh nn, mt b x l kh ni chung nn c kt ni

trn hng cao p trong phn cung cp kh nn. N lc cc bi bn t
ngun cp kh nn.
Hot ng sai chc

nng gy ra bi s
nhim bn
Trong thi gian lp t hay cng vic bo dng, cc bi bn (v d: bi

ren, cc cht lm kn, v.v.. vn tn ti trong ng p sut v i vo
trong van khi hot ng.
Trong trng hp cc h thng c dng trong mt thi gian, c th tm
thy bi bn trong ng dn ca chng. S nhim bn ca ng dn
c th sinh ra cc nh hng sau:
Dnh hoc kt cc mt trt ca van.

To khe h trong cc van a.
Ngn cn cc van iu khin lu lng.
106
Chng A-7
7.3
Bo dng
Bo dng c h thng gip ko di tui th v ci thin tin cy ca

cc thng s trong cc h thng iu khin kh nn.
Mt k hoch bo dng chi tit lit k cc nhim v bo dng v
khong thi gian. Trong trng hp ca cc h thng phc tp, ti liu
bo dng phi bao gm mt s chc nng v s mch.
Khong thi gian gia cc ln bo tr c thc hin ph thuc vo chu
k s dng, c im mn ca mi thit b v iu kin xung quanh.
Cng vic bo dng sau phi c thc hin thng xuyn v trong
thi gian ngn:
B x l kh
Kim tra b lc.
X nc thng xuyn.
B xung v xc lp bi trn, nu thit b bi trn c s dng.
Kim tra b pht tn hiu xem c b nhim bn v mt st
Cng vic bo dng sau c th c thc hin trong khong thi gian
di:
Kim tra m ca cc u ni trnh r r.

Thay th cc ng dn kt ni ti cc b phn di chuyn.
Kim tra mn m cn trong xy lanh v thay th nu cn thit.
Lm sch hoc thay th cc thit b lc.
Kim tra chc nng ca cc van an ton.
Kim tra cc khung, gi .
101
Phn B
Phn B
L thuyt
102
Phn B
123
Chng B-1
Chng 1
Nhng l thuyt c bn v kh nn
124
Chng B-1
1.1
C s vt l
Khng kh l mt hn hp a dng vi cc thnh phn ch yu sau:
Nit xp x 78% dung tch

xy xp x 21% dung tch
N cng cha ng cc thnh phn khc CO2, Ag, H, Ne, He, kryton v
xnon.
c th hiu r hn cc quy lut t nhin cng nh tc ng ca
khng kh, cc th nguyn vt l c s dng. D liu c ly t
H thng cc n v quc t, vit tt SI.
Cc n v c bn
Cc n v chuyn ho
S lng
K hiu
n v
Chiu di
Khi lng
Thi gian
Nhit
L
m
t
T
Mt (m)
Kilgram (kg)
Giy (s)
Kelvin (K, 0OC =273,15K)
S lng
K hiu
n v
Lc
Din tch
Th tch
Lu lng ring
p sut
F
A
V
qv
p
Niutn (N) = 1kg. m/giy2

Mt vung (m2)
Mt khi (m3)
(m3/giy)
Pascal (Pa)
1 Pa= 1 N/m2
1 bar = 105 Pa
nh lut Niutn: Lc = khi lng . gia tc

F=ma
y c thay th bi mt gia tc do trng lc
g = 9.81 m/giy2
p sut :
1 Pa l p sut khng i trn mt din tch 1 m2 vi lc

tc ng vung gc vi b mt 1N (Newton).
125
Chng B-1
p sut ang thi trc tip trn b mt tri t c bit nh l p sut

kh quyn (pamb). p sut ny cng c coi nh p sut tham s. Dy
trn p sut ny c coi l p sut dng (pe >0), dy di p sut ny
c gi l p sut chn khng (pe <0). Vi phn p sut kh quyn c
tnh theo cng thc:
pe = pabs pamb
iu ny c minh ho bng s sau:
Hnh 1.1
p sut khng kh
p sut kh quyn khng c gi tr c nh, n thay i theo v tr a l

v thi tit.
p sut tuyt i pabs l gi tr tng i vi p sut chn khng. N
bng tng ca p sut kh quyn v p sut dng hoc p sut chn
khng. Trong thc t, ng h p sut ch th gi tr p sut vt qu
thng c s dng. Gi tr p sut tuyt i pabs xp x 100 kPa (1bar)
hoc cao hn.
Ni chung, trong kh nn tt cc cc d liu lin quan n lng kh c
gi l trng thi tiu chun. Theo tiu chun DIN 1343, trng thi tiu
chun l trng thi ca mt vt rn, cht lng hoc th kh ca mt cht
c xc nh bi nhit v p sut tiu chun.
Nhit tiu chun Tn = 273.15 K, tn = 0oC.
p sut tiu chun pn = 101325 Pa = 1.01325 bar
126
Chng B-1
1.2
c im ca khng kh
Mt c im ca khng kh l lc lin kt ca chng rt nh, v d: lc

gia cc phn t kh l khng ng k cho iu kin hot ng bnh
thng trong h thng kh. Trong quan h vi tt c cc loi kh, khng
kh khng c trng thi c th. Trng thi ca n thay i c vi s cn
tr nh, v d: n mang trng thi ca mi trng xung quanh n.
Hnh 1.2
nh lut Boyle-Mariottes
nh lut
Boyle-Mariottes
Khng kh c th c nn v gin ra. Cc quan h c th c p dng

c a ra bi nh lut Boyle - Mariottes. Ti nhit khng i, th
tch ca khi lng kh a ra l t l nghch vi p sut tuyt i, v d:
p sut tuyt i v th tch sinh ra l khng i vi mt khi lng kh
c cung cp.
p1 V1 = p2 V2 = p3 V3 = Constant
127
Chng B-1
V d di y minh ho nguyn l trn. Khng kh ti p sut kh quyn

c nn bi mt my nn kh ti 1/17ln th tch. ng h p sut ca
khng kh c nhit khng i x l ci g?
Example calculation
p1 V1 = p2 V2
p 2 = p1
V1
V2
Ch : V2 / V1 = 1/7
p1 = pamb = 100 kPa = 1 bar

p2 = 1 7 = 700 kPa = 7 bar tuyt i
Bi vy:
pe = pabs pamb = (700 100) kPa = 600 kPa = 6 bar
Mt my nn kh sinh ra 600kPa phi c mt t l nn 7:1

Kh nn gin vi t l 1/273 th tch ca n ti p sut khng i, mt
nhit 273K v mt nhit tng 1K. Theo nh lut Gay-Lussac, th
tch c cp bi mt khi lng kh t l vi nhit tuyt i trong khi
p sut khng i.
V1 T1
=
V2 T2
V1 th tch ti T1, V2 th tch ti T2
Hoc
V
= Constant
T
Th tch thay i V th:
V = V2 V1 = V1
T2 T1
T1
p dng cho V2:
V2 = V1 + V = V1 +
V1
(T2 T1 )
T1
nh lut Gay-Lussac
128
Chng B-1
Phng trnh trn ch p dng nu nhit K c s dng. c th

tnh ton oC, cng thc sau y c th c s dng:
V2 = V1 +
V d tnh ton
V1
(T2 T1 )
273C + T1
0.8m3 kh ti nhit T1 = 293K (20OC) c t nng ti nhit T2 =

344K (71OC). Kh nn c gin ra bao nhiu?
0.8m 3
(344K 293K)
293K
V2 = 0.8m 3 + 0.14m 3 = 0.94.m 3
V2 = 0.8m 3 +
Kh c gin t 0.14 m3 n 0.94 m3.

Nu th tch c gi khng i trong qu trnh p sut tng, kt qu
ny trong cng thc sau y cho p sut tng:
p 1 T1
=
p 2 T2
hoc
p
= Constant
T
Phng trnh kh
tng qut
Phng trnh kh tng qut c kt hp ca c ba:
p 1 V1 p 2 V2
=
= Constant
T1
T2
Trong trng hp mt lng kh c cung cp, p sut sinh ra v th

tch c chia bi nhit tuyt i l khng i.
Phng trnh kh tng qut ny l kt qu trong cc nh lut cp nu
trn, nu mt trong ba h s p, V hoc T c gi khng i trong mi
trng hp.
p sut p khng i ng ng p thay i
Th tch V khng i ng ng tch thay i
Nhit T khng i ng ng nhit thay i
129
Chng B-2
Chng 2
To kh nn v phn phi
130
Chng B-2
2.1
Chun b kh
vic thc hin lin tc ca cc h thng iu khin v cc phn t

lm vic, cn thit m bo rng kh cung cp l:
Ti p sut c yu cu
Kh v
Sch
Nu cc iu kin khng c tho mn, th chng my chc s thoi

ho gii hn trung bnh ca h thng s tr nn nhanh chng. nh
hng l thi gian cht trn my mc thm vo l s tng chi ph cho
sa cha hoc thay th cc b phn.
S sinh ra ca kh nn dng khi ng vi s nn. Cc dng kh nn i
qua mt mt chui tng th cc b phn trc khi i ti thit b chi phi.
Kiu ca my nn kh v v tr ca n nhiu hay t nh hng ti s lng
cc ht bi v, du v nc nhng thnh phn xm nhp vo mt h
thng kh nn. Thit b c quan tm trong vic sinh ra v chun b ca
kh bao gm:
B lc u vo
My nn kh
Bnh tch kh
Lm lnh kh
Lc kh vi tch nc
B iu chnh p sut
Bi trn kh khi yu cu
Cc im x nc
Kh nn c chun b km chc chn s dn ti s hot ng sai chc
nng v c th hin ra trong h thng nh sau:
Mn nhanh chng ca cc m v cc b phn dch chuyn trong

cc xy lanh v cc van
Lm bn du cc van
Cc b tiu m b bn
Mn trong cc ng ng, cc van, cc xy lanh v cc b phn khc
S bi trn ca cc thit b dch chuyn b loi b
Trong trng hp r r, kh nn thot ra c th lm h hi ti vt liu
c x l ( v d: thc phm).
131
Chng B-2
Nh mt quy tc, cc thit b kh nn c thit k cho mt p sut hot

ng ln nht khong 800 n 1000kPa (8 10 bar). Kinh nghim thc
t chng t, tuy nhin, gi tr xp x 600kPa (6bar) nn c s dng
v tnh kinh t khi hot ng. Tn tht p sut gia 10 v 50 kPa (0.10.5bar) phi c tnh n bi s hn ch, cc ng ng b un, r r v
ng ng chuyn ng, ph thuc vo c ca h thng ng ng v
phng php sp xp. H thng my nn kh nn cung cp t nht 650
n 700kPa (6.5 7bar) cho mt mc p sut hot ng mong mun
600kPa (6bar).
2.2
Mc p sut
Cc my nn kh
S la chn cc loi my nn kh khc nhau t cc my c sn l ph

thuc vo s lng kh, p sut, cht lng v sch v sy kh kh
nn ra sao. C nhiu cp khc nhau ca nhng tiu chun ny ph
thuc vo kiu ca my nn kh.
Hnh 2.1
Cc loi my nn
Kiu ca my
nn kh
My nn kh piston
tc ng qua li
My nn kh
piston
My nn kh
piston quay
My nn
kh kiu mng
My nn kh
cnh gt
My nn kh
lu lng
My nn kh lu
lng hng knh
My nn kh
trc vt
My nn kh lu
lng hng trc
My nn kh
chn khng
My nn kh piston
Mt piston nn kh a vo thng qua mt van u vo. Kh c i ra
thng qua mt u ra ca van.
My nn kh piston rt thng dng v cung cp mt dy rng ln ca p
sut v t l phn phi. Vi nhiu trng thi p sut cao hn s nn
c dng vi phn lm mt trung gian gia mi giai on ca s nn.
132
Chng B-2
Dy p sut ti u cho my nn kh l xp x:
Ln ti 400kPa
Ln ti 1500kPa
Trn 1500kPa
(4bar)
(15bar)
(>15bar)
Nn n cp
Nn hai cp
Nn ba cp hoc nhiu cp
Tng t, c th l khng thc s kinh t khi hot ng trong dy sau:

Ln ti 1200kPa
Ln ti 3000kPa
Trn 3000kPa
(12bar)
(30bar)
(>30bar)
Nn n cp
Nn hai cp
Nn ba cp hoc nhiu cp
My nn kh kiu mng
My nn kh kiu mng thuc v nhm my nn kh piston. Bung my

nn kh c phn chia bi mt piston mng. u im ca iu ny l
du khng th xm nhp vo trong dng kh t my nn kh. My nn
kh mng bi vy c s dng nhng ni du b tch ra khi kh cung
cp, cho v d: trong thc phm, cng nghip dc v ho cht.
My nn kh piston
quay
Nhm my nn kh piston quay s dng thit b quay nn v tng p

sut ca kh. Trong qu trnh nn kh, th tch bung kh nn lin tc
gim.
My nn kh trc vt
Hai trc vt (rto) quay theo hng i din. S n khp nghing ca hai
trc vt lm cho dng kh b nn.
My nn kh dng
kiu tuc bin
C rt nhiu loi c bit ph hp vi s lng phn phi ln. Cc my

nn kh lu lng c to ra theo hng trc v hng knh. Kh c
to thng qua mt hoc mt hoc mt vi bnh li tuc bin. Nng lng
ng lc hc c chuyn thnh nng lng p lc. Trong trng hp
ca mt my nn kh trc, kh c y nhanh theo hng dng trn trc
thng qua cc cnh trn trc
133
Chng B-2
m s tng thch ca lng kh phn phi ca my nn kh ti

nhng thay i ca yu cu, iu chnh my nn kh l cn thit. S
lng phn phi c iu chnh gia gii hn p sut ln nht v nh
nht l c th thay i c. C mt s loi khc nhau ca iu chnh:
iu chnh
iu chnh chy khng iu chnh lun phin

iu chnh ngt
iu chnh cam
iu chnh mt phn ti iu chnh tc
iu khin tit lu ht
iu chnh gin on
Trong trng hp iu chnh b, my nn kh hot ng ngc vi mt

van gim p sut. Khi t ti gi tr p sut xc lp, van gim p sut
m v kh nn c x ra kh quyn. Mt van mt chiu ngn kh khng
cho kh ra ht khi bnh. Kiu iu chnh ny ch dng trong cc lp t
rt nh.
iu chnh chy khng
Vi iu chnh ngt, mt ht b ngt. My nn kh khng th a kh vo.

Kiu iu chnh ny ch yu c s dng trong trng hp my nn kh
piston quay.
Vi my nn kh piston ln hn, iu chnh kp c s dng. Mt kp
gi v tr m ca van ht; my nn kh khng th nn mt cht kh no.
Trong trng hp tc iu chnh c, tc ca ng c truyn
ng ca my nn kh c iu khin ph thuc vo p sut t c.
iu khin mt
phn ti
Vi iu khin tit lu ht, iu khin b nh hng bi mt s hn ch

trong u ni ht vo ca my nn kh.
Vi kiu iu khin ny, my nn kh mang cc iu kin hot ng
ti v ti thng thng. ng c truyn ng ca my nn kh c
chuyn mch tt khi pmax t c, v chuyn mch bt khi pmin t
c.
iu khin gin on
Vi gii thiu chu k cng sut xp x 75% t c trong mt my nn

kh. t c iu ny, cn phi xc nh lng kh yu cu trung
bnh v ln nht ca mt h thng kh nn v la chn my nn kh
trn c s ny. Nu bit trc rng lng kh yu cu s tng do s m
rng h thng, th phn cp kh ca my nn kh nn c thit k ln
hn, khi hu qu l s m rng c gn lin vi chi ph tng.
Chu k cng sut
134
Chng B-2
2.3
Cc bnh tch kh
Bnh tch kh c cu hnh pha sau my nn kh n nh kh nn.

Bnh tch kh b s dao ng p sut khi kh nn c ly ra t h thng.
Nu p sut trong bnh tch kh gim thp hn gi tr cn thit, my nn
kh s b cho ti khi gi tr xc lp tng li. iu ny c mt u im l
my nn kh khng phi hot ng lin tc.
Din tch b mt ln hn ca bnh tch kh lm mt kh. V vy, mt phn
ca hi nc c tch ring ra t bnh tch kh nh nc, hi nc c
iu chnh x thng qua mt vi x.
Hnh 2.2
Bnh tch
Kch thc ca mt bnh tch kh nn ph thuc vo:
Th tch phn phi ca my nn kh

Kh tiu th cho cc ng dng
Kch thc h thng (bt k mt yu cu thm vo)
Kiu ca iu chnh chu k my nn kh
p sut gim cho php trong h thng cung cp
135
Chng B-2
Th tch ca bnh
tch kh
Hnh 2.3
S : Xc nh th tch
ca mt bnh tch kh
Th tch phn phi

Th tch phn phi
chnh p
qL
z
p
= 20 m3/min
= 20 1/h
= 100 kPa (1 bar)
Kt qu: Kch thc bnh tch kh VB = 15m3 (xc nh theo biu )
V d
136
Chng B-2
2.4
Sy kh kh
S ngng t (nc) vo trong mng kh nn thng qua vic a kh vo

trong my nn kh. S tch t ca cc cht ngng t ph thuc ln vo
m tng i ca kh. m tng i ca kh l ph thuc vo nhit
kh v tnh trng thi tit.
m tuyt i l khi lng hi nc thc t cha trong mt m3 kh.
bo ho l khi lng hi nc m mt m3 kh c th hp th ti nhit
tng ng.
Cng thc sau y c p dng nu m tng i ca kh l xc
nh dng %::
m t ng i =
m tuyt i
.100%
bo ho
Khi bo ho ph thuc vo nhit , m tng i thay i theo

nhit , thm ch nu m tuyt i vn gi khng i. Nu im to
sng c t ti, m tng i tng ti 100%.
im to sng
Nhit im to sng l nhit ti m tng i l 100%.

