PA RT

Equations

H V A C E Q U AT I O N S , D ATA , A N D R U L E S O F T H U M B

20

PA RT 3

3.01 Airside System Equations and Derivations

A. Equations

HS  1.08 rCFM r$T

HS  1.1 rCFM r$T
HL 0.68 rCFM r$WGR.
HL  4840 rCFM r $WLB.
HT  4.5 rCFM r $h
HT  HS  HL
SHR 

HS
HS

HT H S  H L

HS
Sensible Heat (Btu/hr.)
HL
Latent Heat (Btu/hr.)
HT
Total Heat (Btu/hr.)
$T Temperature Difference (F)
$WGR. Humidity Ratio Difference (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)
$WLB. Humidity Ratio Difference (lbs.H2O/lbs.DA)
$h Enthalpy Difference (Btu/lbs.DA)
CFM Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)
SHR Sensible Heat Ratio
m
Mass flow (lbs.DA/hr.)
ca
Specific Heat of Air (0.24 Btu/lbs.DA F)
DA Dry Air
B. Derivations

1. Standard air conditions:

a. Temperature:
60F
b. Pressure:
14.7 psia (sea level)
c. Specific volume:
13.33 ft.3/lbs.DA
d. Density:
0.075 lbs./ft.3
e. LV  Latent heat of water @60F: 1060 Btu/lbs.
2. Sensible heat equation:
HS  m rca r$T
cP  0.24 (Btu/lbs.DA . F) r 0.075 lbs.DA/ft.3 r 60 min./hr.
 1.08 Btu min./hr. ft.3 F
HS  1.08 (Btu min./hr. ft.3 F) r CFM (ft.3/min.) r $T (F)
HS  1.08 r CFM r $T
3. Latent heat equation:
HL  m r LV r $WGR
LV  1060 Btu/lbs.H2O r 0.075 lbs.DA/ft.3 r 60 min./hr. r 1.0 lbs.H2O/7,000 Gr.H2O
 0.68 Btu lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3 Gr.H2O
HL  0.68 (Btu lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3 Gr.H2O) r CFM (ft.3/min.) r $WGR (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)
HL  0.68 r CFM r $WGR
4. Total heat equation:
HT
 m r $h
Factor  0.075 lbs.DA/ft.3 r 60 min./hr.  4.5 lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3
HT
 4.5 (lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3) r CFM (ft.3/min.) r $h (Btu/lbs.DA)
HT
 4.5 r CFM r $h

21

Equations

3.02 Waterside System Equations and Derivations

A. Equations

H 500 rGPM r$T

GPM EVAP. 

TONS r 24
$T

GPM COND. 

TONS r 30
$T

H
GPM
$T
TONS
GPM EVAP.
GPM COND.
cw

 Total Heat (Btu/hr.)

Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
 Temperature Difference (F)
 Air Conditioning Load (Tons)
 Evaporator Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
 Condenser Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
 Specific Heat of Water (1.0 Btu/lbs.H2O)

B. Derivations

1. Standard water conditions:

a. Temperature: 60F
b. Pressure:
14.7 psia (sea level)
c. Density:
62.4 lbs./ft.3
2. Water equation
H  m r cw r $T
cw  1.0 Btu/Lb H2O F r 62.4 lbs.H2O/ft3 r 1.0 ft3 / 7.48052 gal. r 60 min./hr.
 500 Btu min./hr. F gal.
H  500 Btu min./hr. F gal. r GPM (gal./min.) r $T (F)
H  500 r GPM r $T
3. Evaporator equation:
GPMEVAP  H/(500 r $T)
Factor  12,000 Btu/hr./1.0 tons  500 Btu min./hr. F gal.

 24F gal./tons min.
GPMEVAP  tons (tons) r 24 (F gal./tons min.) / $T (F)
GPMEVAP  tons r 24 / $T
4. Condenser equation:
GPMCOND  1.25 r GPMEVAP = 1.25 r tons r 24 / $T
GPMCOND  tons r 30 / $T

3.03 Air Change Rate Equations

AC CFM r 60

HR VOLUME
AC
r VOLUME
CFM  HR
60
AC/HR. Air Change Rate per Hour
CFM
Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)
VOLUME Space Volume (Cubic Feet)

