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LeopoldvonRankeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

LeopoldvonRanke
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

LeopoldvonRanke(/rk/[1]German:[ak]21
December179523May1886)wasaGerman
historian[2][3]andafounderofmodernsourcebased
history.[4][5]AccordingtoCarolineHoefferle,"Ranke
wasprobablythemostimportanthistoriantoshape[the]
historicalprofessionasitemergedinEuropeandthe
UnitedStatesinthelate19thcentury."[6]Hewasableto
implementtheseminarteachingmethodinhisclassroom
andfocusedonarchivalresearchandanalysisof
historicaldocuments.Rankesetthestandardsformuch
oflaterhistoricalwriting,introducingsuchideasas
relianceonprimarysources(empiricism),anemphasis
onnarrativehistoryandespeciallyinternationalpolitics
(Auenpolitik).

Contents
1Overview
2Methodologyandcriticism
3Selectedworks
3.1WorksinEnglishtranslation
4Seealso
5Notes
6References
7Externallinks

LeopoldvonRanke

PortraitofLeopoldvonRanke,byAdolfJebens,
1875
Born

21December1795
Wiehe

Died

23May1886
Berlin

Nationality

German

Almamater

UniversityofLeipzig

Overview
RankewasborninWiehe,thenpartoftheElectorateofSaxony.HecamefromafamilyofLutheran
pastorsandlawyers.HewaseducatedpartlyathomeandpartlyinthegymnasiumofSchulpforta.Hisearly
yearsengenderedalifelongloveofAncientGreekandLatinandoftheLutheranChurch.In1814,Ranke
enteredtheUniversityofLeipzig,[7]wherehissubjectswereClassicsandLutherantheology.AtLeipzig,
RankebecameanexpertinphilologyandtranslationoftheancientauthorsintoGerman.Histeachers
includedJohannGottfriedJakobHermann.Asastudent,Ranke'sfavoriteauthorswereThucydides,Livy,
DionysiusofHalicarnassus,JohannWolfgangvonGoethe,BartholdGeorgNiebuhr,ImmanuelKant,
JohannGottliebFichte,FriedrichSchelling,andFriedrichSchlegel.Rankeshowedlittleinterestinthework
ofmodernhistorybecauseofhisdissatisfactionwithwhatheregardedashistorybooksthatweremerelya
collectionoffactslumpedtogetherbymodernhistorians.