Nhit im to sng cng thp nc s cng c ngng t v gim
lng ngng t gi trong khng kh.
Tui th ca cc h thng kh nn l gim ng k nu qu nhiu hi
m c a qua h thng kh ti cc b phn.
Bi vy, vic gn cc thit b sy kh l rt cn thit gim lng
m ti mt cp ph hp vi ng dng v cc thit b c s dng.
C ba phng php ph gim m trong khng kh:
im p sut to sng
Sy kh bng nhit thp

Sy kh bng bm dnh
Sy kh bng hp th
c th so snh vi cc kiu khc nhau ca cc h thng sy kh, p

sut hot ng ca h thng phi c tnh n. Gii hn im p sut
to sng c s dng trong phm vi ny. im p sut to sng l
nhit kh t c trong qu trnh lm lnh ti p sut hot ng.
137
Chng B-2
im p sut to sng ca kh nn c sy kh xp x 2 n 3oC, thp

hn nhit mt xung quanh.
Chi ph ph thm ca vic lp t thit b sy kh kh nn c th c tr
dn trong mt thi gian ngn v s gim chi ph trong bo dng, gim
thi gian cht v tng tin cy ca h thng.
Kiu thng thng nht ca b sy kh hin nay l sy kh bng lnh.
Vi sy kh bng lnh, kh nn c i qua mt h thng nhit thay i
qua mt dng kh lnh. Mc ch ca vic gim nhit ca kh ti mt
im to sng s m bo rng nc trong khng kh ngng t v ri
ra ngoi trong s lng yu cu.
Sy kh kh nhit
thp
Kh nn i vo trong b sy kh kh bng lnh c lm mt trc trong

mt thit b thay i nhit bi s thot kh lnh. Sau kh c lm mt
n v lm mt trong khong nhit +2 v +5oC. Kh nn kh c
lc. Trc khi kh nn u ra i vo trong h thng, kh c sy nng
tr li vi iu kin xung quanh.
S dng phng php lm lnh, c th t c cc im to sng
gia khong +2 v +5oC.
Hnh 2.4
Sy kh kh nhit thp
138
Chng B-2
Sy kh kh bng hp ph
Hp ph: nc c bm dnh trn b mt ca vt rn.

Tc nhn sy kh l mt vt liu ht (c qunh) bao gm tt c ca
silicon dioxide (SiO2).
Thng thng hai bnh cha c s dng. Khi cht c qunh trong
mt bnh c bo ho, dng kh chuyn mch ti sy kh, bnh kh th
hai v bnh th nht c phc hi bi kh kh c lm nng. Cc im
to sng tng ng thp nht (gim ti 90oC) c th t c thng
qua lm lnh bng hp ph.
Hnh 2.5
Sy kh kh bng hp ph
139
Chng B-2
S hp th: Mt th rn hoc th lng i vi mt th kh.

Sy kh bng hp th l mt x l ho cht sch s. Sy kh bng ho
cht khng phi l c bit trong thc t ngy nay, khi cc chi ph hot
ng qu cao v hiu qu qu thp cho a s cc ng dng.
Sy kh kh bng
hp th
Hnh 2.6
Sy kh kh bng hp th
Hi du v cc phn t du cng c tch ring trong b sy kh bng

hp th. m trong kh nn hnh thnh mt hp cht vi tc nhn sy
kh trong bnh kh. iu ny lm cho tc nhn sy kh phn nh; sau
hp cht c thi ra dng cht lng di y bnh.
Hn hp phi thng xuyn c x v cht ph gia phi thng xuyn
c thay th.
c trng ca x l hp th l:
Lp t thit b n gin.
Mn c hc thp bi v khng c cc b phn di chuyn trong b sy
kh.
Khng yu cu nng lng bn ngoi.
140
Chng B-2
Mt lc cht bn phi lp pha di b sy kh lc bt k cht ph

gia bn no i vo.
im p sut to sng di 00C c th c t ti.
Hnh 2.7
Biu p sut to sng
141
Chng B-2
Lu lng ht
p sut tuyt i
Th tch kh nn mi gi
Nhit ht
Nhit sau khi nn
m tng i
1000 m3/h
700 kPa (7 bar)
143 m3
293 K (200C)
313 K (400C)
50%
V d tnh ton
Lng nc trc khi nn:

Dung tch nc c cha ti 293 K (200C):
100% = 17.3 g/m3
Bi vy
50% = 8.65 g/m3
Kt qu trong 8.65 g/m3 1000 m3/h = 8650 g/gi
Lng nc sau khi nn:
Lng hi nc bo ho t c ti 313 K (40oC):
51.1 g/m3
Kt qu trong 51.1 g/m3 143 m3/h = 7307 g/ gi
Lng nc tch ra theo hng ca my nn kh l:
8650 g/h - 7307 g/h = 1343 g/ gi
2.5
Phn phi kh
m bo kh phn phi l n nh v khng gp s c, mt s im

phi c lu . iu ny bao gm kch thc ban u ca cc ng
ng phi chnh xc, cng nh vt liu ng, s cn tr lu lng, sp xp
cc ng v bo dng.
Trong trng hp lp t mi, phi c s cho php trong tt c cc
trng hp m rng h thng kh nn. C ca cc ng dn chnh
xc nh bi lng kh yu cu, nn bi vy, vic tng lin quan n gii
hn an ton thch hp. Cc van cn v van bt cho php m rng
hot ng d dng sau .
Tn tht xy ra trong tt c cc ng ng bi v s cn tr dng. S
cn tr dng c th hin bi s hn ch, cc ng gp khc, cc
nhnh v cc thit b. Nhng tn tht ny phi c b bi my nn kh.
S gim p trong ton b h thng cng nh cng tt.
Kch thc ng ng
ca h thng
142
Chng B-2
c th tnh c p sut st gim, tng chiu di ng ng phi

c bit. Cc thit b, cc nhnh v ch gp khc, chiu di tng
ng ca ng ng l xc nh. S la chn chnh xc ng knh
trong cng ph thuc vo p sut hot ng v phn phi ca my nn
kh. La chn tt nht thng qua tr gip ca mt ton .
Sc cn lu lng
Bt k nh hng hoc hng thay i no trong phm vi h thng

ng ng c nh hng ti dng kh v v vy lm tng s cn tr
dng. iu ny dn ti p sut tip tc gim dc h thng ng ng.
Trong khi cc nhnh, cc ch gp khc, ng ni v my mc c yu
cu trong tt c cc h thng kh nn, s st gim p sut ny l khng
th trnh nhng c th hn ch ng k bi ng ng dn thun tin,
chn vt liu ph hp v lp rp my mc chnh xc.
Vt liu ng
La chn vt liu ng ng ph hp c xc nh bi yu cu da
trn mt h thng kh nn hin i:
Tn tht p sut thp

Khng b r r
Kh nng chng mn
Kh nng m rng h thng
la chn mt vt liu ng ph hp, quan tm khng ch ti mi mt

ng m cn c cc h s c bit khc, chi ph lp t. Chi ph ng nha
l thp nht. ng nha c th kt ni kn 100% thng qua cc cht kt
dnh hoc do lp t v c th d dng m rng.
Cc ng ng, thp v st c mt gi thp hn nhng phi c hn
bng ng, c th hn hoc kt ni thng qua ren kt ni; Nu cng
vic ny khng c thc hin chnh xc, ht kim loi, mt g, vn hn
hoc vt liu lm kn c th xm nhp vo h thng. iu ny c th
dn ti s c khi hot ng rt nghim trng. Vi ng knh nh v
trung bnh, cc ng nha l hn hn cc vt liu khc v gi c, lp rp,
bo dng v d dng m rng.
143
Chng B-2
p sut dao ng trong h thng i hi cn phi m bo rng cc ng

c lp rp an ton nhm trnh r r ti cc ch lp ren v kt ni hn.
Hnh 2.8
H thng ngun kh
Mt phn t kch thc chnh xc ca cc ng ng v cht lng ca

vt liu ng, sp xp ng chnh xc l h s quyt nh trong vic xc
nh li ch kinh t trong hot ng ca h thng kh nn. Kh nn c
cung cp vo trong h thng ti cc qung bi my nn kh. Thng xy
ra trng hp s tiu tn cc thit b tiu th kh tng ch trong mt thi
gian ngn. iu ny c th dn ti cc iu kin khng thun li trong
h thng kh nn. Bi vy, h thng kh nn nn c a ra dng mt
vng chnh. Mt vng chnh m bo iu kin p sut khng i ln
hn.
B tr ng ng
Hnh 2.9
Mch vng
144
Chng B-2
bo dng d dng, sa cha v m rng h thng m khng nh

hng ti ton b h thng cp kh, tt nht l chia nh h thng thnh
tng phn ring r. S phn nhnh vi cc chi tit ch T v cc h thng
phn phi kh vi cc u ni l thc hin c. Tt nht l lp cc
ng dn nhnh vi cc van hnh cu hoc cc van cn.
Hnh 2.10
Kt ni h thng
Mc du c s tch nc tt nht trong h thng to p sut, p sut st

gim v lm mt bn ngoi c th to ra s ngng t trong h thng
ng ng. trnh s ngng t ny, cc ng nn c lp nghing 1
n 2%; iu ny cng c th c thc hin trong cc on. S ngng
t c th c khc phc t h thng thng qua b chia nc ti im
thp nht.
2.6
B x l kh
Cc chc nng ring ca h thng chun b kh, v d: lc, iu chnh v

bi trn, c th c tho mn bi cc thit b ring. Nhng chc nng
ny thng c kt hp trong mt thit b, v d: B x l kh. Cc b x
l kh c kt ni pha cao p ca tt c cc h thng kh nn.
Ni chung, s dng mt b bi trn l khng cn thit trong cc h
thng tin tin. N ch c s dng cho cc yu cu c bit, ch yu
trong phn truyn ng ca mt h thng. Kh nn trong mt phn iu
khin khng nn c du bi trn.
145
Chng B-2
Nc ngng t, du bn v qu nhiu du c th dn ti mn trn cc

chi tit di chuyn v mi hn kn ca cc b phn kh. Nhng cht ny
c th thot ra do r r. Khi khng s dng cc b lc, v d: Cc sn
phm c x l trong cng nghip thc phm, dc hoc ho cht c
th b nhim bn v bi vy khng th s dng c.
B lc kh nn
Hnh 2.11
B lc kh nn
La chn ng b lc ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh

cht lng v thc hin cc cng vic ca h thng hot ng vi kh
nn. Mt c im ca cc b lc kh nn l c phin lc. C phin lc ca
thit b lc cho bit kch thc ht nh nht c th c lc ra khi kh
nn. Cc cht ngng t phi c x trc khi vt qu mc du ngng
t ln nht, nu khng n s xm nhp li vo trong ng dn kh.
146
Chng B-2
Nu mt s lng ln ca cht ngng t tch t li, nn lp mt thit b

x t ng ti v tr thng xuyn phi x bng tay. Tuy nhin, trong
trng hp ny, nguyn nhn ca s tch t cc cht ngng t c
thit lp. V d: mt s sp xp cc ng ng khng ph hp c th
gy ra s tch t cht ngng t.
B x t ng dng mt phao xc nh mc ngng t trong cc v khi
t ti mt ga tr gii hn, mt piston iu khin m mt van t, y
cc cht ngng t di p lc kh nn thng qua mt ng x. Nu van
a ti mc ngng t thp nht, van a c ng v kt thc qu trnh.
Cc lc cng c th x ht bng tay.
Kh nn i qua b lc t tri sang phi v n i qua mt mng cn trong
cc lc. nh hng ca mng cn l lm cho dng kh quay, v cc ht
bi bn v cc git nc b tc dng ca lc ly tm ngc vi hng mt
trong thnh ca cc lc. Sau chng i xung y ca v b lc ri
tch t trong cc lc. Kh nn c lm sch trc theo cch ny sau
i qua mng lc, ni c th lc cc cht bi bn vi kch thc nh
hn. Mng lc trong trng hp ny bao gm mt vt liu thiu kt c
vi xp cao. lc ph thuc vo c lc ca mng lc c s dng.
C rt nhiu cc c lc khc nhau. S dng c lc trong khong 5m v
40 m.
Mt c im quan trng hn ca cc b lc kh l cp lc, hoc hiu
qu lc, iu ny ch r phn trm ca cc ht ca cc c c th c th
c loi ra. Hiu qu c trch dn cho mt c ht, v d: Hiu sut
99.99% cho c 5 m. Vi b lc micro, hiu sut 99,999% cho kch
thc ht ln hn 0.01 m c th c lc.
Cng vic lc ca mt b lc kh l tip tc lc, thm ch sau mt thi
gian phc v di vi cc cht rt bn. Tuy nhin, di cc iu kin ny,
p sut s b st gim v iu ny tr ln khng tng xng vi chi ph
m b lc lm lng ph nng lng.
nhn ra chnh xc thi gian thay th mng lc, cn phi c thc
hin kim tra trc quan hoc o lng p sut khc nhau ngang qua b
lc.
147
Chng B-2
Ph thuc vo bn cht t nhin ca kh nn, kh tiu th ca cc b

phn v c lc, cc b lc kh nn yu cu mt lng ln hn hoc nh
hn cc cng vic bo dng. Cng vic bo dng c thc hin nh
sau:
Bo dng
Thay th hoc c ra mng lc

X cc cht ngng t
Khi lm sch, phi cc ch dn k thut hng dn lm sch ca

nh sn xut p dng.
Kh nn c sinh ra bi my nn kh s dao ng. Nhng thay i mc
p sut trong h thng cc ng ng c th nh hng bt li n c
im hot ng ca van, thi gian hot ng ca cc xy lanh v c
im thi gian ca iu khin lu lng v cc van nh.
Mt mc p sut khng i l i hi trc ht cho s hot ng n nh
ca mt iu khin kh nn. cung cp cc iu kin p sut khng
i, cc b iu p c lp mt v tr trung tm trong h thng kh
nn m bo rng p sut cung cp l khng i (p sut th cp)
bt k s dao ng ca p sut trong vng chnh (p sut ban u). B
gim p hoc b iu p c lp cng hng ca b lc kh v c
nhim v gi p sut hot ng khng i, bt chp s dao ng ca p
sut hoc kh tiu th trong h thng. p sut kh nn ph hp tng yu
cu theo hng ngc ca mi phn thit b.
H thng p sut cung cp trong thc t phi m bo tt nht li ch
kinh t v k thut, gia kh nn sinh ra v hiu qu cc thit b l xp x:
600kPa (6bar) trong phn truyn ng v

300 n 400kPa (4bar) trong phn iu khin.
Mt p sut hot ng cao hn s dn ti s dng nng lng khng

hiu qu v tng mn, trong khi mt p sut hot ng thp hn s dn
ti hiu qu thp, c th trong phn cng sut.
B iu chnh p sut
kh nn
148
Chng B-2
Hnh 2.12
B iu p: gim p
Nguyn l hot ng
p sut vo (p sut ban u) ca b iu p phi lun lun cao hn p

sut u ra (p sut th cp). p sut c iu chnh bi mt mng.
p sut ra tc ng trn mt mt ca mng v l xo tc ng trn mt
kia ca mng. Lc l xo c th iu chnh thng qua mt vt chnh.
Khi p sut ra tng, v d: trong qu trnh ti ca xy lanh thay i, mng
di chuyn chng li lc l xo lm cho din tch mt ct ngang u ra ti
van t gim hoc ng hon ton. Tm gia mng sau m ra v
kh c nn c th thng ti kh quyn qua l thng trong v.
Khi p sut u ra gim lc l xo m van. iu chnh p sut u ra nh
trc l v mt s ng m lin tc ca van gy ra bi dng kh. p sut
hot ng c ch th trn mt ng h.
149
Chng B-2
Hnh 2.13
B iu p: khng gim p
Nu kh khng c rt trn mt th cp, p sut tng v n mng

chng li s nn ca l xo. Din tch mt ct ngang u ra ti van t b
gim v ng v dng kh b gim hoc b ct hon ton. Kh nn c th
tip tc lu thng ch khi kh c rt trn mt th hai.
Nguyn l hot ng
Kt qu kh nn c sinh ra nn c sy kh, v d: khng nhim du.

