Icohtec 2014

PROGRAMME
& ABSTRACTS
41ST ICOHTEC SYMPOSIUM
29 July 3 August 2014, Brasov, Romania
Transilvania University of Brasov
TECHNOLOGY in
TIMES of TRANSITION
TECHNOLOGYINTIMESOFTRANSITION|Brasov,Romania,29July3August2014
1
Contactsduringthesymposium
TheLocalOrganisingCommittee
ElenaHelereamobile:+40(0)744624682
Email:helerea@unitbv.ro
DanielCalinmobile:+40(0)726194856
Email:marius.calin@unitbv.ro
Editors:Sawomirotysz,ElenaHelerea
Coeditors:MarinaCionca,BborkaBartha
Cover:AntniaCzika,BborkaBartha
Maps:BborkaBartha
TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Brasov2014
AcreditatCNCSIScod201
2014
ISBN9789731312828
2

3
4
CONTENTS
WELCOME. 5
ORGANISERS.. 7
SYMPOSIUMINFORMATION:. 13
ICOHTECANDITSOBJECTIVES. 14
THEMEOFTHESYMPOSIUM 14
THEVENUE 15
REGISTRATIONANDINFORMATIONDESK. 17
SYMPOSIUMLANGUAGE.. 17
INSTRUCTIONSFORPRESENTERS. 17
INTERNET 17
LUNCHANDCOFFEE 17
MOBILEPHONES 17
POSTERPRESENTATIONS 18
EXHIBITION 18
SYMPOSIUMHOTELS. 19
MAPS. 21
PROGRAMMEATAGLANCE. 23
SOCIALPROGRAMME.EXCURSIONS,TOURS.ACCOMPANYINGPERSONS 27
SCIENTIFICPROGRAMME 35
KRANZBERGLECTURE 57
ABSTRACTS.. 61
TRANSILVANIAUNIVERSITYOFBRASOV. 229
THECITYOFBRASOV. 235
INDEXOFAUTHORS 241
5
WELCOMETOTRANSILVANIAUNIVERSITYOF
BRASOV
Transilvania University, located at the foot of Mount Tampa in the
citythathasensured theliaisonbetweencultureandcivilisation on
both sides of the Carpathians, enjoys significant prestige in both
educationandresearch.
TransilvaniaUniversityisastateinstitutionofhighereducationlooking
backonatraditionofmorethanhalfacentury.Itsmissionistoensure
and develop the resources and instruments for quality education and
research in order to support competitiveness within the European
HigherEducationArea(EHEA)andtheEuropeanResearchArea(ERA).
EachyearTransilvaniaUniversityofBraovbecomesthechosendestinationforhundredsof
students and teachers from all EU countries, involved in academic exchange programmes,
perhaps attracted also by its slogan Confidence and Excellence and certainly by its
reputation.Onitsturn,theuniversityparticipatesbyitsteachersandstudentsinresearch
and education at the more than 200 universities from Europe and beyond, with whom
bilateralagreementsofcooperationwereclosed.
The role and place of Transilvania University in the international area of education and
research is illustrated not only by its cooperation with more than 150 universities and
research institutes worldwide, but also by its scientific research projects, educational
projects and the mobility of teaching staff and students financed by the European
Community,betheCEEPUSprogrammesandotherbilateralschemes.
OuracademiccommunityisactivelypresentinourregionnotonlybypromotingEuropean
anduniversaleducationalvalues,butalsobyitsinvolvementineconomicandsociocultural
activities,thusrenderingtheuniversityoneofBrasovsemblematicinstitutions.
It is within this context that the 41st Symposium of the International Committee for the
HistoryofTechnologyICOHTECheldinBrasovbetweenJuly29thandAugust2nd2014aspart
of the Division of History of Science and Technology of the International Union of History
andPhilosophyofScienceIUHPS/DHSTrepresentsarecognitionoftheconstantinvolvement
ofouruniversitysacademiathefieldofhistoryofscienceandtechnology.Iwishtothankall
organisers,supportingentitiesandsponsorsfortheirsubstantialcontributiontothesuccess
ofthisacademicmeetingofprestigioustradition.
Bymakingouruniversitythehostofthissymposium,auniversitythathonoursthehistoryof
bothtechnologyandscience,wetrusttofacilitateaneventdesignedtoarousetheinterest
of history of technology researchers in a country that gave the world personalities like
HermannOberth,tefanOdobleja,AnghelSalignyandHenriCoanda.
Letmefinallywishyouasuccessfulsymposiumandextendaninvitationtobeourhonoured
guestsagainontheoccasionofmanyothereventsorganisedbyouruniversity.
ProfessorIoanVasileAbrudan
Rector
TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
6
7

8
9
ORGANISERS
ICOHTEC
PresidentTimoMYLLYNTAUS
TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
Rector
Prof.dr.eng.
IoanVasileABRUDAN
BrasovCountyCouncil
President
AristotelCANCESCU
BrasovCityHall
Mayor
GheorgheSCRIPCARU
ICPECABucuresti
Director
Prof.dr.WilhelmKAPPEL
SUPPORTINGENTITIES
AcademiaRomana
CRIFSTFilialaBrasov
ValentinVLAD,Academician
AcademiadeStinteTehnice
FilialaBrasov
Dr.ing.MihaiMIHAITA
AsociatiaGeneralaaInginerilor
dinRomania
Dr.ing.MihaiMIHAITA
CameradeComertsiIndustrie
Brasov
AdrianaISPAS,DirectorGeneral
10
SPONSORS
MinisterulEducatieiNationale
AgenceUniversitairedela
Francophonie
S.N.G.N.ROMGAZS.A.Medias
MihneaCosminCOSTOIU,
MinistruDelegat,
TudorPRISECARU,Secretarde
Stat
LuciaMOISE,Director
AbderrahmaneRIDA,Director
regionalpentruEuropaCentrala
siorientala,
StanislasPIERRET
VirgilMariusMETEA,Director
General
SCCRIOMECSAGalai
Prof.dr.ing.AlexandruSTEFAN,
Director
SCDomeniulCoroaneiSEGARCEA
SRL
Ing.MihaiANGHEL,Director
11
SCIENTIFICCOMMITTEE
Maria ElviraCALLAPEZ, Professor, Inter University Centre of History of Science and

Technology,FacultyofSciences,UniversityofLisbon,Portugal
SlawomirLOTYSZ(Chair),Professor,UniversityofZielonaGora,Poland
AlexandreHERLEA, Professor emeritus, Technical University Belfort Montbliard,

France
TimoMYLLYNTAUS,Professor,UniversityofTurku,Finland
ChristopherNEUMAIER,CentreforContemporaryHistoryPotsdam,Germany
LOCALORGANISINGCOMMITTEE
President:
ElenaHELEREA,Professor,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
Secretary:
DanielCALIN,Lecturer,PhD,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
FinancialAdvisor:
GabrielaPLOPEANU,InternationalProjectsExpert,ProjectManagementOffice,Transilvania
UniversityofBrasov
Members:
LilianaROGOZEA,Professor,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,ViceRector
CeciliaDOICIU,BrasovCityHall,DepartmentofInternationalRelations,Cultureand
Events
ClaudiuCOMAN,Assist.Professor,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov, Directorofthe
Social and Communication Sciences Department, President of the Culture Board of
theBrasovCountyCouncil
AlexandruHERLEA,Professor,DoctorHonorisCausaofTransilvaniaUniversityof
Brasov
MarinaCIONCA,Professor,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
LiviaSANGEORZAN,Assist.Professor,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
AlinOLARESCU,Lecturer,PhD,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
MirceaIVANOIU,TeachingAssistant,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
BiborkaBARTHA,Architect,PhDstudent,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
MariusBENTA,Engineer,PhDstudent,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
LauraLELUTIU,Lecturer,PhD,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
CatalinMIHAI,Engineer,PhD,SCFDEEElectricaDistributieTransilvaniaSudSA
DanBALAN,Historian,Brasov
MonicaCOTFAS,Teacher,MirceaCristeaHighschool,Brasov
GeorgetaALECU,Engineer,PhD,ICPECA,Bucharest
Translation
VivianaMOLDOVAN,HighschoolCodlea
MelaniaCOTFAS,MirceaCristeaHighschoolBrasov
12
LuminitaHUSAC,IoanSencheaHighschoolFagaras
VirgilBORCAN,LecturerPhD,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
Collaborators:
AdrianaISPAS,Director,ChamberofCommerceandIndustry,Brasov
SorinABAGIU,S.CFDEEElectricaDistribuieTransilvaniaSudS.A
PuiuCHISALITA,SocietateaNationaladeGazeNaturaleRomgazSAMedias
OvidiuSAVU,CasaMuresenilorMuseum,Brasov
FlorentinOLTEANU,NegruVodaCulturalFoundation,Fagaras,BrasovCounty
ElenaBEJENARU,ValerLiteratMuseumofFagaras
RegistrationDesk:
IoanaFIRESTRAU,Lecturer,PhD,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
CorneliuURSACHI,PhD,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
AndraTUDOR,Student
FlaviusBEJAN,Student
13
14

15
ICOHTECanditsObjectives
www.icohtec.org
The International Committee for the History of Technology ICOHTEC was founded in Paris
1968whenbitternessdividedthenationsintheEasternandWesternworlds.Theintentwas
to provide a forum of scholars for the history of technology from both sides of the "iron
curtain"ItwasconstitutedasaScientificSectionwithintheDivisionoftheHistoryofScience
and Technology of the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science
IUHPS/DHST.
TheobjectivesofICOHTECare:
Toestablishcloseworkingrelationshipsamongspecialistsofdifferentdisciplinesinorder
to foster international cooperation for the study and development of the history of
technology;
Topromotethestudyofappropriatehistoricalsubjectsbyestablishingandextendingthe
scholarly bases of the history of technology as well as by contributing to the resolution of
certaincontemporarynationalandinternationalproblems;
To facilitate research and documentation for scholars in all countries in the history of
technologybyexchangeofinformationandthecreationofthematerialmeansnecessaryfor
thisobjective.
ThemeoftheSymposium
Thethemechosenforthe41stICOHTECSymposium2014isverytopicalandisofinterestfor
historians,butalsoforeconomists,politicalscientistsorsociologists.Itcoversalargerange
of subjects and is therefore in line with ICOHTEC traditions in choosing symposia themes.
The notion of period of transition relates as well to the periods of rapid change in
technology stretching from Prehistory to our days, as to the periods of radical change
experiencedinthefieldsofsciences,economy,society,politics,beliefsandmentalities.
Because of the interdependence and the mutual influences between technology, science,
economyandsocialpoliticalaspects,aswellasbeliefs,traditionsandmentalities,periodsof
transitionsare,inmanycases,characterizedbyimportantchangesinmostorinallofthese
fields.
TheICOHTECSymposium2014moreorlessrestrictsitselftoanalyzingthetransitionperiod
inthefieldoftechniquesandtechnologyintheWesternWorldinthe20thCentury.Thistook
placeafterthetechnologicalchangesintheMiddleAges,theRenaissanceandtheIndustrial
Revolutionofthe18thandearly19thCenturies.Thebeginningofthetechnosciencesatthe
endofthe19thCentury,massproductionandrationalization,theinformationrevolutionand
the biotechnological revolution extending to the present day have exerted a profound
influenceonthepresentperiod.
Butapartfromtheseperiodsofpositivetransitions,characterizedbyintensiveprocesses
of innovation, there are periods of transition characterized by stagnation and crisis. In
Europe,intheWesternWorldandintheformerSovietUnionanditssatellites,therewere
several periods of stagnation and crisis, such as the great crisis of 1929 and the following
years, the crisis of the Soviet system before the fall of the Berlin Wall, or the present day
environmentalcrisis.
The studies on Technology in Times of Transition deal with this issue also from another
pointofview.Theyconcentrateparticularlyonpoliticalandsocioeconomicruptures.Inthis
16
context,theanalysisoftechnologypolicy,conceptsandapplications,isofparticularinterest.
Here,theevolutionoftechnologicalsystemsintheformersocialistcountriesafterthefallof
theBerlinWalldeservesconsideration.Thisisavasttopicofpresentinterest.Thefactthat
theICOHTECsymposiumtakesplaceinRomaniaisparticularlysignificanthere.
But our world which finds itself in a process of accelerating globalisation, faces a serious
crisis which does not only extend to the economy and finances or the environment but is
also a systemic one. It is a crisis of civilization in which technological change is a vital
element. Therefore scholarly investigations analysing aspects of this difficult situation are
needed.Tocarrythisthrough,historians,andespeciallyhistoriansoftechnology,arecalled
upontomaketheircontributions.
TheVenue
The ICOHTEC Symposium takes place in the Aula of Transilvania University of Brasov, a
modern building from the nineties. The Aula hosts the University Library, theAula Magna,
for various events, such as national and international meetings and conferences, artistic
eventsandvariousceremonies.Thegroundfloorhasspecialspacesforexhibitions,theAula
Magna is on the first floor, which also provides four other spacious rooms with various
destinations: UI2, UI3, UI6, UI7. On the third floor you find Room UII3, where the
participantscancheckandpreparefortheirpresentation(SpeakersRoom),withthehelpof
atechnician.
TheICOHTECSymposiumRegistrationisonthefirstfloor.Theexhibitionisorganizedonthe
groundfloor.
17
18
RegistrationandInformationDesk
Registrationandinformationdeskwillbeopenasfollows:
AulaoftheTransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,address:Blvd.IuliuManiuno.41A
Tuesday,July29:from8:30to17:00
Wednesday,July30:from8:30to17:00
Thursday,July31:from8:30to17:00
Friday,August1:from8:30to17:00
Saturday,August2:from8:30to17:00
ConferenceLanguage
TheofficiallanguageoftheconferenceisEnglish.GiventhecollaborationwiththeAgence
UniversitairedeFrance(AUF),someofthecommunicationswillbepresentedinFrench.
InstructionsforPresenters
Presentationsaretobedeliveredforuploadingtothespeakers'roomonaUSBstick
preferablyonedaypriororatleasttwohourspriortoyoursession.Theacceptedformats
arePDForPowerPointandthefilemustbenamedwithyourlastname,firstnameandthe
codeofyoursession(please,checkthecodefromtheprogramme),e.g.Smith_John_W1
A.ppt.Asymposiumassistantwillbeavailabletoassistyouinuploadingyourpresentation.
Personallaptopsarenotpermittedforpresentations.
Thetimeallocatedforeachpresentationis30minutes(20minutespresentationand10
minutesdiscussion).
Internet
TheAulaoftheTransilvaniaUniversityofBrasovhasawirelessinternetconnection.Access
codesareavailableattheinformationdesk.
LunchandCoffee
Lunchandcoffeeareincludedinyourdelegatefee.LunchwillbeservedattheAulaofthe
TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasovonthe1stfloor,onWednesday,Thursday,Fridayand
Saturdayat12.3014.00intheAulaMagnaarea.Coffeewillbeservedinthelobbyonthe
1stfloor,intheAulaMagnaarea,inthescheduledbreaks.
Please,wearyourbadgeinordertoenjoythecateringincludedinthedelegatefee.
MobilePhones
Mobilephonesmustbeswitchedoffinthelecturehallssincetheycaninterferewiththe
audiosystemanddisturbtheattendants.
Namebadges
Uponregistrationyouhavereceivedanamebadgewhichshouldbewornatallmeeting
events,includingthesocialfunctions.
19
PosterPresentations
Posterswillbeondisplayduringtheentireconference,thepresentationswilltakeplaceat
theAulaoftheUniversityinthelobbyonthegroundfloor.ThePostersessionisplannedon
Thursday 14.0015.30, on the Ground floor at the exhibition space. Posters are to be
mounted preferably by 17:00 on Tuesday, July 29, so that the participants can familiarize
themselveswiththemduringtheUniversityreception.Mountingmustbedoneby12:00on
Wednesday, July 30, the latest. Adhesive tape will be provided by the organisers. Each
presenterisresponsiblefordismountinghis/herposterby13:00onSaturday,August2.
Speakers'Room
Aspeakers'room,wherepresenterscanchecktheirpresentationsanddelivertheir
presentationswillberoomUII3onthesecondflooroftheAulaanditisopenasfollows:
Tuesday,July29at12:3018:00Wednesday,July30at8:0015:00Thursday,July31at
8:0014:00Friday,August1at8:0013:00Saturday,August2at8:0010:00
Exhibition
In the vast lobby of the ground floor of theAula an exhibition of projects and photos was
organized,inordertogiveaspecificvisualrelevancetothegeneralthemeoftheICOHTEC
Symposium2014,TECHNOLOGYINTIMESOFTRANSITION.
Theexhibitionisstructuredasfollows:
I.TURNINGPOINTSINTHETECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTINROMANIAFROMMID19TH
CENTURYTONOWADAYS.
a.INDUSTRYANDARCHITECTURE
The Mitropoly Grape Wine Museum, Wolff Industrial Site, Bucharest, a project of
industrialreconversion,authorPhDstudentarch.BiborkaBartha.
Railway Stations in Romania before World War I. Architectural Classification in a
CulturalPerspective,AuthorPhDstudentarchToaderPopescu
b.BRASOVINDUSTRY
PresentandPastofROMANPlants
PresentandPastofTRACTORULPlants.
Projectsandarchitecturalpresentation,authorPhDstudentarch.BiborkaBartha
The Memorable City/ Orasul memorabil, a substantial collection of photographs
representingtheindustrialpastofthecityofBrasovfromthe19thtothe21stcentury.
The photographs were taken by Brasov citizens during the last 120 years and
illustratethedramaticchangesintheindustrialevolutionofthecity.Theexhibition
presentsalsooldcameras,weighingdevices,oldindustrialartifacts.
II.TECHNICALBOOKSEXHIBITION
AnexhibitionoftechnicalbooksispresentedbytheGeneralAssociationofRomanian
Engineers(AGIR).
InthisareaaWelcomingCentreforthebooksdonatedbySymposiumparticipantsis
alsoinstalled.
III.EPMSTAND(EPMEuropeanPupilMagazine).
Highschool students present the EP Magazine issue dedicated to the History of
Technology.TheEPMagazineistargetedathighschoolanduniversitystudentsand
teachers.
20
SymposiumHotels
AroPalaceHotel
EroilorBlvd.,no.27,Brasov,Romania
http://www.aropalace.ro/hotelbrasovaropalaceen.html
CapitolHotel
EroilorBlvd.,no.19,Brasov,Romania
http://www.aropalace.ro/hotelbrasovcapitolen.html
CoroanaHotel
RepubliciiStr.,no.62,Brasov,Romania
http://www.aropalace.ro/hotelbrasovcoroanaen.html
AmbientHotel
IuliuManiuStr.,no.27,Brasov,Romania
http://www.hotelambient.ro/en/
PensiuneAmbient
IuliuManiuStr.,no.62,Brasov,Romania
http://www.pensiuneambient.ro/
ResidenceAmbient
CastanilorStr.,no.3,Brasov,Romania
http://www.residenceambient.ro/
21
22

23
CitymapAccommodation
CitymapEvents
24

25
ProgrammeataGlance
Monday28July
9:00
9:30
Tuesday29July
Wednesday30July
9:0010:30
Parallelpapersessions
10:00
Aula
10:30
10:3011:00Coffeebreak
11:00
10:0012:00
11:0012:30
12.0014.00
11:30
12:00
PreSymposiumBrasovCity Aula
Tour
12:3014:00
12:30
13:00
Lunch
13:30
Aula
14:00 Arrivalofparticipants
14:30
10:0021:00
15:00
Shuttlebussesleavefrom
theBucharestairportto
15:30
Brasov.
16:00
Registrationdeskwillbe
openfrom8:30to17:00
16:30 throughouttheweek.
Aula
17:00
17:30
18:00
14:0016:00
14:0015:30
MeetingofICOHTEC
ExecutiveCommittee
Aula
RoomUII3
15:3016:00Coffeebreak
16:30
OpeningCeremony
AulaMagna
16:0017:30
17:0018:30
Kranzberglecture
AulaMagna
Aula
18:30 Exhibitionopening
18:30
AulaGroundFloor
19:00
19:0021:00
WelcomeReception
Aula
19:0021:30
Reception
BrasovCityHall
26

9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
13:00
13:30
14:00
14:30
15:00
15:30
16:00
16:30
17:00
17:30
18:00
18:30
19:00
19:30
20:00
20:30
21:00
Thursday31
August
Friday
1August
Saturday
2August
9:0010:30
Parallelpaper
sessions
Aula
9:0010:30
Parallelpaper
sessions
Aula
9:0010:30
Parallelpaper
sessions
Aula
10:3011:00
Coffeebreak
10:3011:00
Coffeebreak
10:3011:00
Coffeebreak
11:0012:30
Parallelpaper
sessions
Aula
11:0012:30
Parallelpaper
sessions
ICOHTECBookAnd
ArticlePrizesRound
Table
Aula
11:0012:30
Parallelpaper
sessions
Aula
12:3014:00
Lunch
Aula
12:3014:00
Lunch
Aula
12:3014:00
Lunch
Aula
14:0015:30
Parallelpaper
sessions
PosterSession
RoundTable
Aula
14:0018:00
14:0016:00
AfternoonSymposium GeneralAssembly
Excursionoptions:
AulaMagna
a.BrasovCityTour
b.PrejmerRasnov
Citadels
c.Bran/DraculaCastle
d.IARCompanyandR&D
15:3016:00Coffee InstituteofTUBv
break
16:0017:30
Parallelpaper
sessions
Aula
19:0021:30
RomanianMusic
Event
CerbulCarpatin
19:0021:30
JazzNight
BerariaCiucas
Sunday
3August
9:0015:00
PostSymposiumTour
options:
a.Fagaras(OldCitadel
andMuseum)Lisa
(TraditionalMills)
Sambata(Monastery
andOldBooksLibrary)
LunchatDejaniFishery
c.Bran/DraculaCastle,
RasnovFortified
Village,PoianaBrasov
LunchRestaurant
CapraNeagra,Poiana
Brasov
5:0017:00
Departuresofshuttle
busestotheBucharest
airport
19:0022:00
FestiveDinner
ColibaHaiducilor
25
26

27
SocialProgramme

Tuesday,July29
PreSymposiumGuidedBrasovCityTour
at10.0012.00and
at12.0014.00
Departureat10.00andat12.00fromtheAula.
AfewhighlightsofBrasov,thegreencity,aregoingtobespotted.Theparticipantsare
touringthecityinanopendeckbus.Thetourincludes:TheLongStreetChurchofSt.
BartholomewtheBelvedereontheroadtoPoianaBrasovUnionSquareChurchofSt.
NicholasMureenilorStreetTampaalley.
WelcomeReceptionattheAulaofTransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,address:Blvd.Iuliu
Maniuno.41A,at19.0021.00
Incl.inthedelegateandaccompanyingpersonfee.
Wednesday,July30
Reception,BrasovCityHall,address:Bd.Eroilorno.8,at19.0021.30
Departureat18.45fromtheAula.
Thursday,July31
RomanianMusicEvent,attheRestaurantCerbulCarpatin,PiataSfatuluino.1214,at19.00
21.30
Price:20EURbothfordelegatesandaccompanyingpersons.
Meetingat19.00inPiataSfatului(oldcitycenter),infrontoftherestaurant.
Friday,August1
JazzNight,atBerariaCiucas,PolitehniciiStr.no.1(nearHotelCoroana),at19.0021.30
AttendingtheJazzNightisfreeofcharge.
Saturday,August2
FestiveDinner,attheRestaurantColibaHaiducilor,PoianaBrasov,at18.0021.30
Price:25EURbothfordelegatesandaccompanyingpersons.
Meetinganddepartureat17.30fromtheAula.
ToursandExcursions
Friday,August1
AfternoonSymposiumExcursionOptions
a.BrasovCityTourWalkingTrip
Meetingat14.00inthelobbyofHotelCoroana
28
Keypoints of the walk: Ethnographic Museum/Central Park, Army House, Muresenilor

Street,OldCityCenter(PiataSfatului),OldCityHall,MuresenilorMemorialMuseum,Black
Church,EcaterinaGate,ScheiGate,RopeStreet,TampaAlley,Bastions.
MURESENILOR MEMORIAL MUSEUM. Thissmallandattractivemuseumhosts documents,
photos,furniture,decorativeart,andtheimportantMureanufamilycorrespondence.Both
Jacob and Aurel Mureanu have contributed to the emergence and development, in
complicatedhistorictimes,ofthefirstRomanianlanguagenewspaper,thefamousGazetade
Transylvania.ItisalsoseenastheMuseumoftheNationalAnthem,duetothefactthatthe
lyricswerewrittenbyAndreiMuresanu,amemberoftheMuresenilorfamily.
THE CITY HALL MUSEUM. It wasbuiltin thefifteenthcentury.The tower,58meters high,
datesfrom1528.InitiallyitwastheCityHallofBrasov.ItwasdestroyedintheGreatFireof
1689andrebuiltintheeighteenthcentury.Currently,thebuildinghousestheDepartmentof
HistoryoftheCountyMuseum.
BackattheAulaat18.00.
b.PrejmerandRasnovCitadels
THE FORTIFIED VILLAGE CHURCH IN PREJMER. Prejmer, known also by its Saxon name of
TartlauisthemajorSaxoncitadelinSouthernTransylvania.Itwasbuiltstartingfromthe15th
century,aroundachurchdatingfromthe13thcentury.Inthe15thcentury,theRomanesque
church was adapted to the Gothic style, the style shift being visible in the architectural
details. The church has a small organ, and there is a regular summer program of musical
activities. The citadel has a relatively circular shape. The walls are approx. 3m thick, at a
heightof1012m.Thewallsaresurroundedbyadeepandwidemoat.Thelocalpopulation,
inmedievaltimestookrefugeinthecitadel,incaseofaninvasion.Thefortifiedchurchwas
built by the Teutonic knights but two centuries later it started to be used by the Saxon
communityofPrejmer/Tartlau.
Thecitadelhasadelightfullittlemuseumattheentrance.
THE VILLAGE CITADEL IN RSNOV. This rather large citadel of Rasnov (Rosenau) was built
duringseveralstages,betweenthe14thandthe16thcenturies,onacalcareousheight.Ithas
severalenclosureswithtowers,apolygonalbastionintheeastandtheruinedchapeldates
from the 17th century. Inside the citadel the foundations of an Orthodox church from the
12thcenturywerediscovered.
Between1211and1225,theTaraBarseiplateauwasruledbytheOrderoftheHolyVirgin
Mary of the Germans the Teutonic Order. It is supposed that the first Saxon colonists of
RasnovcamefromtheRheinriverside,fromavillagecalledRosenau.Theygavethisnameto
theirnewsettlementfromTransylvania.
c.Bran/DraculaCastle
BRANCASTLE.Itwasbuiltbetween13771378bythecitizensofBrasovtocontroltheway
throughthenarrowvalleyofthecreekTurcu.Itwasusedasacustomspoint.Forawhileit
wasownedbytheRomanianrulersofWalachialikeMirceatheOldandMihail.After1498it
29
was receded to the Braov community, and between 16221625 it was endowed by two
newdefensetowers.
In 1920 it was donated by the municipality of Brasov to Queen Maria of Romania, as a
rewardforherandherdaughtersdedicationinnursingthewoundedsoldiersintheBalkan
Wars and in WW1. The Queen remodeled the interior, together with the royal architect
KarelLiman,withelementsoftheArtNouveausodeartoher.
ThelegendofDracula,whichbecameamythinthe19thand20thcentury,wasborndueto
theoriginalhistoricfigureofVladTepes,whoruledWalachiabetween1456and1462.Vlad
Tepes,theImpaler,wasfamousforhisunleashedcruelty.Impaling,oneofthemosthorrible
waystodie,washisfavoritemethodofexecution.TheBritishnovelistBramStokerbrought
his novel Dracula to the attention of the world readers of the 19th and 20th century and
becameoneofthefoundersofthemodernvampiremythology.
d.IARCompanyandtheR&DInstituteofTransilvaniaUniversity
Departureat14.00fromtheAula
ThetripincludesthevisitatIARCompanytheoldestRomanianaerospacemanufacturer,
founded in 1925, which today carries out revisions and overhauls on helicopters and light
aircrafts.
ThenewResearchandDevelopmentInstituteofTransilvaniaUniversitywithitsalreadywell
knownrenewableenergysystems,isalsoincludedinthevisit.
Sunday,August3
9.0015.00
PostSymposiumExcursions
Price50EUR
Options
a.FagarasLisaSambata
Departureat8.30,meetinginthelobbyofHotelCoroana.
FAGARASCITADEL.Builtbefore1310,whenitwasmentionedinhistoricdocuments,onthe
foundation of a palisaded clay building from the 10th century. Fagaras became then a
voivodalresidence,duetotheVoivodetefanMailat(15281541),aswellasanimportant
military center, supported by a domain of more than 60 villages. The ruler of Wallachia,
Mihai the Brave, owner of Fagaras between 1599 and 1600, looked at this town as at his
ownresidence.Lateron,inthe17thcentury,theTransylvanianprincesGabrielBethlenand
GyorgyRakocziextendanddefinethefinalshapeofthecitadel.
During the reign of the prince Mihaly Apafi I, Fagaras becomes the political centre of
Transylvania and effective residence of the prince. The citadel was rebuilt in the style of
TransylvanianRenaissance.TogetherwiththeDevacitadelitisknownasoneofthestrogest
fortificationsofTransylvania.Inthe18thcenturyitwassurroundedbyaVaubanfortification.
THECASTLEOFCOUNTSAMUELVONBRUCKENTHAL.ThecastlefromSambatadeSuswas
built by Josef Bruckenthal in 1770. It is a Baroque building. In 1850 the building was
remodelled. The castle with its annexes cover a surface of 36 hectares. In this area the
30
famoushorses,theLipizzanerhorses,arekept,themostimportantbreedofRomania.
THE CASTLE OF CONSTANTIN BRANCOVEANU.With asplendidlocation,close to the huge
FagarasMountainRanges,thereisacastlebuiltbythefamousWallachianrulerConstantin
Brancoveanu between 1653 1678. The castle was restored after 1906 and used between
theWorldWarsasaguesthouseforartistsandwriters.AfterWWII,itwasusedforapple
storageforthelocalcooperative.After1990,anamplerestorationprojectwasinitiated,due
toitsadvanceddegradation.
THE ORTHODOX MONASTERY AT SAMBATA DE SUS. The monastery was built between
17001701 bytheWallachianruler ConstantinBrancoveanu.The churchshowsbeautiful
elementsoftheBrancovanstyle,andtherearefrescopaintingsfrom17661787.Thechurch
wasbombedbytheAustrianarmyin1785andrebuiltin19261936.Arelevantcollectionof
icons painted on glass can be seen at the monastery, as well a library with old books and
manuscripts.
THE LISA TRADITIONAL RURAL MILLS. In Lisa village a unique ensemble of traditional
installationswasconservedandrestored.Theinstallationsarepoweredbywaterfalls.They
are are of various kinds, for the processing of wool fabrics. The processing phases are on
display, the entire installation works correctly, according to the traditional ways, used for
many centuries. Water is directed through wood channels, left to fall from high altitude
uponthewoolenfabrics,thusimprovingtheirdensityandsurfacequality.
LunchattheDejaniFisheryincl.intheprice.
b.Bran/DraculaCastleRasnovPoianaBrasov
BRAN CASTLE. It was built in the 14th centuryby the citizens of Brasov to control the way
throughthenarrowvalleyofthecreekTurcu.Itwasusedasacustomspoint.Forawhileit
wasownedbytheRomanianrulersofWalachia.In1920itwasdonatedbythemunicipality
ofBrasovtoQueenMariaofRomania,asarewardforherandherdaughtersdedicationin
nursing the wounded soldiers in the Balkan Wars and in WW1. The Queen remodeled the
interior, together with the royal architect Karel Liman, with medieval and Art Nouveau
elements.ThelegendofDraculawasbornduetotheoriginalhistoricfigureofVladTepes,
who ruled Walachia in the second part of the 15th century. Vlad Tepes the Impaler was
famous for his unleashed cruelty in pursuing justice. The British novelist Bram Stoker
brought his novel Dracula to the attention of the world readers of the 19th and 20th
centuryandbecameoneofthefoundersofthemodernvampiremythology.
THE VILLAGE CITADEL IN RSNOV. This rather large citadel of Rasnov (Rosenau) was built
duringseveralstages,betweenthe14thandthe16thcenturies,onacalcareousheight.Ithas
severalenclosureswithtowers,apolygonalbastionintheeastandtheruinedchapeldates
from the 17th century. Inside the citadel the foundations of an Orthodox church from the
12thcenturywerediscovered.
Between1211and1225,theTaraBarseiplateauwasruledbytheOrderoftheHolyVirgin
Mary of the Germans the Teutonic Order. It is supposed that the first Saxon colonists of
RasnovcamefromtheRheinriverside,fromavillagecalledRosenau.Theygavethisnameto
theirnewsettlementfromTransylvania.
POIANABRAOVisthemostpopularRomanianskiresortandanimportanttouristcentre
Theskiareaisof80hectaresandtheslopeslength23.9km.
31
Itislocatedatabout1,020meters(3,379feet)abovesealevelat12kmfromthecityof
Braovanditiseasilyaccessiblebyroad.PoianaBraovissurroundedbyfourmountains:
Postvaru1799m),PiatraCraiului2238m,Bucegi2505mandPiatraMare1,848m.
Themountainlandscapewithforestsandmeadowsisworththetravel.Therearetwocable
carsthatclimbupthePostavarupeak,wheretheviewisspectacular.
LunchatRestaurantCapraNeagrainPoianaBrasov,incl.intheprice.
AccompanyingPersons
Wednesday,July30
9.0013.00
TampaMountainWalkingTrip
Keypointsofthetrip:StarShoppingMall,TampaAlley,Cablecarstation,Walkonthetop
andcityview,returnbyfootorcablecar.
TheTampaisthemountainsurroundedbythecityofBrasov,towhichitisgivingpersonality
and confidence. It is part of the Eastern Carpathians, with an elevation of 960m, almost
400mabovethecity.Thehillisalsoaccessiblebycablecar,butthewalkingtourmeansto
followthepathleadingtothetop.Thefittestpedestriansneedlessthanonehourtoreach
thetop.Theviewfromthetopisworththe(lovely)walk.
Touristswhodontlikelongerwalksorwanttoreachthetopquicklyandhaveacoffeeat
the Panoramic Restaurant can take the cable car which connects Cabana Padurarului
RestaurantatthebaseofmountainandPanoramicRestaurant locatedontheridge ofthe
mountaininlessthanthreeminutes.
Tampaisaprotectednaturereserve,withinterestinganimalsandmorethan450speciesof
plantsthataretobefoundintheforest.
BackattheAulaat12.3013.00.
Thursday,July31
9.0012.00
VisitoftheFirstRomanianSchoolandtheBlackChurch
TheFirstRomanianSchool
FIRSTROMANIANSCHOOLMUSEUM.ThefirstRomanianSchoolinBrasovwasdocumented
inthesixteenthcentury.Themuseumbuildingwasrebuiltduring17601761andislocated
inthechurchyardofSt.NicholasofScheiquarter.
The museum has one classroom downstairs and one upstairs, and in the lobby there are
displayed several lithographs by the Brasov artist Misu Popp (18271892). In the two
classroomsseveralrareoldbooksprintedbyDeaconCoresiinthe2ndhalfofthe16thcentury
areshown,aswellasanoldprintingpress.
THE BLACKCHURCH. ItisthelargestGothicchurchinRomania.Itwasbuiltbetween1383
and 1477 (and dedicated to St. Mary), on the foundations of an older building. In 1689 a
great fire damaged it and blackened its walls, hence the name of Black Church. It is is a
three nave Gothic basilica, 89m long and 38m wide. The church is known for itsadorning
32
sculpturesandlateRenaissanceandBaroquefurnitureandwoodwork.TheBlackChurchhas
asixtonbell,thebiggestinRomania,ahuge4,000pipeorganbuiltin1839byCarlAugust
Buchholz(17961884)whichisplayedduringweeklyconcerts,aswellasarichcollectionof
Anatolian prayer carpets donated from the 15th to 17th centuries by Transylvanian Saxon
merchants.
BackattheAulaat12.3013.00.
33
34
35
Tuesday,29July29
AulaofTransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov
10:0014:00PreSymposiumCityTour
14.0016.00MeetingofICOHTECExecutiveCommittee
16:30OpeningCeremony
17:0018:30Kranzberglecture:AlexandreHerlea,ProfessorEmeritusattheUniversitde
TechnologieBelfortMontbliard,France
18:30Exhibitionopening
19:0021:00WelcomeReception
Sessioncodes
Thesessionsarecodedbythedayofthepresentation(W=Wednesday,T=Thursday,F=
Friday,S=Saturday),thenumber13indicatesthetimeslotofthesession(sessionsonein
themorningat8:3010:00,sessionstwobeforelunchat10:3012:00andsessionsthree
afterlunch13:3017:00).TheparallelsessionsarecodedwithlettersAF.Forinstance,
sessionW3GisheldonWednesdayat15:0017:00andsessionS2FisheldonSaturdayat
10:3012:00
Wednesday,30July
ParallelSessions
09:0010:30
W1ATechnologyofHealthandHealthcareinRomania
Location:UI2
Organiser:PC
Chair:AmeliaBonea
1.ContributionsofRomanianResearchersforObtainingDrugsfromNaturalResources
LecturerAdrianaElenaTaerel
Dr.EmiliaStancu
ProfessorAnaCarata
ResearcherConstantaRizescu
Ph.D.candidateMihaiStanescu
2.ChangesinedocumentationoftheHistoryofMedicineinthepostCommunistRomania
ProfessorLilianaRogozea
Ph.D.candidateFlorinLeasu
Ph.D.candidateOanaAndreescu
LecturerMihaelaBadea
36
ProfessorDanDumitrascu
ProfessorAngelaRepanovici
3.TheInfringementofIronCurtainbytheSchoolofMedicalRadiologyinIasi,Explainedby
SocioPhysicsModels
ProfessorRaduChisleag
W1BTechnologiesofSurveillanceandVisionBefore,During,andAfterWorld
WarII
Location:UI3
Organiser:NickHall
Chair:NickHall
1.ClosedCircuitTelevisionfortheUKMilitaryinthelate1930s
Mr.NormanGreen
2.ClosertotheAction:FrankG.BackandtheZoomarLens
Dr.NickHall
3.WatchingtheCity:TheEmergenceofCCTVinPostwarBritishPolicing
Ph.D.candidateBenTaylor
W1CEastWestTransferofTechnologyduringtheColdWar:1.Channelsand
Policies
Location:UI6
Organiser:TimoMyllyntaus
Chair:HansJoachimBraun
1.DesignedandEngineeredbyPoliticians?TheIronCurtainasaFilterofTechnology
Transfer
ProfessorTimoMyllyntaus
2.TheSovietForestryin19531964:TransferandImplementationofWestern
Technologies
Ph.D.candidateElenaKochetkova
3.TradingwiththeIdeologicalEnemies
Dr.ElitsaStoilova
W1DTeachingEngineeringinDifferentTimesandCultures
Location:UI7
Organiser:PC
Chair:DarwinStapleton
1.EngineeringProfessorsasEntrepreneurs:TheCaseofFranzReuleaux(18291905)and
AloisRiedler(18501936)
ProfessorWolfgangKoenig
37
2.WomenTransportEngineersinHungaryWomenTeachersandStudentsattheFaculty
ofTransportEngineersoftheTechnicalUniversityoftheBuildingIndustryandofthe
FacultyofTransportEngineeringoftheBudapestTechnicalUniversity
ProfessorEvaVamos
3.FourScienceAcademiesMakesaLot
Dr.PanuNyknen
4.AtributetoMauriceDaumasFoundingFatheroftheHistoryofTechnologyandofthe
ICOHTEC
ProfessorPierreLamard
ProfessorRobertBelot
11:0012:30
W2ATurningPointsinTechnologicalDevelopmentinRomaniafromtheMid
19thCenturytoNowadays:1.Opening&Miscellanies
Location:UI2
Organiser:AlexandreHerlea
Chair:MirceaIvanoiu
1.GheorgheAsachi(17881869)intheRomanianCultureandEngineering
ProfessorEufrosinaOtlacan
2.HenriPoincaratResita,betweenScienceandTechnology
Dr.MagdalenaStavinschi
ProfessorAndreiVasilescu
3.TheDeIndustrializationoftheRepublicofMoldovaaftertheFallofCommunism(1991)
Dr.DorinDusciac
4.TheRomanianAgricultureandViticultureaftertheFallofCommunism.TheExampleof
theDomainoftheCrowninSegarcea
Mr.MihaiAnghel
W2BIXthAnnualSymposiumontheSocialHistoryofMilitaryTechnology:1
Location:UI3
Organiser:BartonHacker
Chair:CiroPaoletti
1.BetweenReligion,WeaponsandPower:ArmedPriestsinLatinAmerica18001850.
GraduatestudentJuanAdrianoChumpitazFernandez
2.HybridWarfare:theProgressionofTechnologicalSupplantationofEuropeanWar
HorsesintheDevelopmentofTotalWar,18501950
GraduatestudentChelseaMedlock
38
W2CEastWestTransferofTechnologyduringtheColdWar:2.Organisations
andHardware
Location:UI6
Chair:TimoMyllyntaus
1.TechnologicalDevelopmentofFinnishShipbuilding:FromaContractortoRussiatoa
ConstructorfortheSoviet,19001960
Ph.D.candidateAaroSahari
2.TheBusinessofForeignAffairsUnrealizedVisionsofJointBusiness,Technologyand
PoliticsinFinnishSovietShipbuildingattheEndoftheColdWar
Ph.D.candidateSaaraMatala
3.MissedTransferChance.EarlyOutsourcingofTruckTransportinRussiaandEast
Germanyinthe1950sHadnoFollowersintheWest
ProfessorRichardVahrenkamp
4.InternationalTruckTransportduringtheColdWar
LecturerEmiliyaKaraboeva
W2DDailyLifeandSymbolsofTechnologicalProgress
Location:UI7
Organiser:ArtemisYagou
Chair:PatrykWasiak
1.PlayfulTechnologyinaBox:ConstructionSetsandtheirPackagingasSymbolsof
TechnologicalTransition
Dr.ArtemisYagou
2.TheAllElectricKitchenasSymbolofModernHousekeepingandTechnologicalProgress
inGermany(19302006)
Dr.SonjaPetersen
3.HotCommodity:MakingClothingIronsinpostWarPoland
Dr.Sawomirotysz
14:0015:30
19thCenturytoNowadays:2.MaterialsScience&Industry
Location:UI2
Chair:TudorIonescu
1.RomanianContributiontotheMaterialsScience
ProfessorHoriaColan
39
2.EvolutionofNanomaterialsDevelopmentinRomania:fromFirstIdeastoFirst
TechnologyTransfers
LecturerGabrielaAdrianaPlaiasu
ResearcherRaduRobertPiticescu
ResearcherVasileRizea
ProfessorMarioaraAbrudeanu
3.PrioritiesinRomanianOilandGasIndustry:Resource;Personalities;Inventions;
Technologies;CorporateDevelopments;SocialandHistoricalConnectionsinsitus,in
tempusandTheirHistoricalEvolution.(InFrench)
ProfessorCotorobaiVictoria
4.TheBeginningsofExplosiveMaterialManufacturinginRomania(19211942)
ProfessorElenaHelerea
Mr.FlorentinOlteanu
Location:UI3
Chair:CiroPaoletti
1.UnionandConfederateViewsonGuncotton
Dr.YoelBergman
2.Theysaythatitexcitedlaughterratherthanterror,amongtheirmen:TheBritish
ProfessionalMilitaryDebateonMitrailleurs,18691875
Ph.D.candidateRyanPatterson
3.TheBulletProofVestandtheArchduke:19thCenturyInnovationVersus20thCentury
Firepower.
ResearcherLisaTraynor
W3CEastWestTransferofTechnologyduringtheColdWar:3.Commerceor
Security
Location:UI6
Chair:ElenaKochetkova
1.NeedsofIndustrializationandtheViceofEconomicDepressionasIncentivesforthe
TechnologyTransfer:the1935AgreementbetweentheRCAandtheSovietPeoples
CommissariatinRadioandElectronics.
ProfessorVasilyBorisov
2.TransnationalReactionstotheSovietOilOffensive:NATODebatesonOilExportsand
PipelineTechnology(19601962)
Ph.D.candidateRobertoCantoni
40
3.TheEvolutionofScienceCitiesasCentersforTechnologicalTransitionsinRussia
ResearcherGalinaGorokhova
ProfessorVitalyGorokhov
4.IntelligenceInterchangeintheAreaofScienceandTechnologybetweenPolandandthe
SovietUnion,19861990
Dr.MirosawSikora
W3DRedefiningArchitecture
Location:UI7
Organiser:PC
Chair:MarkkuNorvasuo
1.PrefabReinterpretation
Dr.AgnesBorsos
2.ArchitectureandPolitics.NewConstructionSolutionsinPolishFairVenues.
ProfessorPiotrMarciniak
3.ExperiencesontheTimelineofArchitectureParallelContemporaryDesignbythe
ManifestooftheModernism
Dr.GabriellaMedvegy
16:0017:30
19thCenturytoNowadays:3.CivilEngineering&Architecture
Location:UI2
Chair:PierreLamard
1.TurningPointsofEamesDesign:WWIIandPostwarDevelopments
ProfessorMarinaCionca
LecturerIoanMuscu
Ph.D.candidateBiborkaBartha
2.RailwayStationsinRomaniabeforeWorldWarI
LecturerToaderPopescu
3.CivilEngineeringinRomaniaattheendof19thCenturythroughTwoBuildings:the
NationalBankandtheRomanianAthenaeum
ProfessorNicolaeNoica
Location:UI3
Chair:CiroPaoletti
41
1.WarandRailwaysinItaly19151918.
Dr.CiroPaoletti
2.OttomanMilitaryGovernorateinRomaniainWorldWarI
ProfessorEsatArslan
3.StayinginShapeforWar:SportPromotionbyParamilitaryOrganizationinPoland,
19271939
Ph.D.candidateAnnaTurza
W4CChemistryforaBetterWorld
Location:UI6
Organiser:PC
Chair:SamiLouekari
1.A.I.Virtanen'sAIVMethodaTechnologicalSystemThatThrivedinBadtimesbut
StruggledinGood
Dr.JarmoPulkkinen
2.Polyurethane:theFameandDecay
Ph.D.candidateSusanaFranadeS
ProfessorMariaElviraCallapez
ResearcherJoanaLiaFerreira
ProfessorRitaMacedo
ProfessorAnaMariaRamos
3.ChemicalProductsintheCollectionofthek.k.ConsularAcademyVienna
Dr.SusanneGruber
W4DFromRuraltoUrbanintheIndustrialEra
Location:UI7
Organiser:PC
Chair:PiotrMarciniak
1.TheEvolutionofVernacularConstructionTypologiesinTimesofTransitionVillages
fromValceaCounty,SouthernRomania
2.RapidIndustrialChangeandUrbanExpansion:thePansioPernoShipyardsinTurku,
Finland.
Dr.MarkkuNorvasuo
ResearcherMikkoMlkki
3.AnOverviewConcerningtheTransitionPeriodReflectedintheRuralVernacular
ArchitectureinSouthernRomania
LecturerAlinM.Olarescu
42
Thursday,31July
09:0010:30
T1APlayingwithTechnology:QuestionsofInfrastructure
Location:UI2
Organiser:StefanPoser
Chair:PeterKoval
1.TheImpactofTechnologyontheDevelopmentofTourisminSouthCroatiainthe
Beginningofthe20thcentury
Dr.MarijaBeniPenava
Dr.MarijaGjurai
2.TheViewfromthePits:FraternalCultureatAmericasSpeedways
Ph.D.candidateAlisonKreitzer
3.InfrastructuresofPlayandtheirImpactontheEnvironmentsincethe1980s
Dr.StefanPoser
T1BTheUraniumUtopiainMexico:ACaseofRestrictedTechnologyTransfer
Location:UI3
Organiser:FedericoLazarin
Chair:MarthaOrtega
1.ExplorationandMappingofUraniumDepositsinMexico
ResearcherHugoPichardo
2.CreationofInstitutesfortheReceptionofNuclearEnergy
Dr.FedericoLazarin
3.UraniumExtraction:UtopianProgressforRuralCommunities
Ph.D.candidateMarthaOrtega
GraduatestudentTadeoLiceaga
T1CEvolutionandDiffusionofTechnology
Location:UI6
Organiser:PC
Chair:WilhelmKappel
1.OilandGasEquipmentandTechnology,TwoWayScientificBridgesbetweenEastand
West
ProfessorMarianRizea
43
2.FromtheWesternFronttoTexas:EarlyDevelopmentofSeismicExplorationforOil
(19141926)
ResearcherFrancescoGerali
3.60YearsofTechnologyTransfer
Dr.GeorgetaAlecu
Ph.D.candidateIulianIordache
Dr.ElenaEnescu
ProfessorWilhelmKappel
4.TheInfluenceofIT&CandBiotechnologyontheEvolutionofSociety.
Dr.CristinaMariaDabu
11:0012:30
T2ATurningPointsinTechnologicalDevelopmentinRomaniafromthemid19th
centurytonowadays:4.BrasovIndustry
Location:UI2
Chair:AlexandreHerlea
1.The20thCenturyPoliticalImpactonBrasovIndustry,Romania.EmployeesTestimonies.
LecturerMirceaIvanoiu
2.TheTransformationoftheLargestAircraftFactoriesofRomaniainTractorsFactoryas
ResultoftheSovietOccupation
LecturerHoriaSalca
3.OntheHistoryofI.A.R(RomanianAircraftIndustry)Brasov
Mr.TraianTomescu
Mr.NeculaiBanea
T2BIXthAnnualSymposiumontheSocialHistoryofMilitaryTechnology:4
Location:UI3
Chair:CiroPaoletti
1.TheNorwegianArmyAirForceandtheFighterQuestion19201934
ResearcherFrodeLindgjerdet
2.ManMachineRelationships:BritishandGermanFighterAcesinWorldWarII
ProfessorHansJoachimBraun
3.TheMilitaryTechnologicalRevolutionof1944
ProfessorDavidZimmerman
44
T2CTheDarkSideofTechnology:TechnologyandIllnesssincetheNineteenth
Century:1.TechnologicalHazards
Location:UI6
Organiser:AmeliaBonea
Chair:AmeliaBonea
1.TheArmTroublesofTelegraphers:HistoricalPerspectivesonTechnologiesof
CommunicationandRepetitiveStrainInjuries
Dr.AmeliaBonea
2.WhattheGreatMajorityofPatientsRequireisLettingAlone:TheUsesofTechnologyin
theAsylum
Dr.JenniferWallis
3.SunlightattheFlickofaSwitch:TheRiskyConsumptionofUltravioletLamps,c.1900
1940
Dr.TaniaWoloshyn
4.OneofThoseElectricOutfitsPutontheMarketbyQuacks:OverbecksRejuvenatorand
theBritishMedicalAssociation,19241937
Dr.JamesStark
T2DModernVersusTraditional?CoreandPeripheriesintheTransportand
CommunicationInfrastructuralProcess:1.Nationalperipheries
Location:UI7
Organiser:SimoneFari
Chair:SimoneFari
1.SemiPeripheryinTransition:TheTypologyoftheGreekState'sIdentificationinRelation
withAutomobilityfromthe1930stothe2000s
Dr.AlexiaSofiaPapazafeiropoulou
2.HighSpeedTrainsinaPeripheralCountry:theItalianRailwaySystembetween
Revitalization,Modernization,andPolarization
ProfessorAndreaGiuntini
3.ARailwayFlowersbridge.IasiUngheniChisinauRailway(18762011)
Mr.AndreiBerinde
14:0015:30
centurytonowadays:5.Railway&Navy
Location:UI2
Chair:ToaderPopescu
45
1.TheRomanianRailwaysDuringTwoTransitionPeriods:19451960et19892014
Mr.RaduRobertBellu
2.AspectsofRomanianNavyEvolution,ofitsHarboursandIndustryfrom1860to
Nowadays
Dr.CarmenAtanasiu
3.TheElectrificationofRailwaysinRomania
LecturerMariusDanielCalin
Mr.DanConstantinBalan
Mr.GheorgheZaharie
Location:UI3
Chair:CiroPaoletti
1.TheStudyofInformationTechnologyUseintheCollection,TransmissionandProcessing
ofRadiolocationInformation
Dr.IoanGheorgheRatiu
2.PostwarMedicalUseofInfraredTechnologyintheUSSR
Dr.VasilyP.Borisov
Dr.IgorY.Kudryavtsev
Dr.IgorV.Ovcharov
Dr.AnatolyN.Panibratets
3.HowSwedenLearnedtoWorryabouttheBombandStoppedLovingIt
Ph.D.candidatePetterWulff
T3CTheDarkSideofTechnology:TechnologyandIllnesssincetheNineteenth
Century:2.ImpactofMentalityonWellbeing
Location:UI6
Organiser:AmeliaBonea
Chair:AmeliaBonea
1.TechnologicalDelusionsasaReflectionoftheAtmosphereofWar:NarrativesofGas,
RadioandMagnetisminGermanandIsraeliPsychiatryduringthe20thCentury
Ph.D.candidateMariaChristinaMller
Dr.DanaTzurBitan
Dr.LarsHornuf
2.OhGodMakeMeSlim,MakeMeBeautiful:TheSideEffectsofSlimmingCapsulesin
IndiaACaseStudy
Dr.TinniGoswamiBhattacharya
3.TransitioningtoTargets:DemographyandPopulationPolicyinIndia,19511975
Ph.D.candidateKathrynJohnston
46