22

PA RT 3

3.04 English/Metric Airside System Equations Comparison

A. Sensible Heat Equations

H S  1.08

Btu min.
r CFM r $T
Hr ft 3 F F

H SM  72.42

kJ min.
r CMM r $TM
hr . m3 FC

B. Latent Heat Equations

H L  0.68

Btu min. Lb DA
r CFM r $W
hr . ft 3 Gr H 2O

H LM  177 , 734.8

kJ min. kg DA
r CMM r $WM
hr . m3kg H 2O

C. Total Heat Equations

H T  4.5

lb min.
r CFM r $h
hr. ft.3

H TM  72.09

kg min.
r CMM r $hM
hr. m3

HT  HS  HL
HTM HSM HLM
HS
Sensible Heat (Btu/hr.)
HSM Sensible Heat (kJ/hr.)
HL
Latent Heat (Btu/hr.)
HLM Latent Heat (kJ/hr.)
HT
Total Heat (Btu/hr.)
HTM Total Heat (kJ/hr.)
$T Temperature Difference (F)
$TM Temperature Difference (C)
$W Humidity Ratio Difference (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)
$WM Humidity Ratio Difference (kg.H2O/kg.DA)
$h Enthalpy Difference (Btu/lbs.DA)
$hM Enthalpy Difference (kJ/lbs.DA)
CFM Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)
CMM Air Flow Rate (Cubic Meters per Minute)

3.05 English/Metric Waterside System Equation Comparison

H  500

Btu min.
r GPM r $T
hr. gal. F

H M  250.8

kJ min.
r LPM r $TM
hr. Liters C

23

Equations

H
Total Heat (Btu/hr.)
HM Total Heat (kJ/hr.)
$T Temperature Difference (F)
$TM Temperature Difference (C)
GPM Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
LPM Water Flow Rate (Liters per Minute)

3.06 English/Metric Air Change Rate Equation Comparison

AC

HR

min.
hr.
VOLUME

CFM r 60

AC

HRM

min.
hr.
VOLUME M

CMM r 60

AC/HR.
Air Change Rate per Hour English
AC/HR.M Air Change Rate per Hour Metric
AC/HR.
AC/HR.M
VOLUME Space Volume (Cubic Feet)
VOLUMEM Space Volume (Cubic Meters)
CFM
Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)
CMM
Air Flow Rate (Cubic Meters per Minute)

3.07 English/Metric Temperature and Other Conversions

F  1.8 C  32
C 

 F 32
1.8

F
degrees Fahrenheit
C
degrees Celsius
kJ/hr.
Btu/hr. r 1.055
CMM
CFM r 0.02832
LPM
GPM r 3.785
kJ/kg
Btu/lbs. r 2.326
meters
ft. r 0.3048
sq. meters
sq. ft. r 0.0929
cu. meters
cu. ft. r 0.02832
kg
lbs. r 0.4536
1.0 GPM
500 lbs. steam/hr.
1.0 lb. stm. / hr. 0.002 GPM
1.0 lb. H2O / hr. 1.0 lbs. steam/hr.
kg / cu. meter lbs. / cu. ft. r 16.017 (Density)
cu. meters / kg cu. ft. / lbs. r 0.0624 (Specific Volume)
kg H2O / kg DA Gr.H2O / lbs.DA / 7,000 lbs.H2O/lbs.DA

24

PA RT 3

3.08 Steam and Condensate Equations

A. General

LBS.STM. / HR 

BTU / HR BTU / HR

960
H FG

LBS.STM.COND. / HR 
EDR 

EDR
4

BTU / HR
240

LBS.STM.COND. / HR 

GPM r 500 r SP.GR. r Cw r $T

H FG

LBS.STM.COND. / HR 

CFM r 60 r D r Ca r $T
H FG

B. Approximating Condensate Loads

LBS.STM.COND. / HR 

GPM WATER r $T

LBS.STM.COND. / HR 

GPM FUEL OIL r $T

LBS.STM.COND. / HR 

CFM AIR r $T

2
4
900

stm.  Steam
GPM  Quantity of Liquid in Gallons per Minute
CFM  Quantity of Gas or Air in Cubic Feet per Minute
SP.GR.  Specific Gravity
D
 Density in lbs./cubic feet
Ca
 Specific Heat of Air (0.24 Btu/lb.)
Cw
 Specific Heat of Water (1.00 Btu/lb.)
HFG  Latent Heat of Steam in Btu/lbs. at Steam Design Pressure (ASHRAE Fundamentals or Part 45)
$T
 Final Temperature minus Initial Temperature
EDR  Equivalent Direct Radiation

3.09 Building Envelope Heating Equation

and R-Values/U-Values
H  U r A r $T
R

1 1
 r Thickness
C K

U

1
R

$T  Temperature Difference (F)

A  Area (sq.ft.)
U  U-Value (Btu./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.
R  R-Value (hr. sq.ft. F/Btu.): See Part 35 for Definitions.

25

Equations

C  Conductance (Btu./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.