Trong mt vi b phn bi trn kh l c hi, mt khc, n c th gy rc
ri, nhng trong cc b phn truyn ng n c th l trng hp cn
thit. Bi vy, bi trn kh nn nn lun lun c gii hn ti cc phn
thit b yu cu bi trn. Vi mch ch ny, bi trn dng sng c
lp t cung cp cho kh nn vi la chn du c bit. Du m c
a vo trong kh t my nn kh l khng ph hp cho bi trn ca cc
b phn iu khin h thng.
Bi trn kh nn
150
Chng B-2
Nh mt nguyn l chung, cc xy lanh vi cc vng m chng nhit

phi khng c cung cp vi kh bi trn, khi m c bit c hnh
thnh th bi trn c in s c b i.
Nu cc h thng m chng hot ng c bi trn th chng c
chuyn i qua hnh thc khng bi trn kh, bi trn ban u ca cc
van v cc xy lanh phi c i mi, khi nhng iu ny c th b
gt ra trong mt s trng hp.
Hnh 2.14
B phun du
Bi trn kh nn thng qua bi trn dng sng c th l cn thit

trong mt vi trng hp:
Ti nhng ni chuyn ng thay i nhanh c yu cu

Vi cc xy lanh vi ng knh ln, bi trn ti nhng ni c th c
lp t trc xy lanh tiu th.
151
Chng B-2
Nhng vn sau c th xy ra do bi trn qu nhiu:
Hot ng sai chc nng ca cc b phn

Cc vn mi trng tng
S kt ca cc b phn do thi gian cht ko di
Kh nn i qua b bi trn lm cho p sut st gim gia bnh ng du

v phn trn ca b bi trn. p sut khc nhau l lc lm du i
ln qua mt ng dn sau chy vo trong mt vi c th quan st
thng qua mt knh quan st. Ti y du c phn nh v c a
vo bi dng kh ti mt phm vi ln hn hoc nh hn.
Nguyn l hot ng
C th kim tra lng du nh sau:
Kim tra lng du
Mt gi tr tham kho cho lng du l mt s lng 1 n 10 git mi

m3 kh. Dng c o chnh xc c th c kim tra nh sau: Mt tm
bng trng c gi mt khong cch xp x 10cm t ca x ca van
cng sut ca xy lanh thit b xa nht so vi b bi trn. Nu h thng
cho php th sau khi cho php hot ng trong mt khong thi gian, c
th thy mu vng nht trn tm bng. Du chy nh git l du hiu r
rng cho thy bi trn qu nhiu.
n mt vi nm gn y, quan st ni chung cho thy du khng thay
i bi my nn kh c th c s dng nh mt s bi trn cho cc b
phn truyn ng. Hin nay, nhn thy y khng phi l mt trng
hp. Khi mc nhit sinh ra trong my nn kh l rt cao, du b cc
bon ho v hi du thot ra. iu ny dn ti xc cc xy lanh v cc
van, v cht lng lm vic gim ng k.
Vn nghim trng hn l du b dnh trn mt trong ca cc ng v
cui cng c hp th theo mch cch khng iu khin c vo
trong dng kh. Thc t ny ch n lm cho khng th iu khin v
phn phi hiu qu c. Mt ng m b lm bn theo cch ny th
khng th c sch c nu khng tho ra. Mt bt li hn l s bt
dnh, iu ny c ngha l sau khi mt h thng dng hot ng trong
mt khong thi gian (sau k ngh cui tun hoc k ngh ni chung), cc
b phn c bi trn thc hin chc nng khng chnh xc.
Loi b du
152
Chng B-2
Bi trn kh nn nn c hn ch ch c cc b phn h thng l c

cung cp. Cch tt nht ca vic cung cp du l lp t b bi trn
trc cc thit b tiu th. Cc b phn c bi trn t ng nn c la
chn cho phn iu khin ca mt h thng kh nn.
Bi vy, quy tc c bn nn l : S chun b kh nn trong hnh thc
khng ln du.
Cc im sau y nn c quan st thc t hng ngy:
B x l kh
My nn kh du nn c ngn cch cng xa cng tt vi h thng

kh nn (b lc du nn c lp).
cc b phn hot ng ph hp c th cng c chc nng kh
nn khng bi trn
Khi mt h thng c hot ng v chy vi du, s bi trn phi
c lin tc lc bi trn ban u ca cc b phn s phi c
lm u bi du.
Nhng iu sau y nn c quan st vi cc b x l kh:
Tng lng kh m3/h xc nh c ca cc n v. Nu lng kh qu

cao, s st gim p sut ln s xy ra trong cc n v. Cc van xc
nh bi nh sn sut nn c quan st.
p sut hot ng c th khng vt qu gi tr bt u n v

phc v. Nhit xung quanh khng nn vt qu 50oC (gi tr ln
nht cho cc cc nha)
Hnh 2.15
B x l kh:
Nguyn l hot ng
153
Chng B-2
Hnh 2.16
K hiu b x l kh
Phm vi phc v thng thng sau y l cn thit trn mt c s khng

i:.
B lc kh nn:
Mc ngng t phi c kim tra thng xuyn, phi khng c
vt qu cao danh ngha trn du hiu cc. S tch t cht ngng
t c th xm nhp vo trong cc ng ng dn kh. Vt x trn cc
phi c m x nc ngng t. V lc trong b lc cng phi
c c sch nu qu bn.
B iu chnh p sut kh nn:
B phn ny khng yu cu bo dng, cung cp trc n bi mt
b lc kh nn.
B bi trn kh nn:
Nu c lp kim tra mc du trong knh quan st v du y p,
nu cn thit, ch th mc. B lc nha v cc bi trn phi khng
c lau chi vi etylen-triclorua. Ch du m mi c th c s
dng cho bi b bi trn.
Bo dng ca cc b
x l kh
154
Chng B-2
155
Chng B-3
Chng 3
Cc c cu chp hnh v cc thit b u ra
156
Chng B-3
Mt c cu chp hnh l mt thit b u ra cho chuyn i nng lng

cung cp vo cng vic c ch. Tn hiu u ra c iu khin bi h
thng iu khin, v c cu chp hnh phn hi ti tn hiu iu khin
thng qua thit b iu khin.
Cc kiu khc ca cc thit b u ra c s dng xc nh trng
thi ca h thng iu khin hoc cc c cu truyn dn, v d: mt s
th hin trc quan khi ng bng kh nn.
C cu chp hnh kh nn c th c miu t trong hai nhm, thng v
quay:
3.1
Chuyn ng thng
Cc xy lanh tc dng n
Cc xy lanh tc dng kp
Chuyn ng quay
ng c kh nn
Cc xy lanh quay
C cu dn ng quay
Cc xy lanh tc dng n
Vi cc xy lanh tc dng n, kh nn c cp ch mt pha ca mt

piston. Mt kia c thng ti kh quyn. Xy lanh c th thc hin cng
vic ch theo mt hng. Chuyn ng hi v ca piston c tc ng
bng mt l xo lp trong hoc bng ng dng ca lc bn ngoi. Lc
l xo ca l xo lp t bn trong c thit k t hi piston v v tr
ban u ca n vi mt tc cao ng k di cc iu kin khng ti.
Fig.3.1
Xy lanh tc dng n
157
Chng B-3
Trong cc xy lanh tc dng n vi l xo lp bn trong, hnh trnh b gii

hn bi chiu di t nhin ca l xo. Bi vy, cc xy lanh tc dng n
ch p ng chiu di hnh trnh xp x ln ti 80mm.
Cu trc v hot ng n gin ca xy lanh tc dng n c bit lm
cho n ph hp vi s chc chn, chiu di hnh trnh xy lanh ngn cho
cc kiu ng dng sau:
Dch chuyn
Phn nhnh
Hi t
Phn phi
Kp
y
Xy lanh tc dng n c mt vng lm kn piston c lp trn mt cung

cp kh. gim chn lm bng vt liu do c gn vo trong mt piston
bng kim loi hoc nha. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, mt ngoi ca
vng lm kn trt khp b mt tr ca xy lanh.
Cu trc
C nhiu thit k khc nhau ca xy lanh tc dng n bao gm:
Xy lanh mng
Xy lanh mng cun
Vi mt xy lanh mng, mt mng lp bn trong lm bng cao su, nha

hoc kim loi thc hin nhim v ca piston. Cn piston c lp gia
ca mng. Khng c m trt, nhng ma st n thun do s tng ng
sut ca mng. Chng c s dng trong ng dng hnh trnh ngn.
kp, thao tc chm ni v nng h.
Hnh 3.2
Xy lanh mng
158
Chng B-3
3.2 Xy lanh tc dng kp
Hnh 3.3
Xy lanh tc dng kp
Cu trc c bn ca mt xy lanh tc dng kp tng t vi cu trc ca

xy lanh tc dng n. Tuy nhin, khng c l xo t hi, v hai ca c
s dng tng t nh ca cp v ca x. Xy lanh tc dng kp c u
im l xy lanh c th thc hin cng vic theo c hai hng ca chuyn
ng. V vy, s lp t n l ph bin. Lc dch chuyn bi cn
piston mc no trong hnh trnh tin ra ln hn trong hnh trnh
co v do hiu ng mt piston b gim trn mt cn piston bi din tch
mt ct ngang ca cn piston.
S pht trin thit k
Cc xy lanh kh nn pht trin theo hng sau:
Yu cu cm nhn khng tip xc - do s dng nam chm trn

cc piston vn hnh cng tc li g.
Dng c ti ln.
Cc xy lanh khng cn ni khng gian gii hn
Thay th bng vt liu sn xut nh cht do
Bo v lp ph ngoi chng li tc ng mi trng, v d: chng
axt.
Tng dung tch mang ti.
ng dng robot vi tnh nng c bit, nh cc cn piston khng
xoay, cc cn piston rng cho cc cc ht chn khng.
159
Chng B-3
Nu cc khi lng ln c di chuyn bi mt xy lanh, m gim chn

c s dng v tr cui ngn hng hc do va chm t ngt. Trc
khi t ti v tr cui, mt m gim chn piston ngt ng dn trc tip
ca kh ra bn ngoi. Thay th l mt l rt nh v thng c th iu
chnh c l x. Trong phn cui ca hnh trnh, tc xy lanh gim
nhanh chng. Nu s iu chnh l thot l qu nh, xy lanh c th
khng t ti v tr cui do s cn tr ca kh nn.
Xy lanh vi gim chn

cui hnh trnh
Hnh 3.4
Xy lanh vi gim chn cui
hnh trnh
Vi cc lc rt ln v gia tc ph cao, cc bin php phi c thc hin

c th l dng cc gim chn bn ngoi gip cho gim tc ti.
t c tc gim ti chnh xc:
Cc vt iu chnh trc ht nn c vn cht y v

Tt s li li cho php s iu chnh c tng chm n cc gi
tr ti u.
160
Chng B-3
Xy lanh tc dng kp
kiu ni tip
Xy lanh tc dng kp kiu ni tip tch hp tnh nng ca hai xy lanh tc

dng kp c ni vi nhau hnh thnh mt n v . Bng s sp xp
ny vi ti ng thi ca hai piston, lc trn cn piston l gp i. Thit
k ny ph hp cho cc ng dng nhng ni mt gi tr lc ln c
yu cu nhng ng knh xy lanh li b hn ch.
Hnh 3.5
Xy lanh tc dng kp
kiu ni tip
Xy lanh vi cn piston
hai pha
Xy lanh ny c mt cn piston trn c hai mt, mt cn xuyn qua a

piston. Dn hng ca cn piston l tt hn, khi c hai mt tr. Lc
ging ht nhau theo c hai hng dch chuyn.
Cn piston hai pha c th rng, trong trng hp n c th c s
dng dn cc mi cht khc nhau, c th nh kh nn. Mt kt ni
chn khng l cng c th c.
Hnh 3.6
Xy lanh vi cn piston
hai pha
161
Chng B-3
Xy lanh nhiu v tr bao gm hai hoc mt vi xy lanh tc dng kp c

kt ni vi nhau. Mi xy lanh tin ra khi p sut c cung cp. Trong
trng hp hai xy lanh vi chiu di hnh trnh khc nhau, c bn v tr
c xc nh.
Xy lanh nhiu v tr
Hnh 3.7
Xy lanh nhiu v tr
p lc ca cc xy lanh kh nn l c gii hn. Mt xy lanh vi nng lng

ng lc hc cao l xy lanh chu va chm. Nng lng ng lc hc cao
t c bi tng tc piston. Tc piston ca xy lanh chu va chm
vo khong 7.5m/giy v 10m/giy. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp khong
cch ln, tc gim rt nhanh. Xy lanh chu va chm bi vy khng
ph hp cho khong cc ln.
Xy lanh chu va chm
Hnh 3.8
Xy lanh chu va chm
162
Chng B-3
Hot ng ca cc van lm cho p sut tng trong bung xy lanh A. Nu

xy lanh dch chuyn theo hng Z, ton b b mt piston tch ra. Kh t
bun A c th nhanh chng qua din tch mt ct C. Piston chuyn ng
rt nhanh.
Xy lanh quay
Vi thit k ny ca xy lanh tc dng kp, cn piston c mt prfin dng

rng. Cn piston c dn ng bng mt bnh rng, v mt chuyn
ng quay thng qua mt dch chuyn tnh tin. Cc gi tr khc nhau
cho gc quay 45o, 90o, 180o, 270o, 360o. Mmen ph thuc vo p sut,
b mt piston v t s truyn ca bnh rng; gi tr tc ng c th ln
ti 150Nm.
Hnh 3.9
Xy lanh quay
163
Chng B-3
Vi mt c cu truyn ng quay, lc c truyn trc tip ti trc truyn

ng thng qua mt van. Gc dch chuyn l c th iu chnh rt nhiu
t 0o n xp x 180o. Mmen khng vt qu 10Nm.
C cu truyn ng
quay
Hnh 3.10
C cu truyn ng quay
Tnh nng thit k ca truyn ng quay kh nn:
Nh v kho
C th gn vi cc cm bin khng tip im
C th iu chnh gc dch chuyn
D dng lp t
164
Chng B-3
3.3
Xy lanh khng trc
Ba nguyn l hot ng khc nhau c s dng cho cu trc ca cc

xy lanh khng trc:
Xy lanh dy ai thang hoc cp

Xy lanh lm kn bng ai phng lm kn vi ng xy lanh kiu trt
Xy lanh vi kt ni t tnh
So snh vi cc xy lanh tc dng kp, xy lanh khng cn c chiu di

ngn hn. Loi tr ri ro ca vic cn piston lm thot kh v chuyn
ng c th xy ra trong ton b chiu di hnh trnh. Thit k xy lanh
c th s dng cho hnh trnh xy lanh v cng ln ln ti 10m. Nhiu
thit b, nhiu ti v v, c th gn trc tip ti b mt gi c gn trn
mt khung hoc mt trt bn ngoi. Lc l ging nhau theo c hai
hng dch chuyn.
Xy lanh dy ai
Trong trng hp ca xy lanh dy ai, lc piston c truyn ti mt b

phn trt thng qua mt dy ai chuyn ng tun hon. Khi ri bung
piston dy ai i qua mt u bt. Trong cc xy lanh cp, dy ai c
c o ngc thng qua mt con ln dn hng. Thit b lm sch
m bo rng khng c s nhim bn ti con ln dn hng thng qua
cc dy ai.
Hnh 3.11
Xy lanh dy ai
165
Chng B-3
Vi loi ny, ng xy lanh c thit k vi mt rnh ct ngang trn ton

b chiu di. Lc c truyn thng qua mt b phn trt t tnh kt ni
ti piston. Kt ni t piston ti b phn trt c hng ra ngoi thng
qua mt tang xy lanh trt. Rnh trt c bt bi mt ai bt, ai ny bt
mt trong ca rnh. ai bt c dn hng gia u bt piston v i qua
di b phn trt. Mt di bn ngoi th hai ph rnh trt t bn ngoi
ngn s xm nhp ca bi bn.
Xy lanh dy ai lm kn
Hnh 3.12
Xy lanh dy ai lm kn
166
Chng B-3
Xy lanh vi kt ni
t tnh
C cu truyn ng thng kh nn tc dng kp ny bao gm mt ng

xy lanh, mt piston v 2 b phn trt. Piston trong xy lanh c th t do
di chuyn theo tc ng ca kh nn, nhng hon ton khng c kt ni
bn ngoi. Piston v b phn trt c lp rp vi cc vng khuyn
nam chm vnh cu. V vy, mt kt ni t tnh to ra gia b phn trt
v piston. Ngay khi piston di chuyn bi kh nn, b phn trt di chuyn
ng thi vi n. ng xy lanh c lm kn khi b phn trt bn ngoi,
khi y khng c kt ni c hc. Khng xy ra s mt mt do r r.
Hnh 3.13
Xy lanh vi kt ni t tnh
167
Chng B-3
3.4
Cu trc xy lanh
Xy lanh bao gm mt ng xy lanh, vng bi v np mt u, piston vi

vng lm kn (kiu cc p), cn piston, ng lt bi, vng co, cc b
phn kt ni v cc m.
Hnh 3.14
Thit k ca mt xy lanh kh
nn vi m gim chn v
tr cui.
ng xy lanh (1) thng c to t ng thp lin. tng tui th ca

cc vng bt, b mt ca ng xy lanh c gia cng chnh xc. Vi ng
dng c bit, ng xy lanh c th c lm t nhm, ng thau hoc
ng thp vi b mt c thm crm. Nhng thit k c bit ny c
dng ti nhng ni hot ng thng xuyn hoc c nh hng ca s
n mn.
Bch mt u (2) v np bi (3) vi phn ln cc b phn c to ra t
vt liu c (nhm hoc gang rn). Hai u c th c gn cht vi
ng xy lanh bi cc thanh bu lng ni, ren hoc hoc bch.
Cn piston (4) tt nht l lm t thp chu nhit. Mt t l %Cr no
trong thp s chng c g. Ni chung cc ren thng c cn
trnh nguy him do gy ren.
Mt vng lm kn (5) c gn trong np bi bt khe h cn piston.
Lt trc (6) dn hng cn piston v c th c thiu kt vi ng
thic hoc ph kim loi do.
Pha trc ca lt trc ny l mt vng co (7). N ngn bi bn v
cc ht bi xm nhp vo bn trong xy lanh. Bi vy, cc ng thi gi
thng khng c yu cu.
168
Chng B-3
Vt liu cho vng lm kn kiu cc p (8) l :

Perbunan
Viton
Teflon
for 20 C
for 20 C
for 80 C
to
to
to
+ 80 C
+ 150 C
+ 200 C
Vng ch O (9) thng c s dng trong cc lm kn tnh.

Hnh 3.15
Vng lm kn xy lanh
169
Chng B-3
Kiu ca cc g lp c xc nh bi cp , trong cc xy lanh chng

c gn vi b my hoc vt c nh. Xy lanh c th c thit k vi
mt kiu gi vnh cu nu n khng phi thay i bt c lc no. Nh
mt la chn, xy lanh c th li dng s thay i kiu ca g lp thay
i sau mt thi gian s dng ph hp cc ph tng trn mdul c cu
trc c bn. iu ny n gin ho ng k vn lu kho, c bit ti
nhng ni mt s lng ln cc xy lanh kh nn c s dng ch nh
cc xy lanh c bn v cc b phn g lp tu cn c lu kho.
G lp
Hnh 3.16
Cc g lp cho xy lanh
G lp xy lanh v khp ni cn piston phi m bo chc chn ph hp

vi cc ng dng thch hp khi cc xy lanh ch c chu ti theo hng
dc trc.
170
Chng B-3
Ngay khi lc c truyn ti my, ng sut xy ra ti xy lanh. Nu trc

khng tng thch v c s khng thng hng, ng sut ti ng xy lanh
v cn piston c th cng phi ngh ti. Trnh t l:
p sut ti cc mp trn ng lt xy lanh cao dn ti tng mn.
p sut ti cc mp trn dn hng cn piston cao.