T3DModernVersusTraditional?CoreandPeripheriesintheTransportand
CommunicationInfrastructuralProcess:2.Colonialperipheries
Location:UI7
Organiser:SimoneFari
Chair:AlexiaSofiaPapazafeiropoulou
1.ColonialRoadsinAngolaandMozambique.ExpertsbetweenPeripheriesandCentres
Dr.LusaSousa
2.TravellingorCommunicating?TheFalseDilemmaofMobility.Questionsabouta
MarginalizedIssue
ProfessorGabrieleBalbi
ResearcherMassimoMoraglio
3.RailwayattheCoreandTelegraphatthePeriphery
Dr.SimoneFari
4.PsychoHistoricalReviewonKoreanVisualRepresentationofNewTransportationsin
18901920:FromTraditiontowardaModernCultureunderForeignColonialOccupation
ProfessorJungSookBae
T3EPosterSession
Location:Groundfloor,Exhibitionspace
Organiser:PC
Chair:LiviaSangeorzan
1.MakingaFunctionalReplicaofa1924Dr.TITUSRadioSet
Dr.IonitaDaescu,ResearcherFranciscVisky,Romania
2.TechnologicalTrendsinEstonianIndustryduringandafterWorldWarIandII
Ph.D.candidateVahurMgi,Estonia
3.OrganizingScientificandTechnicalInformationduringCommunism:aPublicLibrary
Perspective
Ph.D.candidateClaudiaSerbanuta,USA,Ms.RalucaNutiu,Romania
4.SourceofLightandColor,NaturalandArtificial,inthePerceptionofaWorkofArt.
Ph.D.candidateAndreiHrib,Romania
5.BacktotheWorkers'Wonderland:DocumentingtheIndustrialCultureinEasternEurope,
19451989.
Dr.SlawomirLotysz,Poland
6.TheEndofAssassination?
ResearcherLisaTraynor,USA
47
T3ERoundTable.TrendsinTechnologicalEducationinEasternEuropeCountries
Location:Groundfloor,Exhibitionspace
Organiser:PC
Chair:AlinM.Olarescu
1.tefanBlanRemarkablePathfinderofHistoryofScienceandTechnicsinRomania,a
CenturysincehisBirth
ProfessorMihaiAlexandrescu,Dr.tefanFlorinBlan,AdelinBlan,Romania
2.V.UtkinasaScientistandDesignerintheFieldofSpaceRocketEngineering(19711990)
Dr.AllaS.Lytvynko,Ukraine
3.ParadigmChangesinTechnicalEducationConstructioninRomania.History,needsand
buildingutopia
ProfessorVictoriaCotorobai,ProfessorLiviuAlexandruSofonea,LecturerCristinaVladoiu,
ProfessorTheodorMateescu,Romania
4.IntelligenceInterchangeintheAreaofScienceandTechnologybetweenPolandandthe
SovietUnion,19861990
Dr.MirosawSikora,Poland
5.ContemporaryTrendsintheDevelopmentofTechnologicalEducationinBrasov
Dr.ing.MelaniaFilip,Prof.MonicaCotfas,Ing.CsabaMolnar
16:0017:30
centurytonowadays:6.Car&MedicalInstrumentsIndustries
Location:UI2
1.BirthandEvolutionoftheMedicalInstrumentsFactoriesinRomaniasincethe
IndependenceWar(1877)toNowadays
ProfessorPompiliuManea
2.Renault,fromRomaniatotheLogan
ProfessorJeanLouisLoubet
48
3.EnginesforVehiclesinRomaniaaEuropeanEvolutionthroughResearchand
Innovation
Dr.RuxandraCristinaStanescu
ProfessorCornelStan
ProfessorAnghelChiru
Location:UI3
Chair:CiroPaoletti
1.PolishTorpedoBoatsConstructionsbetween19651986
ProfessorAntoniKomorowski
Dr.TomaszNeubauer
2.ChasingWonderWeapons
Dr.HermioneGiffard
3.MilitaryTechnologiesandScientificDevelopmentfromGalileountilNanotechnoscience
Dr.VitalyGorokhov
T4CEnvironmentalUtopiasandEngineeringReality
Location:UI6
Organiser:PC
Chair:TimoMyllyntaus
1.IstheDebateOver:JamesHansen'sContributionstotheChangingAtmosphere
ChangingClimateTheory
Dr.AnthonyN.Stranges
2.UtilizingtheEnvironmentinSwedenFinlandinthe18thCenturyTechnology,Realism
andUtopias.
Dr.SamiLouekari
3.UnintendedyetUnignorableChange,TechnologicalInterventionsintotheRiverEider
(18861973)
Dr.EikeChristianHeine
T4DComputersandtheSecondIndustrialRevolution19451970
Location:UI7
Organiser:DickvanLente
Chair:DickvanLente
49
1.ExploringComicsasaSourceforComputerHistory
Ph.D.candidateRikSanders
Dr.GerardAlberts
2.Evolutionofcomputers
LecturerCarmenLungoci
ProfessorLiviaSangeorzan
Friday,1August
09:0010:30
F1ARomaniansPathbreakersofTechnology
Location:UI2
Organiser:PC
Chair:OctavianBaltag
1.AutomaticFocusingaRomanianinvention
ProfessorOctavianBaltag
2.MagneticMeasuresandCountermeasuresinRomaniaoftheColdWar
ProfessorOctavianBaltag
Ph.D.candidateGeorgianaMarin
3.Brasov,Romania,AcademicContributionstoSystematization,Diversification,and
OptimizationofRoboticMechanisms
ProfessorIonelStaretu
4.TheRomanianTitusKonteschwellerGlobalPioneeroftheRadiophony
Dr.IonitaDaescu
ResearcherFranciscVisky
F1BNewUsesofOldTechnologiesinTimesofTransition:1.TheoryandPractice
ofIndustrialandCulturalHeritageManagement
Location:UI3
Organiser:DaqingYang
Chair:DaqingYang
1.RelocatingMarineEngineShopsinScotland
Mr.MarkWatson
2.CitizenParticipationinManagement,PromotionandDisseminationofIndustrial
Heritage:AncientBrassFactoryinSpain
Dr.MartaVeraPrieto
50
3.HardPlacesasTouristLandscapesinNorthAmerica'sMountainWest
ProfessorToddShallat
F1CElectricPowerandSocietalDevelopment:1.HydroandNuclearPower
Location:UI6
Organiser:PC
Chair:EdmundTodd
1.SomeNotesontheHistoryoftheGermanNuclearScienceCommunity,19862011
Dr.TudorB.Ionescu
2.Quebec'sAbortedTransitionTowardsNuclearPower,19631983
Ph.D.candidateMahdiKhelfaoui
3.MonitoringandControlChartofaComplexHydropowerDevelopmentLotru
Dr.MihaiSpori
Mr.tefanIoanNeacu
Mr.AlexandruDuu
Mr.MihaiMarianSpori
F1DDesigningaProductorMakingaCustomer?PolicyandPerception
Location:UI7
Organiser:PC
Chair:ArtemisYagou
1.Deindustrialization,MultinationalsandPolishElectronics.PublicDebateTowardsthe
RoleofConsumerElectronicsIndustryAftertheSystemTransitionof1989
Dr.PatrykWasiak
2.ThePerceptionofCommoditiesReflectingScientificTechnology
Dr.EvaWaginger
11:0012:30
F2ICOHTECBookandArticlePrizesRoundTable
Location:Aula,GroundFloor,ExhibitionArea
Organiser:DickvanLente
Chair:HermioneGiffard
ThearticleprizewaswonbyDr.DonnaJ.Druckerforherarticle,KeyingDesire:Alfred
KinseysUseofPunchedCardMachinesforSexResearchthatappearedinJournalofthe
HistoryofSexuality22/1(January2013).ThearticlewillbediscussedbyDr.GerardAlberts,
51
computerhistorianoftheUniversityofAmsterdam,andprofessorAmyDix,historianof
genderandtechnologyofIowaStateUniversityunderthechairmanshipofHermioneGiffard
oftheUniversityofUtrecht.
ThebookprizewaswonbyDr.DoraVarghaforherdissertationIronCurtain,IronLungs:
governingpolioinColdWarHungary,19521963,defendedatRutgersUniversity,2013.
DiscussantswillbeprofessorLilianaRogozea,TransylvanianUniversityofBrasov,andDr.
JamesStark,UniversityofLeeds.Botharehistoriansofmedicine.Thesessionwillbechaired
byDr.DickvanLenteofErasmusUniversity
F2ATurningPointsinTechnologicalDevelopmentinRomaniafromthemid19th
centurytonowadays:7.InformationTechnologiesIT
Location:UI2
1.DevelopmentoftheInformationRevolutioninRomania
ProfessorStefanIancu
2.ADiscourseAnalysisofEuropeanTechnobuzzanditsPerceptioninRomania
ResearcherTudorIonescu
3.RomanianITSeenbyanInsider
Dr.VladTepelea
F2BNewUsesofOldTechnologiesinTimesofTransition:2.TheoryandPractice
ofIndustrialandCulturalHeritageManagement
Location:UI3
Organiser:DaqingYang
Chair:MarkWatson
1.Identity,HistoryandProfit?ComparisonofThreeIndustrialHeritageCasesinPori,
Finland
LecturerAnnaSivula
2.HeritagePlantsofTheUralRegion(Russia)inpostIndustrialPeriod
Ph.D.candidateNadezhdaSolonina
3.LateIndustrializationandtheInventionofHeritaginginJapanandBeyond
ProfessorDaqingYang
F2CElectricPowerandSocietalDevelopment:2.EraofElectrification
Location:UI6
Organiser:PC
Chair:JochenMayer
52
1.GermanElectrificationinWarandRevolution,19131921
Dr.EdmundNTodd
2.TheImpactofElectrificationintheSpanishMostProgressiveDecade,19581975
Dr.MariaTeresaSanchis
3.ElectricMachinesbetweenIndustrialRevolutionandInformationEra
ProfessorIonVoncila
F2DRocketryandSpaceflightintheColdWarandAfter
Location:UI7
Organiser:PC
Chair:MichaelJ.Neufeld
1.ColdWar,SpaceResearchinGreenland,andthePoliticsofRockets
Dr.HenrikKnudsen
2.U.S.PlanetaryExplorationinthePostColdWarWorld
Dr.MichaelJ.Neufeld
Saturday,2August
09:0010:30
S1AEconomicandSocialConsequencesofAutomatisation
Location:UI2
Organiser:PC
Chair:GerardAlberts
1.OfficeSpacesinExistingStructuresforMoreInnovationandSpaceEfficiency
Dr.ErzsbetSzernaZoltn
2.WealthforWhoeverOwnstheRobots:TechnologicalUnemploymentConcernsin
TwentiethandTwentyFirstCenturyEconomicCrises
Dr.AmyBix
3.FromFileCardtoMagneticTape:TheNetworksofTechnologiesandInstitutionsbehind
WestGermanLabourStatistics,c.19451973
Dr.JochenF.Mayer
S1BReinventingIndustrialCulture
Location:UI3
Organiser:PC
Chair:Sawomirotysz
53
1.IndustrialHeritageasaResourcetheCaseofRomania
LecturerIoanaIrinaIamandescu
2.NewIndustrialCulture
Dr.LarsScharnholz
ResearcherHeidiPinkepank
S1CArtisans,SavantsandEngineers
Location:UI6
Organiser:PC
Chair:AntoniRocaRosell
1.ProgressiveDies.HistoryandEvolution.(InSpanish)
Dr.FernandoFadon
Dr.EnriqueCeron
2.TheBirthoftheScienceofMachinesandtheRolesoftheFathersFounders
Dr.IrinaGouzevitch
Dr.DmitriGouzevitch
S1DTechnologyofResearch:Digitalization,DisseminationandPopularizationof
TechnicalKnowledge
Location:UI7
Organiser:PC
Chair:FrancescoGerali
1.TheTechnicalPublicLibrary:PopularizingSciencevs.OfferingSpecializedServices
Ph.D.candidateClaudiaSerbanuta
Ms.RalucaNutiu
2.DigitizationofDocumentaryCulturalHeritageinRomania
Ph.D.candidateMariusStoianovici
Ph.D.candidateIonelaBarsan
ProfessorAngelaRepanovici
Ph.D.candidateNadineRoman
ProfessorLilianaRogozea
3.ArchivesinWonderland:ThePromiseandPerilsofTransitionsintotheDigitalEra
ProfessorDarwinStapleton
11:0012:30
S2ATelecommunicationinTransition
Location:UI2
Organiser:PC
Chair:MariaElviraCallapez
54
1.ThePeriodofTransitions:fromLandlinestoWirelessTelegraphyinBrazil
Dr.MauroCostadaSilva
2.TheEmergenceofOpticalTelegraphyduringtheFrenchRevolutionaryandNapoleonic
Wars:aCaseStudyofIreland,17971805.
Ph.D.candidateAdrianJamesKirwan
3.TheEvolutionofTelecommunicationsinRomania
ProfessorMarianaJurian
ProfessorIoanLita
LecturerDanielVisan
S2BFromWagonstoLuxuryCarsandBeyond
Location:UI3
Organiser:PC
Chair:BiborkaBartha
1.HowDutchWagonmakersBecameBodyMakers.KnowledgeTransferbyTrade
AssociationandaGovernmentAgency,19001940
Ph.D.candidateSueYenTjongTjinTai
2.AutomobileCoachbuildersontheEarly20thCenturyinPortugal:CraftsmenSkillsand
CustomsPolicyasFactorstoSofteningPeripheralStatus
Dr.JosBarrosRodrigues
3.TheAppearanceofTechniquesDerivedfromAutomobileCoachworkinJeanProuvs
IndustrialArchitecture
Dr.AndreasBuss
S2CTechnicalInfrastructureandTechnologyonPeripheries
Location:UI6
Organiser:PC
Chair:AntoniRocaRosell
1.TheModernTechniqueofTappingthePineinSpain,orThelearningProcessofForest
EngineersandResinTappers(18651900)
Ph.D.candidateJuanLuisDelgado
2.SolarDesaltingPlantsinAtacama(1872,1907)
Ph.D.candidateNelsonArellano
3.TheLightingSystemsonLighthousesofthePolishCoastChanges
ProfessorAntoniKomorowski
Dr.IwonaPietkiewicz
55
S2DImaginingTechnologicalandScientificProgress
Location:UI7
Organiser:PC
Chair:GerardAlberts
1.AprilFoolsDayHoaxesandtheUnderstandingofTechnology
Dr.OlleHagman
2.IkilledEinstein,Gentlemen.TheTechnologyofRealityinCzechoslovakScienceFiction
Films19451989
ResearcherPeterKoval
3.TheImageofBioTechnologyinContemporaryArtandMedia
ProfessorUrszulaJarecka
56
57
ProfessorAlexandreHerlea
Melvin Kranzberg Lecture is annually delivered in

theICOHTECmeetingsbyadistinguishedhistorian
oftechnology.Thisyearthelecturewillbegivenby
professor Alexandre Herlea. He is Professor

TUESDAY
Emeritus at the Universit de Technologie Belfort
Montbliard,France.
AULAMAGNA
Born
in 1942 in Brasov, Romania, A. Herlea
17.0018.30
obtainedhismechanicalengineeringdiplomafrom
Institutul Politehnic of Brasov in 1965. Resident in France since 1972, he was a research
assistantattheConservatoireNationaldesArtsetMtiers(CNAM),Paris,andobtainedhis
Ph.D.degreeinHistoryofscienceandtechnology,in1977.HisPh.D.thesiswasdirectedby
ProfessorMauriceDaumaswhosecollaboratorhebecame.Afterpostdoctoralstudiesinthe
UnitedStates(Princeton,Pennsylvania,SmithsonianInstitution),hecontinuedhisuniversity
careerattheCNAM (matredeconferences)until 1995, whenhebecamefullprofessor of
history of technology at the Universit de Technologie BelfortMontbliard (UTBM).
Duringthistime,atParisXISorbonneheearnedtheHabilitationdirigerlesrecherchesen
sciences diploma and was also associate professor at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et
Manufactures and advisor for technical museology at the Cit des Sciences et de
lIndustrie, Paris. In 1990, he was visiting professor at the Michigan Technological
University, USA. Until 2011, when he retired and became emeritus professor at UTBM,
continuing to lead Ph.D. theses, he was a member of the university board, department
directoranddirectorofinternationalrelations.
A. Herlea is author, coauthor, and editor of ten books, notably the reference treatise
Histoire Gnrale des Techniques (Paris: PUF, 1978). He has published a large number of
scientificarticles,andcontributedtotherealizationofmorethantwentyfiveexhibitions.He
isanelectedmemberofseveralacademicsocieties,includingthe:InternationalAcademyof
History of Science (IAHS), Comit des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques (CTHS),
International Committee for the History of Technology (ICOHTEC), Socit Franaise
dHistoiredesSciencesetdesTechniques(SFHST),SocietyfortheHistoryofTechnology
(SHOT) and Comitetul Roman pentru Istoria si Filozofia Stiintei (CRIFS), with leadership
responsibilitiesinsomeofthem,suchasthepresidencyofICOHTEC.
He also had significant political and administrative responsibilities. He was Minister of
European Integration in the Romanian government (199699), ambassador, chief of the
Romanian Mission to the EU and vicepresident of the Christian Democrat International
(CDI).
A.Herleasdistinctionsinclude:inFrance,thesilvermedaloftheSocitdEncouragement
au Progrs,Les Palmes Acadmiques and La Lgion dHonneur (commandeur); and in
Romania, Serviciul credincios(high officer) and Doctor Honoris Causa of Universitatea
TransilvaniaBrasov.
KRANZBERG
LECTURE
58
TheHistoryofTechnologyandtheEuropeanUnity
KRANZBERG
LECTURE
ThisconferenceabouttheHistoryofTechnologyandtheEuropeanunity
openstheICOHTECsymposium,whosegeneralthemeis:Technologyin
TUESDAY
TimesofTransition.Itsetsintoparallellinesthebirthandthe
AULAMAGNA
evolution,inEurope,ofadisciplinetheHistoryofTechnologyand
17.0018.30
thatofanideawhichleadstotheconstructionoftheEuropeanUnion.
This presentation is chronologically divided in five parts: the Middle Age; the Renaissance
period; the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century; from the middle of the 19th
centurytotheSecondWorldWar;aftertheSecondWorldWaruntiltheTreatyfortheEUin
1992. It shows the dependence of the History of Technology and of the idea of European
unity on human thought, on cultural and spiritual contexts. At the same time highlights a
wide range of chronological similarities, of a similar rhythm of evolution, maturation, and
implementation.
In the Middles Ages, Europe was united by the Christian faith and monasteries played an
importantroleinthepreservationoftechnologicalmemory.DuringtheRenaissanceperiod,
thefirstprojectsdealingwiththeEuropeanpoliticalunificationappearatthesametimeas
the first technical publications: the Theatrum Machinarum. In the second half of the
nineteenth century, a debate emerges on the legal form of a united Europe and the
evolution of technology ceases to be solely regarded as a genealogy of technology and is
integrated in economic, social, historical analyses. Between the two world wars, Aristide
BriandsprojectforafederalEurope,inwhichthesyntagma EuropeanUnionis usedfor
thefirsttime,andLucienFebvresmanifestoforthecreationofanewbranchofhistory,the
History of Technology, were both launched. After the Second World War, the idea of
European unity came to be implemented, the European Union to be established, and the
HistoryofTechnologytoreachmaturityandtobefullyrecognizedasanacademicdiscipline.
Today the EU is integrating into its plans (see the Lisbon and Europe 2000 strategies) the
evolution of technoscience, and History of Technology is expected to play its role at the
technological assessment and technological forecasting levels. In a rapid changing world
burdenedbycrises,moralitymustdominateefficiency.
59
60

61
TechnologyofHealthandHealthcareinRomania
Chair:AmeliaBonea,UniversityofOxford,UnitedKingdom
Wednesday
SessionW1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
ContributionsofRomanianResearchers for Obtaining Drugs fromNatural

Resources
LecturerAdrianaElenaTaerel,RomanianSocietyoftheHistoryofFarmacy(SRIF),Romania
Dr.EmiliaStancu,RomanianSocietyoftheHistoryofFarmacy(SRIF),Romania
ProfessorAnaCarata,RomanianSocietyoftheHistoryofFarmacy(SRIF),Romania
ResearcherConstantaRizescu,RomanianSocietyoftheHistoryofFarmacy(SRIF),Romania
Ph.D.candidateMihaiStanescu,RomanianSocietyoftheHistoryofFarmacy(SRIF),
Romania
The use of indigenous raw materials for new drugs has been a priority in pharmaceutical
researchinRomaniainthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury.
Theattentionofresearcherswaspointed firsttowardtraditionalmedicine(teas,infusions,
decoctions etc.) and the base of existing materials. Afterwards, there have been studied
someplantsexistinginthespontaneousflora.
For standardize and enrich their active principles, some plants had to be introduced into
directedcultures(supervised).TheresultsobtainedofmixedteamsofRomanianresearchers
(pharmacists,chemists,physicians,biologists,agronomists)determinedtheestablishmentin
Romaniaof a joint center ONUDI, initially aiming to a postgraduate specialization of some
scholars(Romanianandforeign)pharmacists,doctors,chemistsetc.,somewhoweretheir
professorsbecameexpertsONUDI.
Another important aspect about the researchers were concerned was the use and the
capitalizationofwasteresultingfromtheprocessingofthatplants.
InRomania, between 19601997, waste plants were transformed by special technological
methods in support for animal feed additives and nutrients. These wastes have set up an
energybiomass.
The paper presents the technological schemes used throughout the circuit manufacturing
process, from obtaining of raw materiel and drug to completion of nutrients or feed
additives. The processing of raw materiels must be effectuated as close to the place of
collectionofthese,useadiscontinuousequipment.
Such methods form the object of several invention patents and communications at
specializedcongressesinthecountryandabroad(FIP,BalkanMedicalWeeketc.).
Generally, the technology for obtaining a drug has considered the capitalization of natural
pools that represent a national and universal patrimony ensuring the biodiversity and a
naturalecologicalenvironement.
62
Wednesday
SessionW1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
ChangesineDocumentation of the History of Medicine

inthePostCommunistRomania
ProfessorLilianaRogozea,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Ph.D.candidateFlorinLeasu,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Ph.D.candidateOanaAndreescu,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
LecturerMihaelaBadea,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
ProfessorDanDumitrascu,UniversityofMedicineandFarmacyIuliuHatieganu,Cluj
Napoca,Romania
ProfessorAngelaRepanovici,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
If the history of science and technology has gone much faster in virtual, medical history
remained a long time in traditional access to information. Since the establishment of the
Institute of History of Medicine in Cluj before the establishment of a virtual museum of
medicineinRomania,thestepshouldoccurnaturallyandcanbedoneinlasthalfacentury.
However, unlike other countries, Romania has not succeeded to have such a virtual
museum.
Thepaperaimstorealizeananalysisofthetypeandqualityofinformationforthehistoryof
medicine in Romania presented on the web sites of different medical institutions, in the
internationalcontextofthedevelopmentofothervirtualmuseumofthehistoryofmedicine
projects.
In a context of the existence of museums of the history of medicine and pharmacy, which
arefartoolittleknownbythegeneralpublic,inthepostcommunisteratheattractiveness
for visiting museums decreasing even more, the development of projects including the
creation of virtual museums of history science and technology in Romania, with an
important section relating to the development of medicine in our country is more than
usefultoeducatetheyoungergeneration.
We will present a few examples of such web sites as a model to be followed both by
membersoftheRomanianSocietyofMedicalHistoryanduniversitiesinRomania,manyof
them featuring information capital that deserve to be brought to the public, including the
initialappearanceofonlinecataloguesanddigitizationofdocumentsthatmayotherwisebe
lostforever.
63

Wednesday
SessionW1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
TheInfringementofIronCurtain by the School of Medical RadiologyinIasi,

ExplainedbySocioPhysicsModels
ProfessorRaduChisleag,UniversityPolitehnicaofBucharest,Romania
The History of Medical Radiology in Iasi, started with hand radiographs (1896, Dragomir
Hurmuzescu), using a setup he mounted. The 3rd Congress of the Society of Radiology of
Romania (SRR) was organized (Iasi, 1939) by its president, Prof Emil Radu (1887 1950),
helpedbyDrGheorgheCHISLEAG(19141988),wholaterdevelopedtheClinicofRadiology,
bearingtodayhisnameandorganizednationalcongresses(1970IASI;1973,Bucharest),as
presidentofSRR(196773).
After WWII, Radiology developed steadily in Iasi, by infringing Iron Curtain (IC). To explain
this infringement, the author applies SocioPhysics models, considering IC be a quantum
barrier of potential, which, to be penetrated, has to relatively become thinner and less
higheraspossible,relativelytothepotentiallevelsatentryandexit.
Newtons2ndlawapplicationandincreaseofthepotentiallevelofRadiologywereensured
by: continous increase of professional and scientific levels of radiologists in initial or
advanced training, based upon daily courses, followed by open hours dedicated to
interpretingtheradiologicalimagesgotbylocalandvisitingradiologistsandtostimulating
their research activities; bringing high tech (private, Siemens,1943) and new equipment
(1958).
LawofactionandreactionexplainsthecontinuationofprogresswhenlecturerChisleag,was
politicallydismissed(1952)fromhisChairofRadiologyatIMFIasi,buttheNationalInstitute
for Training of Medical Specialists reacted, he forming in Iasi, half of the Romanian
radiologists.ThePrincipleofactionofindependentforcesmayexplaintherelativeincrease
of the potential level by: improving the correct radiodiagnose rate; publishing: Courses:
(Roentgendiagnostic,Chisleag,8volumes,1950),handbooks(radiologicspecialities),treatise
(Chisleag,RadiologieMedicala,1986),400scientifificpapers;sendingtostudyabroadattop
clinics, gifted young radiologists; offering positions to physicists aso; introducing new
technologies: radioactive isotopes, tomography, interventional radiology, new imaging
techniquesandagents,computerdrawingofisodosecurves(X,Ra,Co);generatingother7
newacademicspecializedclinics,includingOncology.
Width of the IC potential barrier was reduced by: offering high quality prompt services
(population, political leaders), being elected in international committees, observing the
approvedscheduleofthevisitsabroad.
64
TechnologiesofSurveillanceandVisionBefore,
During,andAfterWorldWarII
Organiser&Chair:NickHall,RoyalHollowayUniversityofLondon,
UnitedKingdom
Wednesday
SessionW1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
Thissessionexploresthreecasestudiesofemergingtechnologiesofsurveillanceandvision,
eachofwhichweredevelopedwithinthecontextofwartime,postwar,orColdWarnational
priorities. The first paper explores the British militarys development, in collaboration with
EMI, of closed circuit television intended for applications as diverse as unmanned aerial
vehicles and naval video conferencing systems. This research, based on newly discovered
papersfromthecorporatearchivesofEMIandfromtheUKNationalArchives,demonstrates
that although the closed circuit television technology was not innovated by the military, it
played a significant role in postwar British television receiver design. The second paper
uncoversthehistoryofthetelevisionzoomlens,showingthatthepostwarinnovationofthis
importantdevicewasoneofthemanyresultsofanenergeticprogrammeofresearchand
development supported by the United States Signal Corps and Navy Department. Frank
Backs Zoomar lens provides a revealing case study of the way in which independent
innovatorsadaptedwartimeinventionsforpostwarcommercialuses.Thepaperisbasedon
newresearchwithinthecorporatearchivesofNBCandattheNationalArchivesandRecords
Administration in Washington, DC. The third paper sheds new light on the use of closed
circuit television (CCTV) for the purposes of mass surveillance. Attention has been often
beenpaidtotheuseofCCTVsincethe1980s,butthispaperbreaksnewgroundbyfocusing
on the technologys early development during the 1960s and 1970s. Based on archival
research carried out at the UK National Archive, the paper documents the shift from the
initialconceptionofCCTVasameanstofacilitatebettercommunicationbetweenthepublic
andtheauthorities,towardsmorecoerciveapplicationsfromthelate1970sonwards.
65

Wednesday
SessionW1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
ClosedCircuitTelevisionfortheUKMilitaryinthelate1930s
Mr.NormanGreen,WaldegraveAssociates,UnitedKingdom
In April 1936, when Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) were preparing their 405 line
televisionsystemforinstallationatAlexandraPalaceinNorthLondoninorderfortheBBCto
commence programme transmissions in the following November, the EMI Director of
Research, Isaac Shoenberg, suggested to the UK War Office that a television system in a
aeroplanecouldbeusefulforsurveillancepurposesandforuseinapilotlessbomber.
Prototype television equipment was put into a plane based at the Royal Aircraft
Establishment in Farnborough and trials proved promising. Subsequently a system was
engineeredandavailablefortestingbylate1936butbecausetheWarOfficewasunableto
supplyaplanethesystemwasnotevaluateduntilSeptember1939.Thetransmitterinthe
aircrafthadarangeofapproximately40milesandtheresultantpicturescouldbereceived
in a mobile vehicle and in the battleship HMS Iron Duke. However, the French army
purchasedasetofequipmentin1937andRussiaandGreecewishedtobuysimilarsystems
buttheBritishForeignOfficepreventedthesales.
A second closed circuit system was developed to enable an Admiral to brief the
Commandersofhisfleetbytransmittingpicturesandsoundtotheirships.Thepictureswere
ofthe AdmiralsmaptablewherehewoulddescribehisstrategywithouttheCommanders
havingtogoaboardtheAdmiralsbattleship;thiswasparticularlyusefulinbadweather.The
final system that was developed was a surveillance system to observe the movements of
troopsetc.onabattlefield.Thissystemhadareceptionrangeofapproximately15miles.
IllustratedbyrecentlydiscovereddrawingsandphotographsfromtheEMIandUKNational
Archives,thispaperexploresthebreakthroughsincircuitdesign,pickuptubes,valvesand
aerial design involved in the design of these systems, which were to influence television
designinthe1940sand1950s.
66

Wednesday
SessionW1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
ClosertotheAction:FrankG.Back andtheZoomarLens
Dr.NickHall,RoyalHollowayUniversityofLondon,UnitedKingdom
InOctober1946,anopticalengineernamedFrankBackpresentedanewtypeofzoomlens
to a convention of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers in Hollywood, California. Back
told the meeting that the Zoomar lens had the potential to revolutionise filmmaking,
whether in the fields of documentary or education, sports or news, advertisements or
medical films. Over the following years, Backs Zoomar lens indeed exerted a substantial
impact upon the American moving image entertainment industry. But it was in television,
rather thanfilm, that its effect wasmost keenly felt.The utility of the zoom lens lay in its
abilitytomagnifyordiminishthesizeoftelevisionimageswithouttheneedtorepositionthe
camera an invaluable quality for broadcasters as they sought to cover the action at
sportingevents,parades,andpoliticalconventions.By1957hundredsoftelevisionstations
intheUnitedStateshadpurchasedZoomarlenses.
Drawingonsubstantialarchivalresearch,thispaperdiscussestheinvention oftheZoomar
lens, explaining how it resulted from the consolidation and conversion of wartime
innovationscommissionedbytheUnitedStatesSignalCorpsandNavyDepartment.During
the prototyping and early marketing of the Zoomar lens, Back and his fellow investors
adopted a range of innovation strategies in order to foster mutually beneficial, handson
relationshipswithcorporatebodiessuchasNBCandParamount.Inadditiontoaccounting
for an underresearched development in television history, this paper therefore also
illuminates the relationship between wartime reconnaissance technology and postwar
entertainmentindustries.
67

Wednesday
SessionW1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
WatchingtheCity:TheEmergenceofCCTVinPostwarBritishPolicing
Ph.D.candidateBenTaylor,KingsCollegeLondon,UnitedKingdom
CCTV has become ubiquitous in modern British cities. It has a long, though largely
unexplored, history: CCTV and associated technologies of mass surveillance have had a
presence in Britains cities since the 1960s. This paper will address and challenge many
existing narratives surrounding the emergence of CCTV and associated technologies as a
meansofcrimepreventioninthe1980sand1990s,andinsteadarguethatwemustlookto
the broader attempts by police and the state to reform urban communication, emergency
responseandthebehaviourofcitizensduringthepostwardecades.
The paper will focus primarily on London in this period, charting the shift from the more
symmetrical use of CCTV as a technology of communication in the 1960s and early 1970s,
throughtoitsmorecoerciveusesinthelate1970sand1980stheperiodcommonlytaken
asastartingpointforstudiesofCCTV.TheearliestusesofCCTVinLondonconceivedofitas
a way of facilitating better communication between the public and authorities in a wide
rangeofsituations,rangingfromtrafficcontrolandsubwaystationmanagementthroughto
education and teleconferencing applications. However, this paper will argue that this also
paved the way for more coercive applications of the technology from the late 1970s, as a
growing emphasis on efficiency and automation in urban infrastructure demanded greater
discipline and predictability from urban populations. This paper will explore themes of
symmetryandasymmetryinthehistoryofCCTV,andthedevelopmentofpedagogicaland
coerciveapproachestomasssurveillanceinmodernsocieties.
68
EastWestTransferofTechnologyduringtheCold
War:1.ChannelsandPolicies
Organiser:TimoMyllyntaus,UniversityofTurku,Finland
Chair:HansJoachimBraun,HelmutSchmidtUniversitt,Hamburg,
Germany
Wednesday
SessionW1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
ThehistoryoftransferringknowledgeandtechnologybetweenEastandWest,socialistand
capitalist, big and small states has attracted many researchers. Current historiography
proposesnewsourcesandapproachesstudyingvariousformsoftransferondifferentlevels,
emphasizingnotonlyconventionaltradeflowsfromWesttoEast,butviceversaaswellas
other more or less unofficial forms of technology mobility. They include communication
between scientists, attending exhibitions and conferences as well as copying patented
innovationsandindustrialespionageamongotherchannelsoftransfer,whichdemonstrate
the permeability of geographical, state, cultural, political, social, and institutional borders.
ThispermeabilitywasalsoattestedduringtheColdWar,resultsofwhichdemonstratethe
significance of East and West transfers and as Karen Freeze puts it in her article on
Czechoslovak theater technologies and their move westward: we may conclude that the
Iron Curtain was more permeable than previously thought. Consequently, technology
transfer opens a wide and challenging field of research. Apart explaining movement and
exchange of technologies, transfers explicate social, political and cultural transformations
they entail and serve for. They also help explain communication of different actors on
governmental,institutional,companyandindividuallevels.
Following this wide meaning of technology transfers between East and West our session
proposal contains empirically based and conceptually solid contributions to the ICOHTEC
symposium Technology in Times of Transition. Although much good research on the topic
hasalreadybeendone,therearestillmanygreyareasinthislargefield.Historiographyon
transfersstillrequiresmorecasestudies,inparticularonsmallEasternandCentralEuropean
countries, involving more areas and focuses in order to develop better comprehension of
howsoftandhardtechnologiescrossborders,howtheyinfluencethosewhowereengaged
intransfer,whatroledidthetransferplayinsocialchangeandothertransformations.
69
Wednesday
SessionW1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
DesignedandEngineeredbyPoliticians?TheIronCurtainasaFilterof
TechnologyTransfer
ProfessorTimoMyllyntaus,UniversityofTurku,Finland
Thereareformsandchannelsoftechnologytransferwhichcanbeconsidereduncontrolled.
Nevertheless,agreatdealoftechnologytransferhasalwaysbeenandstilliscontrolledbut
part of the control tends to fail. Naturally, companies supplying technology are most
interestedtocontrolthetransferoftheirtechnology.Inaddition,manyotherstakeholders
participate in the control of transfer. Recipient firms want to influence what kinds of
technologyareusedintheirpremisesaswellastheireconomicenvironment.Furthermore,
governments of the countries of both suppliers and recipients and even those of
neighbouring countries sometimes attempt to use their power in selecting the transfer of
technology.
Becausethetransferoftechnologytendstobeunderthesurveillanceofmanystakeholders
even in normal peacetime situations, this phenomenon was under a tight control in the
exceptionalcircumstancesoftheColdWar.ThispaperfocusestostudyhowtheIronCurtain
operated as a filter of technology transfer. The applicability of the theoretical model is
demonstratedandtested byexaminingsomehistoricalcasestudiesoftechnologytransfer
betweenFinlandandtheSovietUnion.ThepaperarguesthattheUSSRdidalwaysnotwant
toimportthebestavailablewesterntechnologybutpreferredproductswhichhadprimarily
manufactured from Finnish raw materials and components. This policy forced Finland to
investintheproductionofsomerawmaterialsandcomponentswhichwerenotofthebest
qualityorpricecompetitiveinthewesternmarkets.Astheresult,thetradewiththeSoviet
UnionononehanddiversifiedthecompositionoftheFinnishindustrialproduction.Onthe
otherhanditmadethestructureoftheindustrialproductionmorefixed.
However, not all choices by the Soviet Union were politically motivated. Especially in the
consumersectorsomeFinnishproductsfitRussiantastebetterthanother.
The paper ends up to a conclusion that the transfer of technology in the Cold War period
was a very complex issue. The choice of transferred technology did not depend only on
political and economic factors; cultural and national preferences had also impact on
deliveries.
70
Wednesday
SessionW1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
TheSovietForestryin19531964:TransferandImplementationofWestern
Technologies
Ph.D.candidateElenaKochetkova,NationalResearchUniversityHigherSchoolof
Economics,SaintPetersburg,Russia
In my paper I investigate how the Soviet Union, aimed to catch up and surpass with the
West, transferred and implemented Western technologies in such an important but
outdatedsectorastheforestryindustry.MystartingpointliesinthatSovieteconomicand
technological improvement was possible only due to outside help, and the forestry
dependedalotontechnologiesbroughtfromFinlandwhichwastheSovietborderneighbor
andcapitalistfriendaftertheSovietFinnishwarof19411944.
Soviet history after the Second World War included both technological achievements in
physics, space sciences and apparently outdated industries like forestry, consumer goods
manufacturing etc. Technological backwardness in some fields was recognized by N.S.
Khrushchev who initiated technological improvement which was proclaimed to be of
immenseimportance.Specialattentionwaspaidtoforestryasoneofthemainindustriesin
acountrywhichpossessedhugeforestresourcesbutsufferedfromoutdatedmachinesand
facilitiesaswellasalackofspecialists.TheSovietleadershipclaimedthatthestateshould
take the best of whatever the West could give, although in practical terms the number of
WesterncountriesopenfortheSovietswasnotlarge.FortheSovietstate,Finlandwasa
sourceofFinnishhomegrowntechnologyandknowhowaswellasachannelfortechnology
transferfromWesternEuropeandNorthAmerica.
Iexaminetheissuefocusingonthemicrolevel,inparticularonactivitiesofSovietengineers
and industrial scientists in their effort to transfer and implement Finnish and Western
throughFinlandknowledge,techniquesandexpertise.Iputtheissueintoalargecontextof
cooperationbetweenEastandWest.
Through these lenses, I analyze how capitalist knowledge correlated with the socialist
ground and planned economy. How did Soviet transfer agents encounter Western local
actors,orengineersandscientists?Howdidtransferoccurpracticallyandwhatformsdidit
take? And in general, what were economic, social, and cultural consequences of transfer
activitiesfortheSovietUnion?
71

Wednesday
SessionW1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
TradingwiththeIdeologicalEnemies
Dr.ElitsaStoilova,PlovdivUniversity,Bulgaria
Notwithstanding the limitations of the Cold War in terms of travel and trade, socialist
Bulgariaaccomplishedtheexportoftechnicalknowhowandproductstovariouscountries
beyond the Iron Curtain. The paper examines the promoting abroad of Bulgarian scientific
and technical achievements in industrial yoghurt manufacturing in the1970s. Bulgarian
yoghurtwassuccessfullypromotedabroadinpartbecausetheWesternyoghurtmarketwas
already well developed. Science not only helped construct and launch the notion of
BulgarianyoghurtssuperioritybutalsogavecredencetothenationalmythofBulgariabeing
the home of yoghurt. When Bulgarian producers exported yoghurt or its technology, they
were also exporting stereotypes, myths, and symbols. For their part, West European dairy
companies further reinforced the image. When yoghurt started travelling, any
expectationsorpreliminaryplanshadtobecheckedagainsttheoutcome.Byappropriating
yoghurt, considered a traditional Bulgarian product, the European market changed the
context of yoghurt consumption and adapted it to the specificity of the local markets.
Therefore the export of yoghurt that initially conveyed national pride did transform
Europeantaste.
Iwouldargue,thatdespiterestrictionsatvariouslevels,exchangeandcooperationbetween
East and West existed, rendering the Iron Curtain, metaphorically speaking, permeable. In
the 1960s and 1970s, the industrial need for Western innovations, machinery, and thus
currencypushedtheliberalizationoftradepolicieswiththerestoftheEuropeancountries
considered as capitalist in opposition to the communist ideological and economic order.
Bulgarians attempted to develop trade relations with noncommunist countries, even
though establishing contact with ideological enemies officially went against Cold War
animosity and the governments restrictions of free movement of people and goods.
Bulgariasexportandimportpolicies,however,showthatthestatewaslessofamonolithic
actor and operated on many levels. Civil servants working in the foreign trade area were
entwinedwithBulgarianembassiesandstatesecurityagencies.
72
TeachingEngineeringinDifferentTimesandCultures
Chair:DarwinStapleton,UniversityofMassachusetts,Boston,USA
Wednesday
SessionW1D
RoomUI7
9:0010:30
EngineeringProfessorsasEntrepreneurs: TheCaseofFranzReuleaux
(18291905)andAloisRiedler(18501936)
ProfessorWolfgangKoenig,TechnischeUniversittBerlin,Germany
Inlate19thcentury,FranzReuleauxandAloisRiedlerwereprobably themostwellknown
mechanicalengineeringprofessorsinGermany.Thetwoprofessorsworkedinanerawhen
GermanybecameoneoftheworldsleadingindustrialcountriesandwhentheInstitutesof
Technology (Technische Hochschulen) started to appoint engineers who possessed
industrialexperiencetothechairs.Itwasnearathandthatprofessorstriedtocontributeto
the industrial development by obtaining patents, founding own companies, investing in
existingandnewfirmsandworkingasconsultants.Bydoingthat,Reuleauxlostnearlyallhis
capitalwhereasRiedlerbecamemillionaire.
Ishallusethetwocasesfordiscussingsystematicquestionsonacademicentrepreuneurship.
Were there differences between the engineering disciplines in establishing commercial
activities? What kind of activities did the engineering professors perform? What were the
conflictsbetweentheprofessorsandstatebureaucracyontheonehandandwithindustry
ontheotherhand?Whatwerethereasonsforsuccessandfailure?
ThecasestudiesonReuleauxandRiedlerarebasedonallprintedandarchivalsourceswhich
are available. The general reflections on academic entrepreneurship are a first attempt of
systematizingthatresearchfield.
73
Wednesday
SessionW1D
RoomUI7
9:0010:30
WomenTransportEngineersinHungary WomenTeachersandStudentsat
theFacultyofTransportEngineersoftheTechnicalUniversityoftheBuilding
IndustryandoftheFacultyofTransportEngineeringoftheBudapest
TechnicalUniversity
ProfessorEvaVamos,HungarianMuseumforScience,TechnologyandTransport,Budapest,
Hungary
AfterWWIIthesocialistculturalgovernmentstrivedtoopenspecializeduniversitiesallover
the country. The University of Transport Engineering was founded in Szeged( SouthEast
Hungary) in 1951 and transferred to Szolnok in 1952. It merged with the Technical
Universityof the Building Industry and Engineering as third Faculty in 1955. (The
DepartmentsofBuildingEngineeringhadbeendetachedfromBudapestTechnicalUniversity
in 1949 to form a separate institution..) This new university was independent for 12 years
only then joined Budapest Technical University. According to the aspirations of the epoch
womenwereinvitedtoenrollfortheFacultyofTransportEngineering.However,duringthe
20th century their number never exceeded 10% of total students. The paper describes in
detailthecareersof4outstandingwomentransportengineers.Allofthemgraduatedfrom
theFacultyofTransportEngineeringofBudapestTechnicalUniversity.Twoofthembecame
regular professors and were awarded the Szchenyi prize the highest distinction scientists
couldobtain.OneofthembecamethefirstfemaledeanofBudapestTechnicalUniversity.
74