K  Conductivity (Btu. in./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.
3R  Sum of the Individual R-Values

3.10 Fan Laws

CFM 2 RPM 2

CFM1 RPM1
2

RPM 2
SP2 CFM 2



SP1 CFM1
RPM1

BHP2 CFM 2 RPM 2 SP2




BHP1 CFM1 RPM1 SP1
BHP 

1.5

CFM r SP r SP.GR.
6356 r FAN EFF.

MHP 

BHP
M / DEFF .

CFM  Cubic Feet/Minute

RPM  Revolutions/Minute
SP
 in. W.G.
BHP
 Break Horsepower
Fan Size  Constant

Air Density  Constant

SP.GR.(Air)  1.0
FANEFF
 6585%
M/DEFF
 8095%
M/D
 Motor/Drive

3.11 Pump L.ws

GPM 2 RPM 2

GPM1 RPM1
2

HD2 GPM 2 RPM 2



HD1 GPM1 RPM1
3

BHP2 GPM 2 RPM 2 HD2




BHP1 GPM1 RPM1 HD1
BHP 

GPM r HD r SP.GR.
3960 r PUMPEFF.

MHP 

BHP
M / DEFF.

VH 

V2
2g

HD 

P r 2.31
SP.GR.

GPM
RPM
HD
BHP

 Gallons/Minute
 Revolutions/Minute
 ft. H2O
 Break Horsepower

1.5

26

PA RT 3

Pump Size
 Constant
Water Density  Constant
SP.GR.
 Specific Gravity of Liquid with respect to Water
SP.GR.(Water)  1.0
PUMPEFF
 6080%
M/DEFF
 8595%
M/D
 Motor/Drive
P
 Pressure in psi
VH
 Velocity Head in ft.
V
 Velocity in ft./sec.
g
 Acceleration due to Gravity (32.16 ft./sec.2)

3.12 Pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) Calculations

NPSHAVAIL  NPSHREQD
NPSHAVAIL  HA  HS  HF  HVP
NPSH AVAIL  Net Positive Suction Available at Pump (feet)
NPSH REQD  Net Positive Suction Required at Pump (feet)
HA
 Pressure at Liquid Surface (Feet 34 feet for Water at Atmospheric Pressure)
HS
 Height of Liquid Surface Above () or Below () Pump (feet)
HF
 Friction Loss between Pump and Source (feet)
HVP
 Absolute Pressure of Water Vapor at Liquid Temperature (feet ASHRAE
Fundamentals or Part 45)
Note: Calculations may also be performed in psig, provided that all values are in psig.

3.13 Mixed Air Temperature

CFM RA
CFM OA
TMA  TROOM r
 T r
CFM SA OA CFM SA

CFM RA
CFM OA
TMA  TRA r
 TOA r

CFM
CFM SA

SA
CFMSA  Supply Air CFM
CFMRA  Return Air CFM
CFMOA  Outside Air CFM
TMA
 Mixed Air Temperature (F)
TROOM  Room Design Temperature (F)
TRA
 Return Air Temperature (F)
TOA
 Outside Air Temperature (F)

3.14 Psychrometric Equations

PW
W  0.622 r
P PW

WACTUAL
RH
r 100%
WSAT

27

Equations

RH 

PW
r 100%
PSAT

HS  m r cP r $T
HL  Lv r m r $W
HT  m r $h

2501 2.381 T W T T
2501  1..805 T 4.186 T
1093 0.556 T W 0.240 T T
W
1093  0.444 T T
WB

W

SAT WB

DB

DB

WB

WB

WB

SAT WB

DB

DB

WB

WB

W
Specific Humidity, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA
WACTUAL Actual Specific Humidity, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA
WSAT Saturation Specific Humidity at the Dry Bulb Temperature
WSAT WB Saturation Specific Humidity at the Wet Bulb Temperature
PW
Partial Pressure of Water Vapor, lb./sq.ft.
P
Total Absolute Pressure of Air/Water Vapor Mixture, lb./sq.ft.
PSAT
Saturation Partial Pressure of Water Vapor at the Dry Bulb Temperature,
lb./sq.ft.
RH
Relative Humidity, %
HS
Sensible Heat, Btu/hr.
HL
Latent Heat, Btu/hr.
HT
Total Heat, Btu/hr.
m
Mass Flow Rate, lbs.DA/hr. or lbs.H2O/hr.
cP
Specific Heat, Air0.24 Btu/lbs.DA, Water1.0 Btu/lbs.H2O
TDB
Dry Bulb Temperature, F
TWB
Wet Bulb Temperature, F
$T
Temperature Difference, F
$W
Specific Humidity Difference, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA
$h
Enthalpy Difference, Btu/lbs.DA
LV
Latent Heat of Vaporization, Btu/lbs.H2O