S cng tng v khng u trn cc m lm kn cn piston v cc
m piston.
Vi xy lanh hnh trnh ln, ti un ca cn piston cn phi lu .
3.5
Cc c im lm vic ca xy lanh
c im lm vic ca xy lanh c th c xc nh theo l thuyt hoc

bng s dng thng s sn xut. C hai phng php c chp nhn,
nhng ni chung trong phng php s dng thng s sn xut th thch
hp hn vi mt thit k v ng dng c th.
Lc piston
Lc piston s dng bi xy lanh l c lp vi p sut kh, ng knh xy

lanh v cn tr ma st ca cc b phn m lm kn. Theo l thuyt lc
piston c tnh bi cng thc:
Fth
Fth
A
p
=
=
=
=
Ap
Lc piston l thuyt (N)
Din tch c ch ca piston (m2)
p sut hot ng (Pa)
Trong thc t, nh hng ca lc piston l ng k. Khi tnh ton iu

ny, lc cn do ma st nn c xem xt. Di cc iu kin hot ng
(dy p sut 400 n 800kPa/ 4 n 8bar) lc ma st l xp x 10% ca
lc l thuyt c th c tha nhn.
Xy lanh tc dng n
Feff
(A p) - (FR + FF)
171
Chng B-3
Xy lanh tc dng kp
Hnh trnh tin Feff
Hnh trnh co v Feff
Feff
A
(A p) - FR
(A' p) - FR
Lc tc ng ca piston (N)
Din tch c ch ca piston (m2)
D2
(
)
4
Din tch vnh khuyn c ch (m2)
(D 2 d 2 )
=
=
=
=
=
A'
p
FR
FF
D
d
=
=
=
=
=
4
p sut hot ng (Pa)
Lc ma st (xp x 10% Dt h) (N)
Lc l xo phn hi (N)
ng knh xy lanh (m)
ng knh cn piston (m).
Hnh 3.17
S l cng nh p sut
172
Chng B-3
Chiu di hnh trnh
Chiu di ca xy lanh kh nn khng nn ln hn 2m v vi xy lanh

khng cn khng qua 10m.
Vi chiu di vt qu, ng sut c trn cn piston v trn dn hng
s qu ln. trnh nguy him ca lc un, s lc un nn c
quan st vi cc xy lanh chiu di hnh trnh ln
Hnh 3.18
S un
173
Chng B-3
Tc piston ca cc xy lanh kh nn l ph thuc vo ti, p sut kh

nn l ch yu, chiu di ng ng, din tch mt ct ngang ca ng
gia thit b iu khin v thit b lm vic v cng ph thuc vo t l
lu lng qua thit b iu khin. Thm vo , tc b nh bi m
gim chn v tr cui.
Tc piston
Tc trung bnh piston ca xy lanh tiu chun khong 0.1 n 1.5

m/giy. Vi cc xy lanh c bit (xy lanh chu va chm), tc ln ti
10m/giy. Tc piston c th c iu chnh bi cc van iu khin
lu lng mt chiu v tng tc bi cc van x nhanh.
Hnh 3.19
Tc trung bnh
ca piston
174
Chng B-3
Tiu th kh nn
chun b kh nn, v nhn bit chi ph truyn ng, bit lng kh tiu
th ca h thng l rt quan trng. Kh nn tiu th c xc nh bng
s lt kh nn tiu th trong mi pht. Vi mt p sut hot ng c th,
ng knh piston, hnh trnh v s hnh trnh, kh nn tiu th c tnh
bi cng thc:
Lng kh tiu th =
t s nn Din tch piston Hnh trnh S hnh trnh mi pht
t s nn =
101.3 + Operating pressure (in kPa)

101.3
Hnh 3.20
Biu tiu th kh nn
Cng thc cho tnh ton kh tiu th trong theo ng vi s lng kh

nn tiu th l nh sau:
Vi xy lanh tc dng n
=
s n qH
qB
Vi xy lanh tc dng kp
qB
=
2 s n qH
qB
s
n
qH
=
=
=
=
Lng kh nn tiu th (l/ph)

Hnh trnh (cm)
S hnh trnh mi pht (1/pht)
Lng kh nn tiu th mi cm ca hnh trnh (l/cm)
175
Chng B-3
Vi nhng cng thc ny, s khc nhau trong tiu th kh nn ca cc xy

lanh tc dng kp trong hnh trnh tin v li l khng ng k. iu ny
c th khng c n v dung sai khc nhau trong cc ng v
cc van.
Ton b kh tiu th ca mt xy lanh cng bao gm phn in y vo
vng khng hot ng. Kh nn tiu th yu cu in y vo vng
khng hot ng c th ln ti 20% ca kh tiu th. Vng khng hot
ng ca mt xy lanh l cc ng cung cp kh nn trong bn thn xy
lanh v khng gm cc vng v tr cui ca piston c nh hng trong
hnh trnh.
ng knh
piston
in mm
Pha bn
np
cm3
Pha bn
cm3
ng knh
piston
in mm
Pha bn
np
cm3
Pha bn
cm3
12
0.5
70
27
31
16
1.2
100
80
88
25
140
128
150
35
10
13
200
425
448
50
16
19
250
2005
2337
T 3.1
Vng khng hot ng ca
xy lanh (1000 cm = 1l)
176
Chng B-3
3.6
Cc ng c kh nn
Cc thit b chuyn i nng lng kh nn thnh chuyn ng quay c

hc vi kh nng chuyn ng lin tc c bit nh cc ng c kh
nn. ng c kh nn vi gc quay khng gii hn tr thnh mt
trong s cc thit b lm vic hot ng bng kh nn c s dng rng
ri. Cc ng c kh nn c phn loi theo thit k:
ng c piston
ng c cnh gt
ng c bnh rng
Tua bin (lu lng cao)
Hnh 3.21
ng c kh nn
ng c kiu
piston
Kiu ca thit k c phn chia c th hn thnh ng c piston hng

tm v hng trc.
Trc khuu ca ng c c iu khin bi kh nn thng qua piston
chuyn ng qua li v cc cn kt ni. m bo chy m, mt vi
piston c yu cu. Cng sut ca piston ph thuc vo p sut u
vo, s lng piston, din tch piston, hnh trnh v tc piston.
Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c piston hng trc tng t vi ng c
piston hng knh. Lc t 5 xy lanh sp xp theo hng trc c
chuyn i thnh mt chuyn ng quay thng qua mt a nghing. Kh
nn c cp ti hai piston ng thi, mmen cn bng lm cho ng c
chy m.
Cc ng c kh nn ny c sn theo hng quay cng chiu hay ngc
chiu kim ng h. Tc ln nht vo khong 5000 vng/pht, dy
cng sut ti p sut bnh thng l 1.5 19Kw (2- 25hp).
177
Chng B-3
Bi cu trc n gin v trng lng thp, cc ng c kiu cnh gt

c s dng cho cc cng c cm tay.
ng c kiu
cnh gt
Mt rto lch tm c cha ng trong trong mt bung xy lanh. Cc

rnh trt c sp xp trong rto. Cc cnh c dn hng trong cc
rnh ca rto v lc ly tm chng li lc bn trong thnh xy lanh. Vi cc
thit k khc, cc cnh c di chuyn thng qua cc l xo. iu ny
m bo rng mi bung ring r c lm kn. Tc rto khong
3000 n 8500 vng/pht. y cng vy, c sn cc ng c c chiu
quay cng chiu hoc ngc chiu kim ng h. Dy cng sut 0.1
1.7kW (0.14-24 hp).
Trong thit k ny, mmen c sinh ra bi p sut kh chng li prfin
rng ca hai bnh rng n khp. Mt bnh rng c gn vi trc ng
c. ng c bnh rng c sn xut vi bnh rng dng rng nghing
hoc rng thng. Nhng ng c bnh rng ny c ng dng vi t l
cng sut rt cao (ln ti 44kW/60 hp). Hng quay cng c th o
chiu vi nhng ng c ny.
ng c kiu
bnh rng
Cc ng c tuabin c th c s dng ch nhng ni yu cu cng

sut thp. Dy tc rt cao. Cho v d: rng ca mi khoan kh nn
hot ng 500.000vng/pht. Nguyn l hot ng l ngc vi my
nn
Tuc bin
(ng c dng)
c im ca cc ng c kh nn l:
iu chnh tc v mmen m
Kch thc nh (trng lng nh)
An ton qu ti
Khng nhy cm vi bi, nc, nng, lnh
Chng kch n
La chn tc rng hn
Bo dng t
Hng xoay d dng o chiu
178
Chng B-3
3.7
Ch th
Ch th th gic quang hc th hin trng thi hot ng ca h thng kh

nn v phc v tr gip chun on k thut.
Mt vi thit b th gic:
Ch th quang
T 3.2
Ch th quang
Cc b m, hin th cc vng m
ng h p sut, ch th gi tr p sut kh
B thi gian, vi ch th th gic ca thi gian c th hin
Cc ch th quang hc
Vi ch th quang hc, m mu sc th hin mt chc nng no trong

chu k. Ch th quang hc c gn trn bng iu khin ch th trng
thi ca cc chc nng iu khin v trnh t cc bc hot ng hin
ti. Cc mu sc cho cc b ch th quang hc ph hp vi VDE 0113 l:
Mu sc
ngha
Trc tip nguy him, n
Vng
Ch
Xanh l cy
Khi ng, bt
Xanh da tri
Thng tin c bit
Trng hoc
trng khng
Thng tin tng qut
Ch thch
Trng thi my hoc tnh hung yu cu
can thip ngay lp tc
Thay i hoc thay i sp xy ra cc
iu kin
Hot ng bnh thng, trng thi an
ton, i vo t do
ngha c bit khng th r rng nh
, vng, xanh l cy
Khng c ngha c bit. Cng c th
s dng trong trng hp khi c s nghi
ng nh s thch hp ca ba mu ,
vng, xanh l cy
179
Chng B-4
Chng 4
Van iu khin hng
180
Chng B-4
4.1
Cu hnh v cu trc
Cc van iu khin hng l nhng thit b c nh hng ti ng dn

ca cc dng kh. Thng thng iu ny lin quan n mt hoc tt c
cc phn sau: m lung kh nn v iu khin n theo cc ng kh c
th, hu b tn hiu kh nn nh yu cu bi chn ng i v/hoc thi
kh ra kh quyn thng qua mt ca x. Van iu khin hng th hin
c im thng qua s kt ni iu khin hoc cc ca ca n, s v tr
chuyn mch v cc phng php tc ng. Tuy nhin, cc k hiu ny
khng cung cp bt c thng tin no v cu trc thit k, ch n thun
cho bit chc nng ca van.
V tr thng thng trn van vi xc lp li hin c, v d: l xo, cp
ti v tr chuyn mch c tha nhn bi cc b phn di chuyn ca
van khi van khng c kt ni.
V tr ban u l v tr chuyn mch c tha nhn bi cc b phn di
chuyn ca mt van sau khi van c lp t trong mt h thng v
p sut h thng c bt v in p cng c cung cp, v vi
nhng thng s ny, chuyn mch ch nh chng trnh khi ng.
Cu trc c bn ca mt van iu khin hng l mt h s quan trng
cng nh tui th phc v, thi gian chuyn mch, kiu tc ng,
phng php kt ni v c van.
Cc thit k c phn loi nh saui:
Cc van a:
Van bi
Van a
Cc van trt:
Van trt dc (van cun)
Van trt theo chiu dc phng
Van tm phng trt
Cc van a
Vi cc van a, kt ni c m v ng thng qua cc bi, cc a, tm

phng hoc mt cn. Cc mt ta ca van thng xuyn c lm kn
d dng bng s dng cc m kn linh hot. Cc van mt a ch c
mt vi chi tit d mn v v vy chng c tui th phc v lu hn.
Chng khng nhy cm vi bn v rt kho. Tuy nhin, lc truyn ng
l tng i cao khi n l cn thit vt qua lc c xc lp bi l xo
hi v p sut kh.
Cc van trt
Trong cc van trt, cc kt ni ring r c lin kt cng nhau hoc

ng bi cc con trt, tm phng trt hoc van a trt.
181
Chng B-4
4.2
Van 2 ca 2 v tr
Van 2 ca 2 v tr c hai ca v hai v tr (ng, m). N him khi c s

dng tr khi dng nh mt van bt tt, khi chc nng ca n ch cho
php dng lu thng tn hiu i qua v khng thi kh ra kh quyn sau
khi v tr ng, tri ngc vi van 3 ca 2 v tr. Van 2 ca 2 v tr thng
thng c cu trc ca mt ta bng bi.
Van ny c th c tc ng bng tay, c kh hoc bng kh nn.
4.3
Van 3 ca 2 v tr
Van 3 ca 2 v tr l mt van to tn hiu, vi c im mt tn hiu

trn pha ra ca van cng c th c to ra v hu b. Van 3/2 c 3
ca 2 v tr. Thm vo ca x 3 cho php tn hiu to ra i qua van
3/2 b xo b. Van kt ni tn hiu ra 2 ti ca x 3 v v vy thot ra kh
quyn v tr ban u. Mt l xo tc ng mt bi chng li mt ta ca
van ngn cn kh nn t u kt ni 1 n ng lm vic 2.
Hnh 4.1
Van 3 ca 2 v tr, thng
ng, mt ta bi
182
Chng B-4
Tc ng ca thanh trt van lm cho bi b p ra khi mt ta. tc

ng iu ny, lc sinh ra t kh nn phi vt qua lc i din ca l xo
hi.
trng thi tc ng, ca 1 v 2 c kt ni v van chuyn mch cho
dng kh chy qua. Van c tc ng hoc bng tay hoc c kh. Lc
tc ng yu cu ph thuc vo p sut cung cp, lc l xo v ma st
trong van. Lc tc ng gii hn kch thc thc t ca van. Cu trc
ca van bi ta l rt n gin v rn chc.
Hnh 4.2
S mch: iu khin xy
lanh tc dng n
Trong mch ny van 3/2 1S iu khin mt xy lanh tc ng n 1A. Nt

nhn tc ng van ti lc ngh vi cng 1 b chn v xy lanh x kh nn
qua cng 2 thng vi cng 3 ra kh quyn. Hot ng ca nt nhn lm
trch hng cng cung cp 1 ti cng 2 v xy lanh tin ra chng li lc
l xo. Khi nt nhn c th, van tr li bng l xo, v xy lanh tr li v tr
ban u ca n bi bng l xo t hi.
183
Chng B-4
Hnh 4.3
Van 3 ca 2 v tr: mt ta
a thng ng, khng
c tc ng
Van th hin ti y c xy dng trn nguyn l mt ta a. Mt ta

a n gin nhng hiu qu. Thi gian p ng ngn v mt dch
chuyn nh cng lm xut hin mt din tch mt ct ngang ln cp
sn cho dng kh. Nh cc van mt ta l bi, chng khng nhy cm vi
bn v v vy c mt thi gian s dng lu. Cc van 3 ca 2 v tr c
s dng iu khin cc xy lanh tc dng n hoc sinh ra tn hiu
cung cp ti cc thit b iu khin.
.
Hnh 4.4
a thng m, khng c
tc ng
184
Chng B-4
Mt van 3 ca 2 v tr trong v tr thng thng m dng kh i t

ca 1 n ca 2, c cp nh mt van thng m. Ca 1 ban u
c ni ti ca 2 thng qua thn van v mt ta a van b ng ti ca
3. Khi piston c hot ng, ca cp kh 1 b chn v tr ban u bi
mt ta thn, sau a b y xung mt ta ca n x kh ra ngoi
thng qua ng dn 2 n 3. Khi piston van c th, piston van vi
hai mt ta bt c tr v v tr ban u bng l xo t hi. Sau khi lp li
ca 3 b chn v kh nn c cung cp t ca 1 n ca 2.
Cc van c th c tc ng bng tay, c hc, in hoc kh nn. Cc
phng php tc ng khc nhau c th c cung cp ph hp vi ng
dng.
Hnh 4.5
a thng m, khng c
tc ng
185
Chng B-4
Hnh 4.6
a thng m, c tc
ng.
Hnh 4.7
S mch: iu khin mt
xy lanh tc dng n
Trong s mch ny, p sut c cung cp ti mt xy lanh tc dng

n thng qua van 3 ca 2 v tr v tr thng m 1V. Piston xy lanh
tin ti ti v tr ban u. Nu van c tc ng, kh nn cung cp t
ca 1 n ca 2 b ngt. Bung piston c x thng qua ca 2 n ca
3, v cn piston co v do lc ca l xo t hi.
186
Chng B-4
Van trt tay 3 ca

2 v tr
Cu trc ca cc van n gin. Truyn ng b nh hng bi dch

chuyn theo chiu dc ng kp ngoi. Van ny c s dng nh mt
van ng, ch yu cho cp p v x ca cc h thng iu khin hoc
cc b phn h thng.
Hnh 4.8
Van trt tay 3 ca 2 v tr
187
Chng B-4
Bng tc ng kh nn, van 3/2 c hot ng bng mt tn hiu kh

nn ti ca 12. S mch th hin r mt van tc ng kh nn vi l
xo t hi v tr thng ng.
Tc ng kh nn:
van 3/2
Hnh 4.9
Van dn hng mt pha
3/2, thng ng, vi l xo
t hi, khng c tc ng.
Kh nn cung cp ti ca 12 di chuyn piston van ngc vi l xo hi.