Wednesday
SessionW1D
RoomUI7
9:0010:30
FourScienceAcademiesMakesaLot
Dr.PanuNyknen,FinnishAcademyforTechnicalSciences,Finland
In Finland there are two academies of technological sciences, The Swedish Academy of
EngineeringSciencesinFinland(f.1921)andTheFinnishAcademyofTechnicalSciences(f.
1957). There are also two general science academies. In addition there is also the
Technology Academy Finland TAF and the Finnish Academy, the latter being merely a
governmental financing organization. There is also the Federation of Finnish Learned
Societies,workingnearthescienceacademies.
Forasmallcountrythenumberofacademiesisquitehigh.Forthereasonsofinternational
cooperation of the science academies the Council of Finnish Academies was founded in
1975. For the same reasons the technical science academies formed a cooperative
organization Finnish Academies of Technology FACTE in 1988. FACTE was 2002 one of the
foundersofMillenniumfoundation,nowtheTechnologyAcademyFinland.Thecooperative
organisations have not been able to fade the basic differences in between the four
academies.
There are several reasons for the founding of the science academies. The university is an
organisation in eternal transition, achanging picture of thesociety it supports. Sometimes
thecontactbetweenasocietyandtheuniversityisinjured.ThishashappenedinFinlandfor
economic orpoliticalreasonse.g.in 1830s,andduring theyearsofthebothWorldWars.
During the years, when university for some reason has not been able to discuss with the
society,thescienceacademieshaveofferedanalternativescientificbodyfordifferentneeds
ofthesociety.ThefourFinnishscienceacademieshavealanguagebaseddivisionandthere
isalsoadivisionbetweenthetechnicalandgeneralsciences.
In this paper the history of four Finnish science academies is discussed in the context of
politicalandeconomichistoryofthenation.Theroleofthescienceacademiesseemtobe
changingrapidlyinthe2010s,whenthescientificadvisinghasbecameanimportanttopicin
theEUandintheworld.
The sources for this study are the archives of the Council of Finnish Academies and the
technicalacademiesofFinland.
75
Wednesday
SessionW1D
RoomUI7
9:0010:30
AtributetoMauriceDaumasFoundingFatheroftheHistoryofTechnology
andoftheICOHTEC
ProfessorPierreLamard,TechnicalUniversityBelfortMontbliard,France
ProfessorRobertBelot,TechnicalUniversityBelfortMontbliard,France
We commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of Maurice Daumas death. Student of Gaston

Bachelard,editorofaHistoryofScienceandtogetherwithRenTatonofaGeneralHistory
of Technical and General History of Science, he was however much more than a great
historian of technology. He also helped the dissemination of knowledge through his
initiatives to create institutional structures such as the ICOHTEC and one of his latest
projectsmaterializedbytheemergenceofindustrialarcheologyasanewfieldofresearch.
Ourcontributionwouldliketotraceontheonehandhisintellectualcareerinordertogive
thekeystounderstandtheepistemologicalconstructionofthefieldofhistoryoftechnology
and to do justice on the other hand to an engaged historian who heightened public
awareness of the importance of technology, popularized history of technology but also
cleaved the field debating with Bertrand Gille. Finally, this research on the consistency of
Maurice Daumas intellectual journey and on the territories he has build, leads to the
questionofhislegacy,bothintermsofconceptsandmethods.Aretheystillrelevantanddo
theyfittheframeofourmodernity?
76
Turningpointsintechnologicaldevelopmentin
Romaniafromthemid19thcenturytonowadays:
1.Opening&Miscellanies
Wednesday
SessionW2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
Organiser:AlexandreHerlea,TechnicalUniversityBelfortMontbliard,
France
Chair:MirceaIvanoiu,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
GheorgheAsachi(17881869)intheRomanianCultureandEngineering
ProfessorEufrosinaOtlacan,RomanianCommitteefortheHistoryandPhilosophyof
Science,Romania
AhistoryofTechnologyisfirstofallahistoryofpeoplewhocreatedandwhoputinfunction
the instruments that were created. By transition here we understand a certain kind of
transition that manifested at the beginning of the XIXth century in the Romanian
Principalities.Thepaperpresentsapageofthehistoryofthistransitionrepresentedbyone
ofthemostimportantpersonalitiesofthosetimes,GheorgheAsachi.TheRomanianscholar
wasborninHerta(todayinUkraine)at01.09.1788anddiedinIasi(Romania)at12.11.1869.
AboutGheorgheAsachi,thegreatRomanianhistoricNicolaeIorgawrote:Inthosetimesa
Romanian to know so many things as he, did not exist. The importance of Asachis
contributiontothedevelopmentofthecultural,scientific,educationalandtechnicallevelin
Moldaviaispointedbymanyauthorswhosebooksandarticlestellaboutthelifeandworks
ofthislearnedpatriot.Amongthesourcesweenumeratesomebookswrittenbetween1890
and1992,someauthorsbeingV.Atanasiu,E.Lovinescu,D.Caracostea,C.Simionescu.One
importantsourceofinformationconsistsintheworkswrittenbyAsachihimself,textbooks,
socialanalysis,literarycomposition,poetry,hisCurriculumVitae.
The transition in Moldavia in those times needed persons with general and technical
education. Asachi had the competence to respond to the needs of his country, obtained
throughdeeperlevelsofstudy.In1804hefinishedhisstudiesinLvov,beinggraduatingwith
a PhD. in Philosophy and also obtained a diploma as engineer and architect. Since 1805,
AsachitraveledtoVienna,tookcoursesofmathematicsandpainting,thentoRome,where
hestudiedarcheologyandItalianlanguage.SomeimportantfactsfortheMoldavianlifedue
to Gheorghe Asachi are: the class of surveyors and civil engineers, where he taught
mathematics with practical applications for geodesy and lessons of architecture; a
gymnasium at Iasi; the Philharmonic and Dramatic Conservatorium; a vocational school.
Asachi set up the first printing house with Latin characters and edited books, calendars,
almanacsandthepublicationInstituteofRomanianHoneyinRomanian.
AsachiisrecognizedasthefounderoftheengineeringeducationinRomaniaandthatiswhy
wehavetheGheorgheAsachiTechnicalUniversityofIasi.
77
Wednesday
SessionW2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
HenriPoincaratResita,betweenScienceandTechnology (inFrench)
ResearcherMagdalenaStavinschi,AstronomicalInstituteoftheRomanianAcademy,
Romania
ProfessorAndreiVasilescu,TechnicalUniversityofCivilEngineering,Bucharest,Romania
Son rudition scientifique tait si vaste et profonde et son pouvoir de comprhension si

grand qu'il choisissait les sujets de recherche sa volont et il imprimait partout, avec la
mme puissance, les signes de son gnie . Cest ainsi quHenri Poincar a t caractris
parl'undesesprincipauxcollaborateurs,lesavantroumainSpiruHaret.Eneffet,Poincara
donn des rsultats impressionnants dans l'analyse, la mcanique cleste, la physique
mathmatique et la philosophie scientifique. Peu de gens savent qu la base de tous ces
rsultatssetrouvaituneformationtechnique.
Enjuillet1877,lafindelasecondeannedestudesl'coledesMinesdeParis,Poincar
fera le voyage dtude obligatoire de trois mois qui a inclus aussi la rgion industrielle de
Reia, conclut avec unMmoire sur la fabrication de l'acier dans le Banat. Ce mmoire
nousrvlelimportancedelindustriemtallurgique,pourlEurope,findu19mesicle.
Aprs avoir voqu brivement lhistoire des usines de Resita de 1771, date de leurs
crationsetjusqulpoquedelavisitedHenriPoincar,lacommunicationsarrteplusen
dtails sur ces usines lpoque de la visite dHenri Poincar. On met ainsi en vidence
quen 1868 Reia, a t introduit le processus Bessemer pour la production d'acier,
seulement six ans aprs son utilisation dans l'entreprise Krupp. En 1874, Reia avait
commenc la production, pour les chemins de fer europens, de plusieurs pices et sous
ensembles importants et mme de la premire locomotive pour le transport interne des
usines.
Ilyavaitdoncsuffisammentderaisonspourquelestudiantsdel'coledesMinesdeParis
(18751878)aillentReiapourleurstudes.
Bien que Reia se trouvt lpoque dans l'Empire austrohongrois, le voyage dHenri
PoincardanscecentredelacierserasonpremiercontactaveclesRoumains.Deretouren
France, il travaille avec de nombreuses personnalits de premier rang de la Roumanie,
devenant luimme membre honoraire de l'Acadmie Roumaine. Plusieurs dtails sur ces
aspectsserontprsents.
78
Wednesday
SessionW2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
TheDeIndustrializationoftheRepublicofMoldovaaftertheFallof
Communism(1991)(inFrench)
ResearcherDorinDusciac,Commissariatal'EnergieAtomique,Saclay,France
Durantlapriodesovitique(de19441991),laRpubliqueSovitiqueSocialisteMoldave
(RSSM)a t le thtre dune industrialisation force et le plus souvent mal dirige, qui a
dfigur toutes les branches de lactivit conomique. Fruit dune volont politique dicte
parleKremlin,lindustrialisationdupaysntaitpasrepartiedemanirequitablesurtout
leterritoiredelaRSSM.Ainsi,lesdeuxtiersdupotentielindustrieldelarpubliqueontt
concentrsenTransnistrie,ohabitaientenviron20%delapopulation.
En 1991, suite limplosion de lURSS, la RSSM dclare son indpendance et devient
lactuelle Rpublique de Moldavie. Sen suit une longue priode de transition vers
lconomie de march, qui saccompagne dune profonde crise conomique et sociale.
Durantlesdeuxdcenniesquisensuivent,lepayssubitunprocessusdedindustrialisation
quiestfavorisparlaconjonctiondeplusieursfacteurs.
La plupart des grands sites industriels construits pendant lpoque sovitique dpendaient
dansleurfonctionnementsurunechainedefournisseursetsurdesconsommateursfinaux
quien1991sesontretrouvsdansdespaysdiffrents(lesanciennesrpubliquesdelURSS),
tousenproieuneprofondecriseconomique.Lhyperinflation,lemanquedeliquiditset
la privatisation chaotique des gants industriels a dstabilis les processus industriels et
rompuleslienscommerciaux.Ladsagrgationducomplexeindustrielmilitairesovitiquea
vidlecarnetdecommandesdenombreusesentreprisessoustraitantesmoldaves,laissant
sansemploibonnombredouvriersqualifis,detechniciensetdingnieurs.
Leconflitmilitairequiaclaten1992entrelesautoritscentralesdeChisinauetlesforces
sparatistesdeTransnistrieamenladivisiondupaysetparconsquencelamputation
delaplusgrandepartiedupotentielindustrieldupays.
La dindustrialisation de la Moldavie saccompagne dune trs importante vague
dmigration,quimneladiminutionconsidrabledupotentielhumaindupays.
79
Wednesday
SessionW2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
TheRomanianAgricultureandViticultureafterthefallofCommunism.The
ExampleoftheDomainoftheCrowninSegarcea(inFrench)
Mr.MihaiAnghel
Lagriculture de la Roumanie, pays agricole, a t profondment touche par les

changements politiques et socioconomiques radicaux que le pays a subis depuis la
deuximemoitiduXIXmesiclenosjours.
Aprsuncourtpassageenrevuedesprincipalestapestraversesparlagricultureroumaine
depuis 150 ans (les grandes proprits, la rforme agraire aprs la Grande Guerre, la
collectivisation de lagriculture pendant le rgime communiste, la privatisation de
lagricultureaprslachuteducommunisme),lexposportesurunepartiedesDomainesde
laCouronnedeSegarcea,commeexempleillustrateurdecestapes.Ellessontbrivement
voques, lexception de la dernire, celle daprs 89, plus prcisment depuis l'anne
2000jusqu'prsent.
LeDomaineSegarcea,lundes12DomainesdelaCouronne(180.000ha)cren1884,est
utilis pour la culture des crales et de la vigne. Les technologies, les machines et les
installations les plus modernes (caves, silos, etc.) sont achetes et employes. Aprs la
DeuximeGuerreMondiale,lesDomainesdelaCouronnesontdevenusdesfermesagricoles
dEtatoucollectives,sansefficacit.
Aprslachuteducommunisme,lagriculturerentredansunepriodedecriseprofondedue
au ralentissement de la restitution des proprits confisques, linexistence et la
manipulationdescrditsbancaires,etc.
Mon expos portera principalement sur lvolution dune partie des Domaines de la
CouronnedeSegarceaaprsleursprivatisation,cestdireaprsavoirtrachetelEtat
roumainparlafamilleAnghel.Cestunpassageenrevuedelarenaissancedunepartiedes
anciens Domaines de la Couronne de Segarcea, suite la mise en oeuvre dune stratgie
similairecelledudbutduXXmesicle.Oninsisterasurtoutsurlesvignes(300ha),tout
en mettant en vidence leur refonte et consolidation conformment aux technologies et
standards des annes 2000, avec la prservation des btiments historiques et plus
gnralementdelidentitdelaterreetdesestraditions.
80
IXthAnnualSymposiumontheSocialHistoryof
MilitaryTechnology:1
Organiser:BartonHacker,NationalMuseumofAmericanHistory,
Washington,USA
Chair:CiroPaoletti,ItalianCommissionofMilitaryHistory(CISM),Rome,
Italy
Wednesday
SessionW2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
The history of military technology usually centers on weaponry, warships, fortifications, or

other physical manifestations of warfare, emphasizing how they were made or how they
worked. Historians have also tended to assume a strictly utilitarian and rational basis for
military technological invention and innovation. However necessary they may be, such
approaches largely ignore some very important questions. What are the contexts of social
values,attitudes,andinterests,nonmilitaryaswellasmilitary,thatshapeandsupport(or
oppose) these technologies? What are the consequences of gender, race, class, and other
aspectsofthesocialorderforthenatureanduseofmilitarytechnology?Or,moregenerally:
How do social and cultural environments within the military itself or in the larger society
affect military technological change? And the indispensable corollary: How does changing
militarytechnologyaffectotheraspectsofsocietyandculture?Inbrief,thissymposiumwill
addressmilitarytechnologyasbothagentandobjectofsocialchange,takingaverybroad
view that encompasses not only the production, distribution, use, and replacement of
weapons and weapon systems, but also communications, logistics, medicine, and other
technologiesofmilitaryrelevanceaswellassciencesofmilitaryinterest.
81
Wednesday
SessionW2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
BetweenReligion,WeaponsandPower:ArmedPriestsinLatinAmerica,
18001850
GraduatestudentJuanAdrianoChumpitazFernandez,UniversidadNacionalFederico
Villarreal,MarangaSanMiguel,Peru
Inthisessayweintendtoanalyzethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheactivitiesof
the priests and the militia, its religious significance and policy and its participation in the
independenceprocessthroughtheuseoftheweaponsandtheappropriationoftechnology
andthemilitaryorganization,assymbolsofpowerandauthorityinLatinAmerica,especially
inPeru,ArgentinaandMexico,between1800and1850
In the organizational structure of the main religious orders that were established in Latin
America, it is possible to find some similarities between the organization of military units
andthoseofthereligiousorders.
Marchena (1992), the organization of the fighting forces in America, their weapons and
tactics employed, allow us to consider that the American wars are, essentially, a
prolongation of the wars that are taking place in Europe between 1792 and 1815. The
religious orders were not alien to the socialconflicts, political andeconomic at the end of
theXVIIIcentury,areevidentandhardenatthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury.
The consolidation of the independence process and the organization of the new states,
inaugurates a convulsive period of anarchy, chaos and social disorder, political and
economic,causedbythevacuumofpowerandthepowerstruggles.
82
Wednesday
SessionW2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
HybridWarfare:theProgressionofTechnologicalSupplantationof
EuropeanWarHorsesintheDevelopmentofTotalWar,18501950
GraduatestudentChelseaMedlock,OklahomaStateUniversity,Stillwater,USA
TheFirstWorldWarwastheapexofnineteenthcenturyscientificandideologicaltrendsand
canbeviewedasahybridconflict,whichinvolvedthemergingofpreindustrializedmodes
of warfare (animals) and modern modes of warfare (mechanization) to produce the first
total and industrialized war of modernity. The Industrial Revolutions of the nineteenth
centuryledtosocietalpressuretomodernizeandmechanizeinallareasofEuropeansociety.
Themostsignificantaspectofthispushforindustrializationwasthesupplantationofhorses
onthebattlefield;inthismovement,GreatBritainledthewayformuchofthenineteenth
and twentieth centuries. The technological supplantation of European war horses began
during the Crimean War with the introduction of the railroad to European warfare. It
continuedsteadilyintheEuropeancitiesfrom1860to1880withtheadventofautomobiles
and other technological innovations; however, the pace of removal sped up significantly
afterthe1890swiththeintroductionofmassproductionandtheindustrializationofwarfare.
TheskirmishesandtechnologicaldevelopmentsoftheInterwarperiodhammeredthefinal
nail in the coffin of equine warfare for the British, unlike its allies and rivals in Western
society such as Nazi Germany, the USSR, and even the United States. These countries
continuedtousehorsepowerduringtheSecondWorldWar,withdisastrousconsequences.
The British, on the other hand, had been fully mechanized by 1939 (not including the
prestigious Horse Guards). Thus, Europe experienced an important transitional period in
modern warfare regarding the conversion from animal transportation to mechanical
transportation.Thispaperexploresthetransnationalprogressionofequinesupplantationin
WesternmilitaryfromtheCrimeanWartotheSecondWorldWar.Itfollowsthenumerous
industrialandtechnologicalrevolutionsthataffectedtheroleofthehorseonthebattlefield
andonthehomefronttoproducemodernandindustrializedconceptsoftotalwar.
83
War:2.OrganisationsandHardware
Organiser&Chair:TimoMyllyntaus,UniversityofTurku,Finland
Wednesday
SessionW2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
TechnologicalDevelopmentofFinnishShipbuilding:FromaContractorto
RussiatoaConstructorfortheSoviet,19001960
Ph.D.candidateAaroSahari,UniversityofHelsinki,Finland
ThispaperexaminesthedevelopmentofFinnishshipbuildinginthecontextofRussianand
Sovietmaritimeneeds.Duringthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyFinnishshipyardswentfrom
being fully dependent on Russian commissions to relying on limited domestic markets,
before an unprecedented expansion buoyed by war reparations and subsequent demand
from the Soviet Union. The industry largely procured materials and technology from the
westandsoldproductstotheeast.ThroughoutthisperiodFinlandwasinapeculiarplace
between the cold war lines. With this paper Iwill explore the scopeand natureof Finnish
shipexportsintotheSovietUnion.
Understanding Russian needs, and how Finnish shipyards met them, allows us to examine
this eastwest link. By focusing on this period we can compare both political changes and
technological development. Up to 1917 Finland was part of the Russian empire and to an
extent its domestic markets. Still before the Second World War Finnish shipbuilding was
underdevelopedandverylimitedinscope.By1960majorshipyardswereabletoofferSoviet
and other buyers competitive products. As global shipping had moved from steam to
combustion, the change in Finnish shipbuilding was not only quantitative but also
qualitative.
My research is based on Finnish shipbuilding companies records including technical ships
cards. With these construction records it is possible to use quantitative methodology to
recognize trends and transitions in the development of shipbuilding. I will also use the
Finnish war reparation bureau archives and other government records to establish the
diplomaticallycontrolledsetting,underwhichmostofFinnishSoviettradetookplace.
This paper will develop the central themes of my ongoing doctoral dissertation work on
governmentcontrolandguidancepoliciesinFinnishshipbuilding.
84
Wednesday
SessionW2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
TheBusinessofForeignAffairsUnrealizedVisionsofJointBusiness,
TechnologyandPoliticsinFinnishSovietShipbuildingattheEndoftheCold
War
Ph.D.candidateSaaraMatala,AaltoUniversity,Finland
Technology transfer between the West and East has played a remarkable, though
ambiguous,roleinFinnishSoviettradeduringtheColdWar.ThroughoutthisperiodFinland
andSovietUnionhadabilateraltraderelationshipwhichhasbeenpresentedasapolitical
necessity but economical profitable for Finland, and as a mean to ensure Finland`s
dependability and to channel western technology for the USSR. The technological
collaboration as a part of this was based on state`s level agreements, but from Finland`s
pointofviewitwasprimarilythebusinessofprivateFinnishenterprises.
This paper explores this intermingling of technology transfer, foreign affairs and private
businessinthefailedeffortstoincreasecollaborationbetweenFinnishandSovietshipyards
towards the end of the Cold War. It does it through a case study of the shipbuilding
company,WrtsilMarineandit`sinitiativetolaunchajointFinnishSovietenterprise1987
89. The motives of private Finnish industry were mainly economical: to maintain market
position,toincreasesales,todecreasecostsofproductionandtobypasstheregulationsof
the bilateral trade arrangements. However, also the political dimension was strongly
involvedintherhetoricandthechannelsofinfluenceusedtopromotetheinitiativeaswell
asimplicitlyinshapingwhatprojectswerecontemplated.
Thestudycontributestothediscussionabouttherelationshipbetweenthepoliticalvisions
and the economic interest in the FinnishSoviet technological collaboration. It increases
understandingabouttheroleofprivatecompaniesasbeingalliesinforgingtechnopolitical
visions of technology transfer and trade. However, the efforts appeared to be useless as
neither of the partners, Soviet Union or Wrtsil Marine, existed anymore more than a
couple of years. From this angle, the study increases also knowledge about the phase of
turmoilandtransitionintheendoftheColdWar.
The primary previously unexplored sources consists of Finnish archival material both from
the public and private side (Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Central Archives for
FinnishBusinessRecords)andinterviewstoexploretheeconomicandpoliticalmotivesand
technopoliticalvisionsbehindthisinitiative.
85
Wednesday
SessionW2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
MissedTransferChance.EarlyOutsourcingofTruckTransportinRussiaand
EastGermanyinthe1950sHadNoFollowersintheWest
ProfessorRichardVahrenkamp,LogisticConsultingBerlin,Germany
In the 1950s the SovietUnion and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) introduced an
innovativeconceptofcargotransportbytrucks:Theypulledoutthetruckfleetsthatwere
operatedbytheenterprisesofindustry,constructionandcommerceandconcentratedthem
into service companies (forwarders) that operated at the request of the enterprises. By
bundlingordersofdifferentclientsthecapacityutilizationoftheloadingspaceofthetrucks
couldbeincreasedandamacroeconomicutilityweregenerated.Imadesomeresearchto
explorethisinnovation.ForthecaseofSovietUnionIreliedonpaperspublishedinGerman
intheGDR.TheWesternmanagementdidnotpickupthisconceptbutinventeditasecond
time30yearslaterinthe1980sunderthenameoutsourcing.Thisconceptwasimported
from the Japanese car industry (Toyota production system).[1] The Western management
made no reference to the Eastern innovation as research in the archives of trade journals
revealed.TheWesternmanagementliteraturepointsouttooutsourceonlythosebusiness
processesthatarenotcloselytiedtocoreprocessesoftheenterprise.Thisexperiencemade
alsotheSovietUnionandtheGDR.Theoutsourcingintheconstructionindustryandinthe
wholesale enterprises, where transport was closely tied to core processes, was not
successful. This paper could be a starting point for an international comparative research
project. Scholars in the states of the former Eastern Bloc could evaluate the outsourcing
policyinthe1950sand1960sintheircountry.
86

Wednesday
SessionW2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
InternationalTruckTransportDuringtheColdWar
LecturerEmiliyaKaraboeva,EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands/Plovdiv
University,Bulgaria
The project deals with the international truck transport in the framework of the Cold War
regimeofseparation.ThecasestudyistheBulgarianstatecargocompanySOMAT(Business
Association of International Automobile Transport) and the group of the Bulgarian
internationaltruckdrivers.
Themainideabehindtheprojectisthattheglobaltransnationaltrucktransportandalsothe
TIR system allowed extensive transfer of goods, technologies, but also images, ideas and
values across the Iron Curtain. These transfers and flows can be seen on at least three
differentlevels:1.theofficialnetworkofcargotransferscoveringthewholeEuropeandthe
Middle East. 2. the state contraband transfers of illicit goods and technologies between
Bulgaria and the Middle East. 3. the transnational parallel truck drivers infrastructure for
unofficial distribution of smuggled goods across the Iron Curtain, covering the socialist
countries,WesternEuropeandtheMiddleEast.
ThemainthesisisthatdespitetheColdWarseparationandtheideologicalwarfare,namely
theinternationaltransportsystem,presentedherebythetrucktransport,allowsformore
holistic analysis of the seemingly contradictory essence of the actual and rather extensive
contacts and transfers between the two blocs. This approach considers not only the
intergovernmental trade and exchange, but also the way the flows of goods, images and
ideascrossedtheCurtainandreachedtheordinarypeoplemainlyviathesmugglingsystem
of the truckers, who transferred technological gadgets, clothes, magazines, and other
consumer goods. The general conclusion is that these flows and exchange also should be
seen as one of the most important tools for hidden unification of the tastes, values and
attitudes of people from the both sides of the Wall. This unification of tastes and values
proved further to be one of the key reasons for the smoother transition from socialist to
marketeconomysystemafter1989.
The research is based on various data provided by different kinds of sources, including
archivaldocuments,interviews,andofficiallypublishedstatedocuments.
87
DailyLifeandSymbolsofTechnologicalProgress
Organisers:
Chair:
ArtemisYagou,MacromediaUniversityforMedia
andCommunication,Munich,Germany
SlawomirLotysz,UniversityofZielonaGora,Poland
PatrykWasiak,UniversityofWroclaw,Poland
Wednesday
SessionW2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
Theproposedpaneladressesissuesoftechnologyusageindailylife,withemphasisonthe
formation of symbols of technological progress. The four papers of the panel deal with
technological objects from the domain of the everyday: modest and mundane, but also
ubiquitousandessential,suchobjectsinfluenceourperceptionoftechnologicalchangeand
reveal a lot about the related ideologies of the societies in which they belong. More
specifically:ArtemisYagouexaminesconstructiontoysandtheirpackaging(1920s1950s)as
representations of technological change and of evolving public perceptions of technology.
SonjaPetersentracestheroleoftheelectrickitchenintheGermanhousehold(19302006),
by using a cookbook first published in 1936 as a case study to disscuss how the fading of
traditionalskillsandtheemergenceofnoveloneswerenegotiatedbyelectrickitchenusers.
SawomirotyszemploystheexampleoftheelectricironinpostwarPolandtoillustratethe
complex processes of introducing and using new technology within a statecontrolled
economy that was resistant and even hostile to change. Constantin Canavas uses the
exampleofthepublicaccessdefibrillatortodiscusshowsuchtechnologyisperceivedasa
symbol of efficiency, safety and technological progress in contemporary societies. As a
whole, the panel aims to foreground international and interdisciplinary examples of
technologiesofeverydaylife,togenerateacreativedialoguebetweenthemandtoillustrate
theprocessesofinteractionbetweentechnologyandchangingsocioeconomicconditions.
88
Wednesday
SessionW2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
PlayfulTechnologyinaBox:ConstructionSetsandTheirPackagingas
SymbolsofTechnologicalTransition
Dr.ArtemisYagou,MacromediaUniversityforMediaandCommunication,Munich,
Germany
This paper deals with representations of technology and the ways in which they influence
daily life. The specific focus is on socalled technical or construction toys, such a sets of
buildingblocks;theseoriginatefromtheworldofbuildingandmachineryandareinspired
bythearchitecturalandtechnologicalenvironment.
Theboxesofsuchtoysaremundaneandperishableobjectswhichhoweverconstitutearich
source on behaviors and beliefs in relation to technology. Boxes for technical toys are not
merecontainerstoprotectandcarrythetoy,theyareindispensableandcrucialcomponents
oftheproduct;theysupportthesignificanceoftheplaythingstheycontainandcontributeto
their functions and symbolism in multifarious ways. These boxes are thus central in the
generationanddisseminationofrelevanttechnologicalknowledgeanditsapplications:what
thetoyisandhowitfunctions;whoissupposedtouseit,when,where,andhow;whatkinds
ofbehaviorbychildrenandparentsitencourages;whattypesofprofessionalorientationit
promotes;howitaffectsthedevelopmentanddiffusionofspecificattitudestowardsscience
andtechnology;howitisrelatedtotheunfoldingofwidersocialorpoliticalagendas.
Thepaperwillpresentexamplesoftoysandtheirboxesfromtechnologicalandtoymuseum
collectionsinGermanyanddiscusstheseandsimilarquestions,withtheaimofcontributing
tothesymposium'ssubjectoftransitionalaspectsoftechnology.
89
Wednesday
SessionW2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
TheAllElectricKitchenasSymbolofModernHousekeepingand
TechnologicalProgressinGermany(19302006)
Dr.SonjaPetersen,UniversityofStuttgart,Germany
Oureating,conservation,foodpreparationandcookinghabitschangedsignificantlydueto
theimplantationofelectrichouseholdappliances.Cookbooksareararelyusedsourceinthe
historyoftechnologyandconsumption.Especiallyenergysupplycompanies,liketheBerliner
Kraft und Licht (BEWAG) Aktiengesellschaft, tried to educate users to buy electric
appliancesforexamplebyspecialcookbooks.Thesebookscreatenewneeds,evenbefore
the appliances became part of standard household equipment. My thesis is that the all
electric kitchen becomes a symbol of modern housekeeping and technological progress in
Germanyandthatontheonehand,knowledgeaboutmanualskillsandtraditionalcooking
proceduresget lost in the processbut, on theother hand, new knowledge concerning the
handlingofelectrichouseholdappliancesforpreparationandcookingneededtobegained
by the users. This process is illustrated in a case study of the cookbook Das elektrische
Kochen,firstpublishedin1936.Thecookbookhasnowbeeninprintfor75years,fromits
firstpublicationtothepresent,innolessthan54editions.Overthedecades,thiscookbook
hasaccompaniedthetechnologicalprogressoftheallelectrickitcheninGermany.Itshows
how the ideas of technological progress changed over 70 years from the perspective of
energysupplycompanies.
90
Wednesday
SessionW2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
HotCommodity:MakingClothingIronsinPostWarPoland
Dr.SlawomirLotysz,UniversityofZielonaGora,Poland
The clothing iron is one of the most basic and probably the most common household
applianceintheworld.ThefirstelectricironsappearedinPolandinthe1920sbutuntilthe
World War Two broke they remained rather a scarce commodity mainly due to general
underdevelopment of power grid and relatively high prices of energy. During the Nazi
occupation, the charcoal, and box & slug irons were again in vogue, and the market for
electricunitsrecoveredonlyintheearly1950s.Atfirstthemarketofelectricironwasleft
aside by state owned factories, and as such small private enterprises and cooperatives
pickeduptheslack.Theironsthattheyproducedwereverysimpleandrobust,butsufficient
tofillthewant.
Asthemarkethasbeensaturatedtosomeextentin1960sandlater,thecustomersstarted
tocomplainaboutlowqualityandfunctionalityofdomesticirons.Thematterwastakenin
hands by testers from the Office of Quality Mark. Also, the designers associated with the
InstituteofIndustrialDesigntooktheelectricironsontheirdrawingboards.However,most
of those steps did not bring any tangible effects. A significant exception was improving
working humidity conditions of irons produced at Nowa Deba plant in southernPoland. In
thiscasetheredesigningprocesswasinitiatedbytheAfricanbuyersofPolishirons,andwas
carriedoutunderthesupervisionofcentralgovernmentalinstitutionsandthesocialistparty
leadersofthehighestranks.Significanly,thementionedirron,denominatedasmodelC28,is
still being produced in Poland since then, which beats all records of longevity of industrial
designinthecountry.
The paper analyzes how the quality, functionality and the esthetics of electric irons was
negotiated in the realm of state controlled economy. The paper concludes, that the
communication between designers, producers and customers of electric irons, and other
householdappliances,inpostwarPolandwashighlyineffective,andassuchthecaseof a
robustmodelC28,whichretaineditsmainfeaturesandshapeunchangedforthenexthalfa
century,isnotanexception,butanexemplificationofthisclaim.
91
TurningPointsinTechnologicalDevelopmentin
2.MaterialsScience&Industry
Wednesday
SessionW3A
RoomUI2
14:0015:30
France
Chair:TudorIonescu,UniversityofVienna,Austria
RomanianContributiontotheMaterialsScience (inFrench)
ProfessorHoriaColan,PolytehnicInstituteofClujNapoca,Romania
LafinduXIXesicle amarqu,dupointde vuedelarelationscienceindustrie,ledbutd

unenouvellepoque:celledelarecherchescien fiquedirigeverslindustriequicon nue
dexisterjusqunosjours,quandleprogrsindustrieletceluiscientifiquesonttroitement
lis.Unexempledanscesensestlacration,ilyaunsicle,delasciencedesmatriaux,en
majorit mtalliques, dont l application a rvolutionn l'industrie et a eu de grandes
consquencessurledveloppementdelacivilisation.
Lestapesdel'histoiredelasciencedesmatriauxrsultentdesgrandsvnementsquiont
exerc une influence dcisive sur sa formation et son dveloppement. A mon avis, ceuxci
sont les suivants : l'introduction de l'exprimentation en mtallurgie et la dcouverte de
nouveaux matriaux (Raumur, 1722) ; la dcouverte des constituants et des
transformations des phases dans les alliages, c'est dire la cration de la thorie des
alliages et des traitements thermiques grce deux mthodes d'investigation : la
mtallographie et l'analyse thermique (Osmond, Le Chatelier, RobertsAusten, Martens,
18871895) ; la dcouverte de la diffraction des rayons X et leur application en
cristallographie (Bungeianu, 1896 ; von Laue, 1912 ; Bragg, 1913) ; l'ide des dfauts
cristallins (dislocations) et leur dcouverte exprimentale ultrieure (Taylor, Orowan,
Burgers,Franketc,19341939).
Anghel Saligny (18541925) a labor le projet et a construit le plus long pont d'Europe
(1895). Son" Mmoire sur le projet du pont sur le Danube Cernavod" (1888) est un
exceptionnelouvragesurlespropritsmcaniquesettechnologiquesdesaciers.Reiail
y avait ds 1880 le laboratoire d'essais physiques (mcaniques), enrichi ensuite avec des
sections comme la mtallographie, l'analyse dilatomtrique, etc. Bucarest, le premier
laboratoirecompltementoutillatfonden1886l'EcoledesPontsetChaussespar
l'minentchimisteAlfonseSaligny.En1924estcrlelaboratoiredemtallurgiel'Ecole
Polytechnique, qui en 1927 est complte par une nouvelle section de mtallographie et
traitementsthermiqueeten1930pardesappareilsderayonX,spectroscopie,etc.grceau
professeurTraianNegrescu.
Au dbut du XXe sicle apparaissent en Roumanie les premires recherches
mtallographiquesetd'analysethermiquedeniveauinternational.EllessontduesCristea
NicolescuOtin(18791954)etsontpubliesl'AcadmieRoumaine(19101913).
92
Wednesday
SessionW3A
RoomUI2
14:0015:30
EvolutionofNanomaterialsDevelopmentinRomania:fromFirstIdeasto
FirstTechnologyTransfers
LecturerGabrielaAdrianaPlaiasu,UniversityofPitesti,Romania
ResearcherRaduRobertPiticescu,InstituteofNonferrousandRareMetals,Romania
ResearcherVasileRizea,
ProfessorMarioaraAbrudeanu,UniversityofPitesti,Romania
The history of nanomaterials in Romania started around year 1987 when the Joint
Economical Aid Council (CAER) of former communist countries started the first research
programaimingtodevelopthesocalledadiabaticmotor,requiringnanostructuredceramics
materials.Therewerepracticallynorelevantexperimentaldevelopmentsandtheprogram
was closed in 1991. After the Romanian revolution of December 1989, the access to
internationalscientificandeducationcommunityhasopenedalargegatetonewideas,new
marketsandnewopportunities.
CollaborationwithpartnersfromFrance(e.g.CNRS/PROMESFranc)startedaround1995in
theframeofdifferentbilateralprograms.NATOScienceforPeaceandEuropeanPrograms
(SOLFACE,SFERA)wasoneofthefirstsuccessstoriesenablingthejointdevelopmentofnew
structural and functional ceramic nanomaterials by original physical and chemical
procedures. In 1997 the first attempts to develop the first National Program for
Nanomaterials started under the leadership of Prof. Teodor Segarceanu from IMNR,
nominated by the National Agency for Scientific Research. This work was continued and
finishedbytheRomanianAssociationofMaterials.InthesametimeAcad.Prof.DanDascalu
from the Institute for Microtechnologies proposed a first national program for micro and
nanotechnologies. After year 2001 the two programs were joined in the first National
Programs for Materials, Micro and Nanotechnologies MATNANTECH, financing an
important number of applied projects in cooperation between academic and industrial
partners.NewmodernexperimentalfacilitiesweredevelopedinallmajorAcademicCenters
from Bucharest, Cluj, Iassy, Timisoara, Constanta, Pitesti, Galatzi and even more. The
growingimportanceoftheNationalentitiesisreflectedinthestudyandelectronicresources
database NANOPROSPECT, a study of the possible strategy for development of
nanomaetrialsandnanotechnologiesinRomaniaforthenextperiod.Inthemaintextofthis
communicationexamplesofrelevantachievementsofRomanianresearchinnanomaterials
willbegiven.
93
Wednesday
SessionW3A
RoomUI2
14:0015:30
PrioritiesinRomanianOilandGasIndustry:Resource;Personalities;
Inventions;Technologies;CorporateDevelopments;SocialandHistorical
Connectionsinsitus,intempusandTheirHistoricalEvolution(InFrench)
ProfessorCotorobaiVictoria,GheorgheAsachiTechnicalUniversityofIai,Romania
ThePontoCarpathoDanubianareawasborn,grewup,wasformedandwasfulfilled,along
history,bypeoplewhohavecontributedtotheprogressofhumanity.Othersjustwereborn,
raised and formed here but fulfillment came for them in other societies more open to
innovation and, certainly more potent for adequate funding of research and practical
applications, and a more pragmatic approach to the subject. Some of them acted as true
explosions of intellectual achievement" that, far away in space or future, exered their
influence for a long period of human development. Two of these intellectuals, who were
born and died in Romania, whose intellectual potential exploded in the epoch but whose
innovations were ahead of their time are: the Romanian engineer Gogu Constantinescu,
whose contributions in introducing the theory of Sonics and his preoccupations about its
possible applications were highlighted by important patents, and also the Romanian
engineerIonBasgan,whosepatent"Methodforimprovingtheefficiencyofadvancedrotary
drilling, by rotation percussion and the depreciation of hydro mechanic pressure" has
revolutionizedthedrillingtechnology.
Thispaperpresentsacomprehensiveanalysisonmultiplelevels,inventions/innovationsof
several Romanian engineers and technological priorities of the Romanian oil and gas
technology and the interrelations between the areas of human creativity. Analysis criteria
adoptedare:a)oilandgasinRomania:shorthistory;b)personalitiesinvolvedinoilandgas:
their professional training and their inventions; interconnection between formative
professional institutions, research and technological implementation, western and eastern
Romanians; c) the role of Romanian oil in European history; d) oilgas history and social
aspects; e) the possible continuity of the oil and gas industry in Romania: bioengineering,
newtechnologies.
94
Wednesday
SessionW3A
RoomUI2
14:0015:30
TheBeginningsofExplosiveMaterialManufacturinginRomania(19211942)
(InFrench)
ProfessorElenaHelerea,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Mr.FlorentinOlteanu,PresedintealFundatieiCulturaleNegruVoda,Fagaras,Romania
LacommunicationconcernelapremireusinedexplosifsdeRoumanie:samiseenplaceet
son dveloppement, ainsi que les implications socioconomiques au niveau local et
national. Aprs la Premiere Guerre Mondiale et la cration de lEtat unitaire roumain, le
dveloppement conomique sacclre. Parmi les priorits, part lagriculture :
lexploitationetlutilisationdesmatirespremiresetdelnergie.Immdiatementaprsla
guerre, lindustrie minire doit rpondre aux besoins dexplosifs ncessaires dans le
processus dexploitation minire. Il tait ainsi urgent et impratif de fonder en Roumanie
uneusinepourleurfabrication.
LesigedelusineattabliauxalentoursdelavilledeFagaras,rgionsitueaucentredu
Pays,aupiedsdesmontagnes,bnficiantainsidundegrdescuritleve.
Lapremiresocitroumainedexplosifs,unesocitcommercialeanonyme,estfondele
10fvrier1921,jourdesonenregistrementparlAdministrationdeBrasov,Lecapitalest
60%roumain(10%lEtatet50%capitalpriv)et40%tranger:legroupedesSocitsNobel
IndustriesLtd.etDynamitNobelA.GdeBratislava.Cesderniersapportentdesinstallations,
machinesetassurentlesupporttechnique.Lanouvellesocitobtientunmonopolede30
ans.
En1924,lusinedexplosifsdeFagarasdevientoprationnelleavectroisbranches:celledela
productiondacidenitrique,celledexplosifsdescuritetcellededynamite.Lepersonnel
technique,despcialitetdencadrementestformpardesroumainsetdestrangers.La
matire premire utilise provient de Roumanie, Allemagne, France, Amrique du Sud,
Tchcoslovaquie,Autriche.
LamiseenplacedecetteusineFagaraseutunfortimpactsurlargion:laconstructiondes
logementsetdescoles,undplacementdelapopulationruraleverslavilledeFagaraset
sesalentours;uncentrederechercheestmisenplaceetdeschercheurssyinstallent.
Larticle examine les conditions dans lesquelles la diversification de la production et la
capacit de fabrication dexplosifs jusquaux annes 19391942, lorsque la production
militaireprendlepassurlaproductioncivile.
95
IXthAnnualSymposiumontheSocialHistory
ofMilitaryTechnology:2
Washington,USA
Italy
Wednesday
SessionW3B
RoomUI3
14:0015:30
UnionandConfederateViewsonGuncotton
Dr.YoelBergman,TelAvivUniversity,Israel
YetfewyearsbeforeintheConfederacy,guncottonwasemployedinelectrictorpedoesand
inotherweapons.The"electrictorpedo"wasastaticminelaidunderwateranddetonated
from a remote operator position, by sending an electric current through insulated wires.
Such a device was invented before the War but was improved by the South with the
contributions of Charles Wheatstone with his portable electric generator and Frederick
Abel'sfusesfordenotation.Abel'simprovementintheguncottonprocessduring18621865
may have helped him to devise the needed fuse and assist the South in employing
guncotton.
Severalsourcesindicate thatguncotton usewas notasporadicincident. CivilWarGeneral
GabrielRainswrotethatguncottonwasthemoreeffectiveexplosiveinSoutherntorpedoes
andalsoinshells,andtheScientificAmericanaftertheWarwritesaboutguncottonusein
the Confederacy. One indication follows May 6, 1864. On that day for the first time in
history, an electrically detonated torpedo sunk a warship, the Union Commodore Jones in
the James River, Virginia. Following the incident Union advance toward Richmond was
halted, prompting the South to equip with more electric torpedoes. This seems to have
reflected on guncotton procurement. On June 20, 1864 the Confederate Navy Secretary
MallorywrotetohisagentinEngland:"Werequireassoonaswecangetitthe25milesof
insulatedwiresand1000poundsofguncottonorderedinmyletterof11thofApril"and"If
youcansendus5000poundsofguncottonsuchasispreparedbythelastimprovedprocess
(the new Frederick Abel processY.B) you will please do so. This is required specially for
torpedoservices,whichisdestinedtobecomeanimportantelementofthedefensivewar".
Procurement was made abroad since both sides in the War were unsuccessful in their
attempts to manufacture guncotton. The South had the cotton but not the essential
ingredientnitricacid,whiletheUnionhadnitricacidbutnotcotton.
96
Wednesday
SessionW3B
RoomUI3
14:0015:30
Theysaythatitexcitedlaughterratherthanterror,amongtheirmen:The
BritishProfessionalMilitaryDebateonMitrailleurs,18691875
Ph.D.candidateRyanPatterson,UniversityofExeter,UnitedKingdom
Amateur enthusiasm and official scepticism; these two threads ran through the debate
among British officers on the question of mitrailleurs (early machine guns) before their
incorporation intothearmy. In mypaper,Iexploretheseargumentsasawindowintothe
cultureofmilitary,itsimagesofitself,anditsimagesofempireduringapivotalperiodinthe
formationofBritishimperialism.
MystudytakesacomparativelookattherecordsoftheWarOffice1870and1871Special
Committees on Mitrailleurs and those of the Director of Artillery. I then show the highly
cultural components of this technical and tactical debate with an examination of the
proceedingsoftheRoyalUnitedServicesInstitutionandanumberofpublications,articles,
andpamphletsreleasedbyofficerswithaninterestinthetopic.
IemployDavidEdgertonsusebasedapproachtothehistoryofinvention,whichresiststhe
tendency to characterise novel technologies as revolutionary or inevitable. To become
accepted a technology must only be perceived as superior to alternatives in those specific
categoriesthatarebelievedtobeimportant.Thus,theperspectivesoftestingcommitteesat
the War Office, theorists at the Royal United Services Institution, and proponents of
expansion in the colonies, reveal what those commentators felt was needed in a new
weapon or, indeed, why and where new weapons were needed. To many officers, the
mitrailleur appeared to be an ideal solution to the challenges of African and Indian small
wars,astheythenconceivedthem.
97
Wednesday
SessionW3B
RoomUI3
14:0015:30
TheBulletproofVestandtheArchduke:19thCenturyInnovationVersus
20thCenturyFirepower.
ResearcherLisaTraynor,RoyalArmouriesMuseum,Leeds,UnitedKingdom
ArchdukeFranzFerdinandwasassassinatedonthe28thJune1914inSarajevo.Theassassin,
Gavrilo Princips lucky shot, struck him in the neck, resulting in the Archduke bleeding to
death. Historical rumours claim that the Archduke owned a piece of silk bulletproof body
armour,whichhefailedtowearthatday.Originallythebrainchildofpriestturnedinventor
CasimirZeglen,thisarmourwascomposedofacombinationoforganiclayers,mostnotably
silk, which had bullet stopping capabilities. By the early 1900?s these armours were being
soldglobally,andweremarketedtoheadsofstateandroyalty.
The focus of this paper is to report the ongoing research at the Royal Armouries of the
capabilitiesofZeglentypereplicaarmoursagainsttheFNBrowningModel1910,in.380ACP
(M1910).ThiswasthesamemodelofselfloadingpistolusedtoassassinateArchdukeFranz
Ferdinand. So far the Royal Armouries has tested early Zeglen patents successfully against
various blackpowder calibres of the 19th century. The tests on Zeglens early patents
against modern .380 ACP have not been as successful, however they have provided
promisingindicatorsforwhatlaterZeglenpatentsmightbeabletowithstand.
Princips shot heard around the world is something which as a researcher of arms and
armour within this epoch fascinates me. The idea of Ferdinands survival has led many to
wonderabouttheoutbreakofWarin1914.Hadhelived,couldthisglobalconflicthavebeen
delayedorevenprevented?
Throughballistictesting,withfirearmsandreplicatypesilk vests,theRoyalArmourieswill
eventually be able to show which Zeglen patent, if any, would have withstood the bullet
fromPrincipspistol.
98
War:3.CommerceorSecurity
Organiser:TimoMyllyntaus,UniversityofTurku,Finland
Chair:ElenaKochetkova,NationalResearchUniversityHigherSchoolof
Economics,SaintPetersburg,Russia
Wednesday
SessionW3C
RoomUI6
14:0015:30
NeedsofIndustrializationandtheViceofEconomicDepressionasIncentives
fortheTechnologyTransfer:the1935AgreementbetweentheRCAandthe
SovietPeoplesCommissariatinRadioandElectronics.
ProfessorVasilyBorisov,RussianAcademyofSciences,Moscow,Russia
In December 1935 some American newspapers reported that Amtorg, the Soviet trading
corporation,hadordered$2,000,000worthofradioequipmentandmachineryforshipment
totheSovietUnion[1].Thenewswasremarkable,astheUnitedStatesdidnotrecognizethe
SovietRepublicforaverylongtimeandhadmadethatonlyin1933.Soinpreviousyearsthe
USSRcontactedmainlywiththeWestEuropeancompanieswhenstockingupwithelectronic
equipment. One more curious fact was that the purchase had been approved by the U.S.
army and navy and the State Department. The equipment was to be made in the Radio
CorporationofAmericaplantsinCamdenandHarrison,NewJersey.
The RCA manufactured a complete television system, including the transmitter, control
rooms,cameras,andreceivers.TheRCAtransmittingsystemwasinstalledattheMoscowTV
center for completely electronic translation of television programs. Besides the RCA plants
delivered three technologic lines for radio valves production. The technologic lines were
installedatplantsinLeningradandinthesuburbofMoscow.[2]
Business got over political discrepancies: the USSR needed facilities of the wellknown
corporation for the aims of industrialization, while in conditions of the recession the RCA
neededsolventcustomersfortheirproduction.
99
Wednesday
SessionW3C
RoomUI6
14:0015:30
TransnationalReactionstotheSovietOilOffensive:NATODebatesonOil
ExportsandPipelineTechnology(19601962)
Ph.D.candidateRobertoCantoni,UniversityofManchester,UnitedKingdom
Bythelate1950s,theSovietUnionhadreacquiredastrongpositionasaworldoilexporter,
thanks to a number of discoveries in theUralVolga area. In order to transport their oil to
strategiclocationswithintheSovietUnionandtoEurope,theSovietsdevisedaprojectofa
colossal pipeline system that would connect oilfields to Eastern Europe, as well as to the
Black and the Baltic Seas. Works to the system started in 1960. Anxieties for the pipeline
coupled with those arising from a spectacular oil export strategy directed to some major
WestEuropeancountries.
The Soviet 'oil invasion of Europe' was seen by countries with established positions in the
international oil market as part of a larger economic offensive, aimed at generating
dependence of European markets from cheap Soviet oil, and at destabilising the
international market's price structure. The completion of the pipelines European branch,
Druzhba,wouldthushelptheSovietsaccomplishingtheirputativemission.Bothexportsand
pipelineswereatthecoreofbitterandlengthydiscussionsstagedbetween1960and1962
within transnational organisations, where a difficult harmonisation of conflicting positions
wasattempted.
In my paper, I decided to focus on NATO. I first show that the debate on oil imports
eventuated in very limited concrete results, due to the opposition of Italy and to its
temporising tactics. I then move to the Druzhba question, and analyse how the US
formulatedproposalofanembargoonpipesandpipelinetechnologymetwithfirmBritish
hostility.WhiletheAmericanstriedtopersuadetheiralliesintoacceptingtheirproposalby
advancing military security reasons, the British responded by stressing the economic
inconvenience of a blockade. The NATO confrontation, which included the intervention of
highrankmilitaryandintelligencefigures,alsocenteredonamoretechnicalaspect,namely
the definition of strategic equipment. The latter, I argue, was coproduced through a
negotiationamongthepartiesinvolved,andeventuallysteeredtheissuetoaconclusion.
100
Wednesday
SessionW3C
RoomUI6
14:0015:30
TheEvolutionofScienceCitiesasCentersforTechnologicalTransitionsin
Russia
ResearcherGalinaGorokhova,RussianAcademyofSciences,Moscow,Russia
ProfessorVitalyGorokhov,RussianAcademyofSciences,Moscow,Russia
Throughout the postwar period, the USSR militaryindustrial complex was the chief
consumer and customer as far as science was concerned. Secrecy that dominated that
periodpredeterminedthelocationandorganizationalstructureofsciencecities:theywere
academicandmilitarysettlementsclosedtooutsiders.Butinthistimeweremanyscientists
and engineers from Germany in these institutions together with Russian scientists and
engineers (Sharashka was an informal name for these secret research and development
laboratories).ButitwasalsoWestEastTransferofTechnology.UnderKhrushchev,political
factorscametothefore.UnderBrezhnev,partyandideologicalinterestsgainedsupremacy,
often to the detriment of the economy. The main factors constituting science cities are
political, economic, legal, and social. Initially, domestic science cities were created as
artificial settlements; in the Soviet era, they began to develop as a natural system urban
agglomerations witha uniquely democratic social environment. These entities were
interdisciplinaryandmultinational.Similarly,gatheredinasciencecitywerescientistsfrom
differentregionsoftheUSSRandfromdifferentareasofscience,wheretheycreatedanew
interdisciplinaryresearchcommunityundertheauspicesofthecity.Butforexampleinthe
city Dubna in Joint Institute for Nuclear research were scientists and engineers from
different European Countries. It was EastWest Transfer of Technology under the epithet
peaceful coexistence. The involvement of the scientific community in militaryindustrial
projects ensures its relative independence from ideological and financial pressure.
Generation of favorable and creative conditions for dealing with scientific and engineering
problemsisasalientfeatureand,infact,thefoundationofasciencecity.Theevolutionof
sciencecitiesproceedstodaytofreecitiesofscience,which,inadditiontoraisingscientific
technologies, are assuming certain defensive functions in our increasingly bureaucratized
society.Modernsocietiesandstatesrequireearlycommercialandtechnologicalresultsfrom
modernscience.Butweneedforthedevelopmentofnewareasofsocialscience,suchasthe
risk studies, the study of the effects of management and economic decisions, social
evaluation of technologies, and applied ethics. (This report is prepared for the project
Socialphilosophicalandmethodologicalproblemsofthetechnologicalrisksinthemodern
society(120600092)oftheRussianFoundationofBasicResearch).
101
Wednesday
SessionW3C
RoomUI6
14:0015:30
IntelligenceInterchangeintheAreaofScienceandTechnologyBetween
PolandandtheSovietUnion,19861990
Dr.MirosawSikora,InstytutPamieciNarodowej,Katowice,Poland
Technological gap in development between both sides of iron curtain became obvious
already during the 1950s. Along with the dtenteera communists countries managed to
importsomevitaltechnologicalsolutionsbypurchasingproductionlinesorsigninglicense
agreementswithFrance,WestGermanyorGreatBritain.Howeverrealhightech,especially
insuchbranchesasautomaticcontrolorpowerengineering,waseitherprotectedbyprivate
companies interested in maintaining its monopoly and export, or embargoed by western
governmentsinspiredbytheUSA.
Mypaperclaimsthat,inordertoevadevariouslegalrestrictionsininternationaltrade,the
Soviet Union encouraged satellitesstates to launch massive clandestine undertakings.
Furthermore Moscows intelligence service instructed and trained their colleagues from
Warsaw, Prague or East Berlin in the area of scientific and technical espionage. KGB also
organized this multilateral intelligencerelationships, by designing a complex system of
informationexchange.After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in mostformer communistic
countries, documents of the intelligence service had been declassified and made available
for historians. In Poland these files are stored and accessible in the Institute of National
Remembrance. Files of the scientifictechnical intelligence covering years 19861990 are
exceptionally well preserved and they allow detailed reconstruction of the PolishRussian
cooperationintheareaofindustrialespionageduringthelastfiveyearsplancurriedoutby
the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Analysis involved tasks
descriptionspassedfromKGBtoPolishintelligenceaswellasPolishreportsondebriefings
withtherepresentativesoftheRussianpartner.Insightinthosefilesenablestoestimatethe
profile and the quantity of smuggled and exchanged material as construction
documentation,chemicalsamples,components,entiredevicesetc.Moreoverwecanpoint
out targeted countries, states organizations or private companies. Both sides exchanged
experience in recruiting, handling and paying agents, which will be also discussed in the
paper. The emphasis is put on the Russian partner, because the activity of the scientific
technicalarmwithinKGBinthelate1980scomparingtothepreviousperiodisstillnot
enoughexaminedbyhistorians.
Basicconclusionsareasfollows:theamountoftheinformationbeingsharedwasgrowing
systematicallyduringthesecondhalfoftheeighties.ThespectrumofSovietinterestinthe
areaofscienceandtechnologywasratherevenlydistributedbetweenthecivilandmilitary
applications.ElectronicandIT,biotechnologyandchemistrydominatedinformationstream,
makingheavyindustryandenergeticasecondaryfieldofactivity.
102
RedefiningArchitecture
Chair:MarkkuNorvasuo,AaltoUniversity,Finland
Wednesday
SessionW3D
RoomUI7
14:0015:30
PrefabReinterpretation
Dr.AgnesBorsos,UniversityofPcs,Hungary
In Central and Eastern Europe, prefabricated panel buildings make up a significant part of
the housing stock. These prefabs define the cityscape of Hungarys main cities in a great
deal,andahighpercentageofthepopulationlive,orhavelivedinsuchbuildings.Hungaryis
standingrightbeforethePrefab3program,indicatingthatapartoftheseblockshasgone
undersomekindofrenovationalready.Theserehabilitationscouldonlypartiallyremedythe
obsolescenceandtherelatedprejudices.Oneoftherelevantproblemsismostlycausedby
these buildings lack of individuality, the deficiency caused by the module system which
preventstheflexibleformationoftheinteriorspaces.Thesespatialstructures,theprefabs
were to be considered too small and too tight even shortly after their construction. The
prefabs conveniences, such as bathroom, elevator, etc., lost their value shortly, for these
conveniences could not meet, nor complement the needs of the family living space. This
escapehadofcoursemanyreasonsandcomponents.Findingafull,orapartialsolutionto
these components and problems may provide an opportunity to reverse, or at least slow
downtheobsolescence.Onepartofthedeficiencies,andtheemergingprejudicesisfiguring
the questions of remote heating and engineering, while the other part is dealing with
practical everyday use. A complex interiordesign response, which pays attention to
conveniencesanddetailsresultingfromtheuse,maybethesolution.
Thepreciseconsiderationofthesedetailsanduse,assumingthatthesolutionisadjustedto
the owners lifestyle, is the most important, letting the missedfromthebeginning
individuality be found. The task and the goal is the demonstration of these solutions, the
presentationofthecountlessvariationsinherentintheonesameprefabapartment.Using
alltheresourcesandtoolsofinteriordesign,thelivingspacesshouldbeconstructedsothat
they can fulfill the physiological needs of a home. With the precise consideration of the
particular interior spaces, the detailed design of the main household objects: the builtin,
andnotbuiltinfurniture,isoneofthegroundbreakingcornerstonesofergonomicuse.
103
Wednesday
SessionW3D
RoomUI7
14:0015:30
ArchitectureandPolitics.NewConstructionSolutionsinPolishFairVenues
ProfessorPiotrMarciniak,PoznanUniversityofTechnology,Poland
Apart from playing a typical marketing role, international exhibitions and fairs were, for
manyyears,afieldofspecificpropagandabasedcompetitionbetweenWesternandEastern
Europe.Consequently,of majorsignificancewasthearchitectureofthefairvenues, which
provided the necessary exhibition space and, also, presented the effects of architectural
explorationsintheparticularcountries.ArchitectsfromvariousmilieusinPolandproposed
construction solutions that were bold, albeit to a lesser extent pioneering in architectural
terms.Opportunitiestofullydemonstratethedesignerspotentialwere,actually,limitedto
exhibitionsabroad,especiallytheWorldsFairs,wheretheparticularcountriesavailedofthe
vastgroundstoshowcasetheirachievements,forexampleatExpo58inBrussels,Expo67in
MontrealorExpo70inOsaka.TheauthoritiesofthePeoplesRepublicofPolandwerevery
willingtobeinvolvedininternationalexhibitionswhichfeaturednewPolishpavilions.Their
architecturewastobeartestimonytothecountrysadvancement.Itwasatsuchexhibitions
that some very modern concepts from Poland were shown to the great approval of the
western world, for instance the Polish pavilion featuring light hanging roof structures,
designed by Zofia and Oskar Hansen for the exhibitions in So Paulo and in zmir, or the
PolishpavilionwithanopenworkroofstructureforExpo58inBrussels,basedonadesignby
J.Sotan,Z.IhnatowiczandW.Zalewski.
InPoland,thePoznaInternationalFairwasalsoamajorvenuewherethe Eastcompeted
with the West in presenting its technological developments. Polish architects where
fascinated with new construction solutions and this corresponded with the creative
explorations of the times. However, due to various technological setbacks, their
expectations regarding the forms of the new pavilions had to be curbed. Nonetheless, a
great example of their work were the new exhibition halls featuring some unique tension
structuresandhangingroofs.
In the presentation I wish to show how Polish architects sought to find new forms and
technologicalsolutions,inadditiontotheactualtechnologiesusedintheirconstruction.The
sourcematerialsincludePolishandWesternliteratureaswellassomeuniquephotographic
andarchivematerials.
104