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Between18171825RankeworkedasaschoolmasterteachingclassicsattheFriedrichsGymnasiumin
FrankfurtanderOder.Duringthistime,hebecameinterestedinhistory,inpartbecauseofhisdesiretobe
involvedinthedevelopingfieldofamoreprofessionalizedhistory,andinpartbecauseofhisdesiretofind
thehandofGodintheworkingsofhistory.
In1824helaunchedhiscareerwithhisbookGeschichtederromanischenundgermanischenVlkervon
1494bis1514(HistoryoftheLatinandTeutonicPeoplesfrom1494to1514),inwhichheusedan
unusuallywidevarietyofsourcesforahistorianoftheage,including"memoirs,diaries,personaland
formalmissives,governmentdocuments,diplomaticdispatchesandfirsthandaccountsofeyewitnesses".
Inthissenseheleanedonthetraditionsofphilologybutemphasizedmundanedocumentsinsteadofoldand
exoticliterature.[8]
Rankebeganhisbookwiththestatementintheintroductionthathewouldshowtheunityofthe
experiencesofthe"Teutonic"nationsofScandinavia,EnglandandGermanyandthe"Latin"nationsof
Italy,SpainandFrancethroughthegreat"respirations"oftheVlkerwanderung(greatmigration),the
CrusadesandcolonizationthatinRanke'sviewboundallofthenationstogethertoproducemodern
Europeancivilization.Despitehisopeningstatement,Rankelargelytreatedallofthenationsunder
examinationseparatelyuntiltheoutbreakofthewarsforthecontrolofItalystartingin1494.However,the
bookisbestrememberedforRanke'scommentthat"Tohistoryhasbeenassignedtheofficeofjudgingthe
past,ofinstructingthepresentforthebenefitoffutureages.Tosuchhighofficesthisworkdoesnotaspire:
Itwantsonlytoshowwhatactuallyhappened(wieeseigentlichgewesen)".[9]Ranke'sstatementthathistory
shouldembracetheprincipleofwieeseigentlichgewesen(meaning"howthingsactuallywere")was
subsequentlytakenbymanyhistoriansastheirguidingprinciple.Therehasbeenmuchdebateoverthe
precisemeaningofthisphrase.Somehavearguedthatadheringtotheprincipleofwieeseigentlich
gewesenmeansthatthehistorianshouldonlydocumentfactswithoutofferinganyinterpretationofthese
facts.FollowingGeorgIggers,PeterNovickhasarguedthatRanke,whowasmoreofaromanticand
idealistthanhisAmericancontemporariesunderstood,meantinsteadthatthehistorianshoulddiscoverthe
factsandfindtheessencesbehindthem.Underthisview,thewordeigentlichshouldbetranslatedas
"essentially",theaimthenbeingto"showwhatessentiallyhappened".[10]Rankewentontowritethatthe
historianmustseekthe"Holyhieroglyph"thatisGod'shandinhistory,keepingan"eyefortheuniversal"
whilsttaking"pleasureintheparticular".[11]
In1825aftertheministerofeducationwasimpressedwiththeworkofahistorianwhodidn'thaveaccessto
thenation'sgreatpubliclibraries,RankewasgivenapositionintheUniversityofBerlin,wherehewasa
professorfornearlyfiftyyears.Attheuniversityhenotonlyimplementedtheseminarsystemintohis
classroom,buthetaughthowtochecktheworthinessofsources.Rankebecamedeeplyinvolvedinthe
disputebetweenthefollowersofthelegalprofessorFriedrichCarlvonSavignywhoemphasizedthe
varietiesofdifferentperiodsofhistoryandthefollowersofthephilosopherGeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegel
whosawhistoryastheunfoldingofauniversalstory.RankesupportedSavignyandcriticizedtheHegelian
viewofhistoryasbeingaonesizefitsallapproach.AlsoduringhistimeinBerlin,Rankebecamethefirst
historiantoutilizethefortysevenvolumesthatcomprisedthediplomaticarchivesofVenicefromthe
1500sand1600s.Sincemanyarchivesopenedupduringthistimehesentouthisstudentstotheseplacesto
recruitinformation.Inhisclassroomshewoulddiscussthesourcesthathisstudentswouldfindandwould
emphasisthathistoryshouldbetold"thewayithappened."Becauseofthisheisoftenseenas"thepioneer
ofacriticalhistoricalscience."[12]Rankecametopreferdealingwithprimarysourcesasopposedto
secondarysourcesduringthistime.Rankelaterwrote"Iseethetimeapproachingwhenweshallbase
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modernhistory,nolongeronthereportsevenofcontemporaryhistorians,exceptinsofarastheywerein
thepossessionofpersonalandimmediateknowledgeoffactsandstilllessonworkyetmoreremotefrom
thesourcebutratheronthenarrativesofeyewitnesses,andongenuineandoriginaldocuments."[13]
ItwasinViennawherethefriendshipofFrederichvonGentzandtheprotectionofKlemensvon
MetternichopenedtohimtheVenetianArchives,avirginsource,thevalueofwhichhefirstdiscovered,
andwhichisstillnoexhausted.HefoundtimetowriteashortbookonDieSerbischeRevolution(1829)
frommaterialsuppliedtohimbyVukKaradi,aSerbwhohadhimselfbeenwitnessofthesceneshe
relatedduringtheFirstSerbianUprisingin1804.ThiswasafterwardsexpandedintoSerbienunddieTurkei
im19Jahrhundert(1879).
In18321836atthebehestofthePrussiangovernment,RankefoundedandeditedtheHistorische
