I

..

2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability

>asses
: each
ormal
refore
;enter

11
I

h2l

urved

75

-"'-'.:

:--: ::::::-::_-:::::~

-:: :-:--:-:'=:-:::::::::~~~::::::::::::::

Centroid
of displaced
volume

~1

~I

---

B
-- I
I

;L,

~
D

gas IS
forces
lrface
jected

(d)

JI

Centroid

(a)

F3-+D

(e)

FIGURE
2.24
Buoyant force on
submerged and floating bodies.

(b)

rtially
A net
:orces
an be
es on
lersed
raw a
Note
)f the
ghtof
~rting
mcel,

of the fluid displaced by the body and is directed vertically upward. This result is commonly
referred to as Archimedes' principle in honor of Archimedes (287-212 B.C.), a Greek mechanician and mathematician who first enunciated the basic ideas associated with hydrostatics.
The location of the line of action of the buoyant force can be determined by summing
moments of the forces shown on the free-body diagram in Fig. 2.24b with respect to some
convenient axis. For example, summing moments about an axis perpendicular to the paper

through point D we have

FBYe

F2YI - FIYI - 'WY2

and on substitution for the various forces

VYe = VTYI - (VT - V)Y2

:2.21)

dEq.

2.22)
V2.6

:ction
hown
'eight

(2.23)

where VT is the total volume (h2 - hI)A. The right-hand side of Eq. 2.23 is the first moment
of the displaced volume V with respect to the x-z plane so that Ycis equal to the Y coordinate
of the centroid of the volume V. In a similar fashion it can be shown that the x coordinate
of the buoyant force coincides with the x coordinate of the centroid. Thus, we conclude that
the buoyantforce passes through the centroid of the displaced volume as shown in Fig. 2.24c.
The point through which the buoyant force acts is called the center of buoyancy.
These same results apply to floating bodies which are only partially submerged, as
illustrated in Fig. 2.24d, if the specific weight of the fluid above the liquid surface is very
small compared with the liquid in which the body floats. Since the fluid above the surface is
usually air, for practical purposes this condition is satisfied.
In the derivations presented above, the fluid is assumed to have a constant specific
weight, y. If a body is immersed in a fluid in which 'Yvaries with depth, such as in a layered
fluid, the magnitude of the buoyant force remains equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
However, the buoyant force does not pass through the centroid of the displaced volume, but
rather, it passes through the center of gravity of the displaced volume.

76

Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

EXAMPLE
2.10

A spherical buoy has a diameter of 1.5 m, weighs 8.50 kN, and is anchored to the sea floor
with a cable as is shown in Fig. E2.l0a. Although the buoy normally floats on the surface,
at certain times the water depth increases so that the buoy is completely immersed as illustrated. For this condition what is the tension of the cable?

Pressureenvelope

(b)

(a)

..

(c)

FIGURE

E2.10

SOLUTION

We first draw a free-body diagram of the buoy as is shown in Fig. E2.1Ob, where FEis the
buoyant force acting on the buoy, OWis the weight of the buoy, and T is the tension in the
cable. For equilibrium it follows that
T

FE -

FE

OW

From Eq. 2.22

and for seawater

with ')I

')IV

= 10.1 kN/m3 and V = 1Td3/6then

FE = (10.1 X 103 N/m3)((1T/6)(lSm)3]

= 1.785 X 104 N

The tension in the cable can now be calculated as

T

1.785 X 104N - 0.850 X 104 N

9.35 kN

(Ans)

Note that we replacedthe effect of the hydrostaticpressureforce on the body by the

buoyant force, FE, Another correct free-body diagram of the buoy is shown in Fig. E2.1Oc.
The net effect of.the pressure forces on the surface of the buoy is equal to the upward force
of magnitude, FE(the buoyant force). Do not include both the buoyarit force and the hydrostatic pressure effects in your calculations-use one or the other.