Wednesday
SessionW3D
RoomUI7
14:0015:30
ExperiencesontheTimelineof Architecture ParallelContemporaryDesign

bytheManifestooftheModernism
Dr.GabriellaMedvegy,UniversityofPcs,Hungary
The work with built architecture can provide a possibility of design experiences. The
examination of the architectural concept helps to understand unwritten rules the local
situation, urban situation, landscape quality, owner, etc. The design can be harmoniously
basedonthemonitoringoftheplace.Sometimehappensmore.
I integrate the 5 points of Le Corbusier to a contemporary design project. His individually
planningmethodcamenotfromtheenvironment,itshisownway,dependsonCorbusers
genius.Thispointsmanifestedintheagesoftheheroicmodernismpilots,roofgardenson
thetopofthebuilding,thefreedeigningofthegroundplan,thefreedesignofthefaade
withoutconnectionwiththestructureandthehorizontalwindowsofthefaade.Thenicer
example of this planning method is the Villa Savoy in France from1931, became a built
monumentasanarchitecturalbasicinCorbuslife.
These 5 points could be an interaction between old and new, modern and contemporary.
Thespecificexpressivestylegeneratesacontemporaryresidentialbuildingasastudycase
houseofnowadayswithfocusofthechangesofthefunctions,butstaybythehistorical
targetsforform.
(ThisresearchwassupportedbytheEuropeanUnionandtheStateofHungary,cofinanced
by the European Social Fund in the framework of TMOP 4.2.4. A/211120120001
NationalExcellenceProgram.)
105
RomaniafromtheMid19thCenturytoNowadays:
3.CivilEngineering&Architecture
Wednesday
SessionW4A
RoomUI2
16:0017:30
France
Chair:PierreLamard,TechnicalUniversityBelfortMontbliard,France
TurningPointsofEamesDesign:WWIIandPostwarDevelopments
ProfessorMarinaCionca,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
LecturerIoanMuscu,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Ph.D.candidateBiborkaBartha,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
TheresearchaimedtohighlightacrucialperiodinthecareerdevelopmentofCharlesEames
as reflected in his particular approach of the design process. The innovative steps Eames
(19071978) and two of his Cranbrook Academy fellow designers,EeroSaarinen and Harry
Bertoia,tookforinnovatingfurnitureforms,materialsandtheirsubsequenttechnologyare
a worldwide exampleof the truemission of industrial designeven today, after decades of
successfulexperimentsinthisfield.Thehighlyexperimentalapproachofform,ergonomics,
materials and the contribution of Charles Eames at the evolution of crucial technological
stages in view of the industrial production during WWII and the postwar decade are still
buildinganexemplaryworkparadigm.Itwashencepossibletoidentifythedynamicsofthe
creative process, based first on several biographical and historical facts, secondly on the
evolutionoftheerraticandratherturbulentrelationshipbetweendesignanditsindustrial
counterpart, as it was dictated by war, then by the transition to normality and by certain
human needs as marketed by the American way of life. A few significant chairs, created
between1940and1958,representinghighlightsofthehistoryoftwentiethcenturydesign
as expressed by the modern classics syntagm were selected and compared in order to
illustrate vital elements of the design process, followed by short discussions regarding the
materials which were used (molded plywood, plastic, wire mesh), the technical solutions
devised for the structural assembling as well as the specific technology that evolved from
improvised devices to full industrial production. Unfolding the illustrated synoptic features
ofthecreativeprocessisexpectedtobeabeneficialmethodforthegoodunderstandingof
innovative industrial design and a useful instrument for designers, design critics and
historians.
106

Wednesday
SessionW4A
RoomUI2
16:0017:30
RailwayStationsinRomaniabeforeWorldWarI
Dr.ToaderPopescu,UniversitateadeArhitecturiUrbanismIonMincu,Bucharest,
Romania
ThispaperinvestigatesthespecificexpressionofRomanianrailwayarchitecture.Weargue
that the image of railway stations shifts from the practice of mechanical and noncritical
imitation or adaptation of Western models (often, ad litteram quotations of foreign
examples) to locallyamended initiatives, then passes through the two manifestations of
autochthonousmodernoriginality(theC.F.R.styleandthenationalstyle)andculminates
withtheelaborationofthesocalledshowcaseprojects.
ThisfitsthesynchronisticmodelofmodernizationasitwasfirststatedbyEugenLovinescu.
This perspective emphasizes the initially purely imitational and formal character of
modernity in backward civilizations, which generates a form / substance contrast. This
phaseisconsiderednormal,asfittinginarevolutionarylogicofmodernization(specificto
those backward civilizations) rather than in an evolutionary one. Subsequently, these
copiedformswerecriticallyassimilated,beingfilledupwithalocalandspecificcontent,
culminatinginoriginalmanifestations.
Thepaperfocusesonthemostintensedevelopmentphaseofthenationalrailwaynetwork,
between1869(theinaugurationofthefirstline)and1916(thebeginningofWorldWarIfor
Romania).Theapproachistypomorphological,identifyingthevarioustypesandfamiliesof
railwaystationsandpresentingthemwithinabroaderculturalframework.Oursourcesare
mainly primary ones (archival and iconographical), and our conclusions are an original
contribution to the study of railway architecture, as they dispute the, so far, canonical
perspective,whichisfragmentaryandmostlyinformedbytechnicalarguments.
107
Wednesday
SessionW4A
RoomUI2
16:0017:30
CivilEngineeringinRomaniaattheEndof19thCenturythroughtwo
Buildings:theNationalBankandtheRomanianAthenaeum(inFrench)
ProfessorNicolaeNoica,TechnicalUniversityofCivilEngineering,Bucharest,Romania
LergneduroiCarolI(18661914)amarqupourlaRoumanieledbutdesamodernisation
danstouslesdomaines,parmilesquelslaconstructiondesbtimentspublicsaoccupune
place de premier plan. Les travaux publics raliss pendant les 48 ans de ce rgne sont
reprsentatifs du climat politique, de ltat de ladministration roumaine et des moyens
techniquesdelpoque,existantenRoumanie.
ParmilespremiersdificespublicsconstruitsBucarestlafindu19mesiclesetrouvent
laBanqueNationaleetlAthneRoumain.
Le23avril1880atcrelaBanqueNationaleRoumaineetlapremireproccupationde
son CA a t de lui trouver un sige correspondant. La dcision de la construction dun
nouveau btiment a t prise, le projet tant confi deux architectes franais : Cassieu
BernardetAlbertGalleronquiontremisleurprojeten1883.Le18juillet1884,commencela
construction qui dure jusquen 1890, ralise par la Socit Roumaine des Btiments.
Ldificeralisavecdesmatriauxdegrandequalitimpressionneencoreaujourdhuipar
samonumentalitetlgance.
Dans la mme priode a t construit lAthne Roumain conu comme un temple de la
culture.Linitiativeatpriseparungroupederoumainsenthousiastesquiontfaitappel
lagnrositdupublic;lefinancementtantassurpardesdonations.Leprojetseraralis
par la collaboration de larchitecte franais Albert Galleron avec une commission
darchitectes et ingnieurs roumains (Alexandru Orascu, Ion Mincu, Grigore Cerkez et
NicolaeCucuStarostescu),laconstructiontantraliseentre1886et1888parlentreprise
roumainedeDobreNicolau.
Cette communication mettra en vidence le rle que les architectes franais ont jou en
Roumanie et leur troite collaboration avec les roumains. Elle prsentera les lments
techniquesconcernantlarchitecture,lastabilitetlarsistanceutilisslpoquedansun
payssoumisdefortstremblementsdeterre.
108
Washington,USA
Italy
Wednesday
SessionW4B
RoomUI3
16:0017:30
WarandRailwaysinItaly,19151918
Dr.CiroPaoletti,ItalianCommissionofMilitaryHistory(CISM),Rome,Italy
Italy entered World War I in 1915 and had to fight a war of attrition on its northeastern
border.Itslocalrailwaynethadnotbeenexpandedasmuchasnecessaryinpreviousyears,
inordernottoirritateAustria,whichonitsownsidehardlyworkedon expandingitsown
net.
When the Great War began in 1914 it was a risk to expand railways in that area, because
Austria could realize its was the preparation for a war against her, and again nothing was
made.WheninMay1915Italyenteredthewar,itsnationalnetcoveredroughly7,000miles
andwasservedbyroughly3,000steamandelectriclocomotives.
Thelimitsofthenetinnortheastaffectedmobilisation,reinforcementsandsupplies.Dueto
the relatively small capacity of the railways, mobilisation was made in a peculiar way,
because it occurred after the Army had been moved to border. Later, reinforcements and
supplies could not be sent so easily to the front, and the Army was forced to invent an
intermodal railwaytire system. The lack of lines and the rough terrain forced to install a
greatamountofdcauvillerailways,andtobuildnewrailways,andawidenetofcableways,
especiallyonthemountains.Last,inordertoaffordwarduties,acertainamountofstream
engines was purchased in the US and Canada, whilst the lack of coal pushed the Country
towardahugedevelopmentofhydroelectricplants,providingenergytomovethetrains.
Asaresult,in1917railwaysplayedamajorroleinsupportingalltheoffensivesaswellasin
avoiding the collapse of the Army after the defeat in Caporetto, and again they played a
majorrolein1918supportingboththedefensivevictoryagainstthelastAustrianoffensive
inJuneandtheItalianfinaloffensiveinOctober.
109

Wednesday
SessionW4B
RoomUI3
16:0017:30
OttomanMilitaryGovernorateinRomaniainWorldWarI
ProfessorEsatArslan,CagUniversity,Mersin,Turkey
ArmyNationsolidarityinTurkishstatetraditionisanautoformedpositivemovementnota
forcingnecessity.Thisphenomenonhascausedustoperceiveitasorganizationalsystematic
especiallyduringtheFirstWorldWarintheTurkishMilitaryHistory.
Asforhavinglookedatthemilitaryliterature,thesekindsofaffairshavebeendiscussedin
thecontextofCivilianAffairs&MilitaryGovernment.
Inthispaper,astheexampleofarmynationsolidarityandtheactivitiesofOttomanMilitary
GovernorateinRomaniaduringtheFirstWorldWarwillbepresentedasthecasestudyof
the civilian affairs and military government. In the mean time, the 40 pictures concerning
Ottoman Military Governorate in Romania in my private archives will be presented in my
exposition.
110
Wednesday
SessionW4B
RoomUI3
16:0017:30
StayinginShapeforWar:SportPromotionbyParamilitaryOrganizationin
Poland,19271939
Ph.D.candidateAnnaTurza,UniversityofRzeszow,Poland
BeforePolandregainedindependencein1918,thereweresportorganizations,whichwere
aiming at popularizingphysicaleducation. This goal had a double meaningespecially since
those organizations were of paramilitary character. Firstly, physical education helped the
individuals to stay in shape and promoted social integration, also in a sense of national
identity. Secondly, it was the strengthening tool defense capability of the nation, which
aspiredtoindependencebyallnecessarymeans.Alsothroughmilitaryconfrontation.Infact
thoseorganizationsgreatlycontributedtotheprocessofregainingindependence,bygiving
arisetothefirstmilitaryformationsofindependentPoland.
After1918themaingoalofthoseorganizationswastostrengthenthedefensepotentialof
thecountry.PhysicaleducationwasthemainaxisofDefenseTrainingasamilitarydoctrine.
In the interwar period (19181939) the task was also ceded to paramilitary organizations.
ThemostimportantelementwaspreparationwholegroupsofemployeesofsuchNational
institutionsasrailways,postoffices,andoperatorsofotherthecommunicationnetworksto
whichaneventualwarseemedtobeessential.Latertheprogramcoveredalsothefiremen,
chemists,foresters,electricians,telegraphistsetc.
Thisprogramincludedthepreparationfortheperformanceofprofessionaldutiesduringthe
war, civic education, general military and physical training. The largest organization of this
kind were Military Railway Preparation (KPW), founded in 1927, and Military Post
Preparation(PPW),foundedin1934.
In late 1930s, in a view of worsening political situation in Europe, the Ministry of Military
Affairs predicted mass public participation in the paramilitary training. Therefore, the
activities of KPW were coordinated by the State Office of Physical Education and Military
Preparation (PUWFiPW), which was like a Ministry of Sport and Tourism at the present
moment.
Although, the paramilitary organizations in interwar Poland, had different goals, they
popularizedtheideaofthecommonnessofsport.TheirmainaimwastocreatetheSocial
InformationNetwork,engaged(deeply)insocialchanges,asbackupforthearmyduringthe
war.
111
ChemistryforaBetterWorld
Chair:SamiLouekari,UniversityofTurku,Finland
Wednesday
SessionW4C
RoomUI6
16:0017:30
A.I.Virtanen'sAIVMethod aTechnologicalSystemthatThrivedinBad
TimesbutStruggledinGood
Dr.JarmoPulkkinen,UniversityofOulu,Finland
Inventedin1928byFinnishbiochemistArtturiIlmariVirtanen(18951973),theAIVmethod
wasthefirstreliablemethodtoproducegoodqualitysilage.In1945,itbroughtVirtanenthe
NobelPrizeinchemistry.BeingbasedonanartificialacidificationoffreshfodderbelowpH
4, the AIV method was taken into use in Finnish agriculture in 1929. Its adoption required
thecreationofalargesupportiveinfrastructure.Forexample,theAIVsolution,i.e.amixture
ofsulfuricandhydrochloricacid,wassoldtofarmersinlargeglassjars.Inafewyears,the
numberofjarsincirculationincreasedtotensofthousands.However,theAIVmethodalso
sufferedfromtechnicaldrawbackswhichmadeitcumbersomeandlaborintensive.
ThemaingoaloftheAIVmethodwastorenderpossiblehighmilkproductionwithoutthe
useofexpensiveconcentrates.Inthisrespect,theintroductionoftheAIVmethodtookplace
at the right moment, i.e. it coincided with the beginning of the Great Depression. The
collapse of prices of dairy products required created an incentive to maximize self
sufficiencyincattlefeeding.Inthe1930s,therightsoftheAIVmethodweresoldtooverten
countries.ThemostsuccessfulperiodoftheAIVmethodbeganwiththeSecondWorldWar
andcontinueduntiltheearly1950s.Inthisperiod,selfsufficiencyinagriculturalproduction
in general was emphasized throughout Europe. However, the success came to an end as
cheapconcentratesbecameavailableagaininthe1950s.
The paper is mainly based on Virtanens large scientific archive, preserved at the National
ArchivesofFinland.Inaddition,Ihaveusednewspapers,popularagriculturaljournals,and
scientificpublications.
Major conclusions: In my paper I shall show how the success of the AIV method was
dependentonthegeneraleconomicconditions,ontheonehand,andonitspropertiesasa
technologicalsystem,ontheother.
112

Wednesday
SessionW4C
RoomUI6
16:0017:30
Polyurethane:theFameandDecay
Ph.D.candidateSusanaFranadeS,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisbon,Portugal
ProfessorMariaElviraCallapez,CIUHCT,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisbon,Portugal
ResearcherJoanaLiaFerreira,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisbon,Portugal
ProfessorRitaMacedo,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisbon,Portugal
ProfessorAnaMariaRamos,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisbon,Portugal
Polyurethane(PU)wasinventedin1937byOttoBayer(Germany)anditisknownasoneof
the most versatile polymer families. The possible variety of its chemical structure can give
placetomanydifferentmaterialformswhichhavebeenattractivetoartistsanddesigners.
Inthedesignfield,mostlysincethesixtiespolyurethanehascomeintoeverylivingroomand
householdintheformofcomfortable,stylishandluxuryfurnituredesign.
TakingthepolyurethanecollectionfromMUDEasacasestudy(thenewdesignandfashion
museumfromLisbon),weaimatestablishingabridgebetweentheindustryandthedesign
worldfromthesixtiesandseventiesononehand.Ontheotherhand,weintendtostudythe
introductionofpolyurethanebasedmaterialsinthisfield,identifythemainreasonsthatled
designersandindustrialstousethismaterial,theadvantagesanddisadvantagesaswellas
therelationshipbetweendesignersandtheindustry.
In our research, we have identified some partnerships between Portuguese and
Internationalindustrialdesignfactoriesandlearnedhowpolyurethanebasedmaterialsare
usedinthesetwocontexts.
Based on a multi and interdisciplinary approach, we have been assessing historical
documentation from libraries and archives of the Portuguese plastics industry, visiting the
industriesofpolyurethanefoamsandartificialleathersaswellascarryingoutinterviewsto
workers, designers and industrial design factories. Although polyurethanebased materials
face severe conservation problems it is our objective, not only to develop the national
historypolyurethanestriumphbutalsotopreserveitsheritage.
113
Wednesday
SessionW4C
RoomUI6
16:0017:30
ChemicalProductsintheCollectionofthek.k.ConsularAcademyVienna
Dr.SusanneGruber,AssociationforResearchinCommoditySciences,Obersdorf,Austria
More than a third of the objects of the Merchandise and Product Museum at the k. k.
ConsularAcademyViennaareChemicalProducts.Atpresenttheinventoryofthiscollection
isreviewedtoidentifyexistingobjectsintheTechnicalMuseumVienna.Manyoftheobjects
in the Product Collection do have labels of the k. k. ConsularAcademy, but most of the
Chemical Objects are not branded with such labels, so that is difficult to identify them
exactly as a part of this collection. The review of the inventory will help to solve this
question.
The former Oriental Academy was founded in 1754 on the basis of an Imperial Order by
empressMariaTheresia.TheAcademy'sinitialpurposewastoenhanceAustria'spositionin
the Balkans and the Near East by improving the nation's trade and cultural relations. The
curriculumemphasizedorientallanguages,politicalsciencesandgeneralsciencesinorderto
educatediplomatsandmerchants.TheMerchandiseandProductMuseumattheConsular
Academy comprised hundreds of chemical products and more than thousand of synthetic
dyes, donated by companies from Europe, namely Wagenmann, Seybel & Co, Vienna;
Rademacher & Co, Prague; Meister Lucius & Brning, Hchst; Boryslaw AG; or Brder
Janouek,Prague.Manyoftheseproductsarepreservedintheoriginalcustomarypacking,
asaresultofthisthecompanieseconomicdevelopmentcanbereproduced.Redundantto
the dyes there are colour charts for textiles and papers in the collection. Some of whom
includeinstructionsindetailfortheprocessofcoloration.
The results of our research are supported by funds of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank
(AnniversaryFund,projectnumber:15587).
114
FromRuraltoUrbanintheIndustrialEra
Chair:PiotrMarciniak,PoznanUniversityofTechnology,Poland
Wednesday
SessionW4D
RoomUI7
16:0017:30
TheevolutionofVernacularConstructionTypologiesinTimesofTransition
VillagesfromValceaCounty,SouthernRomania
The purpose of this study is to embrace regionalism and the evolution of vernacular
construction typologies in times of transition with the aim of creating a vital connection
between vernacular concepts and new interior design. In this time of technological
advancement, rapid urbanization which is not taking in consideration the traditional rural
structure,localidentity,culturalvalue,wherethehandicraftisundertheconstantpressure
of mass production, there is still much to be learned from the knowledge of vernacular
architecture.Itcanbeseenveryclearthatthearchitectural,functional,housepositionand
veranda evolution regarding vernacular housing in the Romanian rural context has been
directly influenced by the two world wars making these constructions more enclosed,
reflecting the need of people for protection; after the Second World War the porch with
railingorturretbeingreplacedalmostcompletelybytheenclosedveranda.
Themethodsusedinthestudyprocessarebasedonfieldtrips,visitingvillagesfromValcea
County, connecting with the community and determining the degree of presence of
traditionalwoodstructuresandhousing,thetransitionofvernacularconstructiontypologies
inthecontemporarycontext.Themostdifficultpartofthisprojectconsistsmainlyofraising
theawarenessoflocalauthoritiesandthecommunityoflocalidentity,traditions,vernacular
construction as a viable way of seeing contemporary design. The aim of the project is to
createfurniturewithvalueandmeaningasasymbolic,direct,clearreflectionofthecontext
which increases with time and through the use of local communities. The traditional
Romanian vernacular characteristics can still be easily identified due to the limited
acceptanceofadvancedtechnologiesinvillagerswayofliving.
Thedifferencesbetweenthevernacularandmoderndesignprocessesareveryclear:in
the case of vernacular, the production would be singular, crafted and local, whereas the
contemporarymodernproductionwouldbecharacterizedbyaserial,industrial,dislocated
approach. In order to achieve the wanted result, we need to utilize and rely on the
advantagesofmodernproduction,butshouldnotforgetthatthedesignshouldreflectthe
profoundnessofalocalvernacularconcept.
115
Wednesday
SessionW4D
RoomUI7
16:0017:30
RapidIndustrialChangeandUrbanExpansion:thePansioPernoShipyardsin
Turku,Finland
Dr.MarkkuNorvasuo,AaltoUniversity,Finland
ResearcherMikkoMlkki,AaltoUniversity,Finland
The paper discusses the close connection between rapid postwar industrial change and
urban expansion in Finland. The PansioPerno area of Turku provides an outstanding
exampleofhistoricaldevelopmentanditseffectsoncurrentcity.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Finland was bound to pay reparations to the
USSR. Among them were hundreds of vessels, in which situation the shipbuilding industry
had to be expanded. Two of the new shipyards were established at Pansio area of Turku
duringyears194546.Theneedoflabourledtothegradualconstructionofseveralhousing
areas.Oneofthem,designedbyarchitectErikBryggman,pioneeredintheuseofindustrially
prefabricatedunits,andhasbeenclassifiedasnationalheritage.
The formerly rural area thus gradually developed to a new socially diverse industrial
community.LaterconstructionhasfurtheraddedtotheindustrialandurbanlayersofPansio
and its neighbouring area Perno, but the decline of shipbuilding industry has impaired
current development. Currently the area is one of the suburban revitalization targets of
Turku.
A key issue of the paper is how to understand the former industrial history and culture in
current situation. The timeline of development focusses on three key periods: the birth of
thepostwarindustrialcommunity,theindustriallyproducedneighbourhoodsofthe1970s,
andthelateststructuralchangesstartingfromthe1990s.
Thestudyisbasedonprimaryarchivalsources,formerstudies,andanempiricalanalysisof
thelayeredhistoricaldevelopmentofthearea.The paperdemonstratesthecomplexityof
industrialandurbandevelopment,anddiscussesthepotentialofindustrialcultureinurban
revitalization.
116
Wednesday
SessionW4D
RoomUI7
16:0017:30
AnOverviewConcerningtheTransitionPeriodReflectedintheRural
VernacularArchitectureinSouthernRomania
LecturerAlinM.Olarescu,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Rural vernacular architecture represents an important socialcultural and identity indicator

mainly due: to its lack of an architect; its realisation according to the owners aesthetic
feel/individuality; its reflection of the social status of the inhabitant; its protean nature,
beingabletoadaptrapidlytothesocialcontextandmainlytotheculturaldevelopmentbut
also to the needs of the owner, sometimes, becoming the creative source concerning
parallelfunctionalsystems.
Thestudyembracestheevolutionoftheruralhomesteadstartingfromthe30sinthe19th
century(thefirstmodernsystematisationofRomanianvillages)beingfollowedbythe1880
1890 decade, when based on a holistic research on site, the elaboration of the first urban
regulationsconcerningrural areaswas possible, leading to thestructural reorganisation of
the rural household until the Second World War. In the same time it highlights the
architectural characteristics, but also the dependent functional systems of the household,
representative for the communist and postcommunist era, when important mutations
appear caused especially by the dynamic of movement concerning the population (rural
urban; urban rural; rural, urban abroad rural). These are significantly reflected in the
ruralvernaculararchitectureofSouthernRomania,offeringalargevarietyofdataregarding
theconstructivecapacityandtendencies.
117
PlayingwithTechnology:QuestionsofInfrastructure
Organiser:StefanPoser,HelmutSchmidtUniversitt,Hamburg,
Germany
Chair:PeterKoval,HumboldtUniversittzuBerlin,Germany
Thursday
SessionT1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
Research in the field Playing with Technology ought to contribute to the development of
theory in the history of technology: both technology and play have crucial functions in
human life. They have strongly influenced the development of societies. Thus research in
thisfieldmightopennewperspectivesonthequestionhowandwhypeopleusetechnology.
Playing with technology is on the one hand dealing with the (i) fascination of speed and
acceleration, (ii) with different ways to reach delirious happiness, described as the play of
ilinxbythephilosopherandsociologistRogerCaillois,(iii)withtheroleplaymimicrybased
on technology, (iv) with appropriating technology and (v) with persons, who trust in
technologyaimingtomakenewexperiences.Ontheotherhandplayingwithtechnologyisa
storyabouttheincreasingcommercializationofsociety,oflostknowledgeondoityourself
and tinkering, on ashift from independent acting to consuming. Thesession in Brasov will
focus on infrastructures of play: in which way is the environment shaped by playing? In
which way were locations and regions (mainly relicts of industry) adapted for playful
purposes?Panelistspresentcasestudiesoncompetitionsofracingcarsashobbycultureand
theinfrastructurebehindthesegames;theywilldiscusstheincreasinginfrastructureofplay
and leisure. Contributions on other issues of the field Playing with Technology can be
included,too.
118
Thursday
SessionT1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
TheImpactofTechnologyontheDevelopmentofTourisminSouthCroatia in
theBeginningofthe20thCentury(inGerman)
Dr.MarijaBeniPenava,UniversityinDubrovnik,Croatia
Dr.MarijaGjurai,UniversityinDubrovnik,Croatia
This paper analyses, using archive records and relevant literature, the application of
technologicaladvancesintransportandtourisminSouthCroatiaintheperiodthatpreceded
massairtransport,aswellastheusageofcomputersreservationsystemsandcreditcards
that are used in tourism industry nowadays. Technology was intensively involved in the
tourismindustryinthepast.Theimpactsoftechnologycouldbeseenontheconnectivityby
railway as well as sea, land and air traffic. In addition to the mentioned factors of
communicative tourism, its receptive factors hotel industry, catering, marketing, cultural
institutions, public services etc became more dependent on technologies in the interwar
period. The connection between the advances in technology and the new growing service
sector of tourism in the Croatian south was a prerequisite of the coming development of
mass tourism. Therefore, the human need for rest, recreation and adventure while
abandoning their permanent residence achieved its purpose enjoyment and relaxation.
Peripheral parts of the Croatian south outgrew into world tourist destinations due to the
progress of both transport and communication technology in the first half of the 20th
century.
119
Thursday
SessionT1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
TheViewfromthePits:FraternalCultureatAmericasSpeedways
Ph.D.candidateAlisonKreitzer,UniversityofDelaware,USA
Eachcarownerisresponsiblefortheconductofthedriverandpitmenattachedtohiscar
at each meet including himself [emphasis added] explained the Ohio Stock Car Racing
Associationintheir1949rulebook.Manymembersofthedirttrackracingfraternityagreed
thatthepitarea,aspacedesignatedforthepreparationofracecarsbeforeandduringa
speed contest, was a male domain. While racecar designs, participant demographics, and
promotional organizations for oval track racing evolved throughout the twentieth century,
thegenderandracialcompositionsofgrassrootsAmericanmotorsportsremainedrelatively
static.Whitemenconsistentlyactedasthegatekeepersofthesport.Promotersandofficials
createdphysicalbarriersonthelandscapeoftheirspeedwaystolimitaccesstothepitarea.
Additionally, white racecar drivers and mechanics devised complicated sets of rules and
secret racecar setups in the pit area to keep minority men and women from gaining the
technicalknowledgeneededtoexcelinthesport.Mypaperwillexplorehowpromotersand
participants reinforced cultural ideas about technological skill, whiteness, and masculinity
throughtheexclusionaryinfrastructureatAmericasspeedways.
Automobileandlandscapehistorianshavelargelyignoreddirttrackspeedwaysasimportant
sites of Americas automobile culture. However, the built environment and regulations at
small quartermile and halfmile speedways illuminate the ways Americans conceptualized
their ideas about gender and race through their participation in technologicallycentered
hobbies. Blue prints and photographs of speedway facilities provide convincing visual
evidenceofthewaysthatculturalhierarchiesandvaluesbecamepartoftheinfrastructure
of these play palaces. Periodicals and rule books about racing mechanics and pit area
traditionsprovidefurtherevidenceofthegatekeepingpracticesofveteranmaleracers.My
paper will build on scholarly works, such as Robert Posts High Performance and Ben
Shacklefordsessay,Masculinity,theAutoRacingFraternity,andtheTechnologicalSublime:
The Pit Stop As Celebration of Social Roles, toprovide additional evidence of thegender
segregationandpitcrewtraditionsofAmericanmotorsports.
120
Thursday
SessionT1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
InfrastructuresofPlayandtheirImpactontheEnvironmentsincethe1980s
Dr.StefanPoser,HelmutSchmidtUniversitt,Hamburg,Germany
Playingwithtechnologydependsonitsinfrastructures.Thisholdsforactivitiesasoutdoor
sportsaswellasforplayingwithtechnicaltoys,especiallythosewhichrepresenttechnical
systems, and for fairground attractions, namely those of driving. Quite different activities
suchasskiing,modelrailroadingordrivinginabumpercarhaveincommontobebasedon
infrastructures.ThinkingaboutRomanamphitheaters(asaninfrastructure)andthefashion
of naval battles of small ships, the socalled naumachias, it becomes clear, that
infrastructures of playing are dating far back in history. Due to the development of the
leisure society the number of infrastructures increased as well as their environmental
impact.Thusthispaperwillfocusontheperiodsincethe1980s.
Ontheonehandastrongnegativeimpactcanbeobservedincaseofskiingandthesystem
of funiculars, ski lifts and slopes for example. On the other hand especially abandoned
industrialsiteschangedtolocationsofsports,playing,leisureandtourism.Forexample:(i)
old railway lines were transferred to hand car or bike routes, (ii) halls for industrial
productionnowhostlocationsforsportsandleisureaspoolsorindoorskiing;thesesitesare
thus preserved from being demolished. (iii) Some abandoned constructions for storage of
mass goods as sand and coal and old pools serve more or less illegal as walls for painting
graffitiandashalfpipesforskating.
The infrastructure of playing is a new issue of the research in the field of playing with
technology.Untilnowthereareonlyafewstudies,whichenlightensomepartsofthefield:
Wolfgang Knig has analysed mutual influences on the design of mountain transportation,
early mass tourism and skiing. Noyan Dinckal and Rachel Maines studied spaces of sports
and of tinkering culture. The aim of the paper is to investigate the development of
infrastructuresofplayandtheirinfluenceontheenvironment.Indoingso,Ilinkthehistory
oftechnologyofplayingtothehistoryofurbanspaceandtoenvironmentalhistory.
121
TheUraniumUtopiainMexico:ACaseofRestricted
TechnologyTransfer
Organiser:FedericoLazarin,UniversidadAutonomaMetropolitana,
Iztapalapa,Mexico
Chair:MarthaOrtega,UniversidadAutonomaMetropolitana,Iztapalapa,
Mexico
Thursday
SessionT1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
Thissessionwilldescribethenuclearenergydevelopmentprojectfrom1952on,explaining
themeasuresdeployedinordertoencourageandbuilditup.
In1955,theNationalCommissionforNuclearEnergy(CNEN,Spanishacronym)wascreated
in Mexico. In 1972, it became the National Institute for Nuclear Energy (INEN, Spanish
acronym) and finally, in 1979, it turned into the National Institute for Nuclear Research
(ININ, Spanish acronym). In 1979 as well, the state enterprise Uranio Mexicano (URAMEX,
Spanishacronym)wasfoundedsoastolocateandtransformuranium.Thislectureaimsto
show that the creation of these institutions sought to favor the reception of nuclear
technology in Mexico. Scientists were instructed and researches on nuclear energy were
carried out at these institutes. In addition, they were in charge of uranium exploration,
extractionanduseatthenuclearplantstobebuiltasaresultoftechnologytransfer.
Works at the National Commission for Nuclear Energy started in 1953. One of their main
objectiveswastoexplorethelocationandtheextractionlikelihoodofuraniumdepositsin
Mexico.Themappingcreatedinthe1960sresultedfromtheseactivities.
It represented a strategic basis for the implementation of uranium extraction technology
andfortheprojectionofuraniumenrichmentindustrylocationsasenclavephenomena.
Whentheworksforuraniumextractionbegan,theMexicangovernmentgeneratedgrowth
and development expectations at the locations where this activity was to be carried out.
Thus,inhabitantsassumedtheirtakingpartwouldimprovetheirlivingconditions.However,
thegovernment'spromisesdidnotcometrueinthefirstplace,becausemostinhabitants
were employed only as laborers. Secondly, and more importantly, because the uranium
enrichment project failed, leading to the canceling of extraction works throughout the
1970s.
122

Thursday
SessionT1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
ExplorationandMappingofUraniumDepositsinMexico
ResearcherHugoPichardo,UniversidadAutonomaMetropolitana,Iztapalapa,Mexico
In1917,whenamidstaRevolution,MexicoreplacedtheoldLiberal1857Constitutionwith
oneshowingmoresocialsensitivity,itsoughttoengagethepopulationinworkingwithand
benefitingfromnaturalresources,soastopromoteanationalisticfeeling.Article27ofthe
new Constitution established that these resources were to be owned by the Nation,
clarifying that those discovered or found in the future and considered strategic had to be
incorporatedaswell.Therefore,thedecadesfollowingWorldWarIIwitnessedthecreation
of governmental institutions to secure the exploration, extraction and exploitation of the
naturalresourcessuchasuraniumrequiredforthedevelopmentofnuclearenergy.
One of the main objectives of Mexico's National Commission of Nuclear Energy, which
started operating in 1955, was exploring the country's territory so as to locate uranium
depositslikelytobeexploited.Italsoaimed,supportedbytheState'sauthoritygrantedby
laws on that matter, at holding control of all information on this and other minerals
considereddefiningsuppliesforthedesirednuclearindustry.
Theseactivitiesresultedin,amongotherproducts,themappingelaboratedonthebasisof
the topographic surveys performed using the tools needed to explore detected regions,
namely Mexico's North and South East areas. Works in possible deposits by geographers,
topographicengineers,geologists,andotherprofessionals,wereundertakenthroughoutthe
1960sandtheearly1970s.
The resulting cartographic products are rather interesting, mainly for the analysis of "the
silenceinmaps",asthehistorianofcartographyJ.B.Harleywouldcallit.Theconceptrefers
tothequestionsarousedbyamapandtheanswersitsucceedsorfailstogive,whichmust
beexplainedashistoricalissues.Consequently,itisnotonlyaboutstudyingtheintentional
modifications or distortions in the mapping process, but also about explaining the
technologicalproceduresemployedintheconstructionofadeterminedcartographythat
of Mexico'suranium, inthis case. Data on themappingand the technology usedto locate
uranium deposits allow understanding, in turn, how this process represented a strategic
basis for the implementation of uranium extraction technology and for the projects of
uraniumenrichmentindustrylocationsasenclavephenomena.
123

Thursday
SessionT1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
CreationofInstitutesfortheReceptionofNuclearEnergy
Dr.FedericoLazarin,UniversidadAutonomaMetropolitana,Iztapalapa,Mexico
In 1942, when the United States launched the Manhattan project, the Nuclear Era began.
ThisErabroughtabouttheemergenceofanuclearindustry,whichisconsideredtoconsist
ofthefollowingthreestages:Thefirstoneincludesexplorationandextraction,thesecond
one uranium processing, and the third one uranium use for the generation of electrical
energy or atomic weapons. New technology had to be designed and produced for each of
thesestages.
In1955,Mexico became amemberof the"internationalclub"advocatingforthepeaceful
use of nuclear energy, when the National Commission for Nuclear Energy (CNEN, Spanish
acronym) was created. In 1972, it became the National Institute of Nuclear Energy (INEN,
Spanish acronym) and finally, in 1979, it turned into the National Institute of Nuclear
Research (ININ, Spanish acronym). In 1979 as well, the state enterprise Uranio Mexicano
(URAMEX,Spanishacronym)wasfoundedsoastolocateandtransformuranium.
Thislectureaimstoshowthattheseinstitutionswerecreatedinordertofavorthereception
of nuclear technology in Mexico and the deployment of the three stages of the nuclear
industry. There, scientists were instructed and researches on nuclear energy were carried
out.Inaddition,theseinstitutionswereinchargeofuraniumexploration,extractionanduse
atthenuclearplantsplannedtobebuiltasaresultoftechnologytransfer.
124