PolitischeZeitschriftjournal.Ranke,whowasaconservative,usedthejournaltoattacktheideasof
Liberalism.Inhis1833article"TheGreatPowers"andhis1836article"DialogueonPolitics"Ranke
claimedthateverystateisgivenaspecialmoralcharacterfromGodandindividualsshouldstrivetobest
fulfillthe"idea"oftheirstate.Thus,inthisway,RankeurgedhisreaderstostayloyaltothePrussianstate
andrejecttheideasoftheFrenchRevolution,whichRankeclaimedweremeantforFranceonly.
In18341836RankepublishedDiermischenPpste,ihrekircheundihrStaatimsechzehntenund
siebzehntenJahrhundert(ThePopesofRome,TheirChurchandStateintheSixteenthandSeventeenth
Centuries)(3vols.).AsaProtestant,RankewasbarredfromviewingtheVaticanarchivesinRome,buton
thebasisofprivatepapersinRomeandVenice,hewasabletoexplainthehistoryofthepapacyinthe
1500s.Inthisbook,RankecoinedthetermtheCounterReformation,andofferedcolorfulportrayalsof
PopePaulIV,IgnatiusofLoyola,andPopePiusV.Itcontainsthesentence:"Iseethetimecomingwhen
wewillbasemodernhistorynolongeronsecondhandreports,orevenoncontemporaryhistorians,save
wheretheyhaddirectknowledge,andstilllessonworksyetmoredistantfromtheperiodbutratheron
eyewitnessaccountsandonthemostgenuine,themostimmediate,sources."Thepapacydenounced
Ranke'sbookasantiCatholic,whilemanyProtestantsdenounceditasnotantiCatholicenough,,buthehas
beengenerallypraisedbyhistoriansforplacingthesituationoftheRomanCatholicChurchinthecontext
ofthe1500sandforhisfairtreatmentofthecomplexinteractionofthepoliticalandreligiousissuesinthat
century.BritishRomanCatholichistorianLordActondefendedRanke'sbookasthemostfairminded,
balanced,andobjectivestudyeverwrittenonthepapacyofthe1500s.
In1841hisfameinacendancy,RankewasappointedRoyalHistoriographertothePrussiancourt.
In18478hepublishedNeunBcherpreussicherGeschichte(translatedasMemoirsoftheHouseof
BrandenburgandHistoryofPrussia,duringtheSeventeenthandEighteenthCenturies),inwhichhe
examinedthefortunesoftheHohenzollernfamilyandstatefromtheMiddleAgestothereignofFrederick
theGreat.ManyPrussiannationalistswereoffendedbyRanke'sportrayalofPrussiaasatypicalmedium
sizedGermanstateratherthanasagreatpower.
In185261hepublishedFrenchHistoryMainlyinthe16thand17thCenturies(5vols.),coveringFrancisI
toLouisXIV,gaininghimmorepraiseforhisimpartialitydespitebeingGerman.
In1854inaseriesoflectures[14]givenbeforefutureKingMaximilianIIofBavaria,Rankearguedthat
"everyageisnexttoGod",bywhichhemeantthateveryperiodofhistoryisuniqueandmustbe
understoodinitsowncontext.HearguedthatGodgazesoverhistoryinitstotalityandfindsallperiods
equal.Rankerejectedtheteleologicalapproachtohistory,bywhicheachperiodisconsideredinferiorto
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theperiodwhichfollows.Thus,theMiddleAgeswerenotinferiortotheRenaissance,simplydifferent.In
Ranke'sview,thehistorianhadtounderstandaperiodonitsownterms,andseektofindonlythegeneral
ideaswhichanimatedeveryperiodofhistory.ForRanke,then,historywasnottobeanaccountofman's
"progress"because,"AfterPlato,therecanbenomorePlato."ForRanke,Christianitywasmorallymost
superiorandcouldnotbeimprovedupon.Ultimately,"Historyisnocriminalcourt."
In18547RankepublishedHistoryoftheReformationinGermany(DeutscheGeschichteimZeitalterder
Reformation),usingthe96volumesofcorrespondencefromambassadorstotheImperialDiethefoundin
FrankfurttoexplaintheReformationinGermanyastheresultofbothpoliticsandreligion.
In185967hepublishedthe6volumeHistoryofEnglandPrincipallyintheSeventeenthandSeventeenth
Centuries(EnglischeGeschichtevornehmlichimXVIandXVIIJahrhundert),followedbyanexpanded9
volumeeditionin18704,extendinghishugereachevenfarther.Atthispointhewaseightyyearsold,and
hadshothisbolt,devotingtherestofhiscareertoshortertreatisesonGermanhistorythatsupplementhis
earlierwritings.
Thehonorspouredin.In1865Rankewasennobled,in1882
appointedaPrussianPrivyCouncillor,andin1885givenan
honorarycitizenshipofBerlin.In1884hewasappointedthefirst
honorarymemberoftheAmericanHistoricalAssociation.Afterhis
retirementin1871,Rankecontinuedtowriteonavarietyofsubjects
relatingtoGermanhistorysuchastheFrenchRevolutionaryWars,
AlbrechtvonWallenstein,KarlAugustvonHardenberg,[15]and
KingFrederickWilliamIVofPrussia.Startingin1880Rankebegan
ahuge6volumeworkonWorldHistory,whichbeganwithancient
EgyptandtheIsraelites.BythetimeofRanke'sdeathinBerlinin
1886,attheageof90,hehadreachedonlythe1100s,thoughhis
assistantslaterusedhisnotestotaketheseriesupto1453.
Afterhiswifediedin1871,Rankebecamehalfblind,dependingon
assistantstoreadtohim.AdiaryentryfromJanuary1877contains
hismaturethoughtsaboutbeingahistorian:[16]
Rankein1877