3.15 Ductwork Equations

TP SP VP
2

V
V
VP 

2
4005

4005
2

V

Q Q r 144

A W rH

DEQ 

1.3 r A r B

A  B

0.625

0.25

28

PA RT 3

TP  Total Pressure
SP  Static Pressure, Friction Losses
VP  Velocity Pressure, Dynamic Losses
V  Velocity, ft./min.
Q  Flow through Duct, CFM
A  Area of Duct, sq.ft.
W  Width of Duct, in.
H  Height of Duct, in.
DEQ  Equivalent Round Duct Size for Rectangular Duct, in.
A  One Dimension of Rectangular Duct, in.
B  Adjacent Side of Rectangular Duct, in.

3.16 Equations for Flat Oval Ductwork





 


 


FS  MAJOR  MINOR

A

P

FS r MINOR 

P r MINOR
2

144

P r MINOR  2 r FS
12

DEQ 

1.55 r A

P

0.625

0.25

FS
 Flat Span Dimension in Inches
MAJOR  Major Axis Dimension in Inches (Larger Dimension)
MINOR  Minor Axis Dimension in Inches (Smaller Dimension)
A
 Cross-sectional Area in Square Feet
P
 Perimeter or Surface Area in Square Feet per Lineal Feet
DEQ
 Equivalent Round Duct Diameter

3.17 Steel Pipe Equations

A

 0.785 r ID 2

WP  10.6802 r T r (OD  T)

29

Equations

WW  0.3405 r ID 2
OSA  0.2618 r OD
ISA  0.2618 r ID
AM  0.785 r (OD 2  ID 2)
A  Cross Sectional Area (sq.in.)
WP  Weight of Pipe per Foot (lbs.)
WW  Weight of Water per Foot (lbs.)
T
 Pipe Wall Thickness (in.)
ID  Inside Diameter (in.)
OD  Outside Diameter (in.)
OSA  Outside Surface Area per Foot (sq.ft.)
ISA  Inside Surface Area per Foot (sq.ft.)
AM  Area of the Metal (sq.in.)

3.18 Steam and Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations

A. Steam Pipe Sizing Equations

$P 

0.01306 r W 2 r 1  3ID.6
3600 r D r ID5
$P r D r ID5
3.6
0.01306 r 1 
ID

W  60 r

W  0.41667 r V r AINCHES r D 60 r V r AFEET r D

V

2.4 r W
W

AINCHES r D 60 r AFEET r D

$P
 Pressure Drop per 100 ft. of Pipe, psig/100 ft.
W
 Steam Flow Rate, lbs./hr.
ID
 Actual Inside Diameter of Pipe, in.
D
 Average Density of Steam at System Pressure, lbs./cu.ft.
V
 Velocity of Steam in Pipe, ft./min.
AINCHES  Actual Cross Sectional Area of Pipe, sq.in.
AFEET  Actual Cross Sectional Area of Pipe, sq.ft.
B. Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations

FS 

HS HS
SS

CR

HL

r 100

CR

WCR 

FS
rW
100

FS  Flash Steam, Percentage %

HSSS  Sensible Heat at Steam Supply Pressure, Btu/lbs.
HSCR  Sensible Heat at Condensate Return Pressure, Btu/lbs.
HLCR  Latent Heat at Condensate Return Pressure, Btu/lbs.

30

PA RT 3

W  Steam Flow Rate, lbs./hr.

WCR  Condensate Flow based on percentage of Flash Steam created during condensing
process, lbs/hr. Use this flow rate in the preceding steam equations to determine
the condensate return pipe size.

3.19 Air Conditioning Condensate

GPM AC COND 

CFM r $WLB.
SpV r 8.33

GPM AC COND 

CFM r $WGR.
SpV r 8.33 r 7000

GPMAC COND  Air Conditioning Condensate Flow (gal./min.)

CFM
 Air Flow Rate (cu.ft./min.)
SpV
 Specific Volume of Air (cu.ft./lbs.DA)
$WLB.
 Specific Humidity (lbs.H2O/lbs.DA)
$WGR.
 Specific Humidity (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)

3.20 Humidification
W
W
GRAINSREQ'D  GR.
GR.
SpV ROOM AIR SpV SUPPLY AIR
W
W
POUNDSREQ'D  LB.
LB.
SpV ROOM AIR SpV SUPPLY AIR
LBS.STM . / HR 

CFM r GRAINSREQ ' D r 60

7000

 CFM r POUNDSREQ ' D r 60

GRAINSREQD  Grains of Moisture Required (Gr.H2O/cu.ft.)