2.11.2

Stability

Another interesting and important problem associated with submerged or floating bodies is
concerned with the stability of the bodies. A body is said to be in a stable equilibrium position
if, when displaced, it returns to its equilibrium position. Conversely, it is in an unstable
equilibrium position if, when displaced (even slightly), it moves to a new equilibrium position.
Stability considerations are particularly important for submerged or floating bodies since the
centers of buoyancy and gravity do not necessarily coincide. A small rotation can result in
either a restoring or overturning couple. For example, for the completely submerged body

-~~_u_--~-_u_~--------

2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability

)r

:=-=-=-=-= =-~:~=:=====:-~-:-=-=-=-=-~cY=-:-=-:-=-=-:==:=:::.:=:~:=:

-:-:~~-=

77

=-:-=-:-:-~c-:-=:.:_=-:--_'!:-=::====:=====:=:::==:=c

v,

s-

Stable

FIGURE

Restoring
couple

2.25

1S)
the
Dc.

rce
ro-

;is
ion
ble
on.
the
tin
)dy

V2.7

2.26

Stability of a completely immersed body-center of gravity

above centroid.

Stability of a completely immersed body-center of gravity

below centroid.

he
he

Unstable

FIGURE

Overturning
couple

shown in Fig. 2.25, which has a center of gravity below the center of buoyancy, a rotation
from its equilibrium position will create a restoring couple formed by the weight, OW,and the
buoyant force, FE, which causes the body to rotate back to its original position. Thus, for this
configuration the body is stable. It is to be noted that as long as the center of gravity falls
below the center of buoyancy, this will always be true; that is, the body is in a stable equilibrium position with respect to small rotations.-However, as is illustrated in Fig. 2.26, if the
center of gravity is above the center of buoyancy, the resulting couple formed by the weight
and the buoyant force will cause the body to overturn and move to a new equilibrium position.
Thus, a completely submerged body with its center of gravity above its center of buoyancy
is in an unstable equilibrium position.
For floating bodies the stability problem is more complicated, since as the body rotates
the location of the center of buoyancy (which passes through the centroid of the displaced
volume) may change. As is shown in Fig. 2.27, a floating body such as a barge that rides low
in the water can be stable even though the center of gravity lies above the center of buoyancy.
This is true since as the body rotates the buoyant force, FE, shifts to pass through the centroid
of the newly formed displaced volume and, as illustrated, combines with the weight, OW,to
form a couple which will cause the body to return to its original equilibrium position. However, for the relatively tall, slender body shown in Fig. 2.28, a small rotational displacement
can cause the buoyant force and the weight to form an overturning couple as illustrated.
It is clear from these simple examples that the determination of the stability of submerged or floating bodies can be difficult since the analysis depends in a complicated fashion
on the particular geometry and weight distribution of the body. The problem can be further
complicated by the necessary inclusion of other types of external forces such as those induced
by wind gusts or currents. Stability considerations are obviously of great importance in the
design of ships, submarines, bathyscaphes, and so forth, and such considerations playa significantrole in the workof navalarchitects(see, for example,Ref. 6).

c' = centroid of new

displacedvolume

c = centroid of original
displacedvolume
Stable

Restoring
couple

FIGURE
2.27
Stability of a floating body-stable
configuration.

"

78

Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

()
c = centroid of original
displacedvolume

2.12

c' = centroid of new Overturning

displacedvolume
couple
Unstable

FIG U R E 2.28
Stability of a floating body-unstable configuration.

Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion

Although in this chapter we have been primarily concerned with fluids at rest, the general
equation of motion (Eq. 2.2)
- Vp -

-yk

pa

was developed for both fluids at rest and fluids in motion, with the only stipulation being that
there were no shearing stresses present. Equation 2.2 in component form, based on rectangular
coordinates with the positive z axis being verticaUy upward, can be expressed as

- ap
ax = pax
Even though afluid
. may
in.motion,, if,
..' ..j.be .,.
it moves' as a rigid
body there will be
,noshearlng stresses
present.

ap
-ay=pay

- ap
az = l' + paz

(2.24)

A general class of problems involving fluid motion in which there are no shearing
stresses occurs when a mass of fluid undergoes rigid-body motion. For example, if a container
of fluid accelerates along a straight path, the fluid will move as a rigid mass (after the initial
sloshing motion has died out) with each particle having the same acceleration. Since there is
no deformation, there will be no shearing stresses and, therefore, Eq. 2.2 applies. Similarly,
if a fluid is contained in a tank that rotates about a fixed axis, the fluid will simply rotate with
the tank as a rigid body, and again Eq. 2.2 can be applied to obtain the pressure distribution
throughout the moving fluid. Specific results for these two cases (rigid-body uniform motion
and rigid-body rotation) are developed in the following two sections. Although problems
relating to fluids having rigid-body motion are not, strictly speaking, "fluid statics" problems,
they are included in this chapter because, as we will see, the analysis and resulting pressure
relationships are similar to those for fluids at rest.