Theproverbtellsusthatpoetsareborn.Notonlyinthearts,
buteveninsomescholarlyfields,youngmendevelopintofull
bloom,oratleastdisplaytheiroriginality.Musiciansand
mathematicianshavetheexpectationofattainingeminencein
earlyyears.Butahistorianmustbeold,notonlybecauseof
theimmeasurableextentofhisfieldofstudy,butbecauseof
theinsightintothehistoricalprocesswhichalonglife
confers,especiallyunderchangingconditions.Itwouldhardly
bebearableforhimtohaveonlyashortspanofexperience.
Forhispersonaldevelopmentrequiresthatgreatevents
completetheircoursebeforehiseyes,thatotherscollapse,
thatnewformsbeattempted.

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Methodologyandcriticism
Atthecoreofhismethod,Rankedidnotbelievethatgeneraltheoriescouldcutacrosstimeandspace.
Instead,hemadestatementsaboutthetimeusingquotationsfromprimarysources.Hesaid,"My
understandingof'leadingideas'issimplythattheyarethedominanttendenciesineachcentury.These
tendencies,however,canonlybedescribedtheycannot,inthelastresort,besummedupinaconcept."
Rankeobjectedtophilosophyofhistory,particularlyaspracticedbyHegel,claimingthatHegelignoredthe
roleofhumanagencyinhistory,whichwastooessentialtobe"characterizedthroughonlyoneideaorone
word"or"circumscribedbyaconcept."[17]Thislackofemphasisonunifyingtheoriesorthemesledsome
todenigratehis"mindlessempiricism."Inthe19thcentury,Ranke'sworkwasverypopularandhisideas
abouthistoricalpracticegraduallybecamedominantinwesternhistoriography.However,hehadcritics
amonghiscontemporaries,includingKarlMarx,aformerHegelian,whosuggestedthatRankeengagedin
someofthepracticeshecriticizedinotherhistorians.
WhileRanke'smethodremaininfluentialinthepracticeofhistory,hisbroaderideasofhistoriographyand
empiricismarenowregardedbysomeasoutdatedandnolongercredible.Itheldswayamonghistorians
untilthemidtwentiethcentury,whenitwaschallengedbyE.H.CarrandFernandBraudel.Carropposed
Ranke'sideasofempiricismasnaive,boringandoutmoded,sayingthathistoriansdidnotmerelyreport
facts,theychoosewhichfactstheyuse.Braudel'sapproachwasbasedonthehistoireproblme.Remarking
onthelegacyofRanke'sdictumthathistoriansshouldrepresentthepast"wieeseigentlichgewesen"(asit
actuallyhappened),[18]WalterBenjaminscathinglywrotethatitrepresented"thestrongestnarcoticofthe
[nineteenth]century".[19]

