CC CNG THC TNH TON TRONG BI TP HA HC

m
M

Tnh so mol

Khoi lng
chat tan

m =n. M

Khoi lng
dung dch

m dd

Nong o dung
dch

C%

The tch

Ty khoi chat
kh

dA

Hieu suat
phan ng

H%

Phan tram

%A

V
22, 4

CM
V

C% .m dd
100

mct = mdd - mdm

m ct

m ct .100
C%

mdd = V.D

mdd= mct+ mdm

m ct .100
m dd

CM

n
22, 4

MA
MB
msptt.100
m splt
M A .x.100
M A x By

n
V

n
CM

dA

kk

H%

C%

A
N

m ct

n
S.m dm
100

C M .M
10.D

m dd
D

MA MA

M kk
29
Vsptt.100

% mA

Vsplt
mA
.100
mA mB

H%

n sptt.100

% VA

n splt
VA
.100
VA VB

%n A

nA
.100
nA nB

P.V
R.T

in
tch
m
(Am-)

Oxit (MxOy)

Axit (HnA)

1 Li1+, Na+, K+, Ag+,

+ NH 4
2 Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,
+ Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+,
Pb2+
3 Al3+, Fe3+
+
1- X-: F-, Cl-, Br-, IA-: NO3 , NO 2 , HCO3 ,

Baz- M(OH)n
Mui (MxAy)

HS

Oxit axit: CO2, SO2, SO3, NO2, N2O5, SiO2,

P
O
2 5 baz: Li O, Na O, K O, CaO, BaO,
Oxit
2
2
2
CuO,Fe
O
2 3 tnh: CO, NO, N O
Oxit trung
2

Oxit lng tnh: ZnO, Al2O3, Cr2O3

Axit khng c oxi: HCl, HBr, H2S, HF
Axit c oxi: HNO3, H2SO4, H2SO3 H3PO4.
Baz tan (Kim): NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2,
Ba(OH)
Baz 2khng tan: Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2,
Fe(OH)3
Mui axit: NaHSO4, NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2
Mui trung ho: NaCl, KNO3, CaCO3

2- A2-: S2 , SO32 , SO 24 , CO32

3- PO34

n cht v c

in
tch dng
(Mn+)

Hp cht v c

PHn loi
HCVC

Kim loi kim IA: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs

Tng in tch dng = Tng in

Kim loi kim th IIA: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba

KIM LOI M

IIIA: Al
Nhm B: Zn, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Au

PHI KIM X

Halogen X2: F2 - Cl2 - Br2 - I2;

(O - S'); (N - P); (C Si); H

oxit
axit
nh
L hp cht ca oxi vi L hp cht m phn
ngha 1 nguyn t khc
t gm 1 hay nhiu
nguyn t H lin kt vi
gc axit
Gi nguyn t trong Gi gc axit l A c ho
oxit l A ho tr n. tr n.
CTHH CTHH l:
CTHH l: HnA
- M2On nu n l
- MOn/2 nu n chn
Tn oxit = Tn nguyn
- Axit khng c oxi:
t + oxit
Axit + tn phi kim +
Lu : Km theo ho tr
hidric
ca kim loi khi kim loi - Axit c t oxi: Axit +
Tn gi
c nhiu ho tr.
tn phi kim + (r)
Khi phi kim c nhiu
- Axit c nhiu oxi: Axit
ho tr th km tip
+ tn phi kim + ic (ric)
u ng.
TCHH 1. Tc dng vi nc
1. Lm qu tm
- Oxit axit tc dng vi hng
nc to thnh dd Axit
2. Tc dng vi Baz
- Oxit baz tc dng vi Mui v nc
nc to thnh dd Baz
3. Tc dng vi oxit
2. Oxax + dd Baz to baz mui v nc
thnh mui v nc
4. Tc dng vi kim loi
3. Oxbz + dd Axit to mui v Hidro
thnh mui v nc
5. Tc dng vi mui
4. Oxax + Oxbz to
mui mi v axit mi
thnh mui

baz
L hp cht m phn
t gm 1 nguyn t
kim loi lin kt vi 1
hay nhiu nhm OH
Gi kim loi l M c
ho tr n
CTHH l: M(OH)n

mui
L hp cht m phn
t gm kim loi lin
kt vi gc axit.