POUNDSREQD  Pounds of Moisture Required (lbs.H2O/cu.ft.)
CFM
 Air Flow Rate (cu.ft./min.)
SpV
 Specific Volume of Air (cu.ft./lbs.DA)
WGR.
 Specific Humidity (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)
WLB.
 Specific Humidity (lbs.H2O/lbs.DA)

3.21 Humidifier Sensible Heat Gain

HS  (0.244 r Q r $T)  (L r380)
HS  Sensible Heat Gain (Btu/hr.)
Q  Steam Flow (lbs. steam/hr.)
$T  Steam Temperature Supply Air Temperature (F)
L  Length of Humidifier Manifold (ft.)

Equations

3.22 Expansion Tanks

v 2
1 3A$T
v1
CLOSED VT  VS r
PA PA
P P
2
1

v
OPEN VT  2 r VS r 2 1 3A$T
T
v1

v 2
1 3A$T
v1
DIAPHRAGM VT  VS r
P
1 1
P2
VT  Volume of Expansion Tank (Gallons)
VS  Volume of Water in Piping System (Gallons)
$T  T2  T1 (F)
T1  Lower System Temperature (F)
Heating Water
T1  4550F Temperature at Fill Condition
Chilled Water T1  Supply Water Temperature
Dual Temperature
T1  Chilled Water Supply Temperature
T2  Higher System Temperature (F)
Heating Water
T2  Supply Water Temperature
Chilled Water T2  95F Ambient Temperature (Design Weather Data)
Dual Temperature
T2  Heating Water Supply Temperature
PA  Atmospheric Pressure (14.7 psia)
P1  System Fill Pressure/Minimum System Pressure (psia)
P2  System Operating Pressure/Maximum Operating Pressure (psia)
v1  SpV of H2O at T1 (cu.ft./lbs.H2O) ASHRAE Fundamentals or Part 45
v2  SpV of H2O at T2 (cu.ft./lbs.H2O) ASHRAE Fundamentals or Part 45
A  Linear Coefficient of Expansion
ASTEEL  6.5 r 106
ACOPPER  9.5 r 106
System Volume Estimate:
12 gal./ton
35 gal./BHP
System Fill Pressure/Minimum System Pressure Estimate:
Height of System  5 to 10 psi OR 510 psi, whichever is greater.
System Operating Pressure/Maximum Operating Pressure Estimate:
150 lbs. Systems
45125 psi
250 lbs. Systems
125225 psi

3.23 Air Balance Equations

SA  Supply Air
RA  Return Air
OA  Outside Air
EA  Exhaust Air
RFA  Relief Air
SA  RA  OA  RA  EA  RFA

31

32

PA RT 3

If minimum OA (ventilation air) is greater than EA, then

OA  EA  RFA
If EA is greater than minimum OA (ventilation air), then
OA  EA

RFA  0

For Economizer Cycle:

OA  SA  EA  RFA

RA  0

3.24 Efficiencies
BTU OUTPUT EER

3.413
BTU INPUT
BTU OUTPUT
EER 
WATTS INPUT
COP 

KW / TON 

12,000 BTU / HR TON

COP r 3, 517 BTU / HR KW

Turndown Ratio = Maximum Firing Rate: Minimum Firing Rate (e.g., 5:1, 10:1, 25:1)
OVERALL THERMAL EFF . 
COMBUSTION EFF . 

GROSS BTU OUTPUT

r 100%
GROSS BTU INPUT

BTU INPUT BTU STACK LOSS

r 100%
BTU INPUT

Overall Thermal Efficiency Range 7590%

Combustion Efficiency Range

8595%

3.25 Cooling Towers and Heat Exchangers

APPROACHCT'S  LWT  AWB
APPROACHHE'S  EWTHS  LWTCS
RANGE  EWT  LWT
EWT  Entering Water Temperature (F)
LWT  Leaving Water Temperature (F)
AWB  Ambient Wet Bulb Temperature (Design WB F)
HS  Hot Side
CS  Cold Side

3.26 Cooling Tower/Evaporative Cooler Blowdown Equations

C

B

E  D  B
D  B
E C 1 r D

C 1

33

Equations

E  GPMCOND. r R r 0.0008
D  GPMCOND. r 0.0002
R  EWT  LWT
 Blowdown, GPM
B
C
 Cycles of Concentration
D  Drift, GPM
E
 Evaporation, GPM
EWT  Entering Water Temperature, F
LWT  Leaving Water Temperature, F
R
 Range, F

3.27 Electricity
A. General

KVA  KW  KVAR
B. Single-Phase Power

KW1F 

V r A r PF
1000

KVA1F 

VrA
1000

V r A r PF r DEVICE EFF.
746
BHP1F
MHP1F 
M / DEFF.