Ca 1 v 2 c kt ni. Khi b tn hiu ti ca 12, ng dn hng tr li
v tr ban u bng l xo t h. a ng kt ni gia ca 1 v 2. Kh nn
tha trong ng lm vic 2 c x qua ca 3. Van 3/2 dn hng mt
pha vi l xo t hi c th c cu hnh nh thng ng hoc thng
m.
188
Chng B-4
Hnh 4.10
Van dn hng mt pha
3/2, thng ng, vi l xo
t hi, c tc ng.
Hnh 4.11
S mch: iu khin mt
xy lanh tc dng n
189
Chng B-4
Van tc ng kh nn c th c s dng nh mt phn t iu khin,

khi c s dng nh mt iu khin gin tip. Tn hiu cho hnh trnh
tin ra ca xy lanh 1A l khi u gin tip bi mt nt n ca van 3/2
1S, n cung cp tn hiu iu khin ti phn t iu khin 1V.
v tr thng m, ca 1 v ca 3 ch cn c kt ni ngc li vi v tr
thng ng. u ca van vi ca 12 c th c xoay 180o.. Tn gi
ca ca iu khin sau l 10.
Hnh 4.12
Van 3/2, iu khin mt
pha, thng m, khng tc
ng
Nu mt van thng m c s dng ti v tr ca van 1V, th xy lanh

tin ra v tr ban u v bng s hot ng ca nt n van1S, xy lanh
co v.
Hnh 4.13
S mch: iu khin mt
xy lanh tc dng n, gin
tip.
190
Chng B-4
iu khin tr ng
(servo): van n by
con ln 3/2
Van iu khin ph tr ch yu cu lc tc ng nh nht. Mt l nh kt

ni ca p sut 1 v van iu khin ph tr. Nu cn y con ln c
hot ng, van iu khin ph tr m. Kh nn trn ti mng v tc ng
ln a ca van chnh. nh hng u tin l ng ng dn t ca 2
n 3, tip theo l mt ta a th hai m dng kh t ca 1 n ca 2.
V tr tr li b nh hng bi nh cn y con ln, n ng van iu
khin ph tr. Van c x thng qua thn rng. Piston iu khin ph
tr ca van chnh c tr li v tr ban u ca n bng l xo hi.
Hnh 4.14
Van iu khin ph tr:
khng tc ng bn tri, tc
ng bn phi.
Kiu ny ca van c th s dng loi mt van thng ng hoc thng

mnngf thay i ca 1 v ca 3 v xoay np van 180o.
191
Chng B-4
Hnh 4.15
Van n by con ln 3/2,
iu khin bn trong,
thng ng
Hnh 4.16
Van n by con ln 3/2,
iu khin bn trong,
thng m
192
Chng B-4
Van n by con ln
mt chiu
Van n by con ln mt chiu ch chuyn mch nu cam trn cn

y con ln theo mt hng no . Van c s dng nh mt cng
tc gii hn cho cm bin v tr ca cn piston khi tin ra v khi co v.
Cn phi m bo rng van c gn ng hng dch chuyn.
Tng t, kiu ny ca van c th c s dng cc v tr thng m
hoc thng ng. Trong trng hp v tr thng m, ch ca 1 v ca 3
cn c kt ni, ngc li ti v tr thng ng. u ca van vi truyn
ng cn con ln c th quay ngc 180o.
Hnh 4.17
Van n by con ln
mt chiu
193
Chng B-4
4.4
Van 4 ca 2 v tr
Van 4/2 c 4 ca 2 v tr.

Hnh 4.18
Van 4/2, mt ta a, cha
tc ng
Mt van 4 ca 2 v tr c mt ta a c cu trc tng t s kt hp ca

hai van 3/2, mt van thng ng v mt van thng m.
Hnh 4.19
Van 4/2, mt ta a, b tc
ng
194
Chng B-4
Tc ng ca van: Khi hai piston van c tc ng ging nhau, ca 1

n 2 v 4 n 3 c ng bi dch chuyn u tin. Nhn cc piston
van chng li cc a, i din vi cc lc l xo, li i gia cng 1 n 4
v t 2 n 3 c m.
Van c mt u x khng chng ln nhau v c tr li v tr ban u
ca n bi l xo. Cc van c s dng iu khin cc xy lanh tc
dng kp.
C cc phng php tc ng khc v cc kiu cu trc iu khin cho
van 4/2 bao gm nt n, ch iu khin bng kh mt bn, iu khin
bng kh c hai pha, iu khin bng cn y con ln, li v a trt.
Ch yu, van 4/2 s dng gn nh van 5/2.
Hnh 4.20
S mch: iu khin xy
lanh tc dng kp, trc tip
Van a trt theo theo chiu dc c mt piston iu khin cho s o

chiu ca van. Tuy nhin, cc ng dn c kt ni hoc tch t mt
b phn khc bi mt tm phng trt na.
195
Chng B-4
Hnh 4.21
Van iu khin 2 pha 4/2,
a trt theo chiu dc.
Van c o chiu thng qua tc ng trc tip ca kh nn. Khi kh

nn di chuyn khi ca iu khin, piston iu khin li v tr tng ng
cho n khi n nhn c mt tn hiu t ca i din.
4.5
Van 4 ca 3 v tr
Van 4/3 c 4 ca 3 v tr. Mt v d ca van 4 ca 3 v tr l van a trt

vi tc ng bng tay hoc chn. Bng dch chuyn hai a, cc knh
c kt ni vi mt ca khc.
Hnh 4.22
Van a trt 4/3, v tr

gia ng.
196
Chng B-4
Hnh 4.23
Van a trt 4/3,
mt ct ngang
Trong s mch ny cc ng dn ca van 4 ca 3 v tr b ng v

tr gia. iu ny cho php cn piston ca xy lanh c dng bt k v
tr no khp trong di hnh trnh ca n, mc d cc v tr trung gian ca
cn piston khng th c nh v vi chnh xc cao. Do tnh nn
c ca kh, mt v tr no s b thay i nu ti trn cn piston thay
i.
Hnh 4.24
S mch: iu khin xy
lanh tc dng kp, trc tip
197
Chng B-4
4.6
Van 5 ca 2 v tr
Van 5/2 c 5 ca 2 v tr. Van 5/2 c s dng ch yu nh mt phn t

iu khin iu khin cc xy lanh.
Mt v d ca van 5/2, van trt theo chiu dc, s dng mt con trt
iu khin nh mt b phn iu khin. Thit b ny kt ni hoc tch
cc ng dn tng ng bng cc dch chuyn theo chiu dc. Lc tc
ng yu cu thp hn v khng c lc i din ca kh nn hoc l xo
hi.
Tt c cc dng tc ng c th c s dng vi cc van trt dc, v
d: iu khin bng tay, c hc, in t, kh nn. Nhng kiu tc ng
ny cng c s dng cho xc lp li van tr v v tr ban u ca
n.
Hnh 4.25
van 5/2 : nguyn l trt dc
198
Chng B-4
Dch chuyn tc ng ln hn ng k so vi cc van mt ta. Vng lm

kn hin ti l mt vn ca kiu van ny. Kiu lp c bit trong thu
lc l kim loi vi kim loi, yu cu li c lp chnh xc trong l ca
thn van.
Trong cc van kh nn, khe h gia li van v l ca thn van nn xp x
0.002 - 0.004mm, mc d tn tht r r s qu ln. tit kim nhng
chi ph lp t qu t, li thng c lm kn vi cc vng ch O hoc
cc lm kn hai bn hoc l ca thn van c lm kn vi vng ch O.
trnh hng cc m kn, cc ca kt ni c th phn chia xung
quanh chu vi ca v li.
Hnh 4.26
S mch: iu khin xy
lanh tc dng kp, gin tip.
Ni chung van 4/2 c thay th bng van 5/2. Van 5/2 c u im trong
cu trc ng dn v cho php x trong c hnh trnh tin ra v co v
xy lanh c iu khin ring r. Mch van 5 ca 2 v tr thc hin
cc chc nng iu khin c bn ging nh mch van 4/2.
199
Chng B-4
Mt phng php lm kn khc l s dng mt mt ta a di ng vi

dch chuyn trng thi tng i nh. m kn c mt ta dng a kt
ni ca 1 ti hoc ca 2 hay ca 4. Cc m s cp trn li piston ng
bt c ca x no khng c yu cu. Van trong s di y c nt
n iu khin bng tay ti mi v tr cui iu khin li van.
Hnh 4.27
Van dn hng tc ng
kp 5/2, mt ta di ng,
dng t ca 1 n ca 2
Van dn hng tc ng kp 5/2 c chc nng ca iu khin nh. Van

o chiu t ca 14 hoc 12 bng cc tn hiu kh nn tc ng qua li.
V tr mi ny c nh cho ti khi ch c mt tn hiu khc xy ra.
Hnh 4.28
Van dn hng tc ng
kp 5/2, mt ta di ng,
dng t ca 1 n ca 4
200
Chng B-4
4.7
Van 5 ca 3 v tr
Van 5/3 c 5 ca 3 v tr chuyn mch. Vi nhng van ny, cc xy lanh

tc dng kp c th c dng trong di hnh trnh. iu ny c ngha
mt piston xy lanh di mt p sut v tr gia l kp nhanh trong v tr
thng ng v trong v tr thng m, piston c th di chuyn khng p
sut. Nu khng c tn hiu c cung cp mt trong hai ca, van vn
gi bng l xo nh tm v tr gia.
Hnh 4.29
Van dn hng tc ng
kp 5/2, thng ng.
201
Chng B-4
4.8
Cc gi tr lu lng ca cc van
Tn tht p sut v lu lng kh nn l cc thng s quan trng vi

ngi s dng. La chn mt van ph thuc vo:
Th tch v tc ca xy lanh
Tn s chuyn mch yu cu
St gim p sut cho php
Cc van kh nn c xc nh vi t l lu lng thng thng ca

chng. Cc h s khc nhau cn c a vo tnh ton tnh gi tr
lu lng. Cc h s l:
p1
p2
p
T1
qn
p sut ti u vo van (kPa hoc bar)

p sut ti u ra ca van (kPa hoc bar)
p sut chnh lch (p1 p2) (kPa hoc bar)
nhit (K)
di lu lng nh mc (l/min)
Trong o lng, kh nn i qua van theo mt hng. p sut vo v p

sut ra c o v dng kh c o bi mt ng h o lu lng.
D liu cho bit gi tr lu lng thng thng c th thy trong ca ta l
ca nh sn xut.
202
Chng B-4
4.9
tin cy ca cc van khi hot ng
Gi ca cc van n by con ln:

tin cy ca mt trnh t iu khin ph thuc nhiu vo vic kt ni
chnh xc ca cc van gii hn. Trong tt c cc thit k ca cc van
gii hn, gi phi cho php iu chnh n gin hoc iu chnh li v
tr ca cc van gii hn nhm t c s sp xp chnh xc cc chuyn
ng ca xy lanh trong mt trnh t iu khin.
Gn van:
Mt phn t vic la chn cn thn cc van, lp rp chnh xc l mt
yu cu trc tin cho tin cy ca c im chuyn mch, hot ng
n nh v d dng tip cn cho cng vic sa cha v bo dng. iu
ny yu cu vi cc van trong phn cng sut v cc van trong phn
iu khin.
Bo dng v sa cha c thun tin bi:
S lng cc b phn
T chc khng gian quan st
Ti liu tng hp
Cc van tc ng bng tay cho tn hiu vo thng thng c gn trn

mt bng iu khin hoc bn iu khin. V th thc t v thun tin s
dng cc van vi cc c cu tc ng c th c gn trn cc van c
bn. Cc c cu tc ng khc nhau l c sn vi cc dy rng ca cc
chc nng u vo.
Cc van trong hnh thc phn t iu khin iu khin tun t cc truyn
ng kh nn. Chng cn c xy dng theo mt cch m khi ng
phn ng ca cc truyn ng cng nhanh cng tt. Bi vy, van cng
sut nn c t cng gn cc c cu truyn ng cng tt gim
chiu di ng dn, v vy, thi gian chuyn mch cng ngn cng tt.
L tng, van cng sut nn c gn trc tip ln c cu chp hnh.
u im ca iu ny l cc u ni, ng v thi gian lp rp c th tit
kim hn.
203
Chng B-5
Chapter 5
Cc van mt chiu, van lu lng v van p

sut, cc van t hp
204
Chng B-5
5.1
Van mt chiu
Cc van mt chiu l cc thit b thng thng dng lu lng theo mt

hng m cho php lu lng theo hng ngc li. p sut trn mt
sau ngc vi b phn hn ch, bi vy, gip cho lm kn van.
Van cn
Cc van cn c th dng hon ton dng theo mt hng. Trong hng

i din lu lng l t do vi mt p sut st gim nh v s cn tr ca
van. S cn tr ca mt hng c th b nh hng bi cc hnh nn,
cc bi, cc tm phng hoc cc mng.
Hnh 5.1
van mt chiu
Phn t chc nng
Cc thit b gn ti mt u ni ba ng c c im v mt chiu hng

dch chuyn tn hiu kh. Hai van ti y cp ti nh thit b lin
kt c c im lgic xc nh ng i ca hai tn hiu vo. Van song
p yu cu hai tn hiu (chc nng V) to ra mt tn hiu u ra v
van con thoi yu cu t nht mt tn hiu (chc nng Hoc) to ra
mt tn hiu u ra. C nhng thit b x l theo hai tn hiu c x
l bn trong v kt qu tn hiu ra ti ca 2.
205
Chng B-5
Van song p c hai u vo 1 v 1(3) v mt u ra A. Dng kh nn

qua van ch khi tn hiu c cp ti c hai u vo. Mt tn hiu vo ti
1 hoc 1(3) chn dng bi v chnh lch lc ti piston trt. Nu cc tn
hiu c cung cp ti ca 1 v ca 1(3), tn hiu c cung cp cui
cng cng c cp ti u ra. Nu tn hiu vo m c p sut chnh
lch, th van ng vo nhiu hn v kh nn c truyn ti u ra t
hn. Van song p ch c s dng cho iu khin phi hp, iu khin
an ton, cc chc nng cn v hot ng lgic V.
Van song p: Chc

nng lgic v
Hnh 5.2
Van song p: Chc nng
lgic v
206
Chng B-5
Hnh 5.3
S mch vi van
song p
Mch van song p th tng ng vi thit b hai tn hiu vo trong

chui, v d: mt tn hiu sau tn hiu khc (van 3/2, v tr thng ng)
Tn hiu u ra c i qua tt c cc ng ch khi c hai yu t tn
hiu c hot ng.
Hnh 5.4
S mch: chc nng
chui v
207
Chng B-5
Mt nhc im ca chuyn mch khc nhau l trong thc t iu ny

thng dn ti cc ng dn v cng di gia cc van. Hn na, tn
hiu t van 1S2 khng th c s dng trong mt lgic khc. Khi van
1S2 c cp p ch khi van 1S1 c tc ng.
Thit b mt chiu ny c hai u vo 1 v 1(3) v mt u ra 2. Nu kh
nn c cp ti ca u tin 1, mt ta ca van bt u i din 1(3),
dng kh t 1 n 2. u vo 1 b ng, nu kh i t 1(3) n 2. Mt tn
hiu c sinh ra ti u ra. Khi dng kh c o chiu, v d: mt xy
lanh hoc van c x, mt ta vn v tr c tha nhn trc y
ca n bi cc iu kin p sut.
Van con thoi chc nng

lgic OR (Hoc)
Van ny cng c gi l thit b OR (Hoc). Nu mt xy lanh hoc van

iu khin c tc ng t hai hoc nhiu v tr, nn s dng mt hoc
nhiu van con thoi.
Hnh 5.5
Van con thoi: chc nng
lgic OR (Hoc)
208
Chng B-5
Trong v d th hin, mt xy lanh c tin ra dng hai tay khi ng

cc van, cc van c th c gn ti khong cch khc nhau t xy lanh.
Khng s dng van con thoi, kh nn s ch yu i qua ca 3 ca van
1S2, nu van 1S1 c tc ng.
Hnh 5.6
iu khin mt xy lanh vi
hai thit b u vo
Cc van con thoi c th c kt ni to thm iu kin lgic OR

(Hoc), v d: nh th hin di y: nu bt c mt nt n no trong
ba nt n c khi ng, xy lanh s tin ra.
Hnh 5.7
iu khin mt xy lanh vi
ba thit b u vo
209
Chng B-5
Cc van x nhanh c s dng tng tc piston ca xy lanh. iu

ny cho php trnh ko di thi gian tr v, c th vi xy lanh tc dng
n. Nguyn l hot ng l cho php xy lanh co v gn vi tc ln
nht ca n bng cch gim s cn tr ti dng kh x trong qu trnh
chuyn ng ca xy lanh. gim s cn tr, kh c y ra kh quyn
gn xy lanh thng qua mt l m ln. Van c mt u cung cp c th
ng 1, mt u x c th ng 3 v mt u ra 2.
Van x nhanh
Hnh 5.8
Van x nhanh: dng t ca
1 n 2
210
Chng B-5
Nu p sut c cp ti ca 1, th a bt che ca 3, theo kh nn i

t ca 1 n ca 2. Nu p lc khng c khng cn c cp ti ca
1, th kh t ca 2, di chuyn a bt ngc ca 1 v ng ca ny, do
kh x ngay lp tc thot ra kh quyn. Khng cn thit phi cho kh i
qua mt ng dn di v c th hn ch ti van iu khin hng
thng qua cc ng kt ni. C nhiu u im lp van x nhanh trc
tip trn xy lanh hoc cng gn cng n cng tt.
Hnh 5.9
Van x nhanh: x t ca 2
n ca 3
Fig 5.10
S mch vi van
x nhanh
211
Chng B-5
Cc van ng ngt l cc van khng th iu chnh, van m hoc ng

lu lng theo c hai hng. V d in hnh l vi ng v vi phun.
Cc van ng ngt
Hnh 5.11
Van kho
5.2
Van iu khin lu lng
Cc van tit lu nh hng th tch dng kh nn theo c hai hng. Van

tit lu l mt van iu khin lu lng.
Cc van tit lu thng thng c th iu chnh c xc lp c th
c kho v tr. Cc van tit lu c s dng iu khin tc
ca cc piston. Cn phi cn thn rng cc van tit lu khng ng ht,
ngt kh t h thng.
Van tit lu, hai chiu
Hnh 5.12
Van tit lu
212
Chng B-5
c im ca cc van tit lu theo nguyn l cu trc:
Van tit lu mt chiu
Van tit lu:

Trong van tit lu, chiu di ca phn tit lu ln hn phn ng
knh ca n.
Van mng:
Trong van mng, chiu di ca phn tit lu nh hn ng knh ca
n.
Trong trng hp ca van tit lu mt chiu, dng kh c tit lu ch

trong mt hng. Mt van cn cn dng kh trong mch nhnh ca n v
kh ch c th i qua phn gch cho c iu chnh. Trong hng
ngc li, kh c th i t do qua van cn m. Nhng van ny c s
dng iu chnh tc ca c cu truyn ng v nu c th, nn
c gn trc tip trn xy lanh.
Hnh 5.13
Van tit lu mt chiu
213
Chng B-5
V c bn, c hai kiu mch tit lu cho cc xy lanh tc dng kp :
Tit lu kh cung cp
Tit lu kh x
tit lu kh cung cp, cc van tit lu mt chiu c lp t v vy

kh i qua xy lanh c tit lu. Kh x c th t do thot ra qua van cn
ca van tit lu trn mt u ra ca xy lanh. Dao ng yu nht ca ti
trn cn piston, c th xy ra cho v d khi i qua mt cng tc gii hn,
dn ti tnh khng u rt ln trong tc piston.
Tit lu kh cung cp
Mt ti trong hng dch chuyn ca xy lanh lm tng nhanh hn tc

ca xy lanh khc xa so vi gi tr xc lp. Bi vy, tit lu kh cung cp
c th c s dng cho cc xy lanh tc dng n v th tch nh.
Hnh 5.14
Tit lu kh cung cp
214
Chng B-5
Tit lu kh x
Vi tit lu kh x, kh cung cp i t do n xy lanh v kh x b tit lu.