2.12.1

Linear Motion

We first consider an open container of a liquid that is translating along a straight path with a
constant acceleration a as illustrated in Fig. 2.29. Since ax = 0 it follows from the first of
Eqs. 2.24 that the pressure gradient in the x direction is zero (ap/ax

0). In the y and z

directions

ap ay - - pay

(2.25)

ap
az = -peg + az)

(2.26)

--

2.12 Pressure Variation in Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion

Freesurface
slope =dzldy

a'L~:

79

ay

PI Constant
pz pressure
P3
lines

FIGURE
2.29
Linear acceleration of
a liquid with a free
surface.

,a float-

The change in pressure between two closely spaced points located at y, z, and y + dy, z + dz
can be expressed as

meral

dp

dp

- pay dy - p(g + az) dz

(2.27)

Along a line of constant pressure, dp = 0, and therefore from Eq. 2.27 it follows that the
slope of this line is given by the relationship

[2.24)
~aring
tainer
initial
tere is

dz = -~
dy
g + az
'ressure distri-

in afluid
at is accelalong a
ht path is not
'static.

(2.28)

Along a free surface the pressure is constant, so that for the accelerating mass shown in Fig.
2.29 the free surface will be inclined if ay 0;6O.In addition, all lines of constant pressure will
be parallel to the free surface as illustrated.
For the specialcircumstancein whichay = 0, az 0;60, which corresponds to the mass
of fluid accelerating in the vertical direction, Eq. 2.28 indicates that the fluid surface will be
horizontal. However, from Eq. 2.26 we see that the pressure distribution is not hydrostatic,
but is given by the equation
dp
dz

witha
irst of
and z

ap
az

+ - dz

or in terms of the results from Eqs. 2.25 and 2.26

g that
19u1ar

Harly,
~with
}ution
lotion
blems
Jlems,
~ssure

ap

= -ay dy

- p(g + az)

For fluids of constant density this equation shows that the pressure will vary linearly with
depth, but the variation is due to the combined effects of gravity and the externally induced
acceleration, p(g + az), rather than simply the specific weight pg. Thus, for example, the
pressure along the bottom of a liquid-filled tank which is resting on the floor of an elevator
that is accelerating upward will be increased over that which exists when the tank is at rest
(or moving with a constant velocity). It is to be noted that for afreely falling fluid mass (az

(2.25)
(2.26)

- g), the pressure gradients in all three coordinate directions are zero, which means that if
the pressure surrounding the mass is zero, the pressure throughout will be zero. The pressure
throughout a "blob" of orange juice floating in an orbiting space shuttle (a form of free fall)
is zero. The only force holding the liquid together is surface tension (see Section 1.9).

80

Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

EXAMPLE
2.11

The cross section for the fuel tank of an experimental vehicle is shown in Fig. E2.ll. The
rectangular tank is vented to the atmosphere, and a pressure transducer is located in its side
as illustrated. During testing of the vehicle, the tank is subjected to a constant linear acceleration, ay. (a) Determine an expression that relates ay and the pressure (in lb/ft2) at the
transducer for a fuel with a SG = 0.65. (b) What is the maximum acceleration that can occur
before the fuel level drops below the transducer?

ay

ZLY

I--

0,75ft ---+---

. FIGURE E2.11

0,75ft--!

SOLUTION

(a) For a constant horizontal acceleration the fuel will move as a rigid body, and from Eq.
2.28 the slope of the fuel surface can be expressed as
dz

ay

dy

since az = O.Thus, for some arbitrary ay, the change in depth, z\, of liquid on the right
side of the tank can be found from the equation

z 1-0.75 ft

= -- ay
g

or

z\ = (0.75 ft)

(~)

Since there is no acceleration in the vertical, z, direction, the pressure along the wall
varies hydrostatically as shown by Eq. 2.26. Thus, the pressure at the transducer is given
by the relationship
p

yh

where h is the depth of fuel above the transducer, and therefote

p = (0.65)(62.4 lb/ft3 )[0.5 ft - (0.75 ft)(ay/ g)]
= 20.3 - 30.4-

ay
g

for z\ :S 0.5 ft. As written, p would be given in lb/ft2.