Thursday
SessionT1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
UraniumExtraction:UtopianProgressforRuralCommunities
Ph.D.candidateMarthaOrtega,UniversidadAutonomaMetropolitana,Iztapalapa,Mexico
GraduatestudentTadeoLiceaga,UniversidadAutonomaMetropolitana,Iztapalapa,Mexico
Thislecturewillfocusontheanalysisoftherelationscreatedbyagovernmentalproject
the extraction of energy resources and the populations inhabiting the places where
uranium was extracted from. To us, it is important and necessary to reconstruct and
interpret, as thoroughly as possible, the history of the actual actions undertaken and the
impacttheyhadonthelivesofthosewho,whethertheywantedtoornot,gotinvolvedin
that process. In an attempt to branch out the array of energy generation possibilities, the
Mexicangovernmentencouragedaprojectaimedatelectricalenergyproductionbymeans
ofnuclearreactors.ThethoughtthatitwaspossibletobuildthiskindoffacilitiesinMexico
wasbasedonthefindingsfromtheexplorationscarriedoutfromthe1950sto1975seeking
uranium deposits. Expectations included using extracted Mexican uranium to fuel the
nuclearreactors thegovernment planned to construct. All the data about that process we
havecollecteduptothisdatewillbeshowninthislecture.Theworkwehavedonesofar
allows us to affirm that the uranium extraction project resulted in the creation of
unbalanced relationships between the agents sponsored by the government and the
inhabitants of the towns neighboring the uranium deposits. On the one hand, these
relationships proved to be harmful for the communities. On the other hand, the
governmental project turned out to be unsuccessful. Thus, we will present an initial
evaluationofthedamagescausednotonlywhentheuraniumdepositswereexploited,but
alsotheresidualeffectsofthisgovernmentalproject.
125
EvolutionandDiffusionofTechnology
Chair:WilhelmKappel,INCDIEICPECA,Bucharest,Romania
Thursday
SessionT1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
OilandGasEquipmentandTechnology,TwoWayScientificBridgesbetween
EastandWest
ProfessorMarianRizea,EcologicalUniversityofBucharest,Romania
Thediscoveryofoilandgasonehundredandfiftyyearsago,inRomania,UnitedStatesand
infurtherotherstates,hasleadthewayofhumandevelopmenttowardsasocietybasedon
hydrocarbonswhereasthetechnicalandtechnologicalcompetitionbetweencompaniesand
statesfortheultimatesupremacyevolvedandisstillinprogress.
In the past century, the two world wars and the most recent conflicts we were and are
contemporarywith(FalklandIslandswar,Iraq,Libya,Syriaetc.)beganwithandforenergy
resources which resulted in a fierce battle on the front of research and streamline of this
field. The technical and technology transfer in many areas, including the oil and gas one,
disregardedideologicalbarriersimposedbytheColdWarsothat,throughlegalmethods
(importedlicenses)andreverseengineering(intelligence),itcarriedthrough.
Sincetheemergenceofthedrillingmethodwithrotarytable,discoveredbytheRomanian
engineer Ioan Basgan which revolutionized the worldwide deep drilling technology and
whose patent is still disputed by Romania and the United States, up to offshore drilling
platforms, high pressure blowout preventers, drilling rigs for mining and transport for
extreme weather conditions and to the controversial method of extracting shale gas, the
transferofscience,engineeringandtechnologyknewandwillknownoboundaries.
126
Thursday
SessionT1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
FromtheWesternFronttoTexas:EarlyDevelopment ofSeismicExploration
forOil(19141926)
ResearcherFrancescoGerali,NationalAutonomousUniversityofMexico,Mexico
Geophysics the study of the physics of the earth has had a very slow and largely
academicdevelopmentjustduringthe1800s.Despiteofthenumerousskillsandtalentsof
theearlygeophysicists,themajoradvancesinthisfieldthatwouldtrulybenefitmankindon
a large scale were not possible until after the invention of several artifacts (i.e.,
galvanometer, photographic film, vacuum tube amplifier) that made possible practical
applications. The most important advancement in the discipline has been the establishing
and the interpretation of earth physics data from observational network, overall the
measurement of the earth displacement though the seismometer in 1880. Since then, it
started a global interest on the study of the propagation of the various range waves
generatedbyearthquakes,andthelocalizationoftheirepicenter.
WheninOctober1914theGreatWarstabilizedtheWesternFront,theheavyartillerygota
strategic offensive importance by both the sides. The experience gained in using early
seismic networks to locate the origin of distant earthquakes soon led to locating artillery
position of the enemy. French, British, German and US Military Stuff displaced in the
battlefieldseveralseismictroopscomposedbyscientistsspecializedinreadingthespeed
and the radius of propagation of the waves. Although none knew it at the time, by the
involvement of physicist in the artillery location it would arise the practice of the seismic
explorationforoilandnaturalgas.
Thispresentationaimstofocusontheinterplaybetweenwarfareandgeophysicsduringthe
WWI, and their apparently fortuitous relation with the oil industry. This combination of
times, places and men blossom into a totally new and high profitable profession, the
geophysicistspecializedinoilexploration.Bythen,geophysicalexplorationisconsideredthe
mostreliableandefficientmethodtolocalizeoilbearingformationsinthesubsoil.
127
Thursday
SessionT1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
60YearsofTechnologyTransfer
Dr.GeorgetaAlecu,INCDIEICPECABucharest,Romania
Ph.D.candidateIulianIordache,INCDIEICPECA,Bucharest,Romania
Dr.ElenaEnescu,INCDIEICPECA,Bucharest,Romania
ProfessorWilhelmKappel,INCDIEICPECA,Bucharest,Romania
This paper describes the history of ICPE since its founding in 1950 until today in inorganic
materialsresearchforelectricalindustry.
AsimportantmilestonesinthisevolutionarepresentedcreationandseparationofICPEof
someresearchandproductiongroups,ofsomematerialswhosetechnologywaspreviously
establishedinourlaboratory,approvedandwithtechnologytransferinthreemajorstages
aftertheirmaturation:inthefirsttwodecades19501970aftertheestablishmentandthen
transferofproductsduring19701990,andthelasttransfersmadeunderconditionsmuch
changedbetween19902010.
Therefore, are analyzed and presented the results of five major areas of R&D on metallic
pseudoalloys with imposed electrical properties, carbon materials (electrical brushes,
resistances, composites), structural and functional ceramic materials, magnetic and
superconductingmaterials.
Thepaperpresentsalsotheconditionsfortechnologytransferandeconomiceffectsoflast
transfers to Electromagnetica Bucharest, Elba Timisoara, Electroaparataj Bucharest, IPRS
Baneasa,ElectroceramicaTurda,tradingcompaniesfromOdorheiuSecuiescandnotthelast
part,theestablishmentofanewplantforcarbonmaterialsespeciallybrushesforelectric
carstoFeriteUrziceni,whichafterthetransfer,becameROFEP.
A special chapter is dedicated to technology transfer of electrical contacts and permanent
magnets,sinteredandbounded,toSINTEROMClujNapocawiththeestablishmenthereof
specializedproductiondepartments.
ItmustbementionedthatallthesetechnologictransferswereperformedoutsideICPEand
thosedirectfromtheresearchteamtopilotstations,arenotconsideredinthispaper.
Those who are going through this paper will be little surprised when will finds that
technologytransferswhicharepresented,arenotonlyforelectricalengineeringproducts,
butforallbranchesofeconomy,startingfromagricultureandendedwiththeequipmentfor
aviation.
128
Thursday
SessionT1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
TheInfluenceofIT&CandBiotechnologyontheEvolutionofSociety
Dr.CristinaMariaDabu,RomanianCommitteeofHistoryandPhilosophyofScienceand
Technology
The development of science and technology in the actual society is characterized by two
major trends: interdisciplinarity and computerization. These two evolution trends, largely
due to the unprecedented development of IT&C and biotechnology fields, are influencing
thescientificandindustrialresearchresultscomplexityandalsothespeedofimplementing
theresultsofthisresearchinallindustryandsocialfields.
Fromthe1950suntiltoday,theroleofIT&Cinsocietyhasbecomemoreprominentinall
fields of industry and research: medicine, pharmacy, industry, finance and banking, public
administration, education, research, aerospace, national security. In the same time, the
developmentofbiotechnology,from1970suntilnowopensnewperspectivesinmedicine
andlifesciences.
The advances in bioinformatics, programming technology and computer systems made
possible to store and analyze large amounts of biological data. These advances in
bioinformaticsleadtomodelsthatarehelpfulinanalysing,interpretingandevenpredicting
thegenotypephenotyperelationshipandleadtomajorresultsinmedicineandpharmacy.
New approaches in intellectual property and patenting biotech industry inventions are
considering not only to speed up the patenting procedure in order to insert the new
technologies into the market and industry, it also seeks to avoid excessive patenting and
unjustifiedincreaseofcostsforrelatedscientificresearch.
Inthesametime,aseriesofresearchinthefieldofbiotechnologyandbiosciences,raisesa
varietyofethicalandbioethicalissuesthatshouldbeanalyzedintermsoflegaldoctrineso
thateconomicinterestsdonotviolatefundamentalhumanrights.
ThetransferofaconsiderableamountofdailyactivityintheIT&Cenvironmentinherently
required to an equivalent volume of data transferred in the same informational
environment,whichledtotheemergenceandexpansionofthecriminalphenomenoninthe
IT&Cenvironment.
Technological evolution of contemporary society caused major changes in the ethical
principles, protecting them and protecting fundamental human rights represent serious
challengesfornationalandinternationallegalsystemsandfortheentirehumansociety.
129
RomaniafromtheMid19thCenturytoNowadays:
4.BrasovIndustry
Thursday
SessionT2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
Organiser&Chair:AlexandreHerlea,TechnicalUniversityBelfort
Montbliard,France
The20thCenturyPoliticalImpactonBrasovIndustry,Romania.Employees
Testimonies(inFrench)
LecturerMirceaIvanoiu,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Le contenu de cette communication rsulte dune srie de conversations avec danciens

employsindustrielsdelavilledeBraov.Lesrcitscommencentpratiquementaumoment
de la nationalisation etvont jusquau retour un systme de production capitaliste, aprs
1990.
Lespersonnesinterrogesoccupaientdiffrentespositionsdanslahirarchiedelentreprise
et cela explique les points de vue diffrents par rapport aux vnements sociaux, la
technologie et au management, par rapport la politique des cadres et la stratgie de
dveloppement de lindustrie, etc. A prsent, cellesci regardent leur propre trajet
professionnel,lesvnementsdaprs1990,suiteuncertainloignementtemporel,avec
moinsdimplicationaffective,cequimneuneanalyse(comparaison)plusobjectivedela
cultureindustrielledanslasocitroumaine.
Unepartiedesinterlocuteursdtientunebonneinformationsurlesralitscontemporaines
danslemilieuindustriel,mmeaprsleurretraiteofficielle.
Braovetsesalentours(Rnov,Zrneti,Codlea,Scele)formentunergionquidepuisplus
de 150 ans reprsente la plus grande concentration industrielle de Roumanie, une rgion
avec une riche tradition de lindustrie (surtout les constructions de machines et industrie
lourde).
Lacollectedumatriel(lesinterviews)sestdrouledaprslesrgleslesplusstrictesde
lhistoire orale, le point de dpart commun est reprsent par un paquet de questions
dintrtpourlethme,mais,pourprotgerlestylecoulant(lafluidit)durcit,onalaiss
linterlocuteur la libert de dvelopper ses ides prfres autour de la question. Les
questions centrales de la collection de rcits portent sur la production et les produits de
lentreprise, les clients et bnficiaires les plus connus, le progrs technologique et la
dotationenquipements,lesinnovations,laqualitdesproduits,lemanagement...,limpact
desrelationsinterpersonnellesetprofessionnellesdansleclimatdelentreprise.
De ces tmoignages sont extraits et mis en vidence les lments communs des histoires
vcuesafindelescompareretlesinterprterparrapportlhistoireofficielle.Celapermet
dapporter un nouvel clairage sur lvolution de Brasov et ses environs placs dans le
contextenational,voireeuropen.
130
Thursday
SessionT2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
TheTransformationoftheLargestAircraft FactoriesofRomaniainTractors
FactoryasResultoftheSovietOccupation(inFrench)
LecturerHoriaSalca,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Aprs avoir rappel la cration en 1925 et lessor de Industrie Aronautique Roumaine

(I.A.R.)laplusperformanteusinedeRoumaniependantlapriodedelentredeuxguerresla
communication analyseen dtail deux priodes de profond bouleversement de celleci. La
premire dans le contexte de loccupation de la Roumanie par les sovitiques et
linstauration de la dictature communiste, voit la transformation de lIAR en usines de
tracteurs.Ladeuxime,aprsdcembre89dansleprocessusdelasortieducommunisme,
secaractriseparunelongueagoniedelusinequisetermineparsaliquidation.
JusqulafindelaSecondeGuerreMondialelIARproduitplusde1200appareilsdontplus
delamoitideconceptionpropreetlautresouslicence:PZL(Pologne),Fleet(U.S.),Savoia
MarchettiandNardi(Italie),FieslerStorchandMesserschmitt(Allemagne).
La Convention de larmistice avec les sovitiques tait trs svre et ntait que le
commencementdunesuitedecrimes(liquidationdeslites)etdabus.Parmicesdernires
la confiscation titre de ddommagements (suivi par la nationalisation) de certaines
entreprisesindustrielles,lasuppressionoulechangementdaffectationpourdautres,etc.
Ce dernier cas est illustr merveille par lIAR. Ds 1946, elle a chang de spcialisation,
fabriquantdsormaisdestracteurs.LepremieratlIAR22,unhybrideentreHanomaget
LanzBulldog,suivipardesmodlessurchenillessovitiques,KDetKDS.Aucommencement
de 1960, apparaissent sur le march les premiers tracteurs de conception intgralement
roumaine, ainsi que des modles ayant des moteurs Fiat. Lusine sest dveloppe,
atteignantunecapacitdeproductionde32000tracteursparan,ayant24000employs.
Aprs dcembre 1989, la situation de lusine sest dtriore sans cesse et souvent, les
salarisdelusinesontsortisdansla ruepourexprimer leurmcontentement.En2002,la
compagnieproduisaitencore4000tracteurs.En2004,elleatprochedelaprivatisation,
lacheteurtantlitalienLandini.Pourdiffrentsraisonsquonvoqueralaprivatisationna
paseulieu.En2007,lusineatferme,entrantdansunprocessusdeliquidation,etses
actifs ont t achets par Flavus Invest SRL de Bucarest, dtenu par le fond britannique
dinvestissementCenteraCapitalPartener.
131
Thursday
SessionT2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
OntheHistoryofI.A.R(RomanianAircraftIndustry) Brasov (inFrench)

Mr.TraianTomescu
Mr.NeculaiBanea,IARBrasov,Romania
AprsuncourtpassageenrevuedelacontributiondesroumainsTraianVuia,AurelVlaicu
et Henri Coand la naissance de laviation, la communication prsente lindustrie
aronautique de Brasov, depuis sa cration en 1924 jusqu nos jours. Il sagit dune
approche globale qui prend en considration aussi bien les aspects techniques
quconomiques,sociauxetpolitiquesdansleurtroiteinterdpendance.
La Socit Industrie Aronautique Roumaine(IAR) a t fonde le 25 juin 1925; 1/3 du
capitalappartenaitltatroumain,1/3auxsocitsfranaisesLorraineDietrichetBlriot
Spad et 1/3 aux socits Astra Arad et certaines banques roumaines. Pandant les 90 ans
dexistencelIARBrasovplusde2200aronefs(planeurs,planeursmoteurs,avionset
hlicoptres)furentconstruits.Lorsdecettepriode,comptetenuducontextepolitiqueet
conomiquespcifiquedupays,peuventtremisesenvidencequatretapes:19241945,
unetapededveloppementquiseterminelafindelaSecondeGuerreMondiale.Elleest
la plus fructueuse en matire de ralisations et met en vidence le rle des ingnieurs
roumainsdanslesprojetsetlaconstructiondeplusde100typesdaronefs;19451968,une
tapedesurvie,aprslatransformationdIARBrasovenusinedetracteurs,danslecontexte
desnationalisationsetdelamiseenplaceduneconomiecommunistecentralise.Ellese
termine par la cration dI.C.A. (Industria de Constructii Aeronautice) Braov; 19681989
une tape de dveloppemnt dICA Brasov qui a pris fin avec la chute du rgime
communiste et la refondation dIAR. Brasov; 19892014 une tape caractrise par la
privatisation de lconomie roumaine et lintroduction du capital tranger Eurocopter
dans le contexte de la transition de la Roumanie du communisme vers la dmocratie et
lconomie de march; Ltude prsente ces tapes (sutrout la premire et les deux
dernires) en sarrtant sur leurs caractristiques et en analysant les causes complexes du
passagedelunelautre.Chaquetapeaeuuneinfluencemajeuresurledveloppement
delindustriearonautiquedeRoumanieetsurlaviedeceuxquionttravaillettravaillent
danscesecteurindustriel.
132
Washington,USA
Italy
Thursday
SessionT2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
TheNorwegianArmyAirForceandtheFighterQuestion, 19201934
ResearcherFrodeLindgjerdet,NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Trondheim,
Norway
A military review in the wake of WWI was to give the background for the buildup of the
NorwegianFighterweapon.Frequentchangeofgovernmentensuredthatapoliticaldecision
was not reached until 1927. During 1929, the Army Air Forces Construction Committee
decided that new fighter had to be allmetal construction. The maneuverable singleseat
conceptwasfavoredoverthesturdydoubleseatfighterwithadditional,dirigiblefirepower
as the former was better tested and different types more available. A separate Fighter
Commission was commissioned to seek out a specific fighter model. As a minor power
without a much of a domestic aviation industry to consider, Norway could scanned the
internationalmarketsforthebestmodels.However,inordertosafeguardjobsandminimize
the monetary outflow resulting from the acquisitions, the Norwegian parliament decided
that any new fighters had to be fitted with an engine that the Naval Munitions Factory
happenedtohavealicensetoproduce.FourArmstrongWithworthSchimitarwaspurchased
withlicensetomanufactureadditionalaircraftdomesticallyasitwastheonlymodelfound
thatcould be fitted with the engine without increasing fuelconsumption, impair upon the
balanceoftheconstructionorhamperitsoverallperformance.However,theScimitarhada
faultyundercarriagethatwaspronetocollapse,especiallyiffittedwithskis.Inaddition,the
collaboration with the ArmstrongWithworth company went sour and the contract was
cancelled.Thefouraircraftacquirednevergotoperational.
Outside the Norwegian context, this paper is first; another example of the negative
consequencesoflettingeconomicconsiderationstrumpoperationalones.Second;itmarksa
watershedwhenNorwayasaminorpowerwithlimitedindustrialbasecouldnolongerrely
ondomesticresourcesinR&Dandproductionofmilitaryaircraft.
133
Thursday
SessionT2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
ManMachineRelationships:BritishandGermanFighterAcesinWorldWarII
ProfessorHansJoachimBraun,HelmutSchmidtUniversitt,Hamburg,Germany
Fighter Aces in the two World Wars have received much attention, not least in popular
literatureandinthemovies.Theirbraveryandsometimeschivalrywasthesubjectofmany,
often questionable, publications. But what about their tools, their aircraft? Here, too, the
literatureisextensive,particularlyinEnglish.Regardingtherelationshipbetweenpilotsand
aircraft,however,wearelesswellserved:Literatureonthisisdistinctlythinandthereare
nocomparativestudiesonthisissue.
Mypapermakesanattempttotapintothisfield.Itistoanextentbasedoninterviewswith
WorldWarIIpilotsandtheirassessmentoftwoprominentBritishandGermanaircraft,the
SupermarineSpitfireandtheME109.Regardingpilots,twoWorldWarIIfighteracesare
intheforefront,DouglasBaderandHansJoachimMarseille.Basedonthepresentstateof
myresearch,mythesisisthatthedifferencesbetweenBritishandGermanfighterpilotsand
contemporary observers regarding manmachine relationships were small. It seems,
however,thatinGermanytherewasabiastowardsemphasizingthespiritandcharacterof
the pilot who, if needs be, would be able to make up for any deficiencies in the machine.
This idea was in line with and fuelled by Nazi propaganda. Interestingly enough that view
wasandstillisechoedinEnglishlanguageliteratureonGermanWarAces;itobviouslysells.
Of course, Britain had their fighter ace heroes, too, but they seemed to have had a more
functionalroleinthecontextofateamcomposedofhumans,aircraft,infrastructureetc.
But this is no more than a thesis to be explored further in the framework of relevant
theoretical approaches in the history of technology such as actornetwork theory,
technologicaldeterminismandothers.Summaryofmajorconclusions?Weshallseebythe
endofJuly.Therearestillsixmonthstogoandwewanttobeuptodate,don`twe?
134

Thursday
SessionT2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
TheMilitaryTechnologicalRevolutionof1944
ProfessorDavidZimmerman,UniversityofVictoria,Canada
InthecontextofthehistoryoftheSecondWorldWar,theyear1944marksthefinaldecisive
battlesthatsecuredAlliedvictoryayearlater.Inthehistoryofwarfare,however,1944isnot
the beginning of the end, but the start of one of the most significant transitions in the
technology,tactics,andstrategyusedinconflict.Thelistofnewtypesofweaponssystems
andrelatedtechnologiesdeployedinsignificantnumbersforthefirsttimeisstaggering:the
first jet aircraft (Me262 and Gloster Meteor); ballistic and cruise missiles ( A3 and V1);
proximity fuses; snorkel equipped and underwater high speed submarines; integrated
submarine killing sonar/underwater mortar systems (Type 247B/Squid); electronic
computers (Colossus); and the assault rifle (Sturmgewehr 44). Missing from this list, of
course,istheatomicbomb,butbytheendof1944thescientistsatLosAlamoshadsolved
allscientificandtechnicalissuesrelatedtobuildingapracticaldevice.Remarkably,noneof
thesetechnologiesplayedasignificantroleintheoutcomeofthewar.
My paper will explore the roots of this military/technological revolution and examine the
ramificationsoftheintroductionofsomanynewtechnologiesforpostwarmilitaryplanning,
research,development,anddoctrine.Itwillprovidenewinsightsintothenatureofmilitary
and technological innovation during the war. Finally, I will compare the technological
revolutionof1944totheonethatoccurredattheendoftheFirstWorldWar.Iwillprovide
a brief analysis of how the uncertainty concerning the value of relatively untried weapons
influencedboththeinterwarandpostSecondWorldWarperiods.
135
TheDarkSideofTechnology:Technologyand
IllnesssincetheNineteenthCentury:
1.TechnologicalHazards
Thursday
SessionT2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
Organiser&Chair:AmeliaBonea,UniversityofOxford,UnitedKingdom
Technology and medicine are intimately connected. Particularly since the nineteenth
century,technologyhasoftenbeenhailedasaninstrumentofprogressandmodernization
and has played a central role in the development of medical theory and practice, making
diseasesrecognizableandcurable.Yet,theinventionanduseoftechnologieshasalsobeen
surrounded by scepticism and anxiety, with new technologies often generating new
concernsandrisksofdisease.Thispanelwillfocusnotontechnologyasacureofdisease,
butratherontechnologyasa(potential)causeofphysicalandmentalillness.Wearelooking
forpapersthatwillinvestigatehealthconcernsassociatedwiththeproliferationanduseof
various technologies, from medical technology such as vaccines and medical devices to
industrial technologies to technologies of transport and communication. Possible topics
include, but are not limited to: epidemics and travel, medical Xrays and cancer risk,
technologyandmentalhealth,occupationalhealthproblems,musculoskeletaldisordersand
technologies of communication. By examining case studies from a variety of geographical
and socioeconomic settings, the panel hopes to stimulate discussion of broader themes
such as the role of technology in creating medical knowledge, risk management and the
ethicsofrisk,andtoidentifycommontrendsanddivergencesinhealthconcernsassociated
withtechnologyoverthelasttwocenturies.
136
Thursday
SessionT2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
TheArmTroublesofTelegraphers: HistoricalPerspectivesonTechnologies
ofCommunicationandRepetitiveStrainInjuries
Dr.AmeliaBonea,UniversityofOxford,UnitedKingdom
Theunprecedenteddevelopmentandproliferationoftechnologiesofcommunicationduring
thelastdecadeshasledtosignificantchangesinworkandlifestylepatterns,withmoreand
morepeoplesufferingfromrepetitivestraininjuriesasaresultofexcessivetypingandthe
use of a computer mouse. But such afflictions are far from new. During the nineteenth
century,anothertechnologyofcommunication,thetelegraph,generatedhealthconcernsof
a strikingly similar nature. Known as telegraphists cramp, this nineteenthcentury
repetitive strain injury belonged to a group of disorders which also included writers
cramp, a condition prevalent among writers and the clerical strata. The symptoms were
pain,numbnessandtinglingofthearmandwrist,and,inseverecases,evenparalysisofthe
fingers.ThemedicalandpopulardiscourseofthetimeoftendescribedtheuseoftheMorse
telegraphs as a possible cause for "telegraphist's cramp". By the end of the nineteenth
century,instancesofcramphadreachedalmostepidemicproportionsinBritainandin1908
it became the first chronic disorder to be deemed compensable under the Workmens
CompensationAct.ThediseasewasalsoreportedintheUnitedStatesandAustralia,where
theuseofautomaticdotmachineswassuggestedasapossibleremedy.
Usingtheexampleoftelegraphistscramp,thispaperwillprovideahistoricalperspective
ontechnologiesofcommunicationasacauseofrepetitivestraininjuries,showinghowthe
etiologyofthecramphasoscillatedbetweenadiseaseofthebodyandadiseaseofthe
mind since the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, the paper will show how medical
knowledge about this condition was circumscribed by contemporary ideas about what it
meant to live and work in a modern, technologically advanced society. Unlike traditional
infectious diseases, telegraphists cramp was a condition with diverse symptoms, whose
specific lesions were difficult to identify. Thus, especially in the period before WWI, there
wasastrongbeliefthatthedisorderhadanunderlyingpsychologicalcomponent,affecting
peopleofananxious,nervousdisposition,whowereunabletoadapttothefreneticpaceof
modernlife.
137
Thursday
SessionT2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
WhattheGreatMajorityofPatientsRequireisLettingAlone:TheUsesof
TechnologyintheAsylum
Dr.JenniferWallis,UniversityofOxford,UnitedKingdom
The late nineteenth century saw the proliferation of graphical methods in science and
medicine, particularly within the field of physiology. Instruments to measure the pulse
especiallycapturedtheimaginationofmedicalpractitioners.Thesphygmographoftienne
JulesMareywasanotableexample,fittingontothewristandrecordingthewearerspulse
bymeansofanattachedpen.
Thesphygmographpromisedtorevealtheinnermostworkingsofthehumanbodyandwas
put to use by a number of asylum practitioners in the hope of mapping the characteristic
pulse forms of various mental diseases. Employing such technology proved difficult in the
asylum,however.Theexcitablenatureofmanypatientsnecessitatedmodificationssuchas
the strapping of the instrument to the arm, whilst the excitement or anxiety of others
preventeddoctorsfromapplyingtheinstrumentatall.
This paper will consider how the sphygmograph was employed within the asylum,
particularlyhowitspresenceasamedicalobjectcouldproblematizetheveryobjectivityit
was intended to provide. The instruments tendency to inspire horror and fear in its
subjects had clear implications for the assessment of patients mental states, the medical
knowledge that resulted from physiological investigation, and the boundaries between
physiology and psychology. In assessing mental states in this way, doctors were forced to
address how mental illness could be both a physiological fact (an unusual pulse form)
measurablebyaninstrumentandachangeableconditiondependentuponexternalfactors
(fear of medical examination). The paper will also address how the instrument impacted
upon patient experiences, both in the immediate examination and via subsequent drug
treatmentstoalterthepulse,wherebroaderissueswereraisedsuchastheapplicabilityof
generalhospitalmethods to theasylumcontext andthetherapeuticvalueofphysiological
investigation.
138
Thursday
SessionT2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
SunlightattheFlickofaSwitch:TheRiskyConsumptionofUltravioletLamps,
c.19001940
Dr.TaniaWoloshyn,UniversityofWarwick,UnitedKingdom
Harnessinglightfortherapeuticuseduringtheearlytwentiethcenturywasariskybusiness,
butacourseofactionperceivedtohaveenormousindividualandpublicbenefit.Thispaper
willexploremedicalandpopularperceptionsofultravioletradiationthroughtheephemera
of lamp manufacturers, c.19001940. It focuses especially on the selling and consuming of
carbonarcandmercuryvapourlampsbytheBritishmanufacturersHanovia,Perihelandthe
ThermalSyndicate.Whilebothofthesetypesoflampswereavailablefortherapeuticuseat
theturnofthecentury,bythe1920smanufacturersbegantomodifythemforprophylactic
andtherapeutichomeuse,makingthemconvenientlyportableinsizeandadvertisingthem
directlytoconsumers.
Some physicians and nurses celebrated the publics access to ultraviolet lamps for private
use; others vehemently protested it. Accounts of severe burns, electric shocks and even
death by ultraviolet lamps in medical and popular press publications challenged and
complicatedthesupposedblindfaithofpractitionersintherayspowerstoregeneratethe
body. This would only be compounded by early reports warning of ultraviolet lights
carcinogenicabilities,appearinginmedicaljournalsasearlyas1925.
Thispaperoffersauniquecontextualisationofthisunderstudiedhistorybycloseanalysisof
manufacturersillustratedpamphlets,usermanualsandthelampsthemselves.Inparticular
it will analyse photomontage as a vanguard method to represent the invisible rays of
ultraviolet light, comparing these with representations of other forms of therapeutic
radiation Xrays and radium in contemporaneous visual culture. In doing so it looks to
imagesandobjectsaspointsofentryintolighttherapyscontentiouspast,connectingthe
ultravioletlamptotheatombomb.
139
Thursday
SessionT2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
Oneofthoseelectricoutfitsputonthemarketbyquacks:Overbecks
RejuvenatorandtheBritishMedicalAssociation,19241937
Dr.JamesStark,UniversityofLeeds,UnitedKingdom
Although historians have shown that relationships between the body, medicine and the
force of electricity have been complex and multilayered, many avenues remain to be
explored. One of the most prominent of these is the way in which electrotherapy
technologiesweremarketedtoawidevarietyofdifferentendusersandintermediaries.This
paperoffersthefirsthistoricalanalysisofonesuchdevicetheOverbeckRejuvenatora
1920s electrotherapy machine designed for use by the general public. Its inventor, Otto
Overbeck, was not a medical man, but a brewers chemist, and this enabled him to use
aggressive strategies of newspaper advertising, using testimonials to market his product
alongsideappealstohisownscientificauthority.HecommissionedtheprestigiousEdiswan
CompanytomanufacturetheRejuvenatoronalargescale,andtookoutpatentsineleven
countries to persuade users of the efficacy of the device. In response to Overbecks
activities, the British Medical Association enlisted an electrical engineer to examine the
Rejuvenator to determine whether it was safe, alerted practitioners whose endorsements
were being used in publicity material, and denied Overbeck permission to advertise in the
British Medical Journal. Despite the almost wholly negative response from the BMA, the
Rejuvenatorbroughtitsinventorwealthandnotoriety,andhelpedredefinetheconceptof
rejuvenation, even if the professional reception of such a device was almost universally
hostile. This paper shows how the marketing, patenting and publishing strategies of
Overbeck combined to persuade members of the laity to try the Rejuvenator as an
alternative form of therapy even though it was privately rubbished by professional bodies
representingmainstreammedicine.
140
ModernVersusTraditional?CoreandPeripheriesin
theTransportandCommunicationInfrastructural
Process:1.Nationalperipheries
Thursday
SessionT2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
Organiser&Chair:SimoneFari,UniversidaddeGranada,Spain
Uptonow,thegazefromthecoretowardstheperipheryhasbeenshapedbycoloniality,
whether oftheclassic colonialist/imperialist type, or of the more recent type governed by
populationexperts(Boatc2006).ThisisnotonlythecaseforobvioustargetslikeIndiaor
Latin America, but also applies to the European fringes as the recent emotional debates
around Greece and Cyprus testify. This is largely the case also in infrastructural systems,
bothofcommunicationandoftransport,whichleadsustoquestiontheroleoftheconcept
of periphery (and its core) on infrastructural networks (defined in a very broad sense) in
producing, reinforcing, smoothing, alleviating or revealing the concept of core (and cores)
andperiphery(peripheries).Wewouldliketogobeyondthedistinctionbetweencoreand
peripheryasdefinedintermsoftime(modernversustraditional;civilizedversusprimitive)
and political agenda (progressive versus backward), and move to a more innovative
approach, such as, for instance, gender (masculine versus feminine), number (cores and
peripheries),andcontamination(howperipheriesaccept,adaptandtwistincomingmodels,
andhowthisalteredexamplesarebouncingbacktothecores).Thequestion,then,is:What
set (and sets) this periphery apart? And are periphery and core (still used within the
disciplineofWorldHistory)reallytherighttermstoindicatethesedifferences?(Wolfe2010)
In this vein, peripheral can have a double entendre. Peripheral can be applied
geographically,inwhichinfrastructuresfollowstereotypedmodels,whicharedisseminated
from a geographical core to peripheries. But peripheral can be also understood as
presence of different layers of infrastructural systems in the same place, in which some
networks are hidden, marginal or silent, and others are revealed. Finally, peripheral can
refertounderresearchedinvestigationpaths:forthisproposal,forinstance,westressthe
needofaclosercollaborationbetweentransporthistoriansandcommunicationscholars.
141
Thursday
SessionT2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
SemiPeripheryinTransition:TheTypologyoftheGreekState'sIdentification
inRelationwithAutomobilityfromthe1930stothe2000s
Dr.AlexiaSofiaPapazafeiropoulou,NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens,Greece
Thecategorizationofthestatesascentral,semiperipheralandperipheralascoinedwithin
theworldsystemanalysishasbeenwidelyusedfortheexegesisofthegeopoliticalbalances'
consolidationinrelationwithmobility.Thisapproachismainlybasedonthenationalstates'
classificationaccordingtotheireconomicpoweraswellastheirpoliticalinfluence.Still,as
farasmobilityisconcerned,suchadichotomycouldbeconsideredasoversimplifying,since
themobilitynetworksarerelatednotonlywitheconomicandpoliticalbutalsowithsocio
cultural parameters. Moreover, the terms "center", "periphery", or "semiperiphery" have
been characterized as somewhat vague even within the context of the world system
analysis, since they are used in order to describe a variety of heterogeneous cases.
Additionally, whereas centers and peripheries usually tend to be conceived as essentialist
and static, the characteristics on which such categorizations are based, can either change
overtime,ortheycanberevisited.Regardingtheabove,theproposedpaperaimstofocus
ontheconstructionoftheGreekstate'sidentificationasasemiperipheralstateinrelation
with the mobility development from the 1930s to the 2000s. As the paper argues, the
specific case has had a transitional character in the geopolitical and geocultural map of
Europethroughouttheexaminedperiod.Consequently,itisattemptedtobeconceptualized
withinthecontextoftheinterculturalexchangeofnormativestereotypesbetweencenters
andperipheries.Indoingso,thepaperaimstoanalyzethisclassification'stypologyaswellas
thestereotypicalrepresentationsitpromotesasontologicalcharacteristics,soastobetter
understandifitprovidesthemostadequatehermeneuticschemefortheunderstandingof
the geopolitical and geocultural dimension of the mobility networks. The main aim of the
paper is to contribute to the discussion concerning the transitional characteristics and the
powerrelationsofthemobilityinfrastructuralprocesswhichdeterminethecategorizationof
societies.
142
Thursday
SessionT2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
HighSpeedTrainsinaPeripheralCountry:theItalianRailwaySystem
betweenRevitalization,Modernization,andPolarization
ProfessorAndreaGiuntini,UniversityofModenaandReggioEmilia,Modena,Italy
Italy is the country in Europe in which, more than any other, the degree of road traffic
saturation leads to a forced reorientation of the overall transport organization. The Italian
infrastructure system now has a particularly high level of imbalance, generating
malfunctions.Thereis,infact,arealcompetitionbetweenroadandrail,exceptinthecase
of over long distances and poor goods; road transport dominates, presenting a greater
versatilityandtheweightthathasassumedisnotreflectedinanyEuropeanexperience.In
addition,theItalianrailwaysystemfromthebeginningofthenewcenturypresentsworrying
polarizationcharacteristics:ontheonehandthereisHighSpeed,whichreceivesmostofthe
investmentsthetopofthesystemontheotherhandlocaltrainsnetworks,onwhichitis
more andmoredifficulttotravel.The currentconditionsmustbeexplainedlargelyonthe
basisofhistory:thelackofcoordinationbetweenvariousoperatorsofthetransportsystem
andbetweentheseveralmodesisthecoreofthequestion.Inparticulartheoriginsarein
the political and economic choices taken after the second World War, when the push to
motoring was too strong and the road transport was really favored in terms of lack of a
precise regulation. Despite a fluctuating attention was destined to it, with continuous and
exhausting stop and go, High Speed has been the only attempt to revitalize the railway
system in Italy in the last thirty years, introducing for many extents a high level of
modernization. The firststeps in this directionwere madewith the implementation of the
Pendolino,thefirsttiltingtrain,completedin1971.
143
Thursday
SessionT2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
ArailwayFlowersbridge.IasiUngheniChisinauRailway(18762011)
Mr.AndreiBerinde,S.C.RCCFTRANSS.R.L.,Brasov,Romania
Atrackwithanextremestrategicandeconomicimportance,havingthepurposetoprovidea
connectionbetweenLembergCernuiSuceavaPacaniIaiandOdessaRazdelnaia
TighinaChiinumainlinesandtofacilitatethecommerciallinksbetweentheAustrian
HungarianEmpireandtheRussianportsfromtheBlackSea'sshore,thebroadgauge(1524
mm.)IaiChiinurailwaywasbuiltbetween1871and1876bytheRussianCompanyfor
Navigation and Commerce (Chiinu Ungheni Prut section) and by Grigore Heliad
Enterprise(IaiUnghenisection).
The first ideas concerning the opening of a railway link between Romania and the Tsarist
Empire appeared during the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the future international
connexionprojectbeingdiscussedduringthebilateralmeetingbetweentheTzarAlexander
IIIandPriceCarolI,thattookplaceonAugust14th1869,ontheoccasionoftheRomanian
Ruler'svisitinCrimea.
In the spring of 1871, the Russian Company for Navigation and Commerce begun the
buildingofChiinuUngheniPrutrailway,thelinebeingcompletedonJune1st1875.
In thespring of 1873, the Romanian private buildingenterprise of Engineer Grigore Heliad
beguntobuildthe21km.ofIaiUnghenirailway,whichwasofficiallyopenedayearlater,
onAugust1st1874.
AlthoughIaiChiinurailway'sbuildingwascompletedonJune1st1875,theactuallink
between Romania and the Tsarist Empire was only possible starting from February 12th
1876,thedaywhenthefirsttracktrialstraincrossedthebridgeoverPrutriver,whichwas
officiallyopenedamonthlater,onMarch19th1876.
144
5.Railway&Navy
Thursday
SessionT3A
RoomUI2
14:0015:30
Organiser:AlexandreHerlea,
Chair:ToaderPopescu,UniversitateadeArhitecturiUrbanismIon
Mincu,Bucharest,Romania
TheRomanianRailwaysduringTwoTransitionPeriods:
19451960and19892014(inFrench)
Mr.RaduRobertBellu
LapremirelignedechemindeferconstruitesurleterritoiredelaRoumaniedaujourdhui
estleSimeringulBanateanlaligneOravitaAninaouvertepourletransportducharbonle
20aot1854,cequifaitdellela13meligneconstruiteenEurope.Avecses22.250kmsde
voies ferres (8585 kms lectrifies) la Roumanie daujourdhui occupe la 7me place en
Europe.
Jusquen 1945, les chemins de fer en Roumanie ont t marqus par les guerres dont la
Deuxime Guerre Mondiale qui les a fortement affects et par la concurrence de
lautomobilequi,entrelesdeuxguerresmondiales,acommenclesconcurrenceretquia
dterminunemodificationsubstantielledestechniquesdadministrationdeceuxci.
Dans la priode 19451960 les chemins de fer ont du tre reconstruits aprs les grandes
destructionsdueslaSecondeGuerreMondiale(1900kmsdevoies,1800ponts,22tunnels
et plus dun million de m2 de btiments) et sadapter au rgime communiste install par
loccupantsovitique.Ladirectiongnraledescheminsdeferroumainsaprisenchargeles
travauxdereconstructionetdansladerniretapedecettepriodealanclestravauxpour
le dbut de llectrification des chemins de fer : sources dnergie, stations de traction et
locomotiveslectriques
Dansla priode 19892014 caractrise elleaussi par un changementde rgime politique,
notamment le retour de la Roumanie la dmocratie et lconomie de march, les
cheminsdeferontconnudeschangementsprofondsdusessentiellementauxtransfertsde
technologie. Sont ainsi modernises les installations de centralisation des aiguillages des
voies,lesoutillagesdentretiendesvoiesetleremplacementdeslocomotivesvapeurpar
deslocomotivesdieseletlectriquesconstruitessouslicencedanslepays.Dansladeuxime
partie de cette priode, font aussi leur apparition les oprateurs privs dans le transport
ferroviairedemarchandisesetdevoyageurs.
Les aspects techniques, administratifs et conomiques de toutes ces volutions seront
prsentsdanscettecommunication.
145
Thursday
SessionT3A
RoomUI2
14:0015:30
AspectsofRomanianNavyEvolution,ofitsHarboursandIndustryfrom1860
toNowadays(inFrench)
Dr.CarmenAtanasiu,RomanianNavalLeague,Romania
LaMarineRoumaineestneaveclacrationdelEtatroumainmoderne,miseenplacesuite
troisvnementsdterminants:luniondesPrincipautsRoumaines(1859),lamontesur
letrnedeCarolI(1866)etlaconqutedelIndpendancesuitelaguerrede18771878.
Celleci a comme consquence le retour de la Roumanie sur les bords de la Mer Noire
accdantunlittoralmaritimedeplusde220kmsdelong,faitdimportancecapitalepour
ledveloppementdelaMarineRoumaine.
La communication portera sur : 1. Les ports fluviaux et maritimes. Dans les annes 1870
1874, la Roumanie entreprend les premiers grands travaux techniques dans le port de
Giurgiu, sur le Danube et les ingnieurs franais Larousselire, Desmaroux, et lofficier
ingnieurroumainPeiuferontdanslecadreduServiceHydrauliquenouvellementcrles
premires tudes pour la modernisation des ports fluviaux. Suivent des travaux et des
constructionsdexceptiontelslessilosdesportsGalatietBraila(capacit50tonnes)pourla
constructiondesquelsAnghelSalignyautilisparmilespremiersaumondelebtonarm.
2. La marine militaire. Le 22 octobre 1860, les flottes militaires des deux principauts la
MoldavieetlaValachie,ontfusionnpourconstituerunseulcorpsdarmesouscommande
unique.
3.Lamarinecommerciale.Lespremiresinstitutionsnationalesdenavigationonttcres
la fin du 19me sicle : la Navigation Fluviale Roumain (1890) et le Service Maritime
Roumain(1895)
Aprs lvocation de ces dbuts, la communication prsentera lvolution de la Marine
Roumaine,desportsetdelindustrienavalesouslesaspectstechniquesetscientifiquesen
lesplaantdanslecontextepolitiqueetsocioconomique.Onsarrteranotammentsurles
consquencesdesdeuxguerresmondialesetdesautresmomentsderuptureconnusparla
Roumanie. Une attention particulire est accorde lpoque communiste et celle de la
transitiondaprs1989.
146
Thursday
SessionT3A
RoomUI2
14:0015:30
TheElectrificationofRailwaysinRomania
LecturerMariusDanielCalin,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Mr.DanConstantinBalan
Mr.GheorgheZaharie
The paper deals with following issues: the question on modernizing the railways by
electrification; the beginning of electrification of Romanian railways, the electrification of
Romanianrailwaysduringthecommunistregime19651989.
The first elements of electrification of railways in Romania have emerged since 1899, by
electrifying the narrow railway of the paper factory in Busteni. In 1913 is inaugurated the
electrified railway AradPodgoriaGhioroc PiataRadna/Pancota, and the transportation is
providedbythemotorsGreenArrow,whichhadbenzoelectrictractiononfouraxleswith
DionButon motors to ensure the functioning of the generator of DC and the traction is
provided by the rear axle. The firstproject of electrification of the Romanian railways was
thought/designed since 1913 by the engineer I.S. Gheorghiu for the railway Bucuresti
PloiestiBrasov.
During the period between the World Wars, under the command of the engineer Dimitrie
Leonida,theGeneralDirectorateofRailwayswasfounded,basedonthelaw612/1942.New
projectsandlegalactionswereinitiatedandnewelectricpowerplantswerebuilttoensure
thepowersupply(hydropowerplantsfromDobresti,GalmaMoroieni,FilipestiidePadure).
TheseprojectswereinterruptedbecauseoftheoutbreakofthesecondWorldWar.
A new stage in electrification of the Romanian railwaysbegins in 1951, when the Ministry
Committee of electrification decided to stop the electrification works for the railways
BucurestiPoiestiBrasov, starting with the line BrasovPredeal. They have adopted the
powersupplysysteminalternativcurrent,monophase(withthephasethroughwiredair
catenaryandtheneutralthroughrails)of27kVandthefrequencyof50Hz.In1963the
workstoelectrifytherailwayBrasovPredealwereinterrupted,sometechnicalsampleswere
begun.TheRomaniangovernmentopenedtheactiontopurchaseelectriclocomotivesand
four offers were presented: Alsthom (France), Skoda (Czechoslovakia), VEBLokomotivbau
ElektrotechnischeHennigsdorf(Germany),ASEAVasterls(Swedena).Thesuppycontractwas
signedwithASEAVasterlsSweden(thelocomotiveisequippedwithelectronicsystemswith
siliconrectifiers),whopurchasedthelicensefortheseelectriclocomotivesforthefactories
Electroputere from Craiova. The first train hauled by an electric locomotive entered
Bucharest on February 16 1969, which meant finishing the electrification of the railway of
PloiestiVestChitilaBucureti.
The paper also presents the implications of the electrification upon the social and
economicallifeinRomania.
147
Washington,USA
Italy
Thursday
SessionT3B
RoomUI3
14:0015:30
TheStudyofInformationTechnologyUseintheCollection,Transmissionand
ProcessingofRadiolocationInformation
Dr.IoanGheorgheRatiu,MilitarySchoolofAirForce,Brasov,Romania
Radiolocation is the newest branch in radio technology, the radar method has emerged
before World War II, but it developed especially during the great conflagration, having by
then applications almost exclusively in the military field. Later, due to remarkable
performancesandpossibilities,radiolocationstartedtobeutilizedmoreandmoreincivilian
activities, from geology to astronomy and space domains, decisively contributing to the
scientificsuccessesofourcontemporarysociety.
Presently,thelargescaleuseofinformationtechnologyinradiolocation,allowsprocessing
(collecting,processingandtransmission)theenormousvolumeofradiolocationrelateddata
andinformationofcivilandmilitarypurpose(theintegrationdegreeofthetwodomainsis
greaterandgreater)whichareutilizedinthepresent.Nowadays,anefficientmanagement
ofanextremelycrowdedairspaceisnolongerpossiblewithoututilizingthe3Dtypehigh
resolution modern radars and integrated systems for command, control, computers,
communications and information which operate in realtime with guaranteed
trustworthiness,accuracyandsafetyofdeliveredinformationtothelocalandinternational
beneficiaries.
Utilizinginformationtechnologyincollecting,processingandtransmittingtheradiolocation
data has been approached in this thesis, wishing to bring a few modestcontributions to a
fieldoflargeinterestfortheacademicandcivilcommunitieswithimportantpreoccupations
and achievements. The problematic of utilizing information technology in the sense of the
approached theme is not exhausted at all, but on the contrary, there are foreseen new
perspectives due to the technological offensive without precedent which currently take
place.
Thescientificresearchactivityhasbeencentereduponthefollowingmainideas: clarifying
radiolocationbasictheoreticnotions;numericalprocessingofradiolocationsignals;utilizing
and developing IT solutions; implementing modern information systems for airspace
management.
148