Trong trng hp ny, piston b kt gia hai m kh. m nh hng
th nht l p sut cung cp ti xy lanh v m th hai l kh x b hn
ch ti ming van tit lu mt chiu. Sp xp cc van gim tit lu theo
cch ny gp phn ng k ti vic ci thin thay i tc . Tit lu kh
x nn c s dng cho cc xy lanh tc dng kp . Trong trng hp
ca cc xy lanh nh, iu khin kh cung cp v kh x c la chn v
gim lng kh.
Hnh 5.15
Tit lu kh x
215
Chng B-5
Van tit lu mt chiu c th iu chnh c bng c kh, tc ca xy

lanh c th c thay i trong sut hnh trnh. Tc c bn c th
c xc lp thng qua mt vt iu chnh. Bng mt b phn b dn c
hnh dng khng theo quy nh, b phn ny tc ng cn con ln ca
van tit lu mt chiu c th iu chnh c bng c kh, phn gch
cho tit lu do thay i c.
Van tit lu mt chiu

c th iu chnh c
bng c kh
Hnh 5.16
Van tit lu mt chiu c th
iu chnh c bng c kh
216
Chng B-5
5.3
Cc van p sut
Cc van iu chnh p sut l cc thit b ch yu nh hng p sut

hoc c iu khin bi ln ca p sut. Chng c chia thnh ba
nhm:
Van iu chnh p sut
Van iu chnh p sut

Van gii hn p sut
Van p sut tun t
Van iu chnh p sut l lin quan vi phn di B 2.6 n v phc

v. Vai tr ca cc n v ny l duy tr p sut khng i thm ch nu
b phn cung cp dao ng. p sut u vo phi ln hn p sut u
ra c yu cu.
Hnh 5.17
Van iu chnh p sut
Van gii hn p sut
Cc van gii hn p sut c s dng ch yu nh cc van an ton

(cc van gim p). Chng ngn p sut vt qu gi tr cho php trong
mt h thng. Nu p sut ln nht t c ti u vo ca van, u ra
ca van m v p sut kh vt qu c x ra kh quyn. Van gi v tr
m cho ti khi n c ng bi l xo sau khi p sut t ti gi tr h
thng xc lp trc.
217
Chng B-5
Nguyn l ca van tc ng ging nh van gii hn p sut. Nu p

sut vt qu gi tr xc lp ca l xo, van s m.
Van p sut tun t
Dng i t ca 1 n ca 2 b ng. u ra 2 c m ch khi nu p

sut xc lp trc c cp ti ng iu khin 12. Mt li iu khin
m ng dn 1 n 2.
Hnh 5.18
iu chnh Van p sut tun
t
218
Chng B-5
Van p sut tun t c lp t trong cc iu khin kh nn ni mt p

sut c bit c yu cu cho mt iu khin chuyn mch (iu khin
ph thuc p sut).
Hnh 5.19
S mch vi van p sut
tun t
5.4
Cc van t hp
Cc b phn ca cc nhm iu khin khc nhau c th c kt hp

trong thn ca mt n v vi cc c trng, c im v cc cu trc
ca s kt hp cc van. Nhng iu ny c cp ti nh cc van t
hp v cc k hiu ca chng th hin cc b phn khc nhau to
nn n v kt hp. Nhng n v sau c th c xc nh nh cc van
t hp:
Cc van rle thi gian tr: cho cc tn hiu tr

Cc khi iu khin kh: th hin cc dch chuyn ring hoc dao
ng s dng cc xy lanh tc dng kp .
Van 5 ca 4 v tr: dng cc xy lanh tc dng kp ti bt k v tr no
Van 8 ca iu khin kh: cho iu khin cc n v phn phi kh
B to xung: cho thc hin dch chuyn ca xy lanh vi tc nhanh
To chn khng vi y : ng dng nht v nh vt
Mdul bc : cho nhim v iu khin lin tip
Mdul b nh lnh : cho khi ng vi cc tn hiu iu kin u vo
219
Chng B-5
Van r le thi gian c kt hp van 3/2, van tit lu v bnh tch kh.
Van 3/2 c th l mt van vi v tr thng ng hoc thng m. Thi
gian tr vo khong 0 30 giy trong c hai kiu ca van.
Van r le thi gian
Hnh 5.20
Van r le thi gian: Thng
ng
Vic s dng bnh tch kh, thi gian c th c ko di. Mt chuyn

mch thi gian chnh xc c m bo, nu kh l sch v p sut
tng i khng i.
220
Chng B-5
Nguyn l hot ng
Sau y l nguyn l hot ng p dng cho mt tr vi mt van 3/2

thng ng: Kh nn c cung cp ti van ti ca 1. iu khin kh i
vo van ti ca 12 qua mt van tit lu mt chiu v ph thuc vo xc
lp ca vt tit lu, mt s lng kh ln hn hay nh hn i vo trong
bnh tch kh trong mt n v thi gian. Khi p sut iu khin cn thit
t ti trong bnh tch kh, li iu khin ca van 3/2 dch chuyn theo
hng xui dng. iu ny lm chn ng dn t ca 2 n ca 3. Van
a c nng khi mt ta ca n v v vy kh c th lu thng t ca
1 n ca 2. Thi gian yu cu cho p sut t ti trong bnh tch kh l
bng thi gian iu khin tr ca van.
Nu van iu khin tr chuyn mch v v tr ban u ca n, ng
iu khin 12 phi c x. Kh i t bnh tch kh ra kh quyn qua
nhnh ca van tit lu mt chiu v sau ti ng x. L xo van hi
li iu khin v mt ta a ca van v v tr ban u ca chng. ng
lm vic 2 x ti 3 v 1 b lm kn.
Hnh 5.21
Van r le thi gian: thng
m
221
Chng B-5
Van iu khin tr bao gm mt van 3/2 thng m. Ban u u ra

c tc ng. Khi van chuyn mch bi 10 v u ra 2 c x ti ca
3 v ca 1 b ng. Kt qu l tn hiu u ra b tt sau mt khong thi
gian tr xc lp.
Thi gian tr phn hi ti p sut tng trong bnh tch kh ln na. Nu
kh ti ca 10 c i qua th van 3/2 trng thi bnh thng.
Mch di y s dng hai van iu khin tr, mt van thng ng
(1V2) v van kia thng m (1V1). Khi nt khi ng 1S1 c hot
ng, tn hiu sinh ra qua van 1V1 v bt u chuyn ng tin ra ca
xy lanh (1A) qua ca 14 ca thit b iu khin1V3. Van iu khin tr
1V1 c mt khong thi gian tr ngn khong 0.5 giy. iu ny thi
gian khi ng tn hiu nhng sau khi tn hiu 14 b hu b bi tn
hiu iu khin 10 ca van iu khin tr. Xy lanh khi ng van gii
hn 1S2. Van iu khin tr 1V2 nhn c mt tn hiu iu khin sau
mt khong thi gian m van xc lp trc. iu ny cung cp tn hiu
12 o chiu van v xy lanh co v. Mt chu k hot ng mi ch c
khi ng khi khi ng nt n v tc ng li van 1S1.
Hnh 5.22
S mch vi van r le
thi gian
222
Chng B-5
Minh ho di y th hin thi gian tc ng ca mch vi Van r le

thi gian
Hnh 5.23
Thi gian tr li ca cc
mch vi cc Van r le thi
gian
223
Chng B-6
Chng 6
Cc h thng kh nn
224
Chng B-6
6.1
La chn v so snh mi trng lm vic v iu khin
la chn mi cht lm vic v iu khin cn phi xem xt nhng

vn sau:
Yu cu lm vic v u ra.
Phng php iu khin thch hp.
Cc ngun v cc cng ngh p ng cho cng trnh.
Cc h thng c lp t hin ti c tch hp c vi cng trnh
mi.
u tin, mi u im v nhc im ca mi cht p ng phi c

xem xt k, c v mi cht iu khin v mi cht lm vic. Khi la chn
c th pht trin hng gii quyt.
225
Chng B-6
T. 6.1
Mi trng lm vic
Tiu chun
Kh nn
Thu lc
in
Lc thng
Lc gii hn do p sut thp v

ng knh xy lanh, khng gim
nng lng tiu th khi trong lc
dng lm vic
Lc ln do p sut cao
Lc thp hn, t hiu qu, khng

chu c qu ti, nng lng
tiu th ln trong khi dng
Lc quay
Mmen ln, thm ch trong khi

dng, khng tiu tn nng lng
Mmen ln, thm ch trong khi

dng, tiu tn nng lng ln
Mmen nh trong khi dng
Dch
chuyn,
thng
To ra n gin, gia tc cao, tc

cao
To ra n gin, iu chnh d
dng
Phc tp v t do chuyn i
qua cc thit b c hoc trong
trng hp khong cch ngn
thng qua cun in t v cho
lc thp hn, cc ng c tnh
tin
Dch
chuyn,
quay hoc
xoay
Cc ng c kh nn vi tc
v cng cao, chi ph hot ng
cao, t hiu qu, chuyn ng
quay thng qua chuyn i
thanh rng v bnh rng truyn
ng
ng c thu lc v xy lanh xoay

vi tc thp hn kiu kh nn,
hiu qu cao,
Hiu qu nht vi thit b quay,

tc gii hn
Kh nng
iu chnh
D dng iu chnh lc thng

qua p sut v tc qua th
tch, thm ch trong di tc
thp
iu chnh xut sc lc v tc
, c th iu chnh chnh xc
thm ch trong dy tc thp
Gii hn kh nng iu chnh,

trong cng thi gian chi ph cao
Tch tr
nng
lng v
vn
chuyn
C th thc hin vi s lng

ln, khng tiu tn, d vn
chuyn theo cc ng dn (xp
x 1000m) v nn kh vo bnh
tch
Ch gii hn kh nng lu tr c
th s dng phng tin ph
bng bnh tch kh ga hoc l xo
gia ti, c th dch chuyn theo
cc ng dn ln ti 100m
Lu tr kh khn v t (c quy,
pin), d dng vn chuyn vi
khong cch ln bng ng
thng
nh
hng ca
mi
trng
Chu c s thay i ca nhit

, khng ri ro kch n, ri ro
trong trng hp m kh cao,
tc dng ln v nhit xung
quanh thp
Nhy cm vi s thay i nhit

, ri ro chy trong trng hp
r r v v nhim bn
Chu c s thay i nhit ,

bo v chy n l khng th
thiu khi s gp s c
Chi ph
nng
lng
Chi ph qu cao so vi hiu qu,

1m3 kh nn ti 600kPa (6bar)
gi xp x 0.03-0.05 DM, ph
thuc vo h thng v cp s
dng
Qu cao khi so snh vi hiu

qu
Chi ph nng lng thp nht
Bm n ti p sut cao, cc b
phn chu c qu ti
Cc b phn khng chu c

qu ti, hoc c th ch c bo
v chng li qu ti vi chi ph
cao; gy n khi chuyn mch
cc c cu truyn ng v cc
cun in t
Tng qut
Cc b phn chu c qu ti,

kh x n gy kh chu, gim m
l cn thit
226
Chng B-6
T. 6.2
Mi trng iu khin
Tiu chun
in
in t
p sut kh tiu chun
p sut kh thp
bn ca thit b
Nhy cm vi tc
ng mi trng,
c th bi, m,
v v. . .
Rt nhy cm vi
mi trng, c th
bi, m, trng
nhiu, rung v xc,
tui th di
Rt t nhy cm vi mi
trng, tui th di nu
kh sch
Rt t nhy cm vi
tc ng mi
trng, nhy cm
vi kh nhim bn,
tui th di
Chuyn mch thi

gian ca cc thit b
>10m/giy
<<1m/giy
>5m/giy
>1m/giy
Tc tn hiu
Tc thp
Tc thp
Xp x 10-4-m/giy
Xp x 100200m/giy
Khong cch cho php
Thc t khng gii

hn
Thc t khng gii

hn
Gii hn bi tc tn hiu
Khng gian yu cu
Nh
Rt nh
Nh
Nh
X l tn hiu chnh
K thut s
K thut s, tng t
K thut s
K thut s, tng
t
227
Chng B-6
6.2
L thuyt iu khin
S khc nhau gia cc h thng iu khin c th c to ra theo cc

quan im sau y. Minh ho di y th hin kiu iu khin theo
DIN19226. C ba nhm chnh. Phn loi mt h thng iu khin trong
ba h thng iu khin ph thuc vo vic xc nh vn . Nu n l
mt trng hp ca iu khin chng trnh, ngi thit k cng trnh c
s la chn trong ba phn nhm ca iu khin chng trnh.
Hnh 6.1
Kiu iu khin theo DIN
19226
H thng iu khin dn hng

Lun lun c mt quan h r rng gia cu lnh hoc gi tr tham s v
gi tr u ra cung cp cc bin gy nhiu khng gy ra mt sai lch
no. Cc iu khin dn hng khng c mt chc nng nh.
H thng iu khin nh
Khi lnh hoc gi tr tham chiu c dch chuyn li hoc b hu b,
trong thc t sau khi hon thnh tn hiu vo, gi tr u ra t c
c gi li (c nh). Mt gi tr lnh khc hoc mt tn hiu vo i
din c yu cu gi tr u ra tr li ti mt gi tr ban u. Cc h
thng iu khin nh lun lun c mt chc nng lu gi.
Kiu iu khin theo

DIN 19226
228
Chng B-6
iu khin theo chng trnh

C ba kiu iu khin theo chng trnh:
Cc kiu h thng
iu khin
iu khin s bc
Trong trng hp ca iu khin s bc, bin tham chiu c
cung cp bi mt b lp trnh (chng trnh nh), bin u ra ca n
ph thuc vo ng dn hoc ph thuc vo v tr ca mt vt di
chuyn trong h thng c iu khin.
H thng iu khin tun t
Chng trnh iu khin tun t c gi trong mt b lp trnh. B
ny chy chng trnh tng bc mt theo trng thi t c bi h
thng c iu khin. Chng trnh ny c th c lp t c nh
hoc c c t th c l hoc bng t tnh hoc cc b nh ph
hp khc.
iu khin theo thi gian (trnh t)
Trong mt h thng iu khin theo (trnh t) thi gian, cc gi tr
lnh c cung cp bi b lp trnh ph thuc thi gian. c im
ca mt h thng iu khin theo thi gian l, s tn ti ca mt b
lp trnh v mt trnh t chng trnh ph thuc thi gian. Cc b to
chng trnh c th l:
Trc cam
Cc cam
Th c l
Bng c l
Cc chng trnh trong mt b nh in t
S khc nhau gia cc h thng iu khin c th c to ra trn c s

ca quan im khc nhau. Theo tiu chun ny, tnh nng tiu biu cho
cc h thng iu khin l trong dng th hin ca thng tin v trong
dng x l tn hiu.
229
Chng B-6
H thng iu khin tng t

Mt h thng iu khin hot ng ch yu vi cc tn hiu tng t
trong phn x l tn hiu. X l tn hiu b nh hng ch yu bng cc
phn t chc nng tc ng lin tc
Hnh thc th hin

thng tin
H thng iu khin k thut s

H thng iu khin hot ng ch yu l s dng cc tn hiu s trong
phn x l tn hiu. Thng tin c th hin bng tn hiu s. Cc n v
chc nng: cc b m, b ghi, cc b nh, cc n v s hc.
H thng iu khin nh phn