(Ans)

81

2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Mot/on

The
side
ccelt the
Iccur

(b) the
Theequation
limiting value for ay (when the fuel level reaches the transducer) can be found from

0.5 ft = (0.75 ft) [(aY~max]

or
2g

(~)max

and for standard acceleration of gravity

(ay)max

= 1 (32.2 ft/s2) =

21.5 ft/s2

(Ans)

Note that the pressure in horizontal layers is not constant in this example since

- pay ' O.Thus, for example, PI ' P2'

2.12.2

Eg.

ap/ay =

Rigid-Body Rotation

After an initial "start-up" transient, a fluid contained in a tank that rotates with a constant
angular velocity w about an axis as is shown in Fig. 2.30 will rotate with the tank as a rigid
body. It is known from elementary particle dynamics that the acceleration of a fluid particle
located at a distance r from the axis of rotation is equal in magnitude to rw2, and the direction
of the acceleration is toward the axis of rotation as is illustrated in the figure. Since the paths
of the fluid particles are circular, it is convenient to use cylindrical polar coordinates r, e, and
z, defined in the insert in Fig. 2.30. It will be shown in Chapter 6 that in terms of cylindrical
coordinates the pressure gradient V'pcan be expressed as
t'7
vp

ght

ap

1 ap

ap

= -ar er + -r -aeCe+ -azC

(2.29)

Thus, in terms of this coordinate system

ar

- rw2 er

ae

ap az - -

'Y

az

and from Eq. 2.2

ap
ar = prw2
all
en

ap = 0

ae

(2.30)

Axis of
, rotation

I,
I,
~

a,= r(JJ2

'"

e
s)

r i?/e
'\'"

e,

FIGURE
2.30
Rigid-body rotation
of a liquid in a tank.

82

Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

These results show that for this type of rigid-body rotation, the pressure is a function of two
variables rand z, and therefore the differential pressure is
ap
ap
dp = -ar dr + -az dz
or
dp

prul dr -

(2.31)

'Ydz

Along a surface of constant pressure, such as the free surface, dp = 0, so that from Eq. 2.31
(using 'Y = pg)
dz
--dr

urface in
liquidis
'herthan

rw2
g

and, therefore, the equation for surfaces of constant pressure is

w2r2

z=

(2.32)

2g

+ constant

This equation reveals that these surfaces of constant pressure are parabolic as illustrated in
Fig. 2.31.
Integration of Eq. 2.31 yields

I dp

pW2

I r dr

'Y

I dz

or
pw2r2

'YZ +

constant

(2.33)

where the constant of integration can be expressed in terms of a specified pressure at some
arbitrary point ro, zo This result shows that the pressure varies with the distance from the
axis of rotation, but at a fixed radius, the pressure varies hydrostatically in the vertical direction
as shown in Fig. 2.31.

PI
Constant

P2'

pressure
lines

P3

P3 -

P4

I
(j)2r2

r~
y

2g

.distribution
FIG U R E 2. 3 1
Pressure
in a rotating liquid.

2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion

}ftwo

XAMPLE
2.12

83

It has been suggested that the angular velocity, w, of a rotating body or shaft can be measured
by attaching an open cylinder of liquid, as shown in Fig. E2.l2a, and measuring with some
type of depth gage the change in the fluid level, H - ho' caused by the rotation of the fluid.
Determine the relationship between this change in fluid level and the angular velocity.

~R---1
dr

(2.31)

11
11

1.2.31

(2.32)
ated in

. FIGURE E2.12

(b)

(a)

SOLUTION
The height, h, of the free surface above the tank bottom can be determined from Eq. 2.32,
and it follows that
w2r2

=-

+ ho

2g

The initial volume of fluid in the tank, Vi, is equal to

Vi = l7R2H

(2.33)
It some
'om the
irection

The volume of the fluid with the rotating tank can be found with the aid of the differentia]
element shown in Fig. E2.l2b. This cylindrical shell is taken at some arbitrary radius, r, ane
its volume is
dV = 21T1"h
dr
The total volume is, therefore
R

217

w2r2

-2g

l7W2R4

+ ho dr

- 4g

l7R2ho

Since the volume of the fluid in the tank must remain constant (assuming that none spill
over the top), it follows that
l7R2H

l7W2R4
4g

l7R2h(l
.

or
w2R2
H-ho=-

Pressure
liquid.