Thursday
SessionT3B
RoomUI3
14:0015:30
PostwarMedicalUseofInfraredTechnologyintheUSSR
ProfessorVasilyBorisov,RussianAcademyofSciences,Moscow,Russia
Dr.IgorY.Kudryavtsev,AllRussianElectrotechnicalInstitutenamedafterV.I.Lenin,
Moscow,Russia
Dr.IgorV.Ovcharov,AllRussianElectrotechnicalInstitutenamedafterV.I.Lenin,Moscow,
Russia
Dr.AnatolyN.Panibratets,AllRussianElectrotechnicalInstitutenamedafterV.I.Lenin,
Moscow,Russia
As in many other countries, before and during the Second World War, the Soviet Union
conductedintensivedefenseresearch.Inpeacetime,theresultsofthesestudieshavebeen
used successfully for the benefit of people. Let us follow the example of this infrared
technology.
Thefirstsamples oftheSovietinfrared(IR)night visiongoggles(NVG)werecreated inthe
late30s.Twentiethcentury,theAllUnionElectrotechnicalInstitute(VEI,Moscow)andthe
State Optical Institute (GOI, Leningrad) . They perceived radiation nearinfrared (0.7 1.5
microns)andworkedinactivemode.Sincethebeginningof1941wasorganizedbytheserial
productionofnavigationdevicesIR"GammaVEI"andsupplythemtotheBlackSeaFleet.
These devices provide covert wiring ships at night. During the defense of Sevastopol it
helpedsavealotofshipsthatevacuatedciviliansandwounded.Inthelate50sVEIinGOI
created the first Soviet thermal imagers. They recorded their own picture of the thermal
radiation of objects and work in passive mode in the range of 3 5 microns. They were
initially designed for military purposes, but after a few years the leaders of development
PeterV.TimofeevandMikhail.MiroschnikovconvincedSovietleaderstoreleasemedical
thermal imagers, which played a major role in the diagnosis of cancer and other diseases.
Duringtheseyears,theAmericaninventorofRussianoriginVladimirKozmichZworykinalso
worked in the field of medical electronics. Information was taken from publicly available
literature,aswellasfromthearchivesVEIandpersonalarchivesPVTimofeev.
Currently,theRussianmanufacturerofmedicalimagersisthefirm"IRTIS."Scientificschool
oftheUSSRandRussiaphotonicsandinfraredtechnologyovertheyearshasachievedalot.
Their work as successors in VEI and GOI and many other institutions and enterprises,
supportinganddevelopingthenationalscientificandtechnicalpotential,increasednotonly
thedefense,butthequalityofpeople'slives.
149
Thursday
SessionT3B
RoomUI3
14:0015:30
HowSwedenLearnedtoWorryabouttheBombandStoppedLovingIt
Ph.D.candidatePetterWulff,IndependentScholar,Sweden
ColdWarSwedenmadeacompleteturnregardingtheatombomb.Inthe1950sitwasseen
as a new and powerful weapon that would strengthen the national defence capability.
Around1960doubtsarose,andfromthenonSwedenbecamesteadilymoredisenchanted
withthenewweapon.Itwasaremarkabletransitionfromanearnucleartoanantinuclear
stance.
LeadingboththepronuclearandtheskepticmovementwastheAirForce.Thepointtobe
made here is that technology itself was in transition and changed the prospects for the
service.ThismadetheAirForcegoinafewyearsfromprotoskeptic.TheAirForceinturn
influenced the view of the dominant political party, the Social Democrats, which became
skeptictothevalueofacquiringatombombs.
Iftheimpactonthemilitaryandpoliticalarenaswasratherswift,themilitaryresearcharena
was slower to respond. The research organization for nuclear weapons was built up while
the military and political support was already on the wane. This, however, meant that an
impressiveresearchcompetencecouldbeharnessedtoanewgoalnucleardisarmament!
IfSwedenhadnotcomeclosetodevelopingitsownnuclearbombs,itmightnothavehad
theexpertisenecessarytochallengetheargumentsofthenuclearpowersandforcethemto
acceptconcessionsintheirweaponsdevelopmentplans.
150
TheDarkSideofTechnology:Technologyand
IllnesssincetheNineteenthCentury:2.Impactof
MentalityonWellbeing
Thursday
SessionT3C
RoomUI6
14:0015:30
Organiser&Chair:AmeliaBonea,UniversityofOxford,UnitedKingdom
TechnologicalDelusionsasaReflectionoftheAtmosphereofWar:
NarrativesofGas,RadioandMagnetisminGermanandIsraeliPsychiatry
duringthe20thCentury
Ph.D.candidateMariaChristinaMller,UniversittAugsburg,Germany
Dr.DanaTzurBitan,ShalvataMentalHealthHospital,Tikva,Israel
Dr.LarsHornuf,LudwigMaximiliansUniversittMnchen,Munich,Germany
The fear of invisible forces is present in the everyday life of ordinary people. Recent
examplesincludetheperceivedriskofterroristattacks,theomnipresentvideosurveillance
and the impact of electromagnetic fields. The paper examines such hidden forces from a
historical and crosscultural perspective. Medical records from psychiatric hospitals
documentnarrativesandassociationsofhiddenpowers.Thesephantasmsaretheinternal
pictures of external concepts and artifacts, which the patients perceive as real. The public
discoursei.e. social and cultural practices of societyshapes the themes of delusional
scenarios.Thus,phantasmsofhiddenpowersaresubjecttohistorical,socialandtechnical
change. They are formed by rituals of popular belief: the veneration of the saints, the
existenceofheavenandhell,politicalandreligiousrulers,andtechnologicalinvention.
For instance, World War I significantly reinforced the delusional perception of gas. The
threateningfeelingofbeingmonitoredandinfluencedbyothersbecamerelevantwiththe
beginning of the 20th century. Instead of Gods Eternal Eyewhich is located behind the
heartpatients increasingly feared telephones, hypnosis and electricity. By examining the
narrativesofdelusionalcontentintwodifferentcultures,thepaperanalyseshowdelusional
scenarios of references to technological devices in Germany and Israel reflect the general
atmosphereofwar.Arandomsampleof500medicalfilesfromthepsychiatryofKaufbeuren
(Germany) and Shalvata Hospital (Israel) are examined and narratives described by
psychiatricpatientswillbeanalyzed.
151
Thursday
SessionT3C
RoomUI6
14:0015:30
OhGodMakeMeSlim,MakeMeBeautiful:TheSideEffectsofSlimming
CapsulesinIndiaACaseStudy
Dr.TinniGoswamiBhattacharya,CalcuttaUniversity,India
Theessentialthemeofthispaperistohighlightthesideeffectsofslimmingcapsuleswhich
haveawidemarketinIndia.Asaresultofglobalization,Indianwomenhavebecomemore
healthconsciousandtheirlustforatonedandtrimfigureisawellknownfact.Nowadays
almosteverywomanwantsamakeoverfromfattofabulous.Evenmenhavealsojoinedin
thisraceforhavingahotbod.
Therearecertainscientificprocedureslikeabalanceddiet,physicalexercisesandtheusage
of the gym instruments recommended for reducing weight under medical supervision. But
the majority have no time and intention to try these methods. Rather they are highly
influencedbythegimmicksofthegiantdrugmanufacturingcompanieswhoalwayswantto
makeahugeprofitbyestablishingawholesalemarketofslimmingcapsules.Sometimesthey
hirepopularactorsormodelstopromotetheirproducts.
We all know that slimming pills, an example of advanced medical technology, can cause
insomnia,constipation,euphoria,increasedbloodpressureandheartrateandmanymore.
The longterm use of this drug can lead to mental disorders like nervousness and
restlessness.InIndiathelevelofawarenessregardingthisissueisbarelypresent.Theroleof
the Government in this matter is also insignificant as in any health reports the above
mentionedtopichasneverbeenhighlighted.ThesilenceoftheIndianmediaisamatterof
concernandapartfromafewarticlesinmedicaljournalstheevidenceofpriorresearchis
nonexistent. The present researcher aims to expose the Indian scenario and add a new
chaptertothehistoryofhealthstudiesinpostcolonialIndia.
152
Thursday
SessionT3C
RoomUI6
14:0015:30
TransitioningtoTargets:DemographyandPopulationPolicyinIndia,
19511975
Ph.D.candidateCathrynJohnston,KingsCollegeLondon,UnitedKingdom
Inthe1960sIndiabegantochartanewcourseinpopulationpolicy,acoursethatlaidthe
foundationsforthehighlycoercivemeasuresdeployedinthenameofpopulationcontrola
decadelaterduringtheEmergency.Markedbyashiftinbirthcontroltechnologiesfrom
theencouragementofnaturalfertilitycontrolmethodstowardsanincreasedrelianceon
technological and surgical methods (particularly, the IUD and vasectomy) it was in the
1960s that India began to create the medical and technological frameworks on which it
wouldlaterrelyduringthemasssterilizationcampaignsoftheEmergency.Thechieffactor
influencing this transition during the 1960s was the introduction of Demographic Target
Setting.Inthe1950sandearly1960sanewanalyticalframeworkDemographicTransition
Theoryemergedatforefrontofdemography.DTTwasprimarilydevelopedintheWestbut
wasnotchieflyimplementedthere.ThepoliciesthatweremoststronglyinfluencedbyDTT
wereformedon,andimplementedin,theunderdevelopedcountriesoftheThirdWorld.
Accordingly,DTTnotonlyshapedhowtheWestsawIndia'spopulation,buthowIndiacame
tounderstanditsownpopulation,asignificantoutcomeofwhichwasDemographicTarget
Setting.
LookingtotheworkofSripatiChandrasekhar,demographerandUnionMinisterforHealth
andFamilyPlanning,Iwillassesstheroleofdemographicthinkingandpracticeininforming
Indianpopulationpolicy,anddemonstratehowDemographicTargetSettingsetthestagefor
coercioninthecontextofthedomesticandinternationalpoliticsinformingpopulationpolicy
and demography. In doing so, I will reframe India's experiences with coercive population
policies, drawing attention to the understudied 1960s, and placing the events of the
Emergency into the context of the transnational policy making and the international
populationcontrolmovement.
153
ModernVersusTraditional?CoreandPeripheriesin
theTransportandCommunicationInfrastructural
Process:2.Colonialperipheries
Thursday
SessionT3D
RoomUI7
14:0015:30
Organiser:SimoneFari,UniversidaddeGranada,Spain
Chair:AlexiaSofiaPapazafeiropoulou,NationalTechnicalUniversityof
Athens,Greece
ColonialRoadsinAngolaandMozambique.ExpertsbetweenPeripheriesand
Centres
Dr.LusaSousa,CIUHCT,NewUniversityofLisbon,Portugal
Scholars within the Science and Technology in the European Periphery network have
proposedthat,regardingtechnologicalandscientificperipheries,thereshouldbeagreater
emphasis on the history of appropriation, which means considering the receptor
environmentactiveandacknowledgingthepointofviewofthereceivers,andstudyingthis
history through its conflicts, namely those caused by different agendas of the actors
(political,technical,andothers).[1]HowdoesthisconceptmighthaveworkedinaEuropean
periphery,suchasPortugal,initsrelation,asacentre,toitsformercoloniesofAngolaand
Mozambique?Weanswerthisquestionbyfollowingroadengineersfromthemetropolisin
theirtechnicalmissionstotheseAfricanperipheries,andhowtheyadaptedtheirdiscourse
ontrafficengineeringandeconomicdevelopmenttoadiscourseontheeconomicroadsto
be built in the colonies in the 1950s. By taking this approach we aim to challenge the
conceptofappropriationandapplyittothemobilityrealm,bringingalsoaninterpretation
ofthedynamicrelationbetweencentresandperipheries.
154
Thursday
SessionT3D
RoomUI7
14:0015:30
TravellingorCommunicating?TheFalseDilemmaofMobility.Questions
aboutaMarginalizedIssue
ProfessorGabrieleBalbi,UniversityofLugano,Switzerland
Dr.MassimoMoraglio,TechnischeUniversittBerlin,Germany
Telecommunicationsareoftenclaimedtobeawaytostronglyreducetravelanditsnegative
effects, in terms of time consumption, energy costs and infrastructural investments. This
happenedduringthe1970sinvariousEuropeancountries,whenspecialemphasiswasgiven
to the possibility of developing forms of teleworking; that is, work carried out at a place
otherthanthetraditionalworkplace(office,etc.)and,inparticular,athome,permanentlyor
parttime.
Indepth reflection brought to light the potential advantages in terms of time saved by
reducingoreliminatingtraveltimetoandfromwork.Otherareasofreflectionregardedthe
possibilityofreducingenergyconsumptionandatmosphericpollutionthroughtelework.
Looking more closely, there are nonetheless controversial indications. While not a
complete failure, the results of the experiments in teleworking were certainly less
encouraging than expected for both the companies and the workers involved. More in
general, we are facing an impressive increase of remote connections, but (physical)
connections as a whole are also increasing, so that the growth of virtual information does
notnecessarilymeanareductionoftransportneeds.ItisNOT,inotherwords,azerosum
game.
Everydayindicationsupportstheideathatremotenessbothreplacesandcatalyzesmobility.
Low cost airline companies would not exist without an internetbased selling system.
Lessonsfromhistoryareevenmoreconvincing.Themassiveuseofremotedevices,suchas
the telegraph, telephone, teletypewriter and fax not to mention television and radio
increased the fluxes of virtual information, while the world was contemporaneously
experiencingaboostinphysicaltraveling.Finally,statisticaldatashowshowthepercapita
distancetravelledeachdayhasincreasedinpracticallyallthecountriesintheworldinthe
past decades, despite (or as an effect of) large use of remote connections.The paper here
proposed will explore this theme, trying to consider communications and transportations
not as mutually exclusive, but much often integrated. A special focus will be given to the
conceptofperiphery,bothconceptuallyandgeographically.
155
Thursday
SessionT3D
RoomUI7
14:0015:30
RailwayattheCoreandTelegraphatthePeriphery
Dr.SimoneFari,UniversidaddeGranada,Spain
In Europe, at the origins, telegraphy lived in symbiosis with railway. It is well known, this
symbiosis was either technical or economic. There was an economic symbiosis because
telegraph,asafastcommunication,providesagoodallocationofgoods,whilerailways,as
fastmedium,providethetransportofsamegoods.Therewastechnicalsymbiosisbecause,
above all in UK, telegraphy was the security system of the railways and because,
everywhere, telegraph lines were installed along the railroad in order to improve the
maintenanceofbothrailwaysandtelegraphservice.
Theaimofthepaperistoanalyzeaneglectedaspectofthissymbiosis:theconstitutionofa
new core/periphery dichotomy. For this reason, I consider two opposite study cases: the
originsoftelegraphserviceinUKduringthe40sofXIXcenturyandthebuildingoftelegraph
networkinItalyduringthe60and70ofthesamecentury.Inthefirstcase,the boomof
railwaybusinessobscuredandlimitedtheintroductionofthetelegraphserviceatnational
level. The use of telegraphy as a railway security system supported its technological
development but delayed the introduction of the telegraph service. To resume, at the
beginnings, railway is the core of the national communication system used by all social
classes, inside and outside the cities, while telegraphy was the periphery of this system,
withfewspecificusers(railway,businessmenandthepress).
On the contrary, in the PostUnity Italy (after 1861) there was not any kind of national
communication infrastructure. Railways were too expensive and the building of a national
networkwasimpossibleduringthe60.Forthisreason,thetelegraphwasusedasavirtual
armofthestate.Intheabsenceofagoodnationalcommunicationsystemthegovernment
pushedfortheexpansionofalowcostinfrastructure:thetelegraphnetwork.Consequently,
duringthe70fewrailroadsconnectedthecommercialcentresoftheNorth,thecore,while
thetelegraphreachedthepoorandpoliticalinstableregionsoftheSouth,theperiphery.
156
Thursday
SessionT3D
RoomUI7
14:0015:30
PsychoHistoricalReviewonKoreanVisualRepresentationofNew
Transportationsin18901920:FromTraditiontowardaModernCulture
underForeignColonialOccupation
ProfessorJungSookBae,TechnicalUniversityBelfortMontbliard,France
Korean society started to change from traditional Confucian to new modern values in the
1890. After the Gabo reform movement between 1894 1896, the modernization process
begun to take place. But the Chosun Dynasty was closed by the JapanKorean Annexation
Treaty in 1910. However, the modern movement in Korea continued under Japanese
Colonialrule.
ThefirstrailroadopenedonSeptember18,1899fromJaemulpotoYeongdeungpo(33km).
Differentnewmodernmeansoftransportwereintroduced:train,bus,car,truckandbicycle.
Theywerepresentedtothepublicmostlythroughadvertisementsindailynewspapers.
In analyzing the communication press, this research studies the characteristics of visual
representation of new modern products under the control of a foreign power. Two main
daily newspapers, Dongailbo and Chosunilbo were explored. They were written mainly in
Korean using the Hangeul script, mixed with some Chinese and Japanese characters,
reflecting the multicultural historical context. The contents of communications were
analyzedintermsofimages,picturesandtexts.Thecontextualanalysiswasperformedusing
thepsychologicalsemiologyscale,adevelopmentoftheOsgoodscale.
We found that communication for new transportation means in Korean newspapers was
implementedmainlythroughvisualrepresentations.Theywereaimedtotransmitpractical
information using westernized images and to get the commercial benefits. In contrast the
advertisements of other products such as kitchen appliances, food, beauty and medical
products were more intensively imbedded in the cultural assimilation policy using modern
attractive Japanese images in modern contexts. They were sometimes mixed with images
reflecting identity and traditional values of the Korean society. Based on these results, a
theoryofcultureisreviewedtoconceptualizeandunderstandthedynamicsofaculturein
transitiontonewmeaningfulwaysoflife.
157
PosterSession
Chair:SlawomirLotysz,UniversityofZielonaGora,Poland
Thursday
SessionT3E
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
MakingaFunctionalReplicaofa1924Dr.TITUSRadioSet
Dr.IonitaDaescu,Proradioantic,Bucharest,Romania
ResearcherFranciscVisky,ProRadioAntic,Arad,Romania
The leading manufacturer of the superregenerative radios was the Romanian Titus
Konteschweller. Radios manufactured by Dr. TITUS dominated the profile market in the
period19231930. The factory was located in Paris Rue of Wattignies, no. 69 XII
arrondissement.
Theywereverypopular,winningnumerousspecializedinternationalcompetitions.Themost
importantcontestwaswonthecontestorganizedby Radio Newsmagazinein1927.Radio
NewsMagazineoccursinNewYorkinamonthlycirculationof350,000copies.Thefirstprize
waswonbyTitusKonteschweller.Thesecondandthirdprizeswerenotawarded.
Theposterwillbeillustratedwithnumerousdocumentsofthetime(advertisementsarticles,
presentations,magazines),mostoriginal.
In the poster will be illustrated with a rich graphic material, the rich work carried out by
membersoftheAssociationPRORADIOANTICtoachieveareplicaoftheDr.TITUSradiofrom
1924. It shows the stages of achievement, namely: Documentation from '20s papers.
Romanian magazine Radiofonia, released in 1926 was used. In this magazine, Michael
KonteschwellerbrotherTitus Konteschwellermanufacturer,showshowtomaketheradio;
Procurement of materials and pieces; Development of a 3D model; Carrying on a
breadboard; Realization of mechanical parts; General installation and commissioning; This
poster shall be accompanied by a functional replica of the Dr. TITUS radio brand,
manufacturedin1924.
158
Thursday
SessionT3E
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
TechnologicalTrendsinEstonianIndustryduringandafterWorldWarIandII
Ph.D.candidateVahurMgi,TallinnUniversityofTechnology,Estonia
Most important mineral resources in Estonia are oil shale and phosphate rock. Though
scientific research into these minerals started earlier, production began just at the end of
WWI.Althoughknowledgeonoilshaleasafuelwaspoor,ithadtobeadoptedasasource
ofenergy.In1921,thefirstdeviceforextractingoilwastested.Ittookfouryearstocreate
the technology and in 1925 the first big oil factory was launched. Close attention was
devoted to mechanisation of underground work. Oil shale chemistry became the most
rapidly developing trade due to large investments and intense international competition.
Quickly it was learned how to produce fuel oil, preservative solutions, varnish, bitumen,
asphalt,kerosene.Theprincipalpartofequipmentusedinoilshaleindustrywasproducedin
Estonia. Electric power stations all over the country used grate furnaces designed by
Estonianengineers.WiththeentryoftheRedArmyinautumn1944,theoilshaleindustry
wasseizedbytheSovietoccupationforces.TheSillameoilplantwasreconstructedintoa
top secret mining enterprise for producing uranium from dictyonema argillite found in
Northern Estonia alongside oil shale. Despite great efforts, only an insignificant amount of
uranium was extracted. Eventually, the industrial extraction of uranium from dictyonema
argillitewastermedeconomicallyinfeasibleandtheprocessingofargillitewasterminated.
Oil shale output increased. By 1980, more oil shale was being mined than the consumers
required. Phosphate rock mining commenced and in 1923 a phosphate industry was
founded. Studies indicated the feasibility of Estonian phosphate raw material for the
production of superphosphate. Preparations were started for building a modern
superphosphate factory. The technology was to be imported from Germany. WW II
postponedthecompletionofthefactory;onlyin1956didthesuperphosphateplantbegin
production. In 1987, the search for new phosphate deposits initiated a mass phosphate
war against the Soviet occupation that eventually led to the demise of the phosphate
industry.
159
Thursday
SessionT3E
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
OrganizingScientificandTechnicalInformationDuringCommunism:aPublic
LibraryPerspective
Ph.D.candidateClaudiaSerbanuta,UniversityofIllinois,U.S.A.
Ms.RalucaNutiu,LibrarianattheMuresCountyLibrary,Romania
Socialistideologyimposedscienceandtechnologyasleadingfieldsincommunistsocieties.
Educating people into understanding and engaging with these fields became a primary
interest after the Second World War. Various types of libraries were created to serve this
purpose but, by the early 70s, their punctual efforts proved insufficient. In a heavily
industrializedcounty,apubliclibrarytookuponitselftheroleofmanagingtheinformation
aboutthescientificandtechnicalcollectionsintheregion.
Thisposterwillanalyzethemethodsandinstrumentsemployedbyatechnicalbranchofa
publiclibraryincommunistRomaniainordertoencourageaccesstoscientificinformation.
Payingattentiontotheindustrialprofileoftheregionandthereadersinterestinscientific
works, the public library created a dedicated branch for the science and technology
collection.Aimingatservingtheinformationalneedsofthecommunity,librariansemployed
classicalmethodsbutalsocreatedinhouseinstrumentstohelpthemnavigatethethematic
information: Librarians developed a keyword catalog (among the first of its kind in the
country)tohelpthemanswerreferencequestionsandretrieverelevantmaterialsfromtheir
scienceandtechnologycollection;Publiclibrarianssharedtheirexpertisewithotherlibraries
intheregion:theycreatedasharedcatalogoftechnicalbooksandpublishedanewsletter
announcingnewbooks;Thematicbibliographieswereproducedattherequestofindividual
readers or institutions; An international science and technology collective catalog for all
typesoflibrariesfromtheregionwasdevelopedandkeptuptodatebypubliclibrarians;To
learnaboutthepublicsneedsbutalsototargetthemwhenorganizingpublicprogramsthe
librarians created a users profession catalog; This poster will capture a glimpse of the
communist information culture through the analysis of the methods and tools used by
professional librarians. Sources that will be consulted include: the archive of the technical
branch library (where traces of these instruments are kept), oral histories shared by
librarians that worked there, articles in the periodicals of the time (local, national and
professional),analysisofthecatalogsusedbylibrarians.
160
Thursday
SessionT3E
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
SourceofLightandColor,NaturalandArtificial,inthePerceptionofaWork
ofArt
Ph.D.candidateAndreiHrib,AlexandruIoanCuzaUniversity,Iasi,Romania
Theimportanceofsourceofilluminationofaworkofartisonthenatureofmaterialsused
intheinstallation,theconstituentmaterials.Metamerismaphenomenonthatoccurswith
changingspectraldistributionoflight,duetothechangeofthelightsource,thetwoobjects
initially identical in terms of colour is a problem often encountered in the practice of
restoration, chromatic reintegration imitative, most exactly. If in restoration phenomenon
have negative connotations, in fine art can be a starting point in the development of new
worksofartthroughacarefulstudyofpigmentsandexposureconditions.Studyofdiffuse
reflectance spectra (DRS) is an important step in understanding metamerism and
applicabilityinthefieldofvisualarts,andtogetherwithotherconcepts:manner,technique,
schoolandstylecanbringnewsinfineartsandpaintingcantranslateintowhatthestories
say:indaywithaface,innightwithanother.Thepresentationwilltakeapracticalpartof
achieving a painting by this method in an attempt to capture the phenomenon. Article
sourceisthepracticalproblemofmetamerismcolourrestorationrestorativetreatedinthe
booksofopticalspectroscopyandrestorationscience.
Aperfectreintegrationshouldnotbeobservedusingothersourcesoflightingconditions.In
practice, old pigments should be replaced by mixtures of pigments or synthetic dyes with
diffusereflectancespectraassimilartothoseoftheoldpaintlayer,eitherbecausethereare
noknowntechniquesforthepreparationorcompositionofancientpigments,whetherthere
issufficientinformationonpaintingtechniquesused.Foraproperreintegrationmusttake
intoaccountanumberoffactorsrelatingtothetexture,spreading,transparencyandcolour
of the paint layer. Similarity of colour in a restored work should be ensured by the three
basiccharacteristicsofcolour:hue,brightnessandsaturation.
161
Thursday
SessionT3E
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
BacktotheWorkersWonderland:DocumentingtheIndustrialCulturein
EasternEurope,19451989
Dr.SlawomirLotysz,UniversityofZielonaGora,Poland
We all like to see historical photographs in scholarly books and articles. Usually they
illustrate the story quite aptly, right? Well But how often are the photographs in focus?
Howoftendoimagesofthepastinspireusenoughtogodeeperintothestorytheytellus?
This presentation draws on the authors own collection of historical photographs,
documenting industrial culture in Eastern European countries during the time of
communism.Thephotographsroughly7,000itemscomefromaformercommunistera
pressagency,longsincedissolvedanditsmaterialssoldtoprivatecollectors.Geographically,
theimagescoverPoland,Hungary,theformerEastGermanyandCzechoslovakia,Bulgaria,
Albania,andtheSovietUnion.Someoftheimagesareofinfrastructureandmanufacturing
intheEasternBlock,whilesomeofthephotographsdepictthedehumanisedlandscapesof
industrial plants of grandiose scale, and still others show men and women at work.
Additionally, the workers are also shown as consumers in shops and restaurants, as
holidaymakersinhotelsandresorts,aspatientsoffactoryfirstaidstations,andsoon.The
themesofhousingeconomics,vocationaltraining,andenvironmentalissuesarealsovividly
portrayed.
In the digital age, accessing archives of visual materials is easier than ever before. Photo
collectionsarebeingputonlinebyarchivesandlibrariesatdifferentinstitutionsaroundthe
globe,andpressagenciesareopeningtheirvastresourcestothepublic,too.Buthowcan
historiansgain access to privatecollections ofphotographs?Theseare not necessarily just
family photos, but sometimes quite extensive collections of historic photographs,
documenting work,leisure, andeverydaylifeinpastdecades.Andifone possessessucha
collectionandwantstomakeitavailableonline,howdoesthathappen?Whatarethelegal
andcopyrightconcerns?Howaboutthetechnicalsideofthings?Andmostofall,whatare
thefinancialissuesthatneedtobeconsidered?
162

Thursday
SessionT3E
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
TheEndofAssassination?
ResearcherLisaTraynor,RoyalArmouriesMuseum,Leeds,UnitedKingdom
TheEndofAssassination,exploresthetheorythatsilkbulletproofbodyarmourcouldhave
preservedthelifeofArchdukeFranzFerdinand,inSarajevoon28thJune1914.Basedonon
goingballisticexperimentsconductedatRoyalArmouries,Leeds,theoutcomeofthesetests
willeventuallybeabletoconfidentlystateiftheArchdukeslifecouldhavebeenpreservedif
hehadworntheprotectivesilkbodyarmourhewasrumouredtoown.
The poster itself is built up of an image from the 19th /early 20th century, used for
marketing these armours and images from the 21st century tests at the Royal Armouries.
Theaccompanyingtextto theposterquotestheoriginalinventorCasimirZeglensreasons
fordevisingsuchaninvention.
ThisinnovativenewresearchiscontinuingatRoyalArmouries,Leeds.Itformsthefocalpoint
ofournewexhibitiononthearmsandarmouroftheFirstWorldWar,whichaimstoengage
awideaudiencewiththehistoryoftechnology.
163
RoundTable.TrendsinTechnologicalEducationin
EasternEuropeCountries
Chair:AlinM.Olarescu,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Thursday
SessionT3F
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
tefanBlanRemarkablePathfinderofHistoryofScienceandTechnicsin
Romania,aCenturysincehisBirth
ProfessorMihaiAlexandrescu,TechnicalUniversityofCivilEngineering,Bucharest,Romania
Dr.StefanFlorinBlan,Researcher,NationalInstituteforEarthPhysics,Magurele,Romania,
AdelinBlan,Romania
Thepaperrepresentsanhomagetoacad.prof.StefanBalanwiththeoccasionof100years
commemoration from his birth. His life is chronological presented on domains of activity
using a documenter material as well as vivid memories kept in minds of contemporary
people and rendered in a way to mix the authenticity of official documents with the
emotionaltestimonypowerofthosewhoknewhimclosely.Alongthepaperarepresented
accurate biographical data (origins, family, schools), but also professional activity with its
achievements and evolutions reflected in : academic and honorific titles, didactic career,
papers, books, design works, those accomplished like a civil engineer, as well as those
referring to the development of Romanian education and scientific research. All these are
emphasized by a large number of original photographs: with family, friends, construction
worksetc.
There are presented also alarge number of publications (books) fromallstages of activity
andsomeofthemareaccompaniedbyshortcomments.
This paper is a homage to acad.prof. Stefan Balan, at 100 years since his birth, from the
Romanianschoolofconstructionsandcivilengineersforhiscontributiontotheprofessional
accomplishmentofsomethousandscivilengineers,morethan30doctoratedegreesandfor
his example of sobriety, modesty and elegance in his relations with all who knew him like
professorandscientist.
164
Thursday
SessionT3F
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
V.UtkinasaScientistandDesignerintheFieldofSpaceRocketEngineering
(19711990)
Dr.AllaS.Lytvynko,G.M.DobrovCenterforScientificandTechnologicalPotentialand
ScienceHistoryStudiesNASofUkraine,Kiev
ThispaperdealswiththescientificbiographyofVladimirUtkin,anUkrainianengineerand
designer of rockets and space systems who was the General Director of Yuzhnoye Design
OfficeintheDnepropetrovskcity,andthankstowhoseresultsparityinthefieldofnuclear
missiles was reached in the world after the global geopolitical, military, economic and
ideologicalconfrontationintheperiodoftheColdWar.Moreover,hispedagogicalactivityin
thefieldoftechnologicaleducationinUkrainehasbeenshowninthepaper.
After graduation from Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute in 1952 V. Utkin worked at
DniepropetrovskSpecialDesignOfficeofPlant586oncreationofthefirstsovietballistic
missiles. In 1971 he became General Designer of Yuzhnoye Design Office. Under his
leadership,thestrategicmissilesystems,havingnoanalogsintheworldandbeingthebasis
ofdefensepotentialoftheSovietUnion,wereputintoservice. Histeamcreatedeffective
liquidpropellant intercontinental ballistic missile SS18 (Satan) and soldpropellant
intercontinental ballistic missile SS24 (Scalpel) of silo and railroad basing mode. Space
rocket systems Cyclone, Zenit, and a wide range of spacecrafts for military, scientific, and
national economy purposes were developed, the leaktightness of propellant systems and
longtermmissilestayingonalertinfuelledcondition,mortarlaunchofheavymissilesfrom
container, enemy's antimissile defense penetration were ensured. Space launcher Zenit
subsequently became the basis of successful international projects Sea Launch and Land
Launch. V. Utkin was an active participant of international scientific cooperation, including
Interkosmosproject.HewaselectedasanacademicianofAcademyofSciencesofUkraine
(1976), an academician of Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1984) and a full member of
InternationalAcademyofAstronautics.Inmemoryofthescientist,V.UtkinGoldandSilver
Medalforoutstandingachievementsinthefieldofspacerocketrydevelopmentwereset.
ItwasfoundthatV.UtkinalwayscontactedproperlywithPhysicalandTechnicalFacultyof
DnipropetrovskUniversity,andatYuzhnoyeDesignOfficethebranchesofmainchairsofthis
facultyweresetuptoimprovethequalityoftechnologicaltraining.
165
Thursday
SessionT3F
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
ParadigmchangesintechnicaleducationconstructioninRomania.
History,needsandbuildingutopia
ProfessorVictoriaCotorobai,ProfessorLiviuAlexandruSofonea,LecturerCristinaVladoiu,
ProfessorTheodorMateescu,Romania,TechnicalUniversityGheorgheAsachiIasi,Romania
Education has determined and was driven largely by major paradigm shifts in the Triad
Society&Civilization&Culture.TechnicaleducationinRomaniahadaparticularhistoryand
in construction was driven by the local peculiarities and needs but also by the many
influencesWestEast.HistoryofeducationinthepresentterritoryofRomaniaisextremely
interesting. This indicates, on the one hand, an ongoing interest in interculturalism, to
harmonizewiththecivilizedworldandconstantupdatingbuthugepotentialdeterminedby
novatoranchordeepintraditionandknowledgethatDNAized(fromancestrytothetimeof
day)tocomplexintertradition&development,education&society&culture&economy&
ecology&....ThispapersummarizesthehistoryofthemaintechnicalRomanianeducational
paradigms and announces a possible paradigm shift in education that specialists in urban
development and construction planby bringingin the integrative sciencesocialecological
economic"Geonomic"sciencethatrevealstheneedformajorchangesinurbanapproaches
ingeneralandconstructioninparticular.
166
Thursday
SessionT3F
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
IntelligenceinterchangeintheareaofScienceandTechnologybetween
PolandandtheSovietUnion,19861990
Dr.MirosawSikora,InstytutPamiciNarodowej(TheInstituteofNationalRemembrance),
Katowice,Poland
Technological gap in the development between both sides of iron curtain became obvious
already during the 1950s. Along with the dtenteera communists countries managed to
importsomevitaltechnologicalsolutionsbypurchasingproductionlinesorsigninglicense
agreementswithFrance,WestGermanyorGreatBritain.However,realhightech,especially
insuchbranchesasautomaticcontrolorpowerengineering,waseitherprotectedbyprivate
companies interested in maintaining its monopoly and export, or embargoed by western
governmentsinspiredbytheUSA.
Mypaperclaimsthat,inordertoevadevariouslegalrestrictionsininternationaltrade,the
Soviet Union encouraged satellitesstates to launch massive clandestine undertakings.
Furthermore, Moscows intelligence service instructed and trained their colleagues from
Warsaw, Prague or East Berlin in the area of scientific and technical espionage. KGB also
organized this multilateral intelligencerelationships, by designing a complex system of
informationexchange.
AfterthecollapseoftheSovietUnion,inmostformercommunisticcountries,documentsof
the intelligence service had been declassified and made available for historians. In Poland
these files are stored and accessible in the Institute of National Remembrance (Instytut
Pamici Narodowej IPN). Files of the scientifictechnical intelligence covering years 1986
1990areexceptionallywellpreservedandtheyallowdetailedreconstructionofthePolish
Russiancooperationintheareaofindustrialespionageduringthelastfiveyearsplancarried
outbythecountriesoftheCouncilforMutualEconomicAssistance(socalledComecon).
AnalysisinvolvedtasksdescriptionspassedfromKGBtoPolishintelligenceaswellasPolish
reportsondebriefingswiththerepresentativesoftheRussianpartner.Insightinthosefiles
enables to estimate the profile and the quantity of smuggled and exchanged material as
constructiondocumentation,chemicalsamples,components,entiredevicesetc.Moreover,
wecanpointouttargetedcountries,statescorporationsorprivatecompanies. Bothsides
exchangedexperienceinrecruiting,handlingandpayingagents,whichwillbealsodiscussed
in the paper. The emphasis is put on the Russian partner, because the activity of the
scientifictechnicalarmwithinKGBinthelate1980scomparingtothepreviousperiodis
stillnotenoughexaminedbyhistorians.
Basicconclusionsareasfollows:theamountoftheinformationbeingsharedwasgrowing
systematicallyduringthesecondhalfoftheeighties.ThespectrumofSovietinterestinthe
areaofscienceandtechnologywasratherevenlydistributedbetweenthecivilandmilitary
applications. Electronic and IT as well as biotechnology and chemistry dominated
informationstream,makingheavyindustryandenergeticasecondaryfieldofactivity.
167
Thursday
SessionT3F
Exhibition,Aula
14:0015:30
Contemporarytrendsinthedevelopmentoftechnologicaleducationin
Brasov
Dr.ing.MelaniaFilip,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Prof.MonicaCotfas,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Ing.CsabaMolnar,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
The analysis made in this paper aim to underline the contemporary tendencies in the
development of the technical education in the area of Brasov, Romania, taking into
considerationtheapprovedschoolnetworkapprovedbyauthoritiesalongtheyears.
The evolution of the school network is presented starting with the years 1977/1978, the
diversifyingofthetechnologicaleducationalofferfromtheyears1982/1989whichalongside
themechanicandelectricdomainareaugmentedwiththedomainsofindustrialchemistry,
light industry, constructions, forestry forestry exploitation, wood processing, marking the
developmentiftheRomanianindustryinthecommunistera.
In the second part of the paper the transition stages and the contemporary trends of the
technical education in Brasov are presented in correlation with the requirements of the
labourmarketandEuropeanpoliciesforworkforceoccupation.
168
6.Car&MedicalInstrumentsIndustries
Thursday
SessionT4A
RoomUI2
16:0017:30
Montbliard,France
BirthandEvolutionoftheMedicalInstrumentsFactoriesinRomaniasince
theIndependenceWar(1877)toNowadays(inFrench)
ProfessorPompiliuManea,UniversitdvryValdEssonne,France
LacommunicationpassedabordenrevuelesguerresauxquelleslaRoumanieaparticipet
lesgrandsbouleversementspolitiquesquelleaconnus:GuerredIndpendance(197778)
Guerres Balkaniques (1913), deux guerres mondiales (1916 1918 et 1941 1945),
loccupationsovitiqueetladictaturecommuniste(19441989),lasortieducommunismeet
latransition(1990aujourdhui).LerlejoupardesRoumainsdansdesgrandesavances
scientifiques et techniques, notamment les rayons X (Hurmuzescu et Marinescu), sont
galement voques. Ensuite sont prsentes les quatres grandes tapes connus dans la
crationetledveloppementdelindustrieroumainedappareilsetinstrumentsmdicaux.
1)LedbutestlilaGuerredIndpendanceetauxeffortsdemodernisationdupays,faits
par le roi Carol I. En 1880 il demande au Parlement de prendre des mesures pour le
dveloppementdelartisanat,notammentparlimportationdetechnologieetlafacilitation
dinstallation dans le pays dindustrielstrangers. Dansce contexteet vu legrand nombre
dinvalides de guerre sinstalle dans le pays Carol Bnger qui cre les premiers ateliers de
prothsesetappareilsmdicauxdeRoumanie.Ilsvontsedvelopperensuite.
2) La Premire Guerre Mondiale et la constitution de lEtat unitaire national roumain
donnera une autre grande impulsion au dveloppement de cette industrie. A la tte des
AteliersduMinistredelaSantestnommen1923lingnieurPetreN.Georgescu,form
Paris,quivadveloppercetteentrepriselaplusgrande,dansledomaine,entrelesdeux
guerres.
3)AprslaDeuximeGuerre,lindustriedeconstructiondappareilsmdicauxaconnuune
fortergressionquiadurjusquvers1960.Ensuite,laproductionaredmarrlesetdes
nouvellesentreprisessontnes:IOR,Electrotehnica,Automatica,Electronica,IEIACluj.On
fabriqueenRoumaniedesappareilsetinstrumentsmdicauxdanstouteslesspcialitsqui
couvrent75%lebesoindupays.
4)Aprs1989lindustriedappareilsetinstrumentsmdicauxseffondre,commelesautres
industries du pays; limportation prend le dessus, dans un contexte de grande corruption.
Pourtantquelquesspcialistesdansledomaineontsuprendredesinitiativesetarriverdes
ralisationsremarquables.UnexampleestlentrepriseTEMCO,quejaicre.
169

Thursday
SessionT4A
RoomUI2
16:0017:30
Renault,fromRomaniatotheLogan (inFrench)
ProfessorJeanLouisLoubet,UniversitdvryValdEssonne,France
Danssonhistoire,RenaultestvenudeuxfoisenRoumanie.Dabordlafindesannes1960,
poussparlesautoritssovitiquesetcellesduComecon.Laboutissementseralanaissance
delusinedePitestietlelancementenRoumaniedelaRenault12.Lasecondevenue,celle
quinousintresseici,correspondlarenaissancedupaysaprslrecommuniste.
Le Prsident de Renault, Louis Schweitzer, mesure lors de la chute du bloc de lEst la
potentialitdunevoiture5000$.Unlongcheminparcourir.Lunedesconditionsdece
quideviendralavoiturelowcostestlamatriseetprobablementlapossessiondunoutil
industriel capable de produire cot trs bas, mais en mme temps garant dune qualit
parfaite,soitdeslmentsinexistantsvoireincompatiblesenEuropeoccidentale.
CestenRoumanie,surlanciensitedePitesti,queRenaultvaconstruirelusineLogan,un
outil industriel remis pas pas niveau, mais aussi faire renatre une marque, Dacia. Le
systme Dacia devient le socle dune adaptation de lautomobile europenne la crise de
ses marchs occidentaux, mais aussi une rponse volutive aux besoins des marchs des
paysmergents.RenaultaparisurlaRoumanielafinduXXesicle.Cepariestdevenu
lundeslmentsstructurantsdesarsistancelacriseactuelle.
170
Thursday
SessionT4A
RoomUI2
16:0017:30
EnginesforVehiculesinRomania aEuropeanEvolutionthroughResearch
andInnovation
Dr.RuxandraCristinaStanescu,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
ProfessorCornelStan,WestSaxonUniversityofZwickau,Germany
ProfessorAnghelChiru,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
The history of Romanian engines for vehicles, designed and mass produced based on
licensesandownconcepts,begins70yearsago.
Equipment, techniques and mathematical methods used for design, prototype execution,
research,approvalandlaunchintoproductionwereatfirstmodest,thentheyhaveevolved
inordertosatisfytherequirementsEuropeanandAmericanregulations,aswellasthoseof
theclients.Theenergetic,ecologic,technologicalandconsumptionrelatedperformancesof
the engines, designed and produced in educational and research centers, companies and
universities form Brasov, Bucharest, Iasi, Timisoara, Pitesti, Campulung Muscel imposed
RomanianvehiclesonthemarketsofEurope,Asia,AfricaandAmerica.
Developments that have occurred in Romania are remarkable. Their analysis is interesting
and relevant in the European context. After 1990, the investments in education were
important as well as the upgrading of universities research centers and laboratories. The
results the existence of engine study centers and research laboratories within the
universities of Brasov, ClujNapoca, Bucharest, Pitesti, Iasi and Timisoara, competitive in
termsoftechnicalendowment,dedicatedsoftware,humanresourcesandresultswiththose
intheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates.
Thus, this paper present a review of Romanian achievements in design, research and
production of internal combustion engines compared with the European trends between
1944 and 2014. References are made to the products of academic institutions, research
institutes, study centers and automotive companies from Germany, France, Italy, UK,
Belgiumetc.
171
Washington,USA
Italy
Thursday
SessionT4B
RoomUI3
16:0017:30
PolishTorpedoBoatsConstructionsbetween1965 1986
ProfessorAntoniKomorowski,PolishNavalAcademy,Gdynia,Poland
Dr.TomaszNeubauer,PolishNavalMuseum,Gdynia,Poland
Thepaperpresentssomeproblemsappearingduringthedesignandexploitationoftorpedo
boatsequippedwithmetalhulls(alloyofaluminiumhydronalium),whichwerecreatedby
Polish engineers. After many years of exploiting woodenhulls torpedo boats, of Soviet
construction type 183, the time came to start using the more advanced ships from Polish
shipyards,which,unfortunately,turnedouttobeofaratherpoorquality.Theproductionof
the ships started from an experimental boat (type 633 D), which was being exploited
between19651980.Since1972,therewerenewer,improvedversionstype664.Themain
advantageofthoseshipswastheirimpressivespeedandweaponryfourtorpedolaunchers
but the crews life conditions were far from perfect. Despite many design and building
attemptsofyetanotherimprovedversionsoftheshipstype(653,655,657,660oraz662)
the duty ofboats type664 ended in 1986. This means that years between 1972 and 1986
wereadifficulttimefortheboatscrewsastheyhadtodealwithmanytechnicalproblems.
Someofthosetechnicalandpersonalproblemsaredescribedinthispaper.
172

Thursday
SessionT4B
RoomUI3
16:0017:30
ChasingWonderWeapons
Dr.HermioneGiffard,UtrechtUniversity,TheNetherlands
The Third Reichs pursuit of new weapons at the end of the Second World War is often
describedasasearchforwonderweapons.Yetalthoughhistoriansclaimthatthetermfirst
came to prominence through propaganda of the Third Reich, there is no mention of
WunderwaffeninanyofGoebbelsspeeches.Infact,thetermseemstohavecomeintowide
useonlyaftertheendoftheThirdReich,aroundthesametimethattheatomicbombwas
identified as the first true wonder weapon. This suggests that the term was used to
rhetorically link the USSRs weapons to those of the Third Reich. Early analysis of the
technology of the Third Reich thus deeply reflected the geopolitical reality of when it was
first written; yet these same assumptions continue to inform histories of the Third Reichs
weapons. That the term was used to link the weapons of the Cold War to a negative
historical example raises the question of how weapons have been represented in popular
culture,inmyths,novelsandfilm.Howhastheatomicbombmoldedpublicthoughtabout
weapons?Towhatextentarewonderweaponsathreatpeculiartothetwentiethcentury,
just as weapons of mass destruction are of the twentyfirst? Have there been dramatic
turningpointsinthepublicrepresentationofweapons,suchastheFirstWorldWar?
173
Thursday
SessionT4B
RoomUI3
16:0017:30
MilitaryTechnologiesandScientificDevelopmentfromGalileountil
Nanotechnoscience
ProfessorVitalyGorokhov,RussianAcademyofSciences,Moscow,Russia
Casestudiesfromthedifferenttimes:Galileoasmilitaryengineerandhiseducationprogram
for military engineers (artillery, military machinery and fortification). Tartaglia engineering
science of ballistic and Galileo technoscience. Scientific engineering education for military
engineers in 19th century (A. Betancourt high school for military engineers in Sankt
Petersburg from 1810). Radar Systems Engineering and militaryindustrial complex of the
SovietUnionafterSecondWorldWar:engineeringscienceindustryandscientificeducation
of engineers. Nanotechnology and nanotechnoscience for civil and military goals: nano
systemsengineering.
Conclusion:engineeringscienceandtechnosciencewerefirstformnewscienceinthenew
timeandhadhissourcesinmilitaryengineering.Scientificengineeringeducationoriginated
anddevelopedashighschooleducationformilitaryengineers.Systemsengineeringisanew
form of the general education of the engineers for the militaryindustrial complex after
Second World War. Nano systems engineering is the continuation of this traditions in last
time.
(This report is prepared for the project From Galileo's technoscience to the
nanotechnoscience (philosopical and methodological analysis) Nr. 130300190 of the
RussianFoundationforHumanities).
174
EnvironmentalUtopiasandEngineeringReality
Chair:TimoMyllyntaus,UniversityofTurku,Finland
Thursday
SessionT4C
RoomUI6
16:0017:30
IstheDebateOver:JamesHansen'sContributionstotheChanging
AtmosphereChangingClimateTheory
Dr.AnthonyN.Stranges,TexasA&MUniversity,USA
James Hansen (b. 1941), a physicist at NASAs Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New
York City since 1981 and a professor at Columbia University, is the latest spokesman for
climate scientists who support achanging atmosphere changing climate theory. He
continuesinthetraditionofotherclimatechangescientistsamongthemRogerRevelleand
Charles Keeling. Following his earlier planetary studies, Hansen developed his first climate
changemodelin1974.A1981onedimensionalmodelcalculatedtemperaturesasafunction
ofheight.ItenabledHansentoconcludethatthemeasuredatmosphericCO2concentrations
would produce an earlierthanpredicted warming. Beginning in 1983 Hansen introduced
threedimensional general circulation models that with the aid of high speed computers
allowed him to include variables such as air convection schemes and snow depths and to
estimatethechangeinmeanglobalsurfacetemperaturesresultingfromfuturegreenhouse
gasemissions.
In 1987 Hansen undertook an analysis of surface air temperature records from 1,700
continental and island meteorological stations for the years 1880 to 1985. A three
dimensional general circulation model that he developed created an artificial global
temperaturehistory.Itshowedthatthefourwarmestrecordedyearswereinthe1980swith
1981 and 1987 the highest, and that 1998 was the warmest year since 1880. The rate of
temperaturechangeinthe1980s90sexceededallratesofchangerecordedsince1880.
Much of the criticism of global warming came in the 1980s when the scientific evidence
establishedadefiniteriseintheglobalannualmeantemperaturecurve.Hansenstestimony
before the US Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources in June 1988 triggered
therenewedcriticism.
Thispaperexamines Hansensresearchonglobalwarmingandthescientificevidencethat
he and other scientists have compiled to establish the reality of global warming and to
silencetheircritics.
175
Thursday
SessionT4C
RoomUI6
16:0017:30
UtilizingtheEnvironmentinSwedenFinlandinthe18thCentury
Technology,RealismandUtopias.
Dr.SamiLouekari,UniversityofTurku,Finland
ThispresentationdealswiththepoliticsandthinkingoftheCrownandtheeliteinSweden
andFinlandduringthe18thcenturythatwasmarkedbyastrongbeliefinthefuture.Itwas
believed that the country would have almost limitless possibilities of development, if the
progress made in the fields of technology and the naturalsciences was put efficiently into
useintheutilizationofnaturalresources.MypresentationisbasedonmyPhDthesisPolitics
of Utility. Environmental History from Kokemenjoki River Valley between 1720 1850.
(2013).
Sweden lost its European superpowerstatus in the beginning of the 18th century, after
whichareplacementforthislostgreatnesswassoughtintheinternaldevelopmentofthe
state. It was believed that, as long as the countrys natural resources were studied and
technologicalmeanswereacquired to mouldandutilizetheenvironment,thestatewould
flourishagain.Manyoptimisticandratherutopianviewsofthefuturecanbefoundinthe
colourful writings of national historians about the powerful Swedish state, which often
depicteditasbeingmorebountifulandhavingamilderclimatethanitinfacthad
Variousandextensivewaterwayprojects,dewateringandclearingworksbecameimportant.
BoththeCrownandtheeducatedeliteheldthisview,followinginthefootstepsofEurope,
andtheywerewellawareofthewaterway,dewateringandchannellingprojectsinEngland,
theNetherlands,RussiaandPrussiaatthetime.
My research shows that many of the 18thcentury prognoses and grand projects were
accompanied by excessive optimism. They were not basedon arealisticconception of the
prevailing conditions and possibilities. The goals were too challenging compared to the
available resources and technology. In part, the hopeful and even utopian views of the
future were a kind of political and ideological optimism professed by the Crown and the
elite, by which they strived to lift national selfesteem after the loss of the great power
status.
176
Thursday
SessionT4C
RoomUI6
16:0017:30
UnintendedyetUnignorableChange,TechnologicalInterventionsintothe
riverEider(18861973)
Dr.EikeChristianHeine,UniversittStuttgart,Germany
The theme of this proposal is not technological change but the opposite, a story of a
relationshipoftechnologicalinterventionandecologicalconsequencesshapedbycontinuity.
Starting point is the construction of the Kiel Canal (18861895). In order to complete this
waterway,theriverbedoftheEider(SchleswigHolsteinsbiggestriver)washeavilyaltered;
more precisely the river was chopped into three independent parts. Soon the severe
consequencesbecameapparent,especiallyforthe120kilometresbetweenRendsburgand
the mouth to the North Sea. Here a vicious circle started that was mainly driven by the
disconnection with the upper river: The lower Eider lost a major area where water was
distributedduringhightidesanditalsolostmorethanhalfofitstributarywater.Theresults
weretheriseofthetidesfarupintheriverandgrowingsedimentation.Thetechnological
answer was higher dykes that gave better protection immediately, but fuelled the vicious
circleinthelongrun.
SincethebeginningofthetwentiethcenturythehydrologicalexpertsinSchleswigHolstein
had a clear understanding of these phenomena and formulated technological answers.
Parallel,devastatingfloodsbecameevermorefrequentandputpressureonpolicymakers.
Asaresult,dykeswerepermanentlyexpanded.Theengineersenvisagedgrandersolutions
that were realised successively. Since 1937 a barrage roughly in the middle of the lower
EiderprotectedthelandbehindthisinstallationfromtheNorthSea.Yet,thevictoryover
theforcesofnaturewasdeclaredprematurely.Fortheremainingstretchtheviciouscircle
was still intact. By 1973 a four kilometre longbarrage completely protected the land from
anyimpactsoftheNorthSea.
The paper explores the interdependence between technological interventions into a
landscape and its ecologic impacts. Part of this nexus of environmental history and the
history of technology are broader political and cultural significances. Accordingly, this
proposal does not report of technological change but of continuities between technology
andnature.
This yet untold story mainly draws from archival sources as well as printed sources. It is a
followupprojectfrommydissertationthatexploresthehistoryoftheKielCanal.
177
ComputersandtheSecondIndustrialRevolution
19451970
Organiser&Chair:DickvanLente,ErasmusUniversityRotterdam,The
Netherlands
Thursday
SessionT4D
RoomUI7
16:0017:30
The panel explores an aspect of the conferences general theme, Technology in times of
transition: the way computers and automation were thought to transform society so
thoroughly that one could speak of a second industrial revolution, more dramatic in its
effects than the first one had been. Famous scientists in the nineteen fifties, such as C.P.
Snow,NorbertWiener,andWernerHeisenbergpublishedsuchviews,andtheirintellectual
authority gave these ideas a wide circulation. Thus we find the idea of a computerand
automation driven social transition in political debate, the business press, and popular
culture.Fromthelatenineteenfiftieshowever,theideaofthecomputerrevolutionfaded,
only to return in a very different form with the coming of the personal computer, and
especially the internet. This riseanddecline pattern is very similar to earlier imagined
technological revolutions, connected with e.g. electricity, flight, chemistry, and nuclear
power. This recurring pattern of technologybased expectations, that arose rather quickly
andthenfadedagain,raisesquestionsabouttheargumentsputforwardfor,inthiscase,the
computer as a transforming power, the debates about it, and the purposes and interests
that might have been served by such rhetoric. Especially rewarding is an international
comparativeapproach,becauseitmayshowhowthenewtechnologywasreceived,argued
andphantasizedaboutindifferentcultural,economic,andpoliticalcontexts,andhow,why
and by whom certain images and views were developed and disseminated. This session
presents explorations on this broad topic from the United States, Sweden and the
Netherlands. It explores views on the computerdriven transformation of society by
scientists,thebusinesspress,andpopularculture.
178