H thng iu khin hot ng ch yu vi cc tn hiu nh phn trong
phn tn hiu x l v ni cc tn hiu khng th hin d liu v mt s
lng.
Hnh 6.2
S khc nhau gia cc h
thng iu khin: trong hnh
thc th hin thng tin
230
Chng B-6
Hnh thc x l
tn hiu
H thng iu khin ng b
L h thng iu khin x l tn hiu c ng b ti mt xung
ng h.
H thng iu khin khng ng b

L h thng iu khin hot ng khng c xung ng h, ti hiu
chnh tn hiu c tc ng rt nhanh bng mt thay i trong cc tn
hiu vo.
H thng iu khin lgic

L h thng iu khin ti trng thi tn hiu c th cho cc tn hiu
ra c gn bi trng thi tn hiu ca cc tn hiu vo bng kt ni lgic
Boolean ( v d: AND (V), OR (hoc), NOT (khng)).
Hnh 6.3
S khc nhau gia cc h
thng iu khin: trong hnh
thc x l tn hiu
231
Chng B-6
H thng iu khin tun t

H thng iu khin vi cc bc hot ng bt buc khi chuyn
mch t mt bc n bc tip theo trong chng trnh l ph
thuc vo cc iu kin no c tho mn. Trong thc t l
chng trnh ca cc bc nhy, cc vng, nhnh v v ...
iu khin tun t c chia thnh hai phn nhm:
6.3
H thng iu khin tun t ph thuc vo thi gian

L iu khin tun t m cc iu kin chuyn mch ca n ch ph
thuc vo thi gian. Bc cho php cc iu kin c sinh ra thng
qua b thi gian, hoc cc trc cam iu khin vi tc khng i.
Gii hn tn ti ca iu khin thi gian theo DIN 19226 l i tng
xc nh thi gian ph thuc ca cc bin tham chiu.
Ph thuc qu trnh
L h thng iu khin tun t m cc iu kin chuyn mch ca
n ch ph thuc vo cc tn hiu t h thng c iu khin. iu
khin theo s bc c xc nh trong DIN 19226 l mt dng
ca iu khin tun t ph thuc vo qu trnh, cc bc iu khin
cho php ph thuc hon ton vo cc tn hiu ph thuc vo hnh
trnh ca h thng iu khin.
Pht trin h thng iu khin
S pht trin li gii h thng iu khin yu cu rng cc vn cn

c xc nh r rng. C rt nhiu cch th hin vn trong mt dng
miu t hoc s . Cc phng php th hin vn iu khin bao
gm:
Phc tho v tr
S bc dch chuyn
S chc nng
Biu chc nng
S mch
232
Chng B-6
Phc tho v tr
Phc tho v tr th hin quan h gia c cu truyn ng v my mc

c nh. Cc c cu truyn ng th hin s nh hng chnh xc. V tr
phc tho khng cn ng vi t l v khng nn qu chi tit. S s
c dng trong quan h vi m t hot ng ca my v s chuyn
ng.
Hnh 6.4
V d phc tho v tr
S bc dch
chuyn
S bc dch chuyn v s dch chuyn thi gian c s dng

cho chuyn ng lin tc ca cc c cu truyn ng; dch chuyn c
ghi li trong quan h vi trnh t bc.
Nu mt h thng iu khin kt hp mt s cc c cu truyn ng,
chng c th hin theo cng mt cch v c v theo th t t trn
xung. Mi quan h qua li ca chng c th c thy thng qua so
snh cc bc.
Ch
Tiu chun VDI 3260: Cc s chc nng ca c cu sn xut v lp

t b hu b. Tuy nhin n c s dng trong cun sch ny
minh ho cho trnh t iu khin.
233
Chng B-6
Hnh 6.5
S bc dch chuyn
Trong trng hp ny c hai xy lanh 1A v 2A. Trong bc 1, xy lanh 1A

tin ra v sau xy lanh 2A co v trong bc 2. Trong bc 3, xy lanh
1A co v v trong bc 4 xy lanh 2A co v. Bc 5 L tng ng vi
bc 1.
S thi gian-dch chuyn.
Trong trng hp mt s thi gian dch chuyn, dch chuyn c v
trong quan h vi thi gian.
S thi gian-dch
chuyn
Hnh 6.6
S thi gian-dch chuyn
234
Chng B-6
Biu iu khin
Trong biu iu khin, trng thi chuyn mch ca thit b iu khin

c th hin trong quan h vi cc bc hoc thi gian. Chuyn mch
thi gian khng c a vo tnh ton.
S iu khin hnh 6.7 th hin trng thi ca cc thit b iu khin
(1V cho xy lanh 1A v 2V cho xy lanh 2A) v trng thi ca cng tc gii
hn 1S1 c gn ti v tr cui cng ng trc xy lanh 1A.
Hnh 6.7
Biu iu khin
S chc nng
S chc nng l mt s kt hp ca s chuyn ng v biu

iu khin. Cc ng thng th hin cc trng thi ring r c
cp nh cc ng thng chc nng.
Hnh 6.8
S chc nng
235
Chng B-6
Phn t cc ng thng chc nng, cc ng thng tn hiu c th

c cho vo trong s chc nng.
ng tn hiu ra ti phn t tn hiu v kt thc ti im, xy ra
mt thay i trong trng thi, ph thuc vo tn hiu ny. Mi tn trn
ng tn hiu cho bit hng ca dng lu thng tn hiu.
Hnh 6.9
Th hin ca cc ng tn
hiu
Cc nhnh tn hiu c biu hin bi mt chm ti im ca nhnh.

Mt vi thay i trong trng thi ca cc thit b c gii thiu bi mt
tn hiu u ra.
Trong trng hp ca iu kin OR, mt chm c t ti im kt hp
cc ng tn hiu. Mt vi tn hiu u ra c nh hng ging nh thay
i trong trng thi, ci ny khng nh hng n ci kia.
iu kin AND (V) c ch r thng qua mt ng xin cho ti im
kt ni cc ng tn hiu. Mt thay i trong trng thi ch xy ra khi tt
c cc tn hiu u ra c mt ng thi.
236
Chng B-6
Hnh 6.10
Th hin ca cc thit b
u ra
Vic xc nh cc thit b u vo ring r c a vo ti im ra ca

ng tn hiu tng ng.
Hnh 6.11
S bc dch chuyn vi
cc ng tn hiu
237
Chng B-6
S minh ho theo trnh t sau:
Nu cng tc gii hn 2S1 c tc ng v nt n 1S1 c nhn

bi ngi iu khin, cn piston ca xy lanh 1A tin.
Khi xy lanh 1A t ti v tr xa nht, cng tc gii hn 1S3 c tc

ng v cn piston ca xy lanh 2A tin ra.
Khi xy lanh 2A t ti v tr tin ra xa nht ca n, cng tc gii hn

2S2 c tc ng v cn piston ca xy lanh 1A co v.
Khi xy lanh 1A co v v tr cui cng ca n, cng tc gii hn 1S2

c tc ng v cn piston ca xy lanh 2A co v.
Khi xy lanh 2A co v v tr cui cng ca n, cng tc gii hn 2S1

c tc ng v v tr ban u ca trnh t iu khin c lp li.
K hiu vit tt l mt kh nng khc ca trnh t dch chuyn. Trong

trng hp ny, nh danh xy lanh 1A, 2A, v.v... c s dng trong
chui. Tn hiu cho xy lanh tin ra c ch nh dng mt + v tn hiu
khi xy lanh co vo dng -.
Chui 1A+ 2A+ 2A- 1A- c c nh sau: xy lanh 1A tin, xy lanh

2A tin, xy lanh 2A co v, xy lanh1A co v. Cc dch chuyn theo
trnh t c vit lin tip.
Chui
2A1Ac c nh sau:
Xy lanh 1A tin ra, xy lanh 2A tin ra v xy lanh1A co v xy lanh 2A
co v. Cc dch chuyn ng thi c vit theo chiu dc.
1A+
2A+
K hiu vit tt
238
Chng B-6
Biu chc nng
Biu chc nng a ra mt bc tranh r rng v chuyn ng, v

nhng phn hi trong chui. S miu t trnh t sau:
Xy lanh kp 1A tin ra (1A+) v van gii hn sau c tc ng l

1S2.
Van gii hn 1S2 ny khi ng qu trnh tin ra ca xy lanh 2A

(2A+), qu trnh x l tn inh.
Xy lanh tn inh tin ra ht v khi ng van gii hn 2S2. Van gii

hn 2S2 khi ng qu trnh co v ca xy lanh tn inh (2A-).
Van cng tc gii hn 2S1 sau hot ng v bt u dch chuyn

ca xy lanh 1A nh kp v co v (1A-).
im co v tn cng ca xy lanh1A c xc nh bi van gii hn

1S1 v y l iu kin yu cu u tin mt chu k hot ng
mi c bt u.
Hnh 6.12
Biu x l tn inh.
239
Chng B-6
S mch th hin dng lu thng tn hiu v quan h gia cc thit b

v cc kt ni kh nn. Khng c s th hin vic b tr cc my mc
trong s .
Mch c v vi dng nng lng t di ln trn. Cc mc khc nhau
ca mt mch bao gm ngun nng lng, cc tn hiu vo, cc x l tn
hiu, cc thit b iu khin v cc c cu truyn ng. V tr ca cc
van gii hn c nh du ti c cu truyn ng. Cc thit b v cc
ng dn c ch r bi h thng thnh phn s v s cc ca (ng
i) kt ni. iu ny cho php tham kho ngang cc thit b trn my
thc t v to s mch d c.
Hnh 6.13
S mch v d
S mch
240
Chng B-6
6.4
Hng pht trin
Mt thit b quan trng trong vic chuyn i truyn ng t b x l ti

cc c cu truyn ng thng hoc quay l van iu khin hng (DVC).
S la chn kch thc v kiu van quyt nh rt nhiu c im hot
ng ca cc c cu truyn ng. S pht trin ca cc van iu khin
hng theo hng:
van v lp ghp nhiu van trn mt vi vic cp v x thng

thng.
Cc van iu khin hng c ti u ho vi tn rng th tch cht,
lc tc ng v ti lm vic. Kt qu l van chuyn mch nhanh
Bn rong van c thit k c bit t c lu tc ln.
Cc van a chc nng vi c tnh thay i c thng qua cc du
xi v m kn khc nhau.
Nhiu van trong mt cu trc n v (trnh t)
Lp ghp DVC trn xy lanh
Cc van c gn chung trn mt s dng mt ca cung cp kh nn

thng thng ( gia) v cc ca x (bn ngoi). Ca x c th gn ng
ring r hoc gim m cc b nh yu cu. Nh gn v lp rp chc
chn c th ph hp cho kt cu t iu khin.
Hnh 6.14
Cc van ring l c ti u
ho v cc trm van
a) Van ring l
b) Trm valve
a)
b)
241
Chng B-6
6.5
C cu chp hnh kh nn hin i
Bn cnh cc xy lanh tiu chun, m iu quan trng tip theo ca

chng nh chi ph thp, phn t dn ng linh hot, cc xy lanh vi mc
ch c bit c tm quan trng ngy cng ln. Khi s dng nhng thit
b ny, cc b phn ph nh dn hng v h tr c lp trc tip trn
v xy lanh. iu ny cp ti cc u im nh khng gian lp t nh
hn v khi lng dch chuyn gim. Vic gim chi ph c th thy c
trong kt qu xp cc vt liu, lp k hoach cho d n v lp rp.
Cc xy lanh nhiu v tr c s dng trong cc ng dng c nhiu hn
hai v tr cn thit. Hnh 6.15 minh ho kiu hot ng ca mt xy lanh
nhiu v tr tc ng hai pha. Mt cn piston c gn ti khung, cn kia
c ni ti ti. Bn v tr khc nhau c th dng chnh xc ti mt v tr
dng.
Cylinder settings
xy lanh nhiu v tr
Hnh 6.15
xy lanh nhiu v tr
Stroke 1
Stroke 2
Stroke 1
Stroke 2
242
Chng B-6
C bp kh nn
C bp kh nn l h thng co dn bng li mng. ng n hi linh

hot c bao ph bng nhng si c dt st sao khng thm thu
trong nhng hnh thoi cho. iu to c cu trc li ba chiu. Kh
nn c thi vo pha trong lm bin dng cu trc li. Lc cng c
to nn theo hng trc lm C bp kh nn co vo trong trng hp
tng p sut bn trong.
Trong trng thi m rng, C bp kh nn to c lc ln hn 10 ln
nhiu hn xy lanh khi nn thng thng. ng knh th ba c kh nng
cho mt lc nh vy trong khi hnh trnh ngn hn vi cng chiu di
ton b.
Hnh 6.16
V d p dng vi
C bp kh nn
Cng ngh tay my
Cc hot ng tay my v lp rp thng xuyn yu cu cc phn t c

th thc hin cc chuyn ng trong hai hoc ba chiu khc nhau.
Trong phn ny ch ng bng cc thit k c bit. Ngy nay, cc
m un tay my c th c t hp cho cc p dng c bit ngy cng
c s dng nhiu hn.
243
Chng B-6
Hnh 6.17
V d ng dng vi m un
tay my
Truyn ng tnh tin v quay c th c s dng nh v chi tit

phi, v d (hnh 6.17): bi ca cn piston c thit k chu vi ti
trng theo phng ngang ln. Thit b c th c gn theo nhiu cch,
v d vi mt bch trn mt cui hoc vi rnh cc ai c c nht vo
trong mt phng. Nu cn thit, truyn ng ca bn tay kp hoc cc
chn khng c th c cung cp qua cn piston rng.
Xy lanh quay v tnh

tin
Hnh 6.18
Xy lanh quay v tnh tin
244
Chng B-6
Cc bn kp kh nn
Cc thit b tay my iu khin bng kh nn thng c s dng cho

gp kp, di chuyn hoc tho phi. Cc bn tay kp cng thit lp cc
kt ni kho lc hay kho dng cng chi tit.
Hnh 6.19 l cc kiu kp khc nhau c th hin. Tt c cc kiu bn
tay kp c dn ng xy lanh kh nn tc dng kp v t nh tm.
nhn bit cc v tr khng tip xc c th dng cc cm bin tim cn.
Cc ngn kp bn ngoi lm bn tay kp thch hp cho nhiu ng dng
a dng khc nhau.
Hnh 6.19
Bn tay kp kh nn
a)
Bn kp hng tm
b)
Bn kp song song
c)
Bn kp 3 im
d)
Bn kp gc
Cc b to
chn khng
a)
b)
c)
d)
Tay my vi cc ht chn khng ni chung tng i n gin, chi ph

thp v gii php tin cy.
Cc cc ht cho php vn hnh cc chi tit khc nhau vi cc trng
lng khc nhau, t vi gam cho n vi trm ki l gam. N c sn
xut vi s a dng ln ca nhiu kiu dng khc nhau nh ph bin,
phng hay cc ht dng ng xp, v d:
Hnh 6.20
B to chn khng
a) Cc ht phng
b) Cc ht dng ng xp
a)
b)
245
Chng B-6
Phn C
Bi gii cho cc bi tp trong chng 5
246
Chng B-6
Bi tp 1: iu khin trc tip mt xy lanh tc dng kp

Xc nh vn
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp tin ra khi mt nt n c tc ng. Khi th

nt n xy lanh co v. Xy lanh c c nh (ng knh 25mm) yu cu mt
t l lu lng nh hot ng ng tc .
Hnh 1
S mch vi van 5/2
247
Chng B-6
Cc van iu khin hng hot ng bng tay sau y c th c s

dng nh cc thit b iu khin:
Li gii
Van 5/2
Van 4/2
Ti v tr bt u, van khng c tc ng, p sut c cung cp ti

mt cn piston v cn piston ca xy lanh co v.
Khi khi ng nt nhn, kh nn i qua van t ca 1 n ca 4 v cn
piston tin ra. Kh nn c y ra kh quyn bng ca 2 v 3. Khi th
nt n, l xo van hi v iu khin van tr v v tr ban u ca n v xy
lanh co v. Kh nn tr li t xy lanh qua ca x 5.
Nt nhn c th, hng ca dch chuyn ngay lp tc o chiu v
cn piston co v. Bi vy, c th thc hin thay i hng dch chuyn
m khng cn piston t ti v tr ban u hoc v tr cui ca n.
Hnh 2
S mch vi van 4/2
248
Chng B-6
Bi tp 2: iu khin gin tip mt xy lanh tc dng kp

Xc nh vn
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp tin ra khi mt nt n c khi ng. Khi th

nt n xy lanh co v. Xy lanh c ng knh 250mm v tiu th mt th
tch kh ln.
Hnh 3
S mch
vi van 4/2
249
Chng B-6
iu khin cc xy lanh ti tc cao hoc ng knh ln, lu lng

kh yu cu xc nh mt van iu khin kch thc ln cn c s
dng. Lc hot ng tc ng van c th tng i ln v trong
trng hp ny iu khin gin tip l thch hp hn.
Li gii
Van 1S khi hot ng bi mt nt n cung cp mt tn hiu iu khin ti

ca 14 ca van iu khin 1V. Van 1V o chiu, mt piston ca xy lanh
c cp p v cn piston ca xy lanh 1A tin ra. Nu nt n c th,
ca iu khin ca van 1V c x ti kh quyn. Van 1V sau o
ngc v xy lanh co v.
Nu nt n c th, hng ca dch chuyn c o chiu ngay lp
tc v cn piston co v. Bi vy, mt thay i trong hng dch chuyn
l c th thc hin c m khng cn cn piston tr v v tr ban u
hoc v tr cui cng. Khi van1V khng c chc nng nh, n thay i v
tr chuyn mch ca n ngay lp tc sau khi nt n ca van 1S c
nhn.
Hnh 4
S mch
vi van 5/2
250
Chng B-6
Bi tp 3: Chc nng lgic V