(An:

4g

This is the relationship we were looking for. It shows that the change in depth could inde(
be used to determine the rotational speed, although the relationship between the change
depth and speed is not a linear one.

84

Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

i
!
j
I
j

References
1. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1962.
2. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1976.
3. Benedict, R. P., Fundamentals of Temperature, Pressure, and Flow Measurements, 3rd
Ed., Wiley, New York, 1984.
4. Dally, J. W., Riley, W. F., and McConnell, K. G., Instrumentation for Engineering
Measurements, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1993.
5. Holman, J. P., Experimental Methodsfor Engineers, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York,
1983.
6. Comstock, J. P., ed., Principles of Naval Architecture, Society of Naval Architects and
,Marine Engineers, New York, 1967.
7. Hasler, A. F., Pierce, H., Morris, K. R., and Dodge, J., "Meteorological Data Fields
'In Perspective' ", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 66, No.7,
July 1985.

i
,j
i
I
I
j
j
!
J
'

j
I

'

J,;

I ~.
1

Review Problems
Note: Problems designated with (R) are review problems. The
phrases within parentheses refer to the main topics to be used
in solving the problems. Complete, detailed solutions to these
review problems can be found in the supplement titled Student
Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics by
Munson, Young, and Okiishi (John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1997).
2.1R (Pressure head)
Compare the column heights of
water, carbon tetrachloride, and mercury corresponding to a
pressure of 50 kPa. Express your answer in meters.
(ANS: 5.10 m; 3.21 m; 0.376 m)
2.2R (Pressure-depth relationship)
A closed tank is partially filled with glycerin. If the air pressure in the tank is 6
Ib/in.2 and the depth of glycerin is 10 ft, what is the pressure
in Ib/ff at the bottom of the tank?
(ANS: 1650 Ib/ft2)
2.3R (Gage-absolute pressure)
On the inlet side of a pump
a Bourdon pressure gage reads 600 Ib/ft2 vacuum. What is the
corresponding absolute pressure if the local atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia?
.
(ANS: 10.5 psia)
2.4R (Manometer)
A tank is constructed of a series of cylinders having diameters of 0.30,0.25, and 0.15 m as shown in
Fig. P2.4R. The tank contains oil, water, and glycerin and a

mercury manometer is attached to the bottom as illustrated. Calculate the manometer reading, h.
(ANS: 0.0327 m)

I ~

0.1 m

+0.1 m
t-

0.1m

t-m
0.1

.t

11
i ~
Ii

Mercury

FIGURE

Ij

P2.4R

2.5R (Manometer)
A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure difference in the two pipelines of Fig. P2.5R.
Fuel oil (specific weight

53.0 Ib/ft3) is flowing in A and

SAE 30 lube oil (specific weight = 57.0 Ib/ft3) is flowing in

B. An air pocket has become entrapped in the lube oil as indicated. Determine the pressure in pipe B if the pressure in A is
15.3 psi.
(ANS: 18.2 psi)

Review Problems

Air bubble

2.9R (Center of pressure)

A 3-ft-diameter circular plate is
located in the vertical side of an open tank containing gasoline.
The resultant force that the gasoline exerts on the plate acts 3.1
in. below the centroid of the plate. What is the depth of the
liquid above the centroid?
(ANS: 2.18 ft)

m,
SAE36 oil

m,
rd

2.10R (Force on plane surface)

A gate having the triangular shape shown in Fig. P2.lOR is located in the vertical side
of an open tank. The gate is hinged about the horizontal axis
AB. The force of the water on the gate creates a moment with
respect to the axis AB. Determine the magnitude of this moment.

ng

P2.5R

ok,

85

(ANS: 3890 kN.m)

lld

2.6R (Manometer)

Determine

the angle 8 of the inclined

tube shown in Fig. P2.6R if the pressure at A is 1 psi greater

ds
7,

than that at

B.