Thursday
SessionT4D
RoomUI7
16:0017:30
ExploringComicsasaSourceforComputerHistory
Ph.D.candidateRikSanders,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
Dr.GerardAlberts,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
Nosoonerwerecomputersconstructedthantheywerethesubjectofsocialimagination.In
factthevarietyoftechnologiesforautomaticcomputingwasadornedwithanequallywide
spreadofimagesinliterature,movies,intextandpictures.
Ourpresentresearchexplorescomicsontwolevels:theimagesandthestories.Forthefirst
level, an inventory is compiled of representations information technology, paving the way
foraniconographyofcomputing.Cartoonstypicallyportrayedthecomputerasanabacus,
orasacontraptioncontaininganhomunculus;asathreatheningdehumanizingmachine,or
asadumbmonster.Whereaslongaftertheadventofdesktopcomputers,theunspecified
roomfillingcommandandcontrolcenterwasafavoritepicture,inothercasesdrawingsmay
betracedbacktospecificmachines.Onthesecondlevel,interpretingthenarrativessheds
lightontheculturaldebateofthisparticulartechnology.Comparingthehumanbraintothe
computertellsonestory,atimemachineorajokeabouttheescapekeytellquiteanother.
Asanexcerciseonthesecondlevel,areadingispresentedof theDutchcomics ofOllieB.
Bommel,designedbyMartenToonder.FollowingtheanalysisofferedbyDickvanLenteof
Toonders view of technology in general, a similar interpretation is offered of Toonders
vision of the societal influence of information technology. In one story information
technology is the main character: Heer Bommel en de transmieter (1973). The machine,
called transmieter, fullfills the wishes of its user by actually bringing forward the object of
desire. Typical of Toonders pessimist view of modern society, technology disturbs the
balance of society, in this story literally because the transmieter transmits things. Van
Lentestoolsforanalysisdoworkinthiscase.Yet,thecaseofcomputersoffersnewinsights
andparadoxesonanarrativelevelnotunlikeambivalencesinthecontemporarydebateon
computersinsocietyandrewardingdetailsintermsoficonography.
179
Thursday
SessionT4D
RoomUI7
16:0017:30
EvolutionofComputers
LecturerCarmenLungoci,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
ProfessorLiviaSangeorzan,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Transitionfromapersonwhoperformedarithmeticcalculationsbefore1935toacomputer
meant a great evolution in the history of informatics. After 1945 years, during the second
industrial revolution, the concept of computing has been successfully associated to a
modern machine, according to Neumanns concepts who assumed a device with inputs,
processingandstoringdataandoutputsproduced.
The machine evolution presented through the timeline of events in computer history will
discovertheincredibleworldofbitsthatallowustodaytoexchange:text,pictures,sounds,
movies,allofthatinadigitalenvironment.
We cannot move on without link the developments in this area to pioneer computer
scientists, such as the British codebreaker Alan Turing, J. von Neumann who was the first
thatexplainedhowprogramscouldbestoredasdata,orH.EdwardRobertsconsideredby
sometobethefatherofthefirstpersonalcomputer.
Effectsonhumansocietyoftheirdiscoverieshavebeenimpressive;theychangedthewayof
thinkingandactionofallpeoples.
We want to speak also about 1969 the year of Internet birth, a network that links now
thousandsofcomputersandreachespeopleallovertheworldincyberspace.
Finally,thequestionputtedbymostofScientificsis:aftertheWWWnetworkingandnano
computers,whatothertechnologywillcome?
180
RomaniansPathbreakersofTechnology
Chair:OctavianBaltag
Friday
SessionF1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
AutomaticFocusingaRomanianInvention
ProfessorOctavianBaltag,UniversitateadeMedicinasiFarmacie"Gr.T.Popa",Iai,
Romania
The work aims to present both the evolution of the technical solutions, and a Romanian
priority concerning the automatic focusing reached by the technologies of the optical and
electronic industries of image taking only 15 years after having been patented in Romania
themostutilizedprinciples,namelythedynamicanalysisofimagecontrast,aprincipleused
incommercializedcamerasaftertheyears80.
The paper presents a synthesis of the main technical solutions and automatic focusing
systems with applications in photography, television and cinecameras, also specifying the
year of patentgranting. Thesynthesis refers to the period19321973, a period whichalso
includes the year 1965, when at OSIM Romania was filed the patent application for the
inventionVideocaptorapparatuswithautomaticfocusing.
Thetechnologicallevelonthoseyearsonlypermittedananalogueprocessingofthesignal
suppliedbytheopticalsensorsthatintegrallyanalyzedtheimageprojectedonsensors.The
only patent referring to the analysis of an image segment is dated 1965 Romania, which
used the dynamic analysis of a part of the image, projected in a shooting camera, namely
partoftheexplorationofaTVline.
As for the analysis of the image contrast, a first mention of this method appears in the
patent application Videocaptor devices with automatic focusing filed at OSIM Bucharest
onthe7thofJune1965,8h15m;thepatentwasgrantedonthe9thofJuly1966,withthe
number44,277.
The analysis of the imagecontrast does not appear in theconsulted patent literature, this
solutionbeingpresentonlyafter80s.
181
Friday
SessionF1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
MagneticMeasuresandCountermeasuresinRomaniaoftheColdWar
ProfessorOctavianBaltag,UniversitateadeMedicinasiFarmacie"Gr.T.Popa",Iai,
Romania
Ph.D.candidateGeorgianaMarin,NavalAcademy,Constanta,Romania
Thispaperpresentstheevolutionandthetechniquesemployedbymagnetometermeasure
and countermeasure systems used in naval and land defense during the "cold war" (years
19701989) and the beginning of transition, the 90s. Following a brief history of magnetic
field measurements in Romania, since the nineteenth century until the 70s, there is
described the evolution of magnetometry research and applications in the military field.
There are listed some applications of the magnetometer means for ship demagnetization,
controloftheshipsownmagneticfieldorinducedfield,demagnetizationranges,magnetic
characterization and detection of the ship magnetic signature. Regarding the magnetic
measures, there is described the magnetism detection used in naval mines with
multiparametricsensors
There are analyzed some applications related to magnetic range characterization of land
combatequipment.Anapplicationofmagneticsensorsformultiparametricantitankminesis
alsopresented.
From the transition period, there are several applications related to electromagnetic
shielding using composite textiles with ferromagnetic amorphous micro wires.
Anotherareaisrepresentedbymagneticdetection,i.e.thedetectionofmines,shipwrecks
orhiddenbodies,orthedetectionofmailbombs.
Duringthe"ColdWar"Romaniahasmanagedtoreachatechnologicallevelhighenoughin
ordertofitaSovietsatellitewithanoriginaldesignmagnetometer.
Althoughthelackofscientificandtechnicalinformation,researchinthefieldhassupported
theachievementofmagnetometerequipmentintendedfornavalapplications.
The originality of the research results from PhD theses, among which some are classified,
andthenumberofpatentsgrantedbytheOSIMRomania.
Mostequipmentisprotectedbytrademarksandpatents.
182
Friday
SessionF1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
Brasov,Romania,AcademicContributionstoSystematization,
Diversification,andOptimizationofRoboticMechanisms
ProfessorIonelStaretu,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Thispaperpresentsinasyntheticmanner,theresearchactivitiesatTransilvaniaUniversity
of Brasov, Romania, in the period 19862008, for the systematization, diversification, and
optimization of industrial robots mechanisms. In Romania, research in the robots area
beganinthelate70sanditbegantobepresentedsystematicallyattheNationalSymposium
onIndustrialRobots.IthaditsfirsteditioninBucharestin1981,initiatedandcoordinatedby
thelateProfessorCristianPELECUDI,withannualeditionsuntil1989,thenbiannualeditions
until2002whenitbecametheInternationalConferenceonRobotics,withtheeditionin
2008inBrasov.TheactivityinBrasov,coordinatedbyProfessorEngineerFloreaDudi,PhD,
was based on a rigorous strategy on medium and long term, from a systematization of
achievements before the research start, seeking research development especially
diversificationandoptimizationofrobotmechanisms.Therefore,wesetupthreeclassesof
mechanisms robotmechanisms, which make up the mechanical structure of the robot,
namelypositioningmechanisms,orientationmechanismsandgrippingmechanisms,weset
lines of research by doctorates and contracts, organizing the three working groups. Great
contributions were made on all three types of mechanisms that form the mechanical
structureofanindustrialrobot.ResearchconductedresultedinseveralPhDtheses,scientific
papers,articles,monographs,patents,providingtheacademicschoolinBrasovaprivileged
position nationally and internationally on contributions to systematization, diversification,
and optimization of robotic mechanisms. In addition, the research conducted allowed the
identification of new research directions. Out of them, we can mention optimization of
structuralandkinematicsynthesisandofconstructivedesignofanthropomorphicmodular
grippingmechanismsforrobots.Next,itissolvingtheproblemofvirtualgrippingwithforce
returnforvirtualobjectswithphysicalproperties;mathematicalmodelingofobjectsmicro
handling with anthropomorphic grippers with multiplejoint fingers; diversifying virtual
grippingofobjectswithvirtualgrippingmechanismswithfingersetc.
183
Friday
SessionF1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
TheRomanianTitusKonteschweller GlobalPioneeroftheRadiophony
Dr.IonitaDaescu,Proradioantic,Bucharest,Romania
ResearcherFranciscVisky,ProRadioAntic,Arad,Romania
ThisarticleshallbeaccompaniedbyareplicaoftheDr.TITUSradiobrand,manufacturedin
1924.Throughthispaperwewouldliketohighlighttheworkandachievementsofagreat
(maybethegreatest)superregenerativeradiosmanufacturerevenaroundtheglobe.
IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarI,theworldplungedintowhatisknownastheerawhen
radiowasking.AllstartedinPittsburghin1920,whenhetookplacethefirstpublicradio
broadcast. Everyone was concerned about this new machine that allowed you to, sitting
comfortably in the armchair at home, to watch what is happening to hundreds or even
thousands of miles away. People with the differant professions have become avid radio.
Thus, not surprising when one radio specialists, we find officers, lawyers, doctors and of
courseengineers.
At the beginning of the third decade of the the twentieth century in Paris, two Romanian
brothers, big radio enthusiasts, business launches as manufacturers of radios sets. It
Konteschwellerbrothers,TitusandMichael,whocamefromRomaniatostudyatuniversities
inParis.TitusKonteschwellergraduatedfromtheFacultyofMedicineinParisandisknown
as the author of the method of treatment called pyretotherapy. Michael Konteschweller
specializes in electricity in universities in Bristol and Paris. At the end of 1923 appears the
first radio set manufactured by Dr. TITUS factory. The factory was located in Paris Rue of
Wattignies,no.69XIIarrondissement.
The devicewascheapand highlysensitive. Success in the era of these radiosets was very
high.Thesedeviceshavedominatedthespecializedmarketuntiltheearly1930s.Dr.TITUS
devices have won numerous awards at international specialized exhibitions and
competitions. The most important contest was won a competition organized by the great
magazineRadioNewsin1927.RadioNewsmagazinehadacirculationof350,000piecesand
appear monthly atNewYork.Thefirst prizewaswonby Titus Konteschweller. Thesecond
andthirdprizeswerenotawarded.
184
NewUsesofOldTechnologiesinTimesofTransition:
1.TheoryandPracticeofIndustrialandCultural
HeritageManagement
Friday
SessionF1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
Organiser&Chair:DaqingYang,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,USA
Economicrestructuringandglobalizationhaveoftenledtoabandonmentofoldplantsand
other industrial and engineering sites around the world. In recent years, local initiatives
and/ornationalgovernmentencouragement,withacademicandcitizenparticipation,have
creatednewincarnationsofoldtechnologiesasindustrialmuseums,creativityparksand
cultural and tourist attractions. Heritaging, defined as enjoying the heritage sites of
modernization and industrialization, has even become a new word in Japanese. What
factors political and economicdrive the creation of industrial heritage sites? What
explains the relative success of some endeavors while others have produced little
progress?Whoconstructtheirmeaningsandinterpretations?Howarewe,ashistoriansof
technologyandsociety,toevaluatetheseprojectsfromacomparativeperspective?Atotal
of six papers form two successive sessions. Geographically they cover Europe, North
America,andEastAsia.FocusingonScottishmarineengineworksof18713,MarkWatson
considers the challenges posed by relocation for the purpose of preservation. Marta Vera
Prieto focuses on the first factory of zinc and brass established in Spain (1773), which
sufferedatraumaticclosurein1996.Usingtheconceptmusealization,sheillustratesthe
importance of citizen participation in management, promotion and dissemination of
industrialheritage.AnexperiencedexpertinpublicworksinIdahoandbeyond,ToddShallat
shows how hard places such as mining and weapon testing sites in North Americas
Mountain West have managed to reinvent themselves as tourist attractions. Anna Sivula
analyzes three well documented cases of the different industrial heritage projects in the
Finland and asks questions about finance, community and meaning. Nadezhda Soloninia
examines the past and present of some 300 metallurgical factories in Russias industrial
heartland. By introducing the brightest examples of Urals industrial heritage and other
industrial sites, she hopes to restore lost relationship between a human and cultural and
historicalenvironment.DaqingYangshowshowcentralgovernment,localgovernment,and
businesscirclesin JapanandChinaareworking togetherbehind thecreationofcreativity
parks, industrial museums, and even bids for enlistment in the UNESCO World Heritage
sites.
185
Friday
SessionF1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
RelocatingMarineEngineShopsinScotland
Mr.MarkWatson,HistoricScotland,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom
Moving a building is a drastic measure normally only considered as a last resort. The
feasibility of doing this depends on the construction of the building, the method of
relocation,andtheextenttowhichthesignificanceofthebuildinganditssetting(existing
andproposed)willbeaffected.Thisturnsonauthenticity.
Where buildingshaveculturalimportancetheyhavebeenmovedeither:Becausetheyare
wanted insome new location,such as to form part of a collection inan open airmuseum
(e.g.SkansenorAstra)orasmitigationarisingfromamajorandunavoidableinfrastructure
project(e.g.AbuSimbel,orchurchesinBucharest).Butshouldweremovebuildingsthatcan
beretainedbyplanninglegislationandmoreeconomicallyusedastheyare?
Creation of zoos of relocated buildings began at Skansen in Stockholm more than 100
yearsago,broughtfromallpartsofSwedeninordertokeepfolktraditionsalive.Thereare
many imitators in Northern and Central Europe. Astra, in Sibiu, Romania, is the largest. In
NorthAmericathebestexampleisprobablyUpperCanadaVillage.Thesedevelopedonthe
wholebeforeinsituconservationlegislationcametobeappliedtovernaculararchitecture
andcrafttechnology.BritishexamplesatAvoncroft,Beamish,BlistsHill,theBlackCountry,
Welsh and Ulster Folk Museums show popular ways of presenting social and industrial
history.
IwillfocusonScottishmarineengineworksof18713,relocatedfordifferentreasons.One
is now a shop in Dundee, another is now the Scottish Maritime Museum in Irvine. Both
outcomes are valid in terms of conservation principles. In their new locations both still
indicatethegreatheightandorganisationoflabourrequiredtoerectinvertedverticaltriple
expansionmarineengines,inwhichScottishengineersexcelled.
186
Friday
SessionF1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
CitizenParticipationinManagement,PromotionandDisseminationof
IndustrialHeritage:AncientBrassFactoryinSpain
Dr.MartaVeraPrieto,FundacinJuaneloTurriano,Madrid,Spain
The process called musealization, that is, a display of politics focused on conserving,
restoring,investigateandcommunicateaconcreteitemunderthenameofmuseum,isone
ofthepossibilitiesforanindustrialspacewhenmachinesarenotworkinganymore.Friends
oftheRoyalFactoriesofRiparassociationhascollectsanexperienceofcitizenparticipation
inmanagement,promotionanddisseminationofindustrialheritage.Itapproachesthefirst
factoryofzincandbrassestablishedinSpain(1773),whichsufferedatraumaticclosurein
1996.Morethan230yearsofindustrialhistory.People`sgenealogy.Bycreatingthisspace
opentoall,wemultiplytheinformationassociatedwitheachdocumentfoundinresearch,
bycontrastwithoraltestimonies.Gadamersaidthatcultureisthefieldofeverythingthat
growsbysharing.Thisisaproactiveandcommunityorientedresearchmethodology,asit
shares information, findings and questions to enhance different areas of knowledge,
bringingustoplaceswhereitisnotpossibletoarrivethroughthearchive...aspacetotellor
listen,toaskandtopropose,asaenabler;whatweenduptoisthedrawingofanoverview,
one of the potential landscapes of the historic industrial complex, that opens a door for
citizenparticipationintheconstructionofmultiplemuseumdiscourses.
Asaresultofourwork,conferencestookplaceintheoldfactory,todayIndustrialMuseum;
forsomeworkersitwastheirfirststepin,backsincetheclosure.21authors(metallurgical
workers,teachers,historians,architects,engineers,cooks...)vividlyreflecthowpastsneaks
into our present: different people who look at the world from the context of their own
experiences,unitedaroundaprecious(andfragile)commonheritage.Thisisthebeginning
ofalargerdialogue,whichwillallowarationalandhumaneuseofourindustrialheritage,
heart and soul of Ripar, and its further development, building together a better
appreciationoftherichlegacyofwhichweareresponsible.
187
Friday
SessionF1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
HardPlacesasTouristLandscapesinNorthAmerica'sMountainWest
ProfessorToddShallat,BoiseStateUniversity,USA
Exhaustionofundergroundmineralresourcesordecommissioningofmilitaryfacilitiescreate
new environmental and other challenge in industrial landscape. On the western steppe of
the Northern Rockies, where mining and weapons testing have savaged the sagebrush
prairie, blight has emerged as gold for tourism and urban renewal. Historians frequently
work with planners and city official to market these toxic places. In Boise, Idaho, for
example, a vacant rail yard is prime real estatefor upscale townhouses, complete with an
innercitywhitewaterparkintheformersiteofagravelmine.InWallace,Idaho,agondola
skilift carries tourist over the scars of one on the nations most hazard mines. In Nevada,
meanwhile, bombing craters are ground zero for a proposed national park. Often these
placesarethicklylayeredwithmythicalimaginationabouttheAmericanWestasafrontier
for industrial conquest. Often the perception of pollution is more powerful deterrent than
the actual pollution. And perceptions change over time. Each generation makes its own
culturally coded assessment of the highest and best use of land. Drawing from my thirty
years of experience with industrial landscapes, I shall demonstrate how yesterdays blight
have emerged as goldfields for tourism and urban renewal on the western steppe of the
NorthRockies.
188
ElectricPowerandSocietalDevelopment:1.Hydro
andNuclearPower
Chair:EdmundTodd,UniversityofNewHaven,USA
Friday
SessionF1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
SomeNotesontheHistoryoftheGermanNuclearScienceCommunity,
19862011
Dr.TudorIonescu,UniversityofVienna,Austria
Shortly after the Fukushima nuclear accident from March 2011, the German federal
governmentdecidedthatthecountrywasgoingtophaseoutnuclearenergyby2022.What
seems to be the simple misfortune of an unlucky career choice possibly bears a deeper
meaningasnuclearenergywasonceoneofthemostpromisingtechnologiesinhistory.How
coulditthenhavesuchaterriblefateinoneofthemosttechnicallyadvancedcountriesin
the world? To answer that question, a close look at the history of the German nuclear
sciencecommunityandtheemergenceofoneparticularreactortechnologywillbeofsome
help.
Accordingtotheirinitialproponents,thesocalledinherentlysafereactorswouldallegedly
renderactivereactorsafetysystemsuselessandsecureinanirrefutablewaythesafetyof
nuclear power plants. This technoutopian idea reached the top of the agenda of nuclear
scientistsshortlyaftertheThreeMileIslandaccidentandregardedbymanyasthenecessary
anduniquesolutiontothecrisisofpublictrustthatthenuclearcommunitywasstruggling
with. The idea was also picked up by key actors from theGerman nuclear community, yet
notallofitsmembersagreedthatinherentlysafereactorsweretheonlywaytogoahead.
Thecurrentpaperisbasedontheauthor'spersonalexperienceasaresearcheramidstthe
German nuclear community between 2007 and 2012. Methodologically it is grounded in
Analytic autoethnography (Leon Anderson, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35:4
(2006):373395),whilealsodrawingfromtechnicaldocumentsoninherentlysafereactors
andliteraturefromthefieldofscienceandtechnologystudies.
TheresultsoftheproposedanalysissuggestthattheGermannuclearcommunityisnotlikely
torecoverfromthesocialdisgraceintowhichtheirmtierhasslippedduetotherepeated
severefailuresofatechnologythatoncepromisedenergytoocheaptometer.Instead,its
historyexposesfeaturesofaSisypheanmyth,warningaboutthedangersofpursuingthefull
understandingandcontrolofnatureslawinmodernWesternsociety,wheretechnoscience
isbelievedtohavereplacedtheroleofthesacred.
189
Friday
SessionF1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
Quebec'sAbortedTransitiontowardsNuclearPower,19631983
Ph.D.candidateMahdiKhelfaoui,UniversitduQubecMontral,Canada
This paper traces, over a period spanning between 1963 and 1983, the evolution of the
nuclearstrategyofthegovernmentofQuebec(Canada).Thefirstperiod,between1963and
1971, covers the beginning of Quebec's nuclear program, under the auspices of the public
electricutilityHydroQubec.Theeffortsofthecorporationresultedintheconstructionof
theGentilly1nuclearplantin1971.Thesecondperiod,extendingfrom1972to1977deals
with a moment of political opposition about the definition of the nuclear programs
objectives.TheLiberalParty,inpower,wasinfavorofthedevelopmentofthehydroelectric
projectoftheBayJames.Meanwhile,theoppositionparty,thePartiQubcois,defendeda
massive investment in nuclear power. The third period runs from 1977 to 1983. The Parti
Qubcois came to power and changed its previous stands in favor of nuclear power. The
party published a White Paper on Energy in 1977 and imposed a moratorium on nuclear
energyinthesameyearuntil1985.
From the analysis of these three periods, we will highlight the reasons that pushed the
governmentofQuebectodevelopalocalnuclearindustrythroughtheconstructionoftwo
nuclear reactors and a heavy water plant. We will also discuss various factors, technical,
economical and political that drove such a development. Finally, we will determine the
reasonsthatpushedthenewgovernmenttoradicallychangeitspreviouspositionsin1977:
aglobaloilcrisiscontext,alocalconflictwithitspublicelectricutilityandaclashwiththe
federalgovernmentofCanada.
190
Friday
SessionF1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
MonitoringandControlChartofaComplexHydropowerDevelopment
Lotru
Dr.MihaiSpori,Hydroelectrica,Romania
Mr.tefanIoanNeacu
Mr.AlexandruDuu
Mr.MihaiMarianSpori
The work briefly presents the studied hydropower development Lotru, the flowing within
thehydrographicsubbasinprocessesidentification,thepersonalizationofintakesofthese
subbasins,theirencodingwithintheoverallresult,implementationofadatabaseandrules
for a realtime operating. Lotru Ciunget HPP has an installed capacity of 510 MW (three
groupsequippedwithPeltonturbinesof170MW),installedflowof81cm/s,adropof809
mgrossandwascommissionedin1972.
At the time of edification (years 7080), hydropower potential planning principles, laws on
environmentandwatermanagement,operationoftheeconomicsystem,theexistenceofa
socialistplannedeconomy,etc.weredifferentfromcurrentrequirements.
This work presents modern concepts regarding the complex capitalization of the water
resources:thepowersupplyestimatedvalueofthewater,relatedtotheadductionroutes
toturbines,thetechnologicalprocessofahydropowerdevelopment.
Themonitoringand/orcontrolchartofahydropowerdevelopmentcanbeacoordination
instrument of the water resource within the hydrographic basin by the operational
settlementoftheoptimumratiobetweenthecapturedandservitudeflows;asafetysystem
in case of extreme torrential phenomena, in order to avoid the secondary adductions
warping.
TheITapplicationismaterializedinaMSAccess2000databasetransposingthetheoretical
model to optimize the exploitation of water resources within the complex intakes
developmentandhydropowerplantsofLotrubasin.IntheITapplicationframework,there
areprogrammenusandvideoformatsforthevaluesdefiningandrecordingtypicaltothe
intakes development, for the flow daily reports and other information, also constituted as
historical data and results that help to define the optimization model, as well as for the
calculation, interpretation and display of the values resulting from the information
processingaccordingtothedefinedtheoreticalmodel.Thedailyresultsofthisdataupdates
and of the IT processing are pointed for each grouping level, including information about:
inflow discharge, captured flow, hydraulic intakes, installed flow overcome, as well as the
final results within a video format type results matrix of the intakes branches. The
applicationisdesignedinopensystem,allowingimprovements,adjustments,simplifications.
191
DesigningaProductorMakingaCustomer?Policy
andPerception
Chair:ArtemisYagou,MacromediaUniversityforMediaand
Communication,Munich,Germany
Friday
SessionF1D
RoomUI7
9:0010:30
Deindustrialization,MultinationalsandPolishElectronics.PublicDebate
TowardstheRoleofConsumerElectronicsIndustryAftertheSystem
Transitionof1989
Dr.PatrykWasiak,UniversityofWroclaw,Poland
WiththispaperIdiscusshowtheinterdependencebetweenthedeindustrializationprocess
andconsumerelectronicsindustrieswasframedinthepublicdebateinPolandafterthefall
of communism in 1989. My main argument here is that the development of national
consumer electronics industry was considered as a crucial element of the imaginary
nationaltechnology.Thisimagerywasinfluencedbypoliticalandeconomiccontextofthe
system transition. Polish electronics was supposed to enable Poland to cope with the
ongoing global process of deindustrialization, catch up with highly developed Western
countries,andsecureeconomicprosperity.
Duringthetimeofstatesocialismheavyindustrywasintrinsicallyincludedinthecommunist
technologicalutopia.However,fromthe1970s,afterthediscussiononthelimitsofgrowth
microelectronics was included in the imagery of technological development. In the mid
1980s Polish government subsidized R&D of Polish VCR and home computer under the
auspicesofelectronizationofnationaleconomyprogram.
After the fall of communism economic and technological experts started a public debate
towards the assets and liabilities in Polish economy. Heavy industry was unequivocally
recognized as a liability while consumer electronics industry was a primary asset. It was
considered as the only economy sector that could provide Poland with the access to the
imaginedhightechEurope.Atthattimetheaggressiveenterofforeignmultinationalswas
consideredasafactorwhichwouldthwartPolishattemptstodeindustrializelocaleconomy.
Imaginary Polish electronics market was supposed to be coconstructed by domestic
electronicsmanufacturersthatwouldmakemodernandaffordableproducts,andconsumer
citizenswhoweresupposedtobuyPolishratherthanmadeinJapangoodstosupportthe
commongood.
This study is based on the content analysis of relevant influential economic and technical
magazines,documentsofstateagencies,andmarketresearchreports.Mypapershowshow
we can bring the studies of technological change related to the system transition of 1989
intotheongoingdiscussionsintheSTSfield.Analysisofdiscursivepracticesinpublicdebate
providesaninterestingempiricalmaterialforthediscussionontheattributionofagencyin
socialshapingoftechnology.
192
Friday
SessionF1D
RoomUI7
9:0010:30
ThePerceptionofCommoditiesReflectingScientificTechnology
Dr.EvaWaginger,UniversityofEconomy,Vienna,Austria
Historically one major task of economy is to organize the availability and distribution of
material goods in order to allow people to survive and even to attain some luxury life,
dependingontheirsocialclass.Inthisconnectiontheknowledgeoftheoriginandqualityof
goods as well as to take care and to preserve them were important for craftsmen and
merchants. Eearly books give evidence that the description of the quality of goods was a
major topic for production, trade and for consumers. When economic universities were
establishedinthe1920iesand1930iesincentral,easternandsouthernEuropetheyhosted
institutes of technology and commodity science. These institutions reflected the
engagementofmerchantsinrealgoods,which,informofamodernsciencehasstartedin
the17thcentury(technologyandcommodityscience).
The paper will show, how due to many influences and paradigm shifts the economic
science almost completely lost its interest in the real nature of goods . This will be
demonstrated by reviewing the development of commodity literature from the early
beginning until present, showing an encyclopedic, an empirical and information based
approach and by outlining the institutional history of technology and commodity science.
Commodities were investigated and popularized by description, by instruments like the
microscope, by chemical analyses and physical testing, and in our days by information
technology.Eachwaveoftechnologycreatedmethodstodescribeandperceivethequality
ofgoodsfromfunctionalartifactstovirtuallifestyleobjectsandrepresentativesofethicand
ecological values in a globalized world. ICT created totally new quality perspectives of
productswhicharedealtwithinscientificresearch,inpolicy,inmarketingandtradeandin
consumption.
To conclude with technology does not only change the construction and functions of
productsbutalsothestorieswhichwearecreatingaroundthemandinfluencesstronglythe
way we perceive and use them. This finding should be reflected seriously when discussing
sustainableconsumption as it partof the explanation that resource depletion is advancing
rapidly.
193
ICOHTECBookAndArticlePrizesRoundTable
Organisers:
DickvanLente,ErasmusUniversityRotterdam,
TheNetherlands
HermioneGiffard,UtrechtUniversity,TheNetherlands
Friday
SessionF2
Aula
11:0012:30
Asinpreviousyears,ICOHTECwillawardtwoprizesforoutstandingrecentpublications:the
ICOHTECprizeforyoungscholars,whichisawardedforbook,andwhichissponsoredbythe
Juanelo Turriano Foundation, and the Maurice Daumas Article Prize, sponsored by the
UniversitdeTechnologiqueBelfortMontbliard.Apanelsessionwillbedevotedtoeachof
thesetwopublications.
The book prize was won by Dr. Dora Vargha for her dissertation Iron Curtain, Iron Lungs:
governing polio in Cold War Hungary, 19521963, defended at Rutgers University, 2013.
Discussants will be Professor Liliana Rogozea, Transilvania University of Brasov, and Dr.
JamesStark,UniversityofLeeds.Botharehistoriansofmedicine.Thesessionwillbechaired
byDr.DickvanLenteofErasmusUniversity.
The article prize was won by Dr. Donna J. Drucker for her article, Keying Desire: Alfred
Kinseys Use of Punched Card Machines for Sex Research that appeared in Journal of the
HistoryofSexuality22/1(January2013).ThearticlewillbediscussedbyDr.GerardAlberts,
computer historian of the University of Amsterdam, and Professor Amy Dix, historian of
genderandtechnologyofIowaStateUniversityunderthechairmanshipofHermioneGiffard
oftheUniversityofUtrecht.
194
7.InformationTechnologiesIT
Friday
SessionF2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
Montbliard,France
DevelopmentoftheInformationRevolutioninRomania
ProfessorStefanIancu,MilitaryTechnicalAcademyofBucharest,Romania
InthepresentpaperacademicianMihaiDrgnescuispresentedasapioneerandpromoter
oftheinformationrevolutioninRomania.
ThefirstpartofthispaperisdedicatedtotheMihaiDrgnescusactivityasaprofessorand
scientist, pointing out how this Professor has developed the school of electronic and
microelectronicdevicesinthePolytechnicInstituteofBucharestandareindicatedthemain
electronicsfieldsinwhichtheprofessorhasdevelopedandpublishedtheoriginalscientific
ideas.
In the second part of this paper, the author shows haw, Mihai Drgnescu, since 1967,
participated at the establishment of a new Government Commission for endowment of
national economy with modern computing equipment and automatic data processing, and
promotedseveralprinciplesandguidelineswhichallowedideastocreateasystemwideunit
of society. Professor has developed during 19661971 and 19761985 the first national
programfortheintroductionanduseofelectroniccomputersintheRomanianeconomyand
society,oneofthelargestprogramsinthecountry'stechnologicalfields.
In the last part of the paper, the author pointed out the role of Mihai Drgnescu for the
presentantthefutureasanexampleoftheonehighscientificpersonalitywho,througha
creative, competent and responsible activity, conceived scientific and managerial works
whichareexamplesforusandforourfollowers.
Thesourcesofthispaperare6paperswrittenbyMihaiDrgnescubetween19862007,2
paperswrittenbyacademicianFlorinFilipin1996and2002,2paperswrittenbymyselfin
1995and2003,as wellasinformationfromtwovolumespublishedbymyselfin 2004and
2009.
195
Friday
SessionF2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
ADiscourseAnalysisofEuropeanTechnobuzzanditsPerceptioninRomania
Dr.TudorIonescu,UniversityofVienna,Austria
IncontemporaryWesternsocieties,projectionsoftechnoscientificfuturesareincreasingly
constructed around catch phrases that seem to have the capacity of spreading by
themselves. Terms like green technology, bio foods, sustainable energy, or the
knowledge society are not unfamiliar to most citizens, who follow expert discourse in
European political contexts. At the same time, the European technology sector is
increasingly dependent on research and development (R&D) subventions for consolidation
in times of economic normality and survival in times of crisis. This economic reality meets
thefuturistictechnoscientificdiscoursewithintheofficialdocumentsandpresentationsof
the European R&D framework programs, which make heavy use of buzzwords, catch
phrases, and clichs such as the innovation union, excellent science, competitive
industries,bettersociety,blueskyresearch,reliable,clean,efficientenergy,smart,
greentransport,andmanymore.
Acloselookatthelinguisticconstructionofthisfuturistictechnoscientificdiscourse,which
is usually referred to as technobuzz, reveals the true nature of an emerging wooden
language:itappearstobetheresultofamodernglassbeadgame,whichhasaslittletodo
with the present economic reality as did Herman Hesses Castalia with the reality of the
surrounding world. Yet by being repeated and reinforced at the highest level of European
science and technology policy, the promises encompassed by the discourse of technobuzz
arepracticallymadetobecomereality.
Inthiscontext,itisimportanttoinquireintotheperceptionofthistypeofdiscourseonthe
part of economic stakeholders and ordinary people in Romaniaa country that is
undergoing a transition from a totalitarian political system dominated by communist
propaganda, whichusedanoldwoodenlanguage,to anewpoliticalandeconomicsystem
dominated by what appears to be another type of economic propaganda, which uses the
technobuzzasitsnewofficialwoodenlanguage.
196
Friday
SessionF2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
RomanianITSeenbyanInsider (inFrench)
Dr.VladTepelea,RomanianAssociationofSoftwareandServicesIndustry,Bucharest,
Romania
Lesecteurinformatique,depuissonapparition,ajouetjoueunrledeplusenplusactifen
Roumanie. Aprs la Deuxime Guerre Mondiale peuvent tre mises en vidence trois
priodes:Lapriodethoriquemarqueparlestudesettravauxdemathmaticienset
ingnieurs comme Grigore Moisil, Victor Toma et autres, la construction de machines
tubes et plus tard transistors lInstitut de Physique Atomique et dans les trois centres
universitaires pionniers : Bucarest, Timioara et Cluj ; La priode industrielle ou une
industriedefabricationdordinateursvoitlejourainsiquedesinstitutsderecherchesetdes
centresdecalculsdpartementaux.Cettepriodedbuteen1968aveclerachatdeFrance
parlaRoumaniedelalicencedefabricationdesordinateursIRIS50;Lapriodeservices
daprs1990,quiavunatreuneindustrielocaleimportantededveloppementsdelogiciels
et de services et qui se caractrise par une utilisation en croissance galopante de
linformatiqueetdelInternetdanslaviecouranteetladministrationpublique.
Chacune de ces priodes a ses traits spcifiques quil convient de discerner et que je
prsenteraidansmonintervention.Celleciseracelleduntmoindirectetacteurdelavie
associativedusecteur.Laccentseramissurtroisprojetsauxquelsjaiprispartdirectement
en tant que chercheur et chef de laboratoire lITC : 1) le projet U ; 2) le projet PNUD
ValeaJiului;3)linformatisationdeslectionsde1990.
197
NewUsesofOldTechnologiesinTimesofTransition:
2.TheoryandPracticeofIndustrialandCultural
HeritageManagement
Friday
SessionF2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
Organiser:DaqingYang,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,USA
Chair:MarkWatson,HistoricScotland,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom
Identity,HistoryandProfit?ComparisonofThreeIndustrialHeritageCasesin
Pori,Finland
LecturerAnnaSivula,UniversityofTurku,Finland
If we want to understand industrial heritage, we must begin with welldocumented case

studies.Itisincasestudiesthediversity,differentscales,anddifferentdurationsofheritage
process become visible and intelligible. My paper is about understanding the diversity of
industrial heritages in the light of three different local cases. I analyze three well
documented cases of the different industrial heritage projects in the Finnish town of Pori.
MycasestudiesareofPoriCottonFactory,theAhlstrmindustriallandscapeofNoormarkku
inPori,andthetangibleandintangibleindustrialheritageofthePoriVolunteerFireBrigade.
ThecottonfactoryisasymbolofPorisindustrialhistory.TheAhstrmindustriallandscapeis
a legacy of a remarkable Finnish family of industrialists, the founding family behind the
AhlstromCorporation.Thesiteiscurrentlybothinpublicandprivateuse.Inmythirdcase
study,thelistedbuildings,restoredfireenginesandannualcelebrationsofa150yearsold
volunteer fire brigade of Pori make an interesting combination of tangible and intangible
industrialheritage.
If we, as historians of technology and society, want to evaluate these projects from a
comparative perspective, we must ask similar questions to well documented case studies.
Fortounderstandthepoliticalandeconomicfactorsbehindtheculturalheritage,Imasking
thesesimplequestionstoeachcase:Howdidtheseparticularremainsofindustrialactivities
become cultural heritage? Who finances the maintenance of the industrial heritage? Who
constructed the meaning and interpretation of the heritage? What kind of heritage
communityisattachedtothesite?Whousestheindustrialheritage,andforwhatpurpose?
198
Friday
SessionF2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
HeritagePlantsofTheUralRegion(Russia)inPostindustrialPeriod
Ph.D.candidateNadezhdaSolonina,UralStatesAcademyofArchitectureandArts,
Yekaterinburg,Russia
TheUralindustrialheritageisalargenetworkofmetallurgicalfactoriesanditcountsmore
then300sitesofdifferentdegreesofconservation.Physicalstateofsuchobjectsvariesfrom
completely lost to wellsaved and opened for public. During 3 centuries the factories have
overcomeseveraleconomycrises.Consequentlyonlysomeoflargenumberofplantswere
abletosurviveandkeeponproduction.
The theoretical foundation of the research consists of the following sources: 1) references
helping to track the industrial history of the Urals and local identity of industrial sites; 2)
works revealing the issues, research methods and importance of preserving and
reconstructingcultural,historicalandindustriallegacy;3)sourcescontaininginformationof
effectivepresentationofworldindustrialheritagesites.
During the Soviet Union period the viability of a lot of plants had been supported by
governmentfunding.Itwasnecessarytoprovideanemploymentofeachindustrialdistrict.
After the collapse of Soviet Union the former stateowned enterprises transformed into
private property. They have to look for a place in the market in the conditions of new
economy policy. During perestroika Urals industrial heritage has lost a significant part of
unique relics. In the process of adaptation to new conditions the factories have to clear
territories and demolish old constructions. Using or conservation of such industrial relics
requiredlargeexpensesforsupportingofheritagespecialistsandreconstructionacts.Only
large and efficient factories could save their unique industrial constructions. The trend of
preservationandrethinkingofindustrialheritageisprogressinginRussiaforseveralyears.
Therebywecantoattractattentionofgovernment,publicandentrepreneurstoindustrial
heritageofUralsandtoformaconceptionofpreservationandpresentationuniquerelicsof
local industry. It will help to restore lost relationship between a human and cultural and
historicalenvironment.
Within the framework of the paper will be introduced the brightest examples of Urals
industrialheritageandotherindustrialsites,whichareintheprocessofrenovation
199
Friday
SessionF2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
LateIndustrializationandtheInventionofHeritaginginJapanandBeyond
ProfessorDaqingYang,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,USA
TheJapaneseneologismheritagingisdefinedasenjoyingtheheritageofmodernization.
An Institute for the Study of Heritaging was established in 2004 by Asomura Takao, who
retiredfromJapansleadingPRfirm.Localgovernmentsandacademicswelcomedtheidea
andtogetherhaveproducedanationaltrendofturningvarioussitesassociatedwithJapans
modernizationintomuseumsandothertouristattractions.Industrialheritagesitesfeature
prominently among them. The central government has also come on board by setting up
research councils in a hope to help jumpstart the Japanese economy after decades of
recession. Currently, a number of prefectures in western Japan are working together to
registeraclusterofmodernindustrialsitesasUNESCOworldheritagesites.
InneighboringChina,thoughitsindustrializationlaggedevenbehindJapan'sinthemodern
era,asimilarphenomenonishappening.Decadesofmarketreformandurbanizationhave
produced decommissioned industrial plants in many sprawling cities, from Shenyang and
Beijing in the north to Nanjing and Shanghai in the east. While some have become
designated art districts to fill the vacuum of cultural industry in a rapidly developing
country,othershaveusedtheirindustrialrootsasbasisofcreativityparks,incubatorsof
new industry such as software development. The 1865 site in Nanjing was Chinas first
modern arsenal, later a stateowned machinery plant under Mao, is currently reinventing
itselftomeettheneedsofnewChina.
Mypaperanalyzesthemultipleforcesbehindenjoyingtheheritageofmodernizationand
alsoexploreshowthistrendhelpsredefinethepopularJapaneseandChineseconceptionof
theirtrajectoriestomodernityaswellastheirselfidentity.
200
ElectricPowerandSocietalDevelopment:2.Eraof
Electrification
Chair:JochenF.Mayer,UniversityofEdinburgh,UnitedKingdom
Friday
SessionF2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
GermanElectrificationinWarandRevolution,19131921
Dr.EdmundN.Todd,UniversityofNewHaven,USA
BeforeWorldWarI,Germanelectricalmanufacturingfirmsconstructedelectricpowerand
lightsystemstogainmarketshare.Thewarandrevolutionprovidedopportunitiestoscale
upfacilitiesand,perhaps,torationalizeandsimplifytheByzantinepatternoflocalsystems,
which replicated fragmented local, regional, and state governance. Historians and
contemporaries have castigated both sorts of fragmentation as impediments to proper
change. However, successful expansion required careful attention to technical, social,
economic, and political variations. Problems abounded. Unable to attend to local
differences, electrical manufacturers failed to simplify systems. Instead, Reich and state
governmentsbecamemoreactive,asdidamixed,publicprivatecorporationgrowingoutof
theRuhrregion,theRhenishWestphalianElectricalCompany(RWE).Thedifferentattempts
to resolve local problems met varying successes in their different locales. This paper
evaluates those different paths and stresses the benefits of the Byzantine systems of
governancethatguaranteedempiricalapproachestorelevantsocial,political,economic,and
technicalvariations.
ThispaperdrawsonlocalmunicipalarchivesandtheStinnespapers,as wellason various
studies of electrification such as Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power (1983); Vincent
Lagendijk,ElectrifyingEurope(2008);andBernhardStier,StaatundStrom(1999).JamesC.
Scott,SeeingLikeAState,notestheopportunitiesduringrevolutionaryperiodstopromote
state or corporate simplifications and that practical, local knowledge has made those
simplificationsworktotheextentthattheyhave.IntheGermancontext,Byzantinesystems
of local governance guaranteed careful attention to local variations. The resulting
technopoliticalregimeshadlastingsignificance.
201
Friday
SessionF2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
TheimpactofElectrificationintheSpanishMostProgressiveDecade,
19581975
Dr.MariaTeresaSanchis,UniversitatdeValncia,Spain
Following the growth accounting approach introduced by Oliner and Sichel (2000) for
measuring the impact of the ICTs on GDP growth as a General Purpose Technology, this
paper analyzes the impact of electricity in Spanish economic growth in 19581970. Spain
represent the case of a follower country that could display the benefits of electricity only
some decades later (1950s and 1960s) than it was introduced in the country (1900s
1910s)andfourdecadeslaterthanithaditsbiggestimpactintheleadercountry,theU.Sin
1920sand1930s.TheOlinerandSichel(2000)analyticalframeworkhasbeenmodifiedto
identify different kinds of spillover effects in order to account for a more comprehensive
impactofelectricity.Theresultsobtainedconfirmthatelectricityplayedasignificantrolein
Spainthroughthethreechannelsidentifiedintheliteratureforquantifyingthecontribution
of a GPT: multifactor productivity growth, capital deepening and spillover effects. The
impactishigherthanthoseestimatedforotherfollowercountriesin1920s,butlowerthan
the estimated impact for the U.S in its most progressive decades, 1920s1930s. An
interestingpointofthepaperisalsotoexploretheroleplayedbyinstitutionalandpolitical
factorshamperingorpromotingthedevelopmentofthenewtechnologies.Spainsinthose
decades represents an interesting case of study because it was settled in the long lasted
Francosdictatorship.
202
Friday
SessionF2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
ElectricMachinesbetweenIndustrialRevolutionandInformationEra
ProfessorIonVoncila,DunareadeJosUniversityofGalati,Romania
Thepaperbeginswithanoverviewoftheexistingtypesofelectricmachinesmassproduced
worldwideaftertheWordWarIIasconsequencesofnewmaterialsandtechnologiessetting
up and new concepts generated by many limits in new fields applications (spacecraft,
shipbuildingetc.).
Inthefirststagearepresentedthenewmaterialsandtechnologiesthatallowedchangesin
designandproductionofanewclassofelectricmachinesin'50'70of20thCentury.Then,
therearealsopresentednewconceptsthatcameoutin'80'90ofthe20thCentury.These
conceptsledbothtostructurealterationsandchangesintheprinciplesofoperation.
Thepaperdealswiththewayofimplementationoftwomajorconceptsforanewclassof
electricmachinesinthebeginingofthe21stCentury:theelectricmachineasanintegrator
of electromagnetic, mechanic and information subsystems and the electric machine as a
systeminpermanentinteractionwiththeenvironment.
Certain conclusions emerged as a consequence of the analysis: promotion of electric
machinesnewstructures,which,throughthematerialsandtechnologies,includingspecific
geometries, would have the lowest possible environmental impact, on its entire lifecycle;
new operation characteristics of the existing and future classes of electric machines both
through design process rethinking and through widening and refining the integration
concept.
203
RocketryandSpaceflightintheColdWarandAfter
Chair:MichaelJ.Neufeld,SmithsonianInstitution,Washington,USA
Friday
SessionF2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
ColdWar,SpaceResearchinGreenland,andthePoliticsofRockets
Dr.HenrikKnudsen,TheDanishStateArchives,Aarhus,Denmark
Issued on the front page of Danish newspaper Politiken on July 4, 1968 the lead article
announced the commencement of a joint DanishAmerican grand rocket program to
investigate the splendid natural phenomena of sunspots and polar cap absorption from
Thule Air Base in northern Greenland. Enthusiasm and national pride ran high and
understandablysoevenifthescrambleforspaceenjoyedfarlesspublicandpoliticalsupport
inEuropecomparedtoitshighprofileinthetwoarmwrestlingsuperpowers.Fromtheearly
1960sDanishscientisttookgradualstepsintothefieldofrocketbornespaceresearche.g.
throughparticipationinrocketlaunchesfromAndya(Norway).Nowactivitieswereabout
to reach a new level with a joint DanishAmerican program comprising of no less than 34
rocketlaunches.Theinkwashardlydrywhenthesamepaperthenextdayreportedthatthe
DanishgovernmentinasweepingmovehaddecidedtocalloftheAmericanpartofthejoint
effort. Only rarely had the Danish government said no to American research projects in
Greenland and never before had rejections reached the public. In the following weeks
newspapersreportedonwhatmostparticipantstooktobeamajorpoliticalmishapbythe
government. Archival research in Denmark and theUSA points tosome conclusions 1) the
projectwasfundedanddirectedbytheUSDepartmentofDefenseandtheUSAirForce;2)
the agenda was to assess the effects of high altitude nuclear explosions on DoD
communicationssystems;3)ineffect,PentagonwasproposingtouseGreenlandasanatural
nuclear laboratory; 4) that the Danish government had substantial knowledge about this
background;5)thattheroleofDanishscientistintheprojectwasdiminutive.Thepaperwill
situatetheAmericanrocketprojectinitsColdWarmilitarytechnologicalcontextandoutline
the complex political appropriation process that lead the Danish government to the
rejection.
204