BHP1F 

C. Three-Phase Power

KW3F 

3 r V r A r PF
1000

KVA3F 

3 rV r A
1000

BHP3F 

3 r V r A r PF r DEVICE EFF.
746

MHP3F 

BHP3F
M / DEFF.

KVA  Total Power (Kilovolt Amps)

KW  Real Power, Electrical Energy (Kilowatts)
KVAR  Reactive Power or Imaginary Power (Kilovolt Amps Reactive)
V
 Voltage (Volts)
A
 Current (Amps)
PF
 Power Factor (0.750.95)
BHP  Break Horsepower
MHP  Motor Horsepower

34

PA RT 3

EFF  Efficiency
M/D  Motor Drive

3.28 Moisture Condensation on Glass

R

TGLASS  TROOM IA r (TROOM TOA )

RGLASS

TGLASS  TROOM GLASS r (TROOM TOA )

U IA

If TGLASS  DPROOM condensation occurs

T  Temperature (F)
R  R-Value (hr. sq.ft. F/Btu)
U  U-Value (Btu./hr. sq.ft. F)
IA  Inside Airfilm
OA  Design Outside Air Temperature
DP  Dewpoint

3.29 Calculating Heating Loads for Loading Docks,

Heavily Used Vestibules and Similar Spaces
A. Find volume of space to be heated (cu.ft.).
B. Determine acceptable warm-up time for space (min.).
C. Divide volume by time (CFM).
D. Determine inside and outside design temperaturesassume inside space temperature has dropped to the outside design temperature because doors have
been open for an extended period of time.
E. Use sensible heat equation to determine heating requirement using CFM and
inside and outside design temperatures determined earlier in this Part.

3.30 Ventilation of Mechanical Rooms with

Refrigeration Equipment
A. For a more detailed description of ventilation requirements for mechanical rooms
with refrigeration equipment, see ASHRAE Standard 15 and Part 8.
B. Completely Enclosed Equipment Rooms

CFM  100 r G 0.5

CFM  Exhaust Air Flow Rate Required (cu.ft./minute)
G
 Mass of Refrigerant of Largest System (pounds)
C. Partially Enclosed Equipment Rooms

FA  G 0.5
FA  Ventilation Free Opening Area (sq.ft.)
G  Mass of Refrigerant of Largest System (Pounds)

Equations

3.31 Pipe Expansion Equations

A. L-Bends

L  6.225 r $D
F  500 LB. / PIPE DIA. r PIPE DIA.
L  Length of Leg Required to Accommodate Thermal Expansion or Contraction, Feet
$  Thermal Expansion or Contraction of Long Leg, Inches
D  Pipe Outside Diameter, Inches
F  Force Exerted by Pipe Expansion or Contraction on Anchors and Supports, lbs. See Tables
in Part 18 for solved equations.
B. Z-Bends

L  4 r $D
F  200  500 LB. / PIPE DIA. r PIPE DIA.
L  Length of Offset Leg Required to Accommodate Thermal Expansion or Contraction, Feet
$  Anchor to Anchor Expansion or Contraction, Inches
D  Pipe Outside Diameter, Inches
F  Force Exerted by Pipe Expansion or Contraction on Anchors and Supports, lbs. See Tables
in Part 18 for solved equations.
C. U-Bends or Expansion Loops

35

36

PA RT 3

L  6.225 r $D
F  200 LB. / PIPE DIA. r PIPE DIA.
L  2H  W
H  2W
L  5W
L  Length of Loop Required to Accommodate Thermal Expansion or Contraction, ft.
$  Anchor to Anchor Expansion or Contraction, in.
D  Pipe Outside Diameter, in.
F  Force Exerted by Pipe Expansion or Contraction on Anchors and Supports, lbs.

3.32 Relief Valve Vent Line Maximum Length

L

9 r P 12 r D5 9 r P 22 r D5

C2
16 r C 2

P1  0.25 r PRESSURE SETTING r 1.1  14.7

P2  PRESSURE SETTING r 1.1  14.7
L  Maximum Length of Relief Vent Line in Feet
D  Inside Diameter of Pipe in Inches
C  Minimum Discharge of Air in lbs./min.

