Professional Documents
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ISSN 1881-2198
DOI 10.2474/trol.6.55
Article
Approximation of a third body proposes that a tribo-contact is conformed by two first bodies (that is to say;
elements of a machine), and by an interface -or third body- of different composition, where velocity between
the first two bodies accommodates tribo-chemically. In other words, the third body interface is a
mecanochemical concept which has the ability to transmit mechanical power in speed. Correspondingly,
thermodynamical activity of this third body friction, is of irreversible non-equilibrium, being more coherent to
establish an exergetic analysis in order to conclude to a holistic and more advanced formulation for the so
badly named Friction Coefficient. Concepts of Irreversible Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics allow to
establish a new formulation for third-body boundary friction. Microscopic analysis of tribo-fluctuations is
applied to a generic contact to clarify the bond between friction and dissipation. The resulting
mechanochemical formula for the 3rd-bodys boundary friction, falls in the scope of the Physics of the
CHAOS and the phenomena of auto-organization of surfaces.
Keywords: mechanochemistry, kinetics, Gibbs Free Energy and fluctuation-dissipation
1. Introduction
To describe the dynamics of rugosities among bodies
that graze and slide, it is necessary to involve multiple
precision levels phenomena going from the simple
elastic deformation of rugosities, to the most complex
influence that wear particles trapped in the Abbotts
volume would have upon the Load-Carrying Capacity
of surfaces. This simple argument suggests that friction
among bodies () is a phenomenon directly affected by
all kinds of considerations of the Non-Equilibrium
Irreversible Thermodynamics1). However, every effect
originating from those considerations, should be
validated employing time-length escalation.
An example of the previous argument situates in the
third-body tribology2) (debris, contaminant particles,
absorbed films, interface viscosity, tribomutations,
rugosities of the continuous-discrete contact, vacancies
movement, dislocations, metallurgical defects, etc...).
The third-bodies define a combination of effects that
belong to both the scale of the Mechanical Engineer
(adhesive- and Hertzians pressure distribution theories),
an of the Materials Engineer (metallurgical and
superficial composition matter changes. In practice the
third-bodies
are
generated
almost
instantly,
transforming the contact of two bodies in one of
Copyright 2011 Japanese Society of Tribologists
55
Rodrigo Bulnes
Rodrigo Bulnes
rises
from
the
production
int A ,
T
R ( )
(t )d and
0
t
0 (t[ ])
R( )
(t )
(t )d , with ( A).
0
t
(1)
P ( g )
d
- Pgt
; that is to say,
~ -Pgdt (t)G ~ e
0
G 0
~(Pe
-Pgt
)( G0 )~
dR
d
R
t
~Pe
-Pgt
, see eq.
R
Pgt
R (t[ ]) G01e Pgt
Pe
t
(3)
(4)
phenomenon is
gt
H (t[ ])
(t )d
t
0
t
H (t[ ] 0)
(5)
macro-fluctuation instead of ): ~ G0 ,
where is the average friction coefficient and, as
it has been explained, G0 (for t[] > 0) is the Gibbs
Free macro-Energy of the tribo-system, but different
from Gibbs Free micro-Exergy of microscopic and
internal reactions that we have denoted for g and
appearing linked to pulsations 0, 1, 2, etc. According
to the integral expression of the eq. (5), internal
phenomena effectively lead to an exponential scaling of
in-situ dissipated energy (for t[] > 0 ).
Clearly the eq. (5) and previous, indicate that under
the appearance of a thermically dominated friction,
actually exists an exergetic dissipation of Gibbs Free
micro-Exergy that appropiates the behaviour observed
for the then badly named friction coefficient
(there is a delay time () involved with all this
description of dissipated potencies by friction). That
is to say -and inclusive in the range of thermo-linear
description of the rubbing phenomenon-, at stationary
temperature exists a double in-situ dissipation of
power linked to material rubbing..: one of them is the
purely mechanical, classical and orthodox power
( P mec FN V , where FN: normal load and V: sliding
speed), and the other is the purely physicochemical
power (G0 and g). However, the imbricated existence
of a real dance of fluctuations of Gibbs Free
micro-Exergy dissipated by the third-body (0, 1, 2,
etc.), separates the factible and simultaneous
observation of these two powers, but G0 and g appear
as responsible for the wear (they would also be
responsible for the tribological failures in general...).
3.1.Mechanochemical friction of third body as a collision
phenomenon
A first linear link between the friction coefficient
of mechanochemically defined (eq. (4)), and the generic
Gibbs Free Energy dissipated by the immeasurable
tribo-interface, has been deducted (besides, a non-lineal
extension of (t[]) is also possible recurring to kinetics
reactions dissipated in the sliding speed20)). In that sense,
a remarkable quality of this Mechanochemical
Friction Theory is that when it is used to calculate the
Load Carrying Capacity of surfaces, they appear natural
and spontaneously -in the speed-normal load plan of the
transmitted power-, the 05 most enigmatic forms of
failure of the Tribology (scuffing, pitting, micro-pitting,
tooth-fracture and extreme-wear20-23)).
It will be demonstrated that it is possible to relate
this deduction with the self-organization of metal
surfaces phenomena5). In all this way of understanding
friction, the friction coefficient will arise as a
collision between Gibbs Free macro-Energy and the
kinetic reaction aroused and incubated by the always
positive internal tribo-rate of entropy production.
Literally speaking, manifests conforms to a collision
between time scales.
Tribology Online, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2011) / 59
Rodrigo Bulnes
Pgt
0 (1 e ), G0 0 (endoth. des.)
(6)
(7)
g t
or e
gt
. However, such a
gt
( g t ) 2 ~ 0
(8)
t 1 ( g t ) t (1 t )
(9)
Rodrigo Bulnes
movement ( g t ):
4. Conclusions
( g t ) 0 G01 (e g t 1) (below)
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]