Selectedworks
GeschichtederromanischenundgermanischenVlkervon1494bis1514("HistoryoftheRomanic
andGermanicPeoplesfrom1494to1514",1824)
SerbischeRevolution("SerbianRevolution",1829)
FrstenundVlkervonSdEuropaimsechzehntenundsiebzehntenJahrhundert("Princesand
PeoplesofSouthernEuropeintheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies")[20]
DiermischenPpsteindenletzenvierJahrhunderten("TheRomanPopesintheLastFour
Centuries",18341836)
NeunBcherpreussischerGeschichte(MemoirsoftheHouseofBrandenburgandHistoryof
Prussia,duringtheSeventeenthandEighteenthCenturies,18471848)
FranzsischeGeschichte,vornehmlichimsechzehntenundsiebzehntenJahrhundert(CivilWarsand
MonarchyinFrance,intheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies:AHistoryofFrancePrincipally
DuringThatPeriod,18521861)
DiedeutschenMchteundderFrstenbund("TheGermanPowersandthePrinces'League",1871
1872)
UrsprungundBeginnderRevolutionskriege1791und1792(OriginandBeginningofthe
RevolutionaryWars1791and1792,1875)
HardenbergunddieGeschichtedespreussischenStaatesvon1793bis1813(Hardenbergandthe
HistoryofthePrussianStatefrom1793to1813,1877)
WeltgeschichteDieRmischeRepublikundihreWeltherrschaft(Worldhistory:TheRoman
RepublicandItsWorldRule,2volumes,1886)

WorksinEnglishtranslation
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TheOttomanandtheSpanishEmpires,intheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies,
(https://archive.org/stream/ottomanspanishem00rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up)Whittaker&Co.,1943.
MemoirsoftheHouseofBrandenburgandHistoryofPrussiaDuringtheSeventeenthandEighteenth
Centuries,(http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086102795seq=9view=1upnum=i)Vol.
2,(https://archive.org/stream/memoirshousebra00rankgoog#page/n3/mode/2up)Vol.3
(https://archive.org/stream/memoirshousebra00unkngoog#page/n5/mode/2up),JohnMurray,1849.
CivilWarsandMonarchyinFrance,intheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies,
(https://archive.org/stream/civilwarsandmon01rankgoog#page/n6/mode/2up)RichardBentley,1852.
TheHistoryofServiaandtheServianRevolution,
(https://archive.org/stream/historyofservias00rankrich#page/n3/mode/2up)HenryG.Bohn,1853.
HistoryofEnglandPrincipallyintheSeventeenthCentury
(https://archive.org/stream/historyofengland01rank#page/n7/mode/2up),VolumeTwo
(https://archive.org/stream/historyengland02rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up),VolumeThree
(https://archive.org/stream/historyengland03rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up),VolumeFour
(https://archive.org/stream/historyofengland04rankuoft#page/n7/mode/2up),VolumeFive
(https://archive.org/stream/historyofengland05rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up),VolumeSix
(https://archive.org/stream/historyofengland06rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up),Oxford:Atthe
ClarendonPress,1875.[21]
UniversalHistory:TheOldestHistoricalGroupofNationsandtheGreeks,
(https://archive.org/stream/universalhistor00rank#page/n5/mode/2up)CharlesScribner'sSons,1884.
HistoryofthePopes:TheirChurchandState,
(https://archive.org/stream/a605673801rankuoft#page/n7/mode/2up)Vol.2,
(https://archive.org/stream/a605673802rankuoft#page/n7/mode/2up)Vol.3
(https://archive.org/stream/a605673803rankuoft#page/n7/mode/2up),P.F.Collier&Son,1901.
HistoryoftheReformationinGermany,
(https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029240020#page/n5/mode/2up)GeorgeRoutledge&Sons,1905.
HistoryoftheLatinandTeutonicNations,14941514,
(https://archive.org/stream/historyoflatinte00rankiala#page/n7/mode/2up)GeorgeBell&Sons,1909.
TheSecretofWorldHistory:SelectedWritingsontheArtandScienceofHistory,RogerWines,ed.,
FordhamUniversityPress,1981.