3.33 Relief Valve Sizing

A. Liquid System Relief ValvesSpring-Style Relief Valves

A

GPM r G
28.14 r KB r K V r $P

B. Liquid System Relief ValvesPilot-Operated Relief Valves

A

GPM r G
36.81 r K V r $P

C. Steam System Relief Valves

A

W
51.5 r K r P r KSH r K N r KB

D. Gas and Vapor System Relief Valveslbs./hr.

A

W r TZ
C r K r P r KB r M

E. Gas and Vapor System Relief ValvesSCFM

A

SCFM r TGZ
1.175 r C r K r P r K B

Equations

F. Relief Valve Equation Definitions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

A
 Minimum required effective relief valve discharge area (sq.in.)
GPM  Required relieving capacity at flow conditions (gal./min.)
W
 Required relieving capacity at flow conditions (lbs./hr.)
SCFM  Required relieving capacity at flow conditions (standard cu.ft./min.)
G
 Specific gravity of liquid, gas, or vapor at flow conditions
Water  1.0 for most HVAC applications
Air  1.0
C
 Coefficient determined from expression of ratio of specific heats
C  315 if value is unknown
K
 Effective coefficient of discharge
K  0.975
KB
 Capacity correction factor due to back pressure
KB  1.0 for atmospheric discharge systems
KV
 Flow correction factor due to viscosity
KV  0.9 to 1.0 for most HVAC applications with water
KN
 Capacity correction factor for dry saturated steam at set pressures above
1500 psia and up to 3200 psia
KN  1.0 for most HVAC applications
KSH  Capacity correction factor due to the degree of superheat
KSH  1.0 for saturated steam
Z
 Compressibility factor
Z  1.0 if value is unknown
P
 Relieving pressure (psia)
P  Set pressure (psig)  over pressure (10% psig)  atmospheric pressure
(14.7 psia)
$P  Differential pressure (psig)
$P  Set pressure (psig)  over pressure (10% psig)  back pressure (psig)
T
 Absolute temperature (R  F  460)
M
 Molecular weight of the gas or vapor

G. Relief Valve Sizing Notes

1. When multiple relief valves are used, one valve shall be set at or below the maximum
allowable working pressure, and the remaining valves may be set up to 5 percent over the
maximum allowable working pressure.
2. When sizing multiple relief valves, the total area required is calculated on an over pressure of 16 percent or 4 psi, whichever is greater.
3. For superheated steam, the following correction factor values may be used:
a. Superheat up to 400F:
0.97
(range 0.9790.998)
b. Superheat up to 450F:
0.95
(range 0.9570.977)
c. Superheat up to 500F:
0.93
(range 0.9300.968)
d. Superheat up to 550F:
0.90
(range 0.9050.974)
e. Superheat up to 600F:
0.88
(range 0.8820.993)
f. Superheat up to 650F:
0.86
(range 0.8610.988)
g. Superheat up to 700F:
0.84
(range 0.8410.963)
h. Superheat up to 750F:
0.82
(range 0.8230.903)
i. Superheat up to 800F:
0.80
(range 0.8050.863)
j. Superheat up to 850F:
0.78
(range 0.7860.836)
k. Superheat up to 900F:
0.75
(range 0.7530.813)
l. Superheat up to 950F:
0.72
(range 0.7260.792)
m. Superheat up to 1000F:
0.70
(range 0.7040.774)
4. Gas and vapor properties:

37

38

PA RT 3

GAS AND VAPOR PROPERTIES

Gas or Vapor
Acetylene
Air
Ammonia (R-717)
Argon
Benzene
N-Butane
Iso-Butane
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Disulphide
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorine
Cyclohexane
Ethane
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylene
Helium
N-Heptane
Hexane
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrogen Sulphide
Methane
Methyl Alcohol
Methyl Butane
Methyl Chloride
Natural Gas
Nitric Oxide
Nitrogen
Nitrous Oxide
N-Octane
Oxygen
N-Pentane
Iso-Pentane
Propane
R-11
R-12
R-22
R-114
R-123
R-134a
Sulfur Dioxide
Toluene

Molecular
Weight

Ratio of Specific
Heats

Coefficient
C

Specific
Gravity

26.04
28.97
17.03
39.94
78.11
58.12
58.12
44.01
76.13
28.01
70.90
84.16
30.07
46.07
64.52
28.03
4.02
100.20
86.17
36.47
2.02
36.47
34.08
16.04
32.04
72.15
50.49
19.00
30.00
28.02
44.02
114.22
32.00
72.15
72.15
44.09
137.37
120.92
86.48
170.93
152.93
102.03
64.04
92.13

1.25
1.40
1.30
1.66
1.12
1.18
1.19
1.29
1.21
1.40
1.35
1.08
1.19
1.13
1.19
1.24
1.66
1.05
1.06
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.32
1.31
1.20
1.08
1.20
1.27
1.40
1.40
1.31
1.05
1.40
1.08
1.08
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.18
1.09
1.10
1.20
1.27
1.09