Xc nh vn
Cn piston ca xy lanh1A tin ra ch khi mt phi c t vo trong

phn cha phi, li bo v c h thp v ngi iu khin nhn nt
n van. Khi th nt n hoc li bo v khng cn v tr thp, xy lanh
1A co v v tr ban u.
Hnh 5
S mch
251
Chng B-6
Hot ng lgc AND (V) ca cc tn hiu u ra ca cc van 1S1, 1S2

v 1S3 c kim tra bi van song p 1V1 v 1V2.
Nu cc van c tc ng, v d: 1S2 (qua phi), 1S3 (thng qua li
bo v) v 1S1 (thng qua ngi iu khin), mt tn hiu c cp ti
u ra A ca van song p 1V2. Tn hiu ny i n ca iu khin 14
ca phn t iu khin 1V3. Van 1V3 o chiu, p sut c cp ti
mt piston ca xy lanh 1A v cn piston tin ra.
Nu nt n c th hoc li bo v c m, iu ny c ngha rng
cc iu kin AND (V) khng c tho mn. Ca iu khin 14 ca
van 1V3 khng c cp p. Van 1V3 chuyn mch v cn piston co v.
Li gii
252
Chng B-6
Bi tp 4: Chc nng lgc OR (hoc)

Xc nh vn
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp c s dng chuyn cc chi tit t cha

phi. Nu nt n hoc bn p chn c tc ng, th xy lanh tin ra.
Sau khi xy lanh tin ra v tr xa nht, n co v v tr ban u. Mt van n
by con ln 3/2 c s dng kim tra v tr tin ra tn cng ca xy
lanh.
Hnh 6
S mch
253
Chng B-6
Hot ng lgc OR (Hoc) ca cc tn hiu u ra ca cc van 1S1 v

1S2 c kim tra bi van con thoi 1V1.
Khi tc ng nt n ca van 1S1 hoc bn p ca van 1S2, mt tn
hiu c sinh ra ti ca 1 hoc 1(3) ca van con thoi.
iu kin OR c tho mn v tn hiu i qua ti ca iu khin 14 ca
van1V2. Van 1V2 chuyn mch, p sut c cung cp ti mt piston
ca xy lanh 1A, v xy lanh tin ra.
Nu tc ng ca van b hu (nt n hoc bn p), tn hiu ti ca iu
khin ca van1V2 c xc lp li. Khi van 1V2 l mt van iu khin
hai pha (vi chc nng nh), v tr chuyn mch ca n khng thay i.
Cng tc gii hn 1S3 c tc ng khi cn piston tin ra v tr xa nht.
Mt tn hiu sau c cp ti ca iu khin 12 ca van 1V2. Van
1V2 o chiu v cn piston co v.
Nu cng tc gii hn 1S3 c th trong qu trnh co v, hng ca
dch chuyn c th c thay i bi tc ng ca nt n hoc bn p,
thm ch nu cn piston vn cha tin ra v tr xa nht.
Li gii
254
Chng B-6
Bi tp 5: Mch nh v iu khin tc ca mt xy lanh

Xc nh vn
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp c s dng chuyn cc chi tit t mt

cha. Xy lanh tin ra xa nht khi mt nt n c tc ng v sau co
v t ng. V tr tin ra xa nht c xc nhn bi mt van n by con
ln. Xy lanh tip tc tin ra pha trc thm ch nu nt n c th trc
khi xy lanh i ti v tr xa nht. Tc ca piston l c th iu chnh
c theo c hai hng chuyn ng.
Hnh 7
S mch
255
Chng B-6
Cng tc gii hn1S2 c tc ng, khi cn piston t ti v tr xa nht.

Nu nt nht 1S1 vn c gi trng thi ny, s o chiu ca van
1V1 l khng th thc hin c khi mt tn hiu c cp c hai ca
12 v 14. Tn hiu u tin c cp ti ca 14 l c nh hng ln. Tn
hiu ti ca 12 l khng tc ng. Cn piston gi trng thi tin ra.
Cn piston khng th co v cho ti khi nt n 1S1 c th v ca iu
khin 14 khng c cp p.
Tr li cu hi 1
Nu van n by con ln 1S2 c gn gia hnh trnh, th cn piston

li co v khi n v tr ny. Tuy nhin, iu ny l khng th nu nt n
1S1 khng c th ra ln na. Nu nt n 1S1 vn cha c th ra ti
im ny, cn piston vt qua cng tc gii hn 1S2 v i ti v tr dng
ca xy lanh. Mt hnh trnh tr v l khng th thc hin c nu van
n by con ln khng c tc ng bng tay hoc vi s tr gip ca
thit b iu khin 1V1.
Tr li cu hi 2
C hai van 1S1 v 1S2 khng c tc ng ti v tr ban u. Chuyn

mch v tr ca van 1V1 s kt ni ca 1 vi ca 2 v kt ni ca 4 vi 5
c quan h vi nhau. Khi , p sut c cp ti mt cn piston ca xy
lanh 1A v cn piston gi trng thi co v.
Tr li cu hi 3
Nu nt n 1S1 c tc ng, mt tn hiu c cp ti ca 14 ca

van1V1. Van 1V1 chuyn mch, p sut c cp ti mt piston ca xy
lanh 1A v cn piston tin. Khi t ti v tr cui cng, cn piston tc
ng vo cng tc gii hn 1S2, v mt tn hiu c cp ti ca 12 ca
van1V1. iu ny lm o chiu v cn piston co v.
Tr li cu hi 4
Tc ca cn piston c xc lp thng qua vt iu chnh trn van tit

lu 1V2 v 1V3 (iu khin lu lng kh x)
Sau khi mt trong cc van 1S1 v 1S2 c th, cc ca iu khin
khng c cp p. S dng mt van iu khin ph tr tc ng kp
(van1V1 c mt chc nng nh) m bo rng v tr chuyn mch khng
thay i.
256
Chng B-6
Bi tp 6: Van x nhanh
Xc nh vn
Tc ng kt hp ca mt van iu khin bng tay v mt van n by

con ln ci tin mt cng c to hnh trn mt thit b gp mp. Cng c
to hnh c iu khin bi mt xy lanh tc dng kp. tin ra nhanh
chng, mch s dng mt van x nhanh. Tc co v l iu chnh
c. Nu mt trong hai van c th, cng c to hnh tr v v tr ban
u ca n.
Hnh 8
S mch
257
Chng B-6
Ti v tr ban u, phi c a vo tc ng ln van n by con ln

1S2. Van x nhanh 1V4 b ng khng thng vi kh quyn, p sut
c cung cp ti mt cn piston ca xy lanh 1A, v cn piston trng
thi co v.
Nu nt n khi ng 1S1 c tc ng, mt tn hiu c cp ti c
hai u vo 1 v 1(3) ca van song p 1V1. iu kin AND c tho
mn v tn hiu c i qua ca 14 ca thit b iu khin 1V2. Van 1V2
chuyn mch, p sut c cung cp ti mt piston ca xy lanh 1A, v
piston tin ra. Kt qu l van 1V2 o chiu, u vo 1 ca van x
nhanh 1V4 khng c cp p. Kh nn dch chuyn trn mt cn piston
ca xy lanh trong qu trnh tin ra ca xy lanh, m van x nhanh v
dng kh trc tip i ra kh quyn thng qua ca ra 3. S cn tr dng,
c sinh ra bi van1V2 v cc ng ngc vi s dch chuyn kh s
khng c cung cp. Cn piston c th tin nhanh hn.
Nu mt trong hai van 1S1 hoc 1S2 c th, iu kin AND ti van
song p 1V1 khng cn c tho mn. Phn t iu khin cui cng
chuyn mch, van x nhanh 1V4 ng v cn piston co v.
Tc co v c xc lp ti b hn ch ca van tit lu mt chiu 1V3.
Li gii
258
Chng B-6
Bi tp 7: iu khin ph thuc p sut; dp ni cc b phn nha

Xc nh vn
Mt b phn nha c dp ni bng cch s dng mt truyn ng

khun dp bi mt xy lanh tc dng kp . S tr v ca khun c thc
hin khi cn xy lanh tin ra xa nht ti v tr dp ni v p sut xc lp t
trc t c. Mt van n by con ln c s dng xc nhn
v tr . Tn hiu co v ch c sinh ra khi cn piston i ti v tr dp
ni. p sut trn bung piston c ch th bng ng h p sut.
Hnh 9
S mch
259
Chng B-6
Ti v tr ban u, van 1S1 v 1S2 khng c tc ng, p sut c

cung cp ti mt cn piston ca xy lanh 1A v cn piston trng thi co
v. Nu cn thit, mch cn c t v tr ban u ca n vi s tr
gip bng iu khin tay thm vo trn thit b iu khin 1V2. Mt tn
hiu c cp ti ca 14 ca thit b iu khin 1V2, nu nt n 1S1
c tc ng. Van 1V2 chuyn mch, p sut c cp ti mt piston
ca xy lanh 1A, v cn piston tin ra. Nu nt n 1S1 c th, chuyn
mch v tr ca van iu khin tc ng kp 1V2 khng thay i v n c
chc nng nh.
Trc khi va t ti v tr xa nht (v tr dp ni), cng tc gii hn 1S2
c tc ng. Van n by con ln 1S2 c tc ng m ng p
sut 1 ti van ni tip 1V1. Trong qu trnh dp ni, p sut trn mt
piston bt u tng. Kim ch ca ng h p sut quay sang phi. Khi p
sut ny t ti gi tr xc lp ti ca iu khin 12 ca van p sut tun
t, van 3/2 ca van p sut chuyn mch. Trong chuyn ng co v,
cng tc gii hn 1S2 c th ra v tn hiu ti ca 12 ca van 1V2
c xc lp li v van p sut tun t cng c xc lp li.
Li gii
260
Chng B-6
Bi tp 8: Van r le thi gian

Xc nh vn
Mt xy lanh tc dng kp c s dng p cng vi cht dnh kt. Khi

nt n hot ng, xy lanh kp tin ra t t. Khi v tr tin xa nht t
c, xy lanh gi trong mt khong thi gian t1= 6 giy v sau co v
v tr ban u ngay lp tc. Mt chu k mi bt u ch sau khi xy lanh
co v ht v sau khong thi gian tr t2=5 giy. Trong khong thi gian
tr ny, chi tit p xong c dch chuyn bng tay v thay th bng
chi tit mi p dnh. Tc co v ca xy lanh rt nhanh v iu chnh
c.
Hnh 10
S mch
261
Chng B-6
Ti v tr ban u, van n by con ln 1S2 c tc ng bi cn piston

v Van r le thi gian 1V1 c chuyn mch qua ht, v d: ca lm
vic 2 c cp mt tn hiu. Mt cn piston ca xy lanh1A c cp p
v cn piston trng thi co v. iu kin khi ng di dy phi c
p dng:
Van n by con ln 1S2 c tc ng

Van r le thi gian c chuyn mch
Nt khi ng c tc ng
Nu van n by con ln 1S2 c tc ng trong mt khong thi gian

(t1 =5 giy), th bnh tch kh ca Van r le thi gian 1V1 c in y
v van phn hi 3/2 c tc ng, tip theo mt tn hiu c cp ti
ca 1(3) ca van song p 1V2.
Nu nt n 1S1 c tc ng, iu kin AND (v) ti van song p
c tho mn. Mt tn hiu c cp ti ca 14 ca thit b iu khin
1V4. Van 1V4 chuyn mch, p sut c cung cp ti mt piston ca
xy lanh 1A v cn piston tin ra. Sau khi tin ra mt khong cch ngn,
cng tc gii hn 1S2 c th ra, p sut trong bnh tch kh ca Van r
le thi gian 1V1 gim thng qua van n by con ln 1S2, v van tch
hp 3/2 chuyn mch tr li v tr ban u. iu kin v ti van song p
by gi khng c tho mn. Tc ng ca nt n tr thnh khng c
hiu qu.
Khi t ti v tr tin xa nht, cn piston tc ng ln van n by con ln
1S3. ng p sut ti Van r le thi gian 1V3 by gi c m v p
sut trong bnh tch kh tng. T l p sut tng c iu chnh thng
qua van tit lu tch hp. Khi p sut chuyn mch t ti, van tch
hp 3/2 chuyn mch v mt tn hiu c cp ti ca 12 ca thit b
iu khin cui cng 1V4. Van 1V4 o chiu v cn piston co v. Khi
th cng tc gii hn 1S3, v Van r le thi gian 1V3 li chuyn mch ti
v tr ban u ca n.
Cng tc gii hn 1S2 c tc ng, khi cn piston t ti v tr ban u
ca n. p sut trong bnh tch kh ca Van r le thi gian 1V1 bt u
tng cho ti khi p sut chuyn mch t c sau t2 = 5giy. Van tch
hp 3/2 chuyn mch. Trng thi ban u ca h thng by gi li lp
li v mt chu k mi c th c bt u.
Tc ca cn piston c iu khin ti b hn ch ca van tit lu
mt chiu 1V5 v 1V6 (iu khin lu lng kh x).
Li gii
262
Chng B-6
263
Chng B-6
Ti liu tham kho
264
Chng B-6
Ti liu tham kho
DIN/EN 292-1
Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general

principles of design Part 1: Basic terminology,
methodology
DIN/EN 292-2
Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general

principles of design Part 2: Technical principles
and specifications
DIN/EN 418
Safety of machinery Emergency stop equipment,

functional aspects Principles for design
DIN/EN 983
Safety of machinery Safety requirements for fluid

power systems and their components Pneumatics
DIN/ISO 1219-1
Fluid power systems and components Graphic

symbols and S mch s Part 1 and Part 2
ISO/DIS 11727
Pneumatic fluid power Identification of ports and

control mechanisms of control valves and other
components (port designations for pneumatic
equipment)
DIN 1343
Reference conditions, standard conditions, standard volumes, concepts and values
DIN 24558
Pneumatic systems, design principles
DIN 40719
Circuit documents (IEC 848 modified); Part 6:

Rules for function charts
DIN/EN 60073
Coding of indicating devices and actuators

(VDE 0199) by colours and supplementary means
DIN/EN 60617-8
Graphical symbols for diagrams (IEC 617-8)

Part 8: Measuring instruments, lamps and signalling devices
265
Chng B-6
Eberhardt, H.-J., Scholz, D. Servo-pneumatic positioning, Workbook

Festo Didactic, Esslingen 2000
Gerhartz, J., Scholz, D.
Closed-loop control pneumatics, Workbook

Gevatter, H.-J.
Automatisierungstechnik 2, Gerte
Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2000
Prede, G., Scholz, D.
Elektropneumatics, Basic level, Textbook

Stoll, K.:
Pneumatische Steuerungen Vogel Verlag,

Wrzburg 1999
Stoll, K.:
Pneumatik Anwendungen Vogel Verlag,

Wrzburg 1999
List of References
266
Chng B-6
267
Chng B-6
Index
268
Chng B-6

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Peter Croser, Frank Ebel

Festo Didactic TP101

Nhng chu y ve trnh bay cua giao trnh .........................................8

Chng A: Giao trnh

Phan 2 Phan t cua he thong kh nen .............................................23

Festo Didactic TP101

Chng 4 Phng phap thiet ke

Festo Didactic TP101

Chng 2 May nen kh va van chuyen kh nen .......................... 129

Festo Didactic TP101

Chng 3 C cau chap hanh va thiet b au ra ........................... 155

4.5 Van 4/3

4.6 Van 5/2

4.7 Van 5/3

4.8 Gia tr lu lng cua van ..........................................................201

Festo Didactic TP101

Chng 6 He thong ................................................................... 223

Phan C: Bai giai

Festo Didactic TP101

Ghi chu ve trnh bay cua tai lieu

Phan C: Bai giai cac v du

Festo Didactic TP101

Festo Didactic TP101

Festo Didactic TP101

Festo Didactic TP101

Kh nn t lu ng vai tr quan trng nh cng ngh nng cao hiu

Xc nh trng thi ca qu trnh (cc cm bin)

c th iu khin my v lp t, i hi cu trc c quan h lgic

Xy lanh kh nn c cc tnh nng sau:

Festo Didactic TP101

Cc thit b kh nn c th thc hin cc kiu chuyn ng sau y:

Mt vi ng dng trong cng nghip s dng kh nn c lit k di

Cc phng php s dng vi vt liu ni chung:

Festo Didactic TP101

Kh nn c s dng thc hin hot ng gia cng v lm vic.

Festo Didactic TP101

u im v c im tiu biu ca kh nn:

Khng kh c sn mi ni vi s lng khng gii hn.

Kh nn c th d dng vn chuyn trong ng ng, thm ch vi

Kh nn c th lu gi trong bnh tch kh v vn chuyn theo yu cu.

Kh nn tng i khng nhy cm vi s dao ng ca nhit . iu

Kh nn khng c yu cu nguy him v n v chy.

Kh x khng c du bi trn rt sch. Kh nn khng bi trn khi ra

Cc phn t cng tc c cu trc n gin v bi vy tng i r.

Kh nn lm vic rt nhanh. iu ny cho php t c tc lm

Cng c kh nn v cc phn t cng tc c th b gia ti ti cc im

Festo Didactic TP101

xc nh chnh xc phm vi ca ng dng kh nn, cng cn thit

Kh nn yu cu s chun b tt. Bi v cc cht ngng t khng nn

Khng phI lc no cng t c tc piston ng nht v khng

Kh x gy n. Vn ny cn tn ti, tuy nhin n c gii quyt kh

So snh vi cc hnh thc khc ca nng lng l mt phn cn thit

Phng php iu khin ph hp.

Festo Didactic TP101

La chn mi trng lm vic:

Tiu chun cho mi

Tiu chun la chn cho phn lm vic:

La chn mi trng iu khin

Tiu chun la chn cho phn iu khin:

Festo Didactic TP101

Tiu chun cho mi

1.2. Pht trin kh nn v h thng iu khin

Cc yu t sau phi c tnh n trong s pht trin cc h thng kh

Festo Didactic TP101