Seealso
Historicism
GermanHistorism
Rankeanpositivism
FriedrichWilhelmSchirrmacher,historianandRanke'sstudent[22]

Notes
1. "Ranke"(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/leopold+von+ranke).RandomHouseWebster'sUnabridged
Dictionary.
2. FrederickC.Beiser(2011)TheGermanHistoricistTradition,p.254(http://books.google.com/books?
id=w2c6YaKf9usC&pg=PA254)
3. JanelleG.Reinelt,JosephRoach(2007),CriticalTheoryandPerformance,p.193
(http://books.google.gr/books?
id=asORYuvznpQC&pg=PA193&dq=rankean+positivism&hl=el&sa=X&ei=kH2XUI65MuTc4QTU8YHwBw&v
ed=0CD0Q6wEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=rankean%20positivism&f=false)
4. Stern(ed.),TheVarietiesofHistory,p.54:"LeopoldvonRanke(17951886)isthefatheraswellasthemaster
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

LeopoldvonRankeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ofmodernhistoricalscholarship."
GreenandTroup(eds.),TheHousesofHistory,p.2:"LeopoldvonRankewasinstrumentalinestablishing
professionalstandardsforhistoricaltrainingattheUniversityofBerlinbetween1824and1871."
CarolineHoefferle,EssentialHistoriographyReader(Boston:Pearson,2011).68.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Leopold_Von_Ranke
Ranke,"PrefacetotheFirstEditionofHistoriesoftheLatinandGermanNations"in"TheModern
HistoriographyReader,WesternSources",pp172
Ranke,"Preface:HistoriesoftheLatinandGermanicNationsfrom14941514",inStern,TheVarietiesof
History,p.57.
Novick,ThatNobleDream,pp.2131Iggers,"Introduction"toRanke,TheoryandPractice,pp.xixxxEvans,
InDefenceofHistory,p.17:"TheGermanphrasewhichRankeused'Wieeseigentlichgewesen'isbetter
translatedas'howitessentiallywas',forRankemeantnotthathejustwantedtocollectfacts,butthathesought
tounderstandtheinnerbeingofthepast."
Ranke,"AFragmentfromthe1830s",inStern,TheVarietiesofHistory,p.59:"Twoqualities,Ithink,are
requiredforthemakingofthetruehistorian:firsthemustfeelaparticipationandpleasureintheparticularfor
itself...Still,thisdoesnotsufficethehistorianmustkeephiseyeontheuniversalaspectofthings."
ErnstBreisach,Historiography:Ancient,Medieval,andModern,ThirdEdition(Chicago:UniversityOfChicago
Press,2007).233.
Ranke,Leopoldvon(1905).HistoryoftheReformationinGermany.NewYork:E.P.Dutton&Co.pp.xi.
umass.edu(http://www.umass.edu/wsp/history/ranke/)
"PrinceHardenberg'sMemoirs,"(https://archive.org/stream/edinburghreview22smitgoog#page/n404/mode/2up)
TheEdinburghReview,Vol.CXLVI,July/October1877.
umass.edu(http://www.umass.edu/wsp/history/ranke/old.html)
VonRanke(1973),p.27.
StephenHoulgate,MichaelBaur(2011),ACompaniontoHegel,p.334(http://books.google.gr/books?
id=XJ9X2_Q8rY4C&pg=PA334&dq=rankean+positivism+ranke&hl=el&sa=X&ei=nn2XUOWqH8aj4gSFmICgB
w&ved=0CDwQ6wEwBQ#v=onepage&q=rankean%20positivism%20ranke&f=false)
"Whatasynopticandartificialviewreveals:extremehistoryandthemodernismofW.G.Sebald'srealism"
(http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2220/is_3_46/ai_n15954408/?tag=mantle_skincontent).Criticism.2004.
"Turkey,"(https://archive.org/stream/northamericanre02writgoog#page/n300/mode/2up)TheNorthAmerican
Review,Vol.XXXI,1830.
"VonRanke,Pattison,Spedding,Gardiner,"
(https://archive.org/stream/quarterlyreview48smitgoog#page/n14/mode/2up)TheQuarterlyReview,Vol.
CXXXIX,July/October1875.
Schirrmacher,Thomas."LeopoldvonRankeregardingmyGrandfatherFriedrichWilhelmSchirrmacher"
(http://www.thomasschirrmacher.net/blog/leopoldvonrankeregardingmygrandfatherfriedrichwilhelm
schirrmacher/).ThomasSchirrmacher.Retrieved28November2012.