342
356
347
377
329
335
336
346
338
356
352
325
336
330
336
341
377
321
322
357
357
357
349
348
337
325
337
344
356
356
348
321
356
325
325
330
331
331
335
326
327
337
344
326

0.899
1.000
0.588
1.379
2.696
2.006
2.006
1.519
2.628
0.967
2.447
2.905
1.038
1.590
2.227
0.968
0.139
3.459
2.974
1.259
0.070
1.259
1.176
0.554
1.106
2.491
1.743
0.656
1.036
0.967
1.520
3.943
1.105
2.491
2.491
1.522
4.742
4.174
2.985
5.900
5.279
3.522
2.211
3.180

3.34 Motor Drive Formulas

DFP r RPMFP = DMP r RPMMP
BL  [(DFP  DMP) r 1.5708]  (2 r L)
DFP
 Fan Pulley Diameter
DMP
 Motor Pulley Diameter
RPMFP  Fan Pulley RPM
RPMMP  Motor Pulley RPM
BL
 Belt Length
L
 Center to Center Distance of Fan and Motor Pulleys

39

Equations

3.35 Domestic Water Heater Sizing

H OUTPUT  GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. r $T r 1.0
H INPUT 
GPH 
$T 

GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. r $T

%EFFICIENCY

H INPUT r %EFFICIENCY KW r 3413 BTU / KW


$T r 8.34 LBS. / GAL.
$T r 8.34 LBS. / GAL.

H INPUT r % EFFICIENCY KW r 3413 BTU / KW


GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL.

KW 

GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. r $T r 1.0

3413 BTU / KW

%COLD WATER 
%HOT WATER 

THOT TMIX
THOT TCOLD

TMIX TCOLD
THOT TCOLD

HOUTPUT  Heating Capacity Output

HINPUT  Heating Capacity Input
GPH  Recovery Rate Gallons per Hour
$T
 Temperature Rise F
kW
 Kilowatts
TCOLD  Temperature Cold Water F
THOT  Temperature Hot Water F
TMIX
 Temperature Mixed Water F

3.36 Domestic Hot Water Recirculation Pump/Supply Sizing

A. Determine the approximate total length of all hot water supply and return piping.
B. Multiply this total length by 30 Btu/ft. for insulated pipe and 60 Btu/ft. for uninsulated pipe to obtain the approximate heat loss.
C. Divide the total heat loss by 10,000 to obtain the total pump capacity in GPM.
D. Select a circulating pump to provide the total required GPM and obtain the head
created at this flow.
E. Multiply the head by 100 and divide by the total length of the longest run of the hot
water return piping to determine the allowable friction loss per 100 feet of pipe.
F. Determine the required GPM in each circulating loop and size the hot water return
pipe based on this GPM and the allowable friction loss as determined earlier.

3.37 Swimming Pools

A. Sizing Outdoor Pool Heater

1. Determine pool capacity in gallons obtain from Architect if available.

Length r Width r Depth r 7.5 gal./cu.ft. (If depth is not known, assume an average
depth of 5.5 feet.)

40

PA RT 3

2. Determine heat pick-up time in hours from Owner.

3. Determine pool water temperature in degrees F from the Owner. If Owner does not
specify temperature, assume 80F.
4. Determine the average air temperature on the coldest month in which the pool will
be used.
5. Determine the average wind velocity in miles per hour. For pools less than 900 square
feet and where the pool is sheltered by nearby buildings, fences, shrubs, etc. from the
prevailing wind, an average wind velocity of less than 3.5 mph may be assumed. The
surface heat loss factor of 5.5 Btuh/sq.ft. F in the following equation assumes a wind
velocity of 3.5 mph. If a wind velocity of less than 3.5 mph is used, multiply the equation by 0.75; for 5.0 mph, multiply the equation by 1.25; and for 10 mph, multiply the
equation by 2.0.
6. Pool heater equations:
H POOLHEATER  H HEAT UP  H SURFACE LOSS
GAL. r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. r $TWATER r 1.0 BTU / LBS.F
HEAT PICK UP TIME
H SURFACE LOSS  5.5 BTU / HR SQ. FT. F r $TWATER/ AIR r POOL AREA
H HEAT UP 

$TWATER  TFINAL TINITIAL

TFINAL  POOL WATER TEMPERATURE
TINITIAL  50 F
$TWATER / AIR  TFINAL TAVERAGE AIR

H  Heating capacity (Btu/hr.)

$T  Temperature difference (F)