Tn baz = Tn kim
loi + hidroxit
Lu : Km theo ho tr
ca kim loi khi kim
loi c nhiu ho tr.

Tn mui = tn kim
loi + tn gc axit
Lu : Km theo ho tr
ca kim loi khi kim
loi c nhiu ho tr.

1. Tc dng vi axit
mui v nc
2. dd Kim lm i
mu cht ch th
- Lm qu tm
xanh
Lm
dd
phenolphtalein khng
mu hng
3. dd Kim tc dng
vi oxax mui v nc

1. Tc dng vi axit
mui mi + axit mi
2. dd mui + dd Kim
mui mi + baz
mi
3. dd mui + Kim loi
Mui mi + kim loi
mi
4. dd mui + dd mui
2 mui mi
5. Mt s mui b
nhit phn

Gi kim loi l M, gc
axit l A
CTHH l: MxAy

4. dd Kim + dd mui
Mui + Baz
5. Baz khng tan b
nhit phn oxit +
nc

Lu

- Oxit lng tnh c th - HNO3, H2SO4 c c - Baz lng tnh c - Mui axit c th
tc dng vi c dd axit cc tnh cht ring
th tc dng vi c dd phn ng nh 1 axit
v dd kim
axit v dd kim

Tnh cht ha hc cc cht v c

I - Oxit
1- Oxit axit
Oxit axit + dd baz Mui + H2O
Oxit axit +H2O dd axit
Oxit axit + mt s oxit baz Mui
2- oxit baz
Mt s oxit baz + H2O dd baz
Oxit baz + dd axit Mui + H2O
Mt s oxit baz + Oxit axit Mui
II - Axit
Dd axit lm qu tm i mu
Dd axit + baz Mui +H2O
Phn ng trao i: l phn ng ha hc gia axit v baz
Dd axit + oxit baz Mui + H2O
Dd axit + KL( ng trc H trong dy HHH KL) Mui + H2
Dd axit + Mui Axit (mi) + Mui (mi)
II - Baz
1- Baz tan
- Dd baz lm i mu ch th
Lm qu tm ha xanh
Lm phenolphtalein khng mu ha hng
dd baz + Oxit axit Mui + H2O
dd baz + axit Mui + H2O
dd baz + dd mui Baz( mi) + mui (mi)
2- baz khng tan
baz + dd axit Mui + H2O
0
Baz t
oxit baz +H2O

IV- Mui
Dd mui + Kim loi Mui(mi) + KL (mi)
Mui + dd axit Mui (mi) + Axit (mi)
Dd mui + dd baz mui ( mi) + Baz (mi)
Dd mui + Dd mui 2 mui (mi)
Mui axit + dd baz Mui + H2O
Mt s mui b nhit phn
Phn ng trao i (p gia axit v baz, axit v mui, baz
v mui, mui v mui) xy ra khi sn phm c cht khng
tan, cht d phn hy,cht t tan hn so vi cht ban u
V - Kim loi
KL( ng trc H trong dy HHH KL) + dd axit Mui + H2
KL + phi kim Mui( oxit KL)
KL + dd mui KL (mi) + mui (mi)
Dy hot ng ha hc ca KL
K

B
a

C
a

N
a

M
g

Al

+ O2: nhit thng

Khng phn ng
K B C
N
M Al
a
a
a
g
Tc dng vi nc
K

B
a

C
a

N
a

M
g

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P
b

C
u

A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

H
g

A
u

P
t

nhit cao
Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P
b

C
u

A
g

Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng

Al

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P
b

C
u

A
g

H
g

Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro

tc dng.
K

B
a

C
a

N
a

M
g

Al

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P
b

A
u

Khng
C
u

A
g

H
g

A
u

Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi

mui

P
t

P
t

B
a

C
a

N
a

M
g

Al

H2, CO khng kh c oxit

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P
b

C
u

A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

kh c oxit cc kim loi ny nhit cao

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------