8m

B
Air

6m

11-

FIGURE

P2.6R

1
1--6 m-1-7

2.7R (Force on plane surface)

A swimmingpoolis 18 m
long and 7 m wide. Determine the magnitude and location of
the resultant force of the water on the vertical end of the pool
where the depth is 2.5 m.
(ANS: 214 kN on centerline, 1.67 m below surface)
2.8R (Force on plane surface)
The vertical cross section
of a 7-m-long closed storage tank is shown in Fig. P2.8R. The
tank contains ethyl alcohol and the air pressure is 40 kPa. Determine the magnitude of the resultant fluid force acting on one
end of the tank.

P2.10R
2.11R (Force on plane surface)
The rectangular gate CD
of Fig P2.11R is 1.8 m wide and 2.0 m long. Assuming the
material of the gate to be homogeneous and neglecting friction
at the hinge C, determine the weight of the gate necessary to
keep it shut until the water level rises to 2.0 m above the hinge.
(ANS: 180 kN)

(ANS: 847 kN)

r-2 m1

I
2m
a{.
Id
III
]is

Air

. FIGUREP2.11R

4m

. ~4m~
FIGURE

P2.8R

2.12R (Force on curved surface)

A gate in the form of a
partial cylindrical surface (called a Tainter gate) holds back
water on top of a dam as shown in Fig. P2.12R. The radius of
the surface is 22 ft, and its length is 36 ft. The gate can pivot
about point A, and the pivot point is 10 ft above the seat, C.

86

Chapter

2 / Fluid Statics

Determine the magnitude of the resultant water force on the

gate. Will the resultant pass through the pivot? Explain.
(ANS: 118,000 Ib)
Tainter
gate '>..
A

FIGURE

P2.12R

2.13R (Force on curved surface)

A conical plug is located
in the side of a tank as shown in Fig. 2.13R. (a) Show that the
horizontal component of the force of the water on the plug does
not depend on h. (b) For the depth indicated, what is the magnitude of this component?
(ANS: 735 Ib)

2.1SR (Buoyancy)
A hot-air balloon weighs 500 Ib, including the weight of the balloon, the basket, and one person.
The air outside the balloon has a temperature of 80 of, and the
heated air inside the balloon has a temperature of ISOof. Assume the inside and outside air to be at standard atmospheric
pressure of 14.7 psia. Dete~mine the required volume of the
balloon to support the weight. If the balloon had a spherical
shape, what would be the required diameter?
(ANS: 59,200 ft3; 48.3 ft)

2.16R (Buoyancy)
An irregularly shaped piece of a solid
material weighs 8.05 lb in air and 5.26 Ib when completely
submerged in water. Determine the density of the material.
(ANS: 5.60 slugs/ft3)

2.17R (Buoyancy, force on plane surface)

A cube, 4 ft on
a side, weighs 3000 Ib and floats half-submerged in an open
tank as shown in Fig. P2.17R. For a liquid depth of 10 ft, determine the force of the liquid on the inclined section AB of the
tank wall. The width of the wall is 8 ft. Show the magnitude,
direction, and location of the force on a sketch.
(ANS: 75,000 Ib on centerline, 13.33 ft along wall from free
surface)
1-4 It-I

FIGURE

P2.13R

2.14R (Force on curved surface)

The 9-ft-Iong cylinder
of Fig. P2.14R floats in oil and rests against a wall. Determine
the horizontal force the cylinder exerts on the wall at the point
of contact, A.
(ANS: 2300 Ib)

II FIGURE

P2.14R

II FIGURE

P2.17R

2.18R (Rigid, body motion)

A container that is partially
filled with water is pulled with a constant acceleration along a
plane horizontal surface. With this acceleration the water surface slopes downward at an angle of 40 with respect to the
horizontal. Determine the acceleration. Express your answer in
m/s2.
(ANS: 8.23 m/s2)

2.19R (Rigid-body motion)

An open, 2-ft-diameter tank
contains water to a depth of 3 ft when at rest. If the tank is
rotated about its vertical axis with an angular velocity of 160
rev/min, what is the minimum height of the tank walls to prevent water from spilling over the sides?
(ANS: 5.18 ft)