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Bourne,EdwardGaylord(1901)."RankeandtheBeginningoftheSeminaryMethodinTeachingHistory."
(https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028751521#page/n279/mode/2up)In:EssaysinHistoricalCriticism.New
York:CharlesScribner'sSons,pp.265274.
DalbergActon,JohnEmerichEdward(1907)."GermanSchoolsofHistory."(http://oll.libertyfund.org/?
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Farrenkopf,John(1991)."TheChallengeofSpenglerianPessimismtoRankeandPoliticalRealism,"Reviewof
InternationalStudies,Vol.17,No.3,pp.267284.
Fitzsimons,M.A.(1980)."Ranke:HistoryasWorship,"TheReviewofPolitics,Vol.42,No.4,pp.533555.
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Gay,Peter(1974).StyleInHistory.NewYork:McGrawHall.p.256.ISBN0393305589.
Geyl,Pieter(1958).DebateswithHistorians.NewYork:Meridian.p.287.
Gilbert,Felix(1986)."LeopoldvonRankeandtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety,"Proceedingsofthe
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Gilbert,Felix(1987)."Historiography:WhatRankeMeant,"TheAmericanScholar,Vol.56,No.3,pp.393
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Gilbert,Felix(1990).History:PoliticsorCulture?ReflectionsonRankeandBurckhardt.Princeton,NJ:
PrincetonUniversityPress.p.109.ISBN0691031630.
Gooch,G.P.(1913).HistoryandHistoriansintheNineteenthCentury
(https://archive.org/stream/a583266900goocuoft#page/n5/mode/2up).London:Longman's,Green&Co.p.547.
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Externallinks
LeopoldvonRanke(http://www.geschichte.hu
WikimediaCommonshas
berlin.de/galerie/texte/rankee.htm),fromHumboldtUniversity
mediarelatedtoLeopold
ofBerlinwebsite
VonRanke.
LeopoldvonRankehistoricism(http://www.ageofthe
sage.org/history/historian/Leopold_von_Ranke.html),from"AgeoftheSage"website.
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LeopoldvonRanke'spapers(http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/l/LeopoldVonRankePapers
Des.htm)atSyracuseUniversityRanke'spersonallibrary,containingmanyworksbylesserknown
writersonhistorical,politicalandliterarysubjectsofthe16thto19thcenturies,wasalsodonatedto
theUniversity'sRareBooks(http://library.syr.edu/information/spcollections/rarebooks.htm)
department.
Williams,H.S.(1907).Thehistorians'historyoftheworld(http://books.google.com/books?
id=vacFAAAAIAAJ).VolumeXV.(ed.,thisvolumecoversLeopoldvonRankeonPage633
(http://books.google.com/books?id=vacFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA633).)
WorksbyLeopoldvonRanke(https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Ranke,+Leopold+von)atProject
Gutenberg
WorksbyoraboutLeopoldvonRanke(https://archive.org/search.php?
query=%28subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20von%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ranke
%2C%20Leopold%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20L%2E%20v%2E%22
%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leopold%
20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20su
bject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20
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%3A%22L%2E%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20von
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2Ranke%2C%20L%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20L%2E%20von%
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Leopold%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leo
pold%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20title%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%2
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22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20von
%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20v%2E%22%20OR%20description
%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%22%29
%20OR%20%28%2217951886%22%20AND%20Ranke%29)atInternetArchive
WorksbyLeopoldvonRanke(http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?
lookfor=%22Ranke,%20Leopold%20von,%2017951886.%22&type=author&inst=all)atHathiTrust
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query=who%3a(Ranke+Leopold+von+%3b+17951886.+%3b)&rows=12)atEuropeana
Chisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911)."Ranke,Leopoldvon".EncyclopdiaBritannica(11thed.).
CambridgeUniversityPress.
GeschichtederromanischenundgermanischenVlkervon1494bis1514
(https://archive.org/details/geschichtenderro00rankuoft)byLeopoldvonRankeattheInternet
Archive
BiographyofRanke,1901(https://archive.org/stream/a605673801rankuoft#page1/n15/mode/2up)by
WilliamRobinsonClark
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_von_Ranke&oldid=668941232"
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