Friday
SessionF2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
U.S.PlanetaryExplorationinthePostColdWarWorld
Dr.MichaelJ.Neufeld,SmithsonianInstitution,Washington,USA
TheendoftheCold War in1989/91, and therelated restructuringofthegovernmentand

military budgetintheU.S.,inevitablyhadsignificanteffectson theAmericanenterpriseof
exploringtheSolarSystemwithroboticspacecraft.Aswastrueofhumanspaceflight,NASA
tried to coordinate or integrate U.S. and Soviet/Russian missions. At the same time, some
NASA and Defense Department actors pushed for the transfer of technology developed in
the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, but nicknamed "Star Wars") into civilian spaceflight,
notablyspacesciencemissions.PostColdWarattemptstorestructuretheU.S.government
andreducethebudgetalsoimpactedNASAsbudgetandincreasedthepressureforreform.
ThispaperwillexaminetheimpactoftheColdWarsendonU.S.planetaryprogramsand
technology in the 1990s through three brief case studies: 1) the creation of the Discovery
Programforsmallerplanetaryspacecraftandthe"faster,better,cheaper"initiativeofNASA
AdministratorDanielGoldin(19922001);2)theattempttocreateU.S.Russiancooperative
Mars, Pluto and solar missions; and 3) the Ballistic Missile Defense Organizations
ClementinemissiontotheMoonandanasteroid,launchedin1994.Inmarkedcontrastto
human spaceflight, cooperation with Russia in planetary exploration failed, and Goldins
"faster, better, cheaper" technological revolution petered out after two Mars missions
failures in 1999. Moreover, the Defense Department never launched another solar system
mission. But NASAs planetary exploration program was permanently altered, in part
throughminiaturizationtechnologiesinheritedfromSDI.
205
EconomicandSocialConsequencesof
Automatisation
Chair:GerardAlberts,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
Saturday
SessionS1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
OfficeSpacesinExistingStructuresforMoreInnovationandSpaceEfficiency
Dr.ErzsbetSzernaZoltn,UniversityofPcs,Hungary
Theimportanceofalternativeofficespacesformoreproductivityandspaceefficiencyisin
focus: analyzing the way of use as it was common in the past decades and how new
technologies and decreasing productivity in the tertiary and quaternary sector urge
interventioninthetraditionalstructuresandhierarchiestoattaintopcompetitiveness.
Thehistoryandfunctionalityoftheworkenvironmentanditswideningscopeisexploitedto
consider how the reuse of existing office buildings could be made more sustainable and
healthier.InHungarythetrendwasandpartlystillisjustthecontrary:demolishinginstead
ofrefurbishing.Demolitionisthelossofsubstanceontheonehandbutthenagainitimplies
the possibility to create something new. This can be considered as a normal process as
evenforseveralhundredsofyearsbuildingshadbeeninconstantchange.Analyzedfromthe
sustainabilityperspectiveoftheprocess,itresultsmerelyinwasteandrecyclingproblem.
The life cycle of buildings in the post war era with the introduction of mass construction
preferably produced out of concrete was estimated about 50 years. As they still are
constructionalwellpreserved,demolishingthemismorelikeerasingthecollectivememory
relatedtothecommunistera.Thesmootherwayforreplacingthemthoughcouldbeginwith
some refurbishment work until there are no almost remains of the original. This kind of
partialdemolitionwouldstrainbothurbanandnaturalenvironmentless.Thinkinggreenand
sustainableshouldalsomeanmakingeffortstopreservewhatispresentandtryingtomake
thebestofit.
It is argued that the preservation of postwar concrete skeleton structures can be
sustainable.Sustainabilityisusuallyconsideredonlyintermsofconstructionbutitshouldbe
complementedalsointheworkenvironmentbysatisfactionandwellbeingoftheusers.In
caseofreducedproductivityitissuggestedthatactivitybaseddesignpracticeswillresultin
optimized space quality of office buildings and improved health for their occupants. The
building performance, human factorsshould beincorporated asastrategy for productivity
enhancement.
206
Saturday
SessionS1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
WealthforWhoeverOwnstheRobots:TechnologicalUnemployment
ConcernsinTwentiethandTwentyFirstCenturyEconomicCrises
Dr.AmyBix,IowaStateUniversity,Kirksville,USA
Thetwentiethcenturybroughtwavesofconcern,amongbothprofessionalsandthepublic,
abouttechnologicalunemployment,fearsofmechanizationdisplacingworkers.Twentyfirst
century economic transitions have renewed such debate, within new contexts of big data,
ubiquitous computing, and increasinglysophisticated robotics. Observers link workplace
technological change to middleclass precariousness and income polarization.
Simultaneously, increasing integration of technologies has tied innovation ever closer to
twentyfirstcentury assumptions of progress. 1930s Depressionera unemployment
fostered widespread discussions about the changing nature of Machine Age economic
opportunity. Critics blamed mechanization for displacing switchboard operators, movie
theater musicians, farmworkers, and factory operatives. America must start finding jobs
faster than invention can take them away, President Roosevelt warned. Engineers,
scientists, and businessmen fought back, insisting that technological change both created
new jobs and consumer abundance. Yet debates over how far and how perilously the
machine has run ahead of the man never vanished, reappearing alongside 1950s
discussions of automation and 1990s jobless recovery analysis. Modern perspectives
examine the jobkilling potential of the autonomous economy, automated warehouses,
Japans driverless trains, Californias robot citrusharvesters. Observers blame robotics and
networking for displacing secretaries, travelagents, ticketagents, banktellers, human
resource consultants, pharmacists, stocktraders, paralegals, factory managers. In 2011,
President Obamasaid,Therearesomestructuralissueswithoureconomywherealot of
businesseshavelearnedtobecomemuchmoreefficientwithalotfewerworkers....Nobel
winning economist Paul Krugman commented, Smart machines may make higher GDP
possible,butalsoreducethedemandforpeopleasocietythatgrowseverricher,butall
thegainsaccruetowhoeverownstherobots.
This paper examines a wide range of sources among highprofile media and economists
discussionsoftechnologicalunemployment,inordertocompareattitudesacrossdecadesof
economic crisis. Like Depressionera predecessors, twentyfirstcentury critics warn that
workplacemechanizationfundamentallyunderminessocialwellbeing,linkingittowinner
takeallincomeinequality.Asbefore,optimistsinsistthatautomationwillmakeworkmore
enjoyable, opening opportunities that robots can never handle. Modern technological
unemployment talk reflects increasinglycomplex globalized economic tensions, plus
recognition of the accelerating inescapability of technological change across all aspects of
life.
207
Saturday
SessionS1A
RoomUI2
9:0010:30
FromFileCardtoMagneticTape:TheNetworksofTechnologiesand
InstitutionsbehindWestGermanLabourStatistics,c.19451973
Dr.JochenF.Mayer,UniversityofEdinburgh,UnitedKingdom
Thispaperdescribesthetransformationofinformationnetworksinplacetocreatefactsand
figuresontheWestGermanlabourmarketc.19451973.Drawingonawiderangeofarchival
materialandspecialistliterature,Iargueforacoproductionoftheseinformationnetworks
(hardware),theorganisationofstateadministration,aswellastheadministrativepractices
involved. In the first part of the paper, I will show how data on labour (that is the
occupational structure and (un)employment situation) until the mid1960s was essentially
based on early twentiethcentury techniques, namely paper forms and handwriting. I will
thengoontoshowthatattempts,duringandaftertheSecondWorldWar,toimprovethe
speedandaccuracyofthedataflowthroughpunchcardmachineryfailedmainlyduetothe
decentralised character of both filing system and labour administration. The final part
explains how a new generation of labour administrators, mathematicians and economists
wentaboutrationalisingtheslowandunreliablepapernetwork.Theirextraordinaryefforts
essentially bypassed punchedcard machinery to merge with technologies of the social
security systems in the early 1970s. This shift is interpreted not as a function of the
hardware(electronicdataprocessing)alone,butofthecoevolutionofhardware(especially
magneticstoragedevices),theplanningstatenowresumingunprecedentedresponsibilities
inrespondingtolabourmarketimbalances,andadministrativepractices.Theamalgamation
ofpensioninsuranceandlabouradministrationforthepurposeofstatisticalregistrationis
showntobemoreevolutionarythanrevolutionary.
208
ReinventingIndustrialCulture
Chair:SlawomirLotysz,UniversityofZielonaGora,Poland
Saturday
SessionS1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
IndustrialHeritageasaResource theCaseofRomania
LecturerIoanaIrinaIamandescu,UniversitateadeArhitecturiUrbanismIonMincu,
Bucharest,Romania
The paper gives a general image of the industrial heritage inRomaniain time of de
industrializationandunderthepressureofneweconomicdevelopments,withanaccenton
itstechnologicalvalueanditsimportanceforthenationalidentity,underliningconservation
problemsaswellasthedevelopmentpotential
To support the presentation several case studies, concentrated on two main issues, are
analyzed. One is the mining heritage and its urgent need for protection in a context that
favourstheimmediateclosingofallsurvivingundergroundminesinRomaniaaswellasthe
opening of new large scale open pit exploitations in heritage contexts. The Romanian
examplesaretheXVIIIXXcenturycoalminesinBanat(Anina),theJiuValleyXIXXXcentury
coalminescomplex(Petrila,Aninoasa)andthegoldexploitationknownfromRomantimes
in Rosia Montana. The second is the industrial heritage sites in our cities, where industry
(thatnolongeristheengineoftheireconomy)leftbehindsitesthatareveryoftenseenonly
as brownfields, ready to be completely demolished regardless to their technological and
historicalvalue.TheRomanianexampleisthecapitalcityofBucharestanditsrichXIXcentury
industrialring.
The paper is stressing the necessity for documentation, conservation and reuse of such
industrialheritagesitesandispresentingthelatestRomanianinitiativesthatshouldmakea
differenceinseeingthesesitesasimportantresourcesratherthanasunsolvableproblems.
209

Saturday
SessionS1B
RoomUI3
9:0010:30
NewIndustrialCulture
Dr.LarsScharnholz,InstitutfrneueIndustriekultur,Cottbus,Germany
ResearcherHeidiPinkepank,InstitutfrneueIndustriekultur,Cottbus,Germany
ThepresentationofHeidiPinkepankandLarsScharnholzwillfocusontheGermanidiomof
Industriekultur(industrialculture).Afteritsfirstuseintheearly20thcenturytheterm
Industriekultur has been transformed, adjusted and newly invented within the following
decades.AcloserlookillustratesthatthedifferentinterpretationsofIndustriekulturover
thecourseoftimewerefollowingdifferentmainstreamsandtrendsinsociety.Asaresultof
thistodaythereisawiderangeofinterpretationsthatsomewhatbarricadeathoughtfuland
distinguishedexaminationofIndustriekultur.
The multifaceted discussion on the concept of industrial culture in Germany however is
linkedtotheencouragingpromiseofapostindustrialfuture.Themanypreservationefforts
to conserve and save the built past of the industrialization reflected by various industrial
heritage alliances all over Germany is commonly combined with the understanding of
Industriekulturasaphenomenareferringtothepast.Thusthecurrentretrospectivefocus
of industrialcultureis the protection of an earlier period thatseems to becompleted and
the conservation of its technology based artefacts. The global reality however shows a
different view: While one part of the world seems to say goodbye the times of the
machineandindustrialtechnologytherestoftheglobeundoubtedlynoticesanincredibly
dynamicandhighspeedprocessofprogressingindustrialization.
Therefore Heidi Pinkepank and Lars Scharnholz argue while studying the disproportion
between postindustrial anticipations in Germany and global reality of industrialization and
technologythatitisessentialtoidentifyindustrialactualityasaculturalphenomenonofthe
presentandtostandupforit.Thisisnotonlytrueforthenewlyindustrialnationbutalsofor
the traditional industrial nations such as Germany. To underline the necessity of the
actualizationoftheculturalconceptofindustrializationthetermNewIndustrialCultureis
introduced.ThusNewIndustrialCultureemphasizestheculturalvalueofindustrialization
inpresentandfuturetimes.
210
Artisans,Savants,andEngineers
Chair:AntoniRocaRosell,UniversitatPolitcnicadeCatalunya,
Barcelona,Spain
Saturday
SessionS1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
ProgressiveDies.HistoryandEvolution(InSpanish)
Dr.FernandoFadon,UniversidaddeCantabria,Spain
Dr.EnriqueCeron,UniversidaddeCantabria,Spain
Progressivediesaretoolswidelyusedinmassproductioninsheetmetalmanufacture.They
are commonly applied in several industrial sectors such as electronics, automotive,
aerospace,homeappliance.Althoughitsdesignandconstructionisacomplextasktheiruse
is largely widespread due to they produce large quantities of high quality and cheap parts
compared to other manufacturing processes. They are especially recommended for large
massproduction.
Aspartofoneofthefieldsofmanufacturingtechnologymostappliedalonghistoryasmetal
forming is, in this case cold forming, its invention is no clearly welldefined. The origin of
progressive dies does not have a precise period or date in technology history, since it is a
toolthathasbeendevelopedandimprovedwhenthedesignersexperiencewasincreasing,
going from simple tools, minor modifications of tools commonly used in sheetmetal
working, to later become in highly complex tools with the accuracy required for mass
productionofaloteverydayitems.
Thispaperpresentsastudyofitsevolution,howthetransitionwasmadefromthesimple
tools or machines thatwere useduntil the seventeenth century to the great development
thattookplaceinitsdesignandmainlythroughoutthenineteenthcenturyuntiltoreachthe
present design that has had little changes over the last 100 years. It has changed its
accuracy,thetoolsandprocessestodesignandbuildthem,butthemainpartofitsdesign
andfunctionretainsthesameessenceasthedesignsofthelatenineteenthcentury.
For this study it has been analyzed mainly specific manufacturing books from the XIX and
early XX century, as well as encyclopedias and other generic sources from the XIX century
whereitsdevelopmentwasmoresignificantandalsofromearliercenturies.
211
Saturday
SessionS1C
RoomUI6
9:0010:30
TheBirthoftheScienceofMachinesandtheRolesoftheFathersFounders
Dr.IrinaGouzevitch,coledeshautestudesensciencessociales,Paris,France
Dr.DmitriGouzevitch,coledeshautestudesensciencessociales,Paris,France
It is well known that the science of machines has as its founders four savants: Gaspard
Monge, PierreNicolas Hachette, Jos Maria de Lanz and Augustin Betancourt. However, a
specificroleofeachoneremainsunclear.Toexplorethisquestionwillbethepurposeofthis
paper. We will present a chronicle of the events which preceeded the elaboration of the
course of machines at the Ecole polytechnique, under Monges pressure (17941808).
Furtheron,wewillexplorethewayinwhichtheEssaisurlacompositiondesmachinesby
LanzandBetancourthasbeencreated(1808)giventhattherelationsamongtwocoauthors
werethenverycomplicate.ThepublicationsofthisworkbytheEcolepolytechniquein1808
will be questioned, as well as the integration of a third coauthor, Hachette, who, first,
plagiarized their idea before following his independent research path.The subsequent
editions of Lanz and Betancourts work (1819, 1840; translations: 1820; 1822; 1824; 1829)
and of Hachettes developments (1811, 1814; 1819; and 1828) will be analised. An
explanation will be done of a new notion of elementary machines proposed by Lanz and
Betancourt to designate a plenty of indexed assemblies which included not only rigid, but
alsoflexible,liquidandgazlinks.Inspiteofitssyncreticcharacter,thisapproachalloweda
more coherent classification of the elements of machines according the the forms of
movement (kinematic principle). A particular role of the Essai in the development of the
theoreticalknowledgeaboutmachinesplacesitsauthorsamongthemainpromotorsofthe
emerging science: LeupoldEulerCarnotMongeLanz/BetancourtHachette. In this filiation,
theEssaimarksapointinwhichthescienceofmachineswasborn.
Main conclusions: Monge pointed out a possibility of creating a classification of machines
basedonthekinematicprinciple;Betancourtparticipatedinitselaborationandcompletedit
with practical and technical content; Lanz and Hachette, having published, each, 34
monographicissues,managedtolayfoundationsofanewscience;attheearlystage(1806
1808),theEssaiofLanzandBetancourtturnedoutprimarywithregardtoHachetteswork,
thislatterhawingborrowedfromthemtheinitialandfundamentalideaofclassification.
212
TechnologyofResearch:Digitalization,
Dissemination,andPopularizationofTechnical
Knowledge
Saturday
SessionS1D
RoomUI7
9:0010:30
Chair:FrancescoGerali,NationalAutonomousUniversityofMexico,
Mexico
TheTechnicalPublicLibrary:PopularizingSciencevs.OfferingSpecialized
Services
Ph.D.candidateClaudiaSerbanuta,UniversityofIllinois,U.S.A.
Ms.RalucaNutiu,LibrarianattheMuresCountyLibrary,Romania
Science and technology have always been a major part of the communist ideology. In the
lastdecadesoftheregime,thepushforpopularizationofscienceandindustrializationwas
strongly felt throughout society. Public libraries were key institutions in the process of
educating the New Man. This paper will investigate what were the roles played by public
librariesindisseminatingscienceandtechnologyinacommunistsociety.
While union libraries or libraries serving specific manufacturers have been functioning for
sometime,theneedforbothgeneralandprofessionalizedinformationserviceswasgreatin
the1970s.Thepubliclibrary,alibraryservingthegeneralpublic,decidedtocreatespecific
services to help out. An analysis of the activities of a technical branch from a Romanian
public library will reveal the duality of services offered by the library. On one hand, the
library servicessupported by the publishing industry and regional cultural committee
were addressing the masses and, on the other hand, they were targeting specialized
professionals.
Librarians created a special collection by broadly defining science and technology and
created in house tools for searching and retrieving materials from that collection. In a
culture of isolation with little knowledge sharing practices, through specific instruments,
librarians connected their technical collection to other thematic local and national
collections and to the scientific publishing from neighbouring countries. By analysing the
activitiesarchivefromthe1970sandthe1980sandcorroboratingthemwithoralhistories
of librarians that planned and implemented these activities, we will get an indepth
understandingoftherolesplayedbypubliclibrariesinthesocialisttechnicalrevolution.This
article will provide new insights into understanding the ways in which this revolution was
experiencedatthegrassrootslevel.
213
Saturday
SessionS1D
RoomUI7
9:0010:30
DigitizationofDocumentaryCulturalHeritageinRomania
Ph.D.candidateMariusStoianovici,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Ph.D.candidateIonelaBarsan,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
ProfessorAngelaRepanovici,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Ph.D.candidateNadineRoman
ProfessorLilianaRogozea,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
The paper presents the present framework of the digitization process of the Romanian
national cultural heritage. The legislative issues underlying the digitization process are
analyzed, the functions of the coordinating institutions in the digitization process are
presented(MinistryofCultureandCulturalHeritage,InstituteofCulturalMemorycIMeC,
Romanian National Library) and the representative projects of the infodocumentary
structures,ownersofheritagevalues.
In order to analyze the present situation regarding the digitization and to identify the
digitizationprojectsinRomania,wedevelopedaquestionnaire,whichwasdistributedonline
in 134 cultural institutions. By help of Swot analysis, the strong and weak points were
emphasized,aswellastheopportunitiesandthreatscomingfromtheexternalenvironment
andhinderthedevelopmentofdigitizationprojects.
TheconclusionsofthequestionnairethetheresultsoftheSwotanalysisleadtogenerating
proposalsconcerningtheimprovementofdigitizationactivityatnationallevel.
Research limitations/implications The sample size limits the extent of statistical analyses
andpossiblegeneralizations.Theplannedqualitativeresearch mayhelpin confirmationof
thedigitizationprocess.
Originality/value The proposed model may be generalized. The digitization process is of
greatinterestthroughouttheworld.
This paper describes a unique approach and could be transferred to other countries and
communities.
214
Saturday
SessionS1D
RoomUI7
9:0010:30
ArchivesinWonderland:ThePromiseandPerilsofTransitionsintothe
DigitalEra
ProfessorDarwinStapleton,UniversityofMassachusetts,Boston,USA
Howpuzzlingallthesechangesare!,saidAliceinLewisCarrollsAliceinWonderland.This
paperwillexploreandcommentonhowrapidtechnologicalchangeisaffectingarchivesand
archivebased scholarship. It will engage especially a range of issues that historians and
archivists are experiencing as archival research transitions into a new era of steadily
increasing availability and access. Archives are being pressured by the expectations of full
and unhindered access that are fostered by internetsavvy researchers. It will examine
several significant programs of digital outreach created by archives that have enormously
expandedopportunitiesforscholarlyresearchinthehistoryoftechnology,andwillidentify
themostpromisingdirectionsforfuturedevelopment.
The paper also will consider some of the serious problems that accompany scholarly
researchinthedigitalenvironment,focusinginparticularontheephemeralnatureofmany
digital collections, and the difficulty of working with facsimiles rather than original
documents. It will engage as well the subject of bornedigital records, the likelihood that
mostbornedigitalinformationwillbelostordestroyed,andwhatislikelytobepreserved.
The paper will draw on fundamental concepts of the history of technology that should
underpinhistoriansuseofdigitalresources.Itwillconcludethathistoriansneedtodeepen
theirunderstandingoftheprocessesandproceduresofarchivesinthedigitaleraiftheyare
tobeeffectiveandproductivescholarsinthefuture.
Myremarkswilldrawoncontemporaryarchivalliterature;my40+yearsasanhistorianof
technology and editor of scholarly publications; and my experience as a professional
archivist, including 22 years as an administrator, and (since 2010) as the Director of a
graduatelevel archiveseducation program. This paper will be supported by PowerPoint
images.
215
TelecommunicationinTransition
Chair:MariaElviraCallapez,CIUHCT,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisbon,
Portugal
Saturday
SessionS2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
ThePeriodofTransitions:fromLandlinestoWirelessTelegraphyinBrazil
Dr.MauroCostadaSilva,FederalInstituteofColgioPedroII,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil
In the beginnig of twentieth century, Brazil had telegraph landlines running aside of the
seashore from the North to the South, where the majority of the population lived. There
were only few cities in the interior of Brazil with telegraph service, specially in So Paulo,
MinasGeraisandMatoGrossoState.
Inthefirstdecadeoftwentiethcentury,somewirelesstelegraphequipmentsstartedtobe
testedin Rio deJaneiro. Two wirelessstations wereset: one at SantaCruz fortress, in the
entrance of Guanabara bay, and the other at Ilha Grande, a large island in Angra dos Reis
city,aroundonehundredandfiftykilometersawaytowardSouthofRiodeJaneroState.
InAmazonas,thetelegraphconnectionbetweenBelm,capitalofParastate,andManaus,
capital of Amazonas state, was made by submarine cables along Amazonas river. Many
circumstancesrelatedtothelocalnatureturnedthecommunicationintermittent.ThePara
and Amazonas states government tried to install wireless telegraph stations to provide
another way of communication between both capitals. The idea was to hire a private
enterprise to set the wireless stations. Nevertheless, the Brazilian Congress forbade any
wireless telegraph grant for private companies, leaving this business for government
monopoly.
Inthemeanwhile,theBraziliangovernmentdecidedtoinstallahugetelegraphlandlinefrom
MatoGrossotoManaus.ThegovernmentgavethechallengetotheArmy,whichhadalready
experienceexploringwildunknownlands.Whydidthegovernmentnottrytousewireless
stationsinsteadofusinglandlinesinlengthnearlytwothousandkilometer?
Thisworkwillshowtheadvantageanddisadvantageofbothtelegraphsystemsandinwhich
mesurepolicticalinterestscoulddecidewhichonewasthemostappropriate.Allarguments
and conclusion are grounded by primary sources from Brazilian government and Brazilian
Army.
216
Saturday
SessionS2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
TheEmergenceofOpticalTelegraphyduringtheFrenchRevolutionaryand
NapoleonicWars:aCaseStudyofIreland,17971805
Ph.D.candidateAdrianJamesKirwan,NationalUniversityofIreland,Maynooth,Ireland
Optical telegraphy emerged in many countries throughout Europe in the period following
theFrenchrevolution.Thetechnologyofferedrapidcommunicationtobelligerentstatesina
periodofmassivechange.Thisrevolutionaryperiodandthenewdangersthatitrepresented
meant that states were much more willing to embrace advance technology. However, the
adoptionofvariousformsofopticaltelegraphywasnotuniform.Whilesomestatesadopted
the technology wholeheartedly, developing large optical telegraph networks, others used
thetechnologysparsely.Thispapershalladdresstherationalebehindtheuptakeofoptical
telegraphs. It shall briefly examine the use of the technology in France and Britain before
surveyingitsuseinIreland.HeretheopticaltelegraphsystemofRichardLovellEdgeworth
wasadoptedinlate1803asaresponsetothethreatofFrenchinvasion.Theisland,onlytwo
years after political union with Britain and five years after the 1798 rebellion, was ill
preparedforanypotentialinvasion.Itwouldbereliantuponitslandbasedforcestorepel
any potential French landing, native rebellion or combination of the two. Therefore the
advantage of the telegraph in allowing the rapid movement of troops was obvious. The
subsequent strengthening of Irelands coastal defences and, thus, renewed focus on naval
defence destroyed the rationale for an Irish optical telegraph system. Using
contemporaneous published sources as well as the Edgeworth Papers, located in the
National Library of Ireland, this paper shall, through this case study of Ireland, argue that
opticaltelegraphywasonlyofsignificantbenefittonationswhosemainmilitaryforcewas
landbased.
217

Saturday
SessionS2A
RoomUI2
11:0012:30
TheEvolutionofTelecommunicationsinRomania
ProfessorMarianaJurian,UniversityofPitesti,Rromania
ProfessorIoanLita,UniversityofPitesti,Rromania
LecturerDanielVisan,UniversityofPitesti,Rromania
Communications, as the primary means of transmitting information, represents an

important factor inensuring the progress of a country, thus the interest in promotingand
introducinginRomaniathelatesttechniquesandtechnologiesinthefield.
InthispaperarepresentedthestepsoftelecommunicationsdevelopmentinRomania.The
first part represents a brief overview of the early nineteenth century communications and
earlytwentiethcentury,goingfromwiredtoradiocommunications.
Mostimportantpartofthepaperisdevotedtotheaspectsofthedevelopmentofmodern
communications: radio, television, data, mobile etc., through terrestrial or satellite links,
followingthetransitionfromanalogtodigitaltechnologies.
Romania has followed closely the countries that promotes new technologies in
telecommunications, introducing and promoting himself these technologies, so today has
developedsoundandvideobroadcastnetworks,mobilecommunicationsnetworks,satellite
communications,radiorelay,etc.
218
FromWagonstoLuxuryCarsandBeyond
Chair:BiborkaBartha,TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasov,Romania
Saturday
SessionS2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
HowDutchWagonmakersBecameBodyMakers.KnowledgeTransferby
TradeAssociationandaGovernmentAgency,19001940
Ph.D.candidateSueYenTjongTjinTai,EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,The
Netherlands
This paper investigates how Dutch wagonmakers became body makers as a response to
industrializationandmotorization.Itspecificallystudiestheknowledgetransferrolesofthe
tradeassociationsandagovernmentagencyduringthisprocess.
The paper is based on archival research and historical and innovation literature review.
LiteraturereviewcomparestheDutchwagonmakersectorwiththeirAmericanandGerman
counterparts.
The need for knowledge and new skills varied between three different groups of carriage
and wagonmakers: carriage makers, city wagonmakers and country wagonmakers. This
meantthatthedegreeoflocalandhandmadeproductionvaried.Forbodymakingtheyhad
tobeabletoadaptforeignchassisandvehiclestolocalcustomerneeds.
Wagonmakerswereabletosurviveasbodymakersinnichesthattheautomobileindustry
didnotserve.However,thesenicheschangedasautomobileproductionevolvedmoreand
more into mass production, and as user preferences changed. Therefore, body makers
knowledge needs changed as well: they started as artisan woodworkers and ended as
metalworkers in small industrial firms. To fulfill the body makers needs, the trade
association,itsjournalandthegovernmentagency,continuouslyupdatedtheiractivitiesand
trainings.
Finally, the paper concludes that the activities of the trade association, its journal and the
government agency fulfilled an important role in enabling the transition of wagonmakers
intobodymaking.
219
Saturday
SessionS2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
AutomobileCoachbuildersontheEarly20thCenturyinPortugal:Craftsmen
SkillsandCustomsPolicyasFactorstoSofteningPeripheralStatus
Dr.JosBarrosRodrigues,CIUHCT,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisbon,Portugal
AsithappensthroughoutEurope,automobilecoachbuildersinPortugaldevelopedtheirnew
activity from established carriage builders. Naturally, we find very early the same design
constraints and the same construction techniques of carriages on the very first bodywork
motorcardesigns.InPortugal,despitethelackofanautomotiveindustry,thecoachbuilders
had a very healthy and reliable activity, assuring a consistent production of approximately
15%oftheoverallannualcarsales.
Craftsmenskillswere,obviously,oneofthekeysforthiseconomicsuccess.Yearsoftraining
andahugeproductionexperienceleadtohighqualitybodies,similartoFrenchandBritish
work. On top of this, cost production factors (feedstock, labor and energy) and a custom
protection policy gave to this industry the necessary boost for its development and
consolidation.ThiswasalsothecaseofotherperipheralEuropeancountriessuchasSpain,
whoseexperiencewillbeusedasreferenceforPortugueseproduction.
InthepresentworkwewillsummarizetheflourishingcoachbuildersactivityinPortugal,in
the early years of the 20th century, studying the production costs and the influence of
customspolicyonitsactivities.WheneverispossiblewewilluseavailabledatafromSpanish
industry to fix some critical variables for further development and comparison with other
peripheralEuropeancountries.
220
Saturday
SessionS2B
RoomUI3
11:0012:30
TheAppearanceofTechniquesDerivedfromAutomobileCoachworkinJean
ProuvsIndustrialArchitecture
Dr.AndreasBuss,Lutz&BussArchitektenAG,Zrich,Switzerland
The development of the curtain wall in terms of a light, not loadbearing facade has been
influenced by techniques and materials applied by the automotive industry.
This can be shown in the oeuvre of Jean Prouv who achieved an outstanding position
amongtheprotagonistsofthemodernmovementasheundertookseriousdevelopmentsin
termsofintroducingmethodsofindustrialfabricationinarchitecture.Hisinnovativeuseof
thin sheetmetal for architectural elements dates from the 1930`s and led to architectural
designs which differ from permanent or static architecture in a traditional sense. This
architecturalcountenancejoinedthedemandsofsocietyinthephaseofreconstructionafter
1945.Atthesametime,itmadeuseofincreasedcapacitysintheproductionofAluminium
as a result of warplane production. Prouvs approach, to join faades or even whole
buildings derived from a kit of parts is comparable to the principles established in
automotiveindustry,wherethecreationofdifferentvariantsisbasedontranspositionofa
standardisedsetofcompounds.Notonlythemethod,butthetechniquesofcontructionfind
their analogy: The architectural elements were made predominantly by applying modern
bendingandweldingtechniques.Incomparisontotraditionalconstructionwork,thismeant
a radical break. A case study will analyse the prefabricated petrol stations of the 1950`s
derivedfromProuvssocalledstandardsystem.Thisrepresentsahighlyinventivekitof
elements which whavebeen fabricated in hisown workshop, a factory near Nancy, where
Prouvdesignedandproducedmanyseriesofstructuralelementsforbuildings,facadesand
alsofurniture.
221
TechnicalInfrastructureandTechnologyon
Peripheries
Chair:AntoniRocaRosell,UniversitatPolitcnicadeCatalunya,
Barcelona,Spain
Saturday
SessionS2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
TheModernTechniqueofTappingthePineinSpain,orTheLearningProcess
ofForestEngineersandResinTappers(18651900)
Ph.D.candidateJuanLuisDelgado,UniversidadAutnomadeMadrid,Spain
The industrialisation of Spanish woods during 19th century is a theme already studied by
Spanishforesthistoriography.Wellknownarethecasesofwoodandcork,notwithstanding
thecaseofthegumresinobtainedfromthepinetreehasbeenlessstudied.Justoneauthor
has stressed the relevance of this industry in the central woods of Spanish plateau. Thus,
wasrevealedthatoneofthemoreindustrialisedactivitiesinSpanishwoodswas,infact,the
gumresinindustry.Itsexpansionbeganinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandreacheda
mature stage at the beginning of the 20th century. The author previously mentioned was
studyingthehistoryofthisindustry,onthecontrary,mypurposeistostudythetechnique
itself. On one hand, the technique of tapping the pine trees, on the other, the forest
techniquetodevelopandsustainapinewoodinordertoextractthegumresinaslongas
possible. For this reason, I am deeply involved with the construction process of this
technique,inwhichIstartedtodistinguishthatthattechniquewascompletelynewforboth:
forestengineersandresintappers.Withthedifferencethatatleastthislatesthadanotion
oftheactivityderivedfromitslongexperienceintheactivity(conductedinadifferentway),
on thecontrary, forestengineers who were educated in forestryespecialized in wood had
no idea about the conception and development of a pinewood where gum resin was the
main product. In this paper my aim is to tell the story of the learning process where both
humanagentsinvolvedhadtogiveupofmoreorlesspreviousknowledgeinordertoenter
intothenewindustrialisedworld.
222

Saturday
SessionS2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
SolarDesaltingPlantsinAtacama(1872,1907)
Ph.D.candidateNelsonArellano,UniversitatPolitcnicadeCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain
Since1914almostahundredofpapersandbooksannouncedtheexistenceofthefirstsolar
energydesaltingindustry(Arellano,2011).LasSalinasdesaltingplantwasbuiltinAtacama
Desertin1872followingthedesignoftheSwedishengineerCharlesWilson(Arellano,2013).
Throughout our search in physical and virtual archives, public and private documentation
from gremial organizations, researchers of solar energy, engineering mass media and
generalpress,ithasbeenpossibletoknowmanydetailsabouttheplantofLasSalinasand
wehavediscoveredthatthereexistedasecondsolarplantthatwasbuiltsomeyearslater,
in1907.
The data allows to strength our conceptual approach of the intermittent duration of a
sustainable technology that could be analysed in the framework of artifactual discard of
GeorgeBasallasperspective(1991).Thiscouldexplainoneofthewaysoftheevolutionof
technology in XIXth century and allow us understand some elements of the energetic
transition.Wewishtooffernewinsightsontheearlyindustrialuseofsolarenergy.
223
Saturday
SessionS2C
RoomUI6
11:0012:30
TheLightingSystemsonLighthousesofthePolishCoastChanges
ProfessorAntoniKomorowski,PolishNavalAcademy,Gdynia,Poland
Dr.IwonaPietkiewicz,PolishNavalAcademy,Gdynia,Poland
In the given paper the development of lighthouses and their lights for the purpose of
maritime sailing is presented on the basis of the analyses of Polish and German archive
materials. The safety of vessels serving in the area of the Baltic Sea in the 19th and 20th
centurywasverymuchdependedonthenavigationalprecision.Oneofthemostimportant
things concerning it, good quality lighthouses lights, was simply invaluable. Lighthouse
networkbuiltinthegiventimeperiodonthesouthoftheBalticSea,theresultofGerman
engineersandgovernment,levelledupthesafetyoftheBalticsailingroutes.
Along with the technical progress, lighthouses light systems were also changing. The
evolutionofthelighthouseslightsystemsshowsustheprocessofchangesfromthelights
based on fire to oil, petroleum and gas lamps closed in glass lanterns, to, finally, electric
ones. This process was concerning the majority of lighthouses around the world. Polish
problems with technological development and the progress connected with the usage of
betterqualitylightswerenothingunusualandwereconcerninglightsystemsallaroundthe
world, and their development increased maritime safety. A lot of modern lighthuses were
putonsearoutestoGdask,aportwithimpressivegoodsoverturn.Theirjobwastoinform
about danger and show the correct sea route; actions which, undoubtedly, helped to
increasethesafetyofgoodstransport.
224
ImaginingTechnologicalandScientificProgress
Chair:GerardAlberts,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
Saturday
SessionS2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
AprilFoolsDayHoaxesandtheUnderstandingofTechnology
Dr.OlleHagman,IndependentScholar,Gteborg,Sweden
AfunnythingaboutAprilFoolsDayhoaxesisthatmanyofthemdealwithtechnology.So
many, that technology is the most common theme. On the Internet based Museum of
Hoaxes list of the worlds best April Fools Day hoaxes of all times, almost 50 per cent
refer directly to technology. A number of hoaxes on other themes are performed through
the use of technology, and indeed, sometimes quite advanced technology. Some are
practicaljokes,alsousingtechnology.Inaddition,almostallofthehoaxesonthelisthave
beenpresentedinmassmedia,usingmoderntechnologyfortheirdistribution.AprilFools
Day hoaxes, thus, seem to be a phenomenon closely connected to modern western
technology,inmorethanoneway.
ThereasonthattechnologyformanyyearshasbeensuchacommonthemeinAprilFools
Dayhoaxesmustbethatitworks,orcanbeexpectedtowork,insomewayortheother.
Somepeoplegetfooled,andsomethinkthatisfunny.Butwhatisitabouttechnologythat
makes these hoaxes work? What aspects of the relations between technology and society
maketechnologysuchausefultheme?
The different hoaxes on the list illustrate different aspectsof modern western technology.
Someofthemrevealitsconnectionstopower,authority,control,exclusion,and/ormoral,
and some show its relation to wants and desires, as well as disgust. The success of some
hoaxes can also illustrate the unpredictability of technological development and the
alienatedrelationtoit.
225
Saturday
SessionS2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
IKilledEinstein,Gentlemen.TheTechnologyofRealityinCzechoslovak
ScienceFictionFilms19451989
ResearcherPeterKoval,HumboldtUniversittzuBerlin,Germany
The role of technology in the socialistic/Eastern European/Comecon sciencefiction films

seemstobesomewhatparadoxical.Ontheonehandinthepredominantinterpretationof
Marx in the Comecon world the technology was regarded as a mean of change, of
transformation or transition towards a better future (e.g. mechanization of agriculture).
Ontheotherhandintheofficialnarrativeofthattimesthebetterfuturehavealready
arrivedinformofsocialisticsystem.Thatdelineatesafieldofveryownevenifproblematic
interpretations of technology the czechoslovak film I killed Einstein, Gentlemen from
1970wouldbeagoodexample.
FortheanalysisoftheroleoftechnologyinEasternEuropeansocialisticfilmsIwillfocus
ontheczechoslovaksciencefictionproductionsfromthe19451989period.Withinthiswell
defined corpus of films the focus will be on the distinctive features of fictional artifacts or
gadgetsandtheirdesigns.Theseseemstobeinterestingnotonlybecauseasinstruments
ofknowledgetheymaterializethehistoricalfictionoftechnology.Theyarealsoaproduct
(or a byproduct) of limited resources for special effects (technology) in Comecon film
industry. One could also assume that the fictionality the artifacts as it was embodied in a
whole spectrum of representations from ironic auxesis of actual possibilities to known
unknownsofscienceservedasanegativetechnologyofreality.
226

Saturday
SessionS2D
RoomUI7
11:0012:30
TheImageofBioTechnologyinContemporaryArtandMedia
ProfessorUrszulaJarecka,PolishAcademyofSciences,Warsaw,Poland
Thepresentationofchosenbiotechnologies,pastandpresent,intheartisticcreationsnot
only visualizes the technoeuphoria but also reflects the sociocultural threats and fears.
Concept of moral imagination is the frame of reference to the research. Popularization of
newdiscoveries,newtechnologiesandthediscussionontheirapplicationineverydaylifeis
a significant part of media culture established at the end of the 19th century. In press
discourse,aswellasinfineartsandcinema,technologywasthehottopicduetoitsrolein
creatingthefutureofsociallife.
Cultural texts chosen as case studies here become from the international media. A lot of
portraitsofscientistswhoabusetechnologyandbiotechnologyonecanfindinthemovies,
and e.g. science fiction is the main genre responsible for the visions of future. Mostly
dystopian, American science fiction narratives are rather conservative ones in the
predictions and hopes connected with the development of society. Technorisk, as well as
technoeuphoria,isdiscussedinalotofmainstreamandnichesciencefictionmovies,thusin
thispaperonlysomeaspectsoftheproblemwillbeanalyzed(suchasthechangesinsocial
orderorthelimitsofthefutureprogress).Moviestogetherwithdocumentariesproducedby
televisionchannelsbelongtothefirstcategoryofprimarysources.Totalkabouttechnology
thestrategyofshockisusedinboth,moviesandfinearts;howeverartistsusetechnologyto
producespecial,sometimeslivingartworks(justlikeEduardoKacsexperimentswithDNAof
flowers and animals). So, some examples of contemporary fine arts belong to the second
categoryofprimarysources.
In conclusions the background of social anxiety connected with innovative technologies
presented in media discourse will be explained and interpreted using theories of fear and
anxiety,moralpanic,tremendumetc.
227
228

229
CONFIDENCEANDEXCELLENCE
TransilvaniaUniversityofBraovisapublicinstitutionofhighereducationwithatraditionof
overhalfacenturyanddeclaresthemissionofprovidinganddevelopingtheresourcesand
instruments for high quality teaching and scientific research, aiming to ensure its
competitiveness in the European Higher Education and Research Area. The University was
founded in 1948, as a Polytechnic Institute and developed as a comprehensive university
startingwith1990.
The university evolves within the dynamics of today's knowledgebased society, relying on
its dedicated teaching staff which coordinates numerous multidisciplinary national and
internationalprojects,bothscientificandeducational,andorganizeshighclassinternational
conferencesandforums.
Education
Every year the University is the chosen destination of hundreds of students and teachers
participating in academic exchange programs, coming from all EU countries; at the same
timetheuniversityisrepresentedbyitsstudentsandteachersineducationalandresearch
activities atmore than 200 universities from Europe and othercultural spaces, partners in
variouscollaborationagreements.
TransilvaniaUniversityofBraovincludes18faculties(9technicalfaculties,likeMechanics,
MaterialsEngineering,Forestry,etc.,aswellasotherprofileslikeLanguagesandLiteratures,
Medicine,Music,Law,MountainSports,etc.)andover20000students.Itseducationaloffer
consistsofover100Bachelorstudyprograms(fulltime,parttime,distancelearning),over
60Masterstudyprograms(fulltime,parttime,distancelearning)aswellas18domainsfor
PhDstudies.
The fundamental development objectives for 2012 2016 are the consolidation of
Transilvania University of Brasov as a key national and international institution for
generatingandconveyingadvancedknowledge,aswellastheharmoniousintegrationinthe
EuropeanHigherEducationandResearchArea.
The current study programs are the result of extensive restructuring focused on ensuring
educationalprocessqualityandcompetitiveness,aswellascompatibilitywiththedemands
of the European labor market. The syllabuses underlying the study programs were
developed according to the needs of the economic, social and cultural environment and
correspondtorelatedstudyprogramsofferedatwellestablishedEuropeanuniversities.
ThecontinuedadjustmentofBachelor,MasterandDoctoralstudiestotherequirementsof
society hasyielded flexible integrated BachelorMasterPhD (BMP)study routes, accessible
to students from the very moment of their admission. This innovative offer of study
programs certainly allows secondary education graduates to choose the path which suits
besttheircapacitiesandaspirations.
All faculties have developed modern laboratories endowed with hightech equipment,
updated IT infrastructure and specific software. The University's direct cooperation with
companiesfromtheeconomicenvironmenthasresultedintheirinvestinginwellequipped
230
teaching laboratories. The development of these facilities ensures specialized training and
developmentofhighlyqualifiedhumanresourcesfortheinvestingcompaniesandthewider
labormarket.
Inrecentyears,theuniversityhassignificantlyinvestedininfrastructurequalityasrequired
by the teaching process (23 auditoriums were modernized and over 300 teaching
laboratories built up). The university provides modern teaching studying evaluation
instrumentsbyitseLearningplatformlaunchedin2008.Accesstothisplatformisfacilitated
bythe6computerroomsopenedforstudentsaswellasbyfreeinternetmadeavailablein
all student halls of residence. Modernization of residences, that fully cover student
accommodationneeds,representsyetanotherpermanentconcernoftheuniversity.
A modern, high standard learning space is the Transilvania University Library, fully
automated, with open shelf access and ample reading rooms is a frequent destination for
bothstudentsandteachers,openforlearning,andbroadeningtheknowledgeextent.
Research
Researchintheuniversityhasbeenstructureduponinterdisciplinarypriorityfields,capable
of ensuring the attaining of a top position at national level and full integration in the
European Research Area. Upon an internal evaluation process, the university defined 21
researchdepartments,selfmanagedandoperatingwiththeirownstaffandinfrastructure,
conducting research of excellence targeting the development of innovative hightech
products. A significant contribution to developing and ensuring the human resources
required for research is made by the university's Interdisciplinary Doctoral School and the
researchorientedmasterprogramscoordinatedbytheresearchdepartments.
Efficient and synergetic deployment of the existing resources and of those in progress
represents a key feature of university strategy, materialized by the major development
project of the R&D Institute for Hightech products for Sustainable Development, PRO
DD/ICDT, opened in 2012. The R&D Institute groups its highperformance infrastructure in
12 specialized laboratories, available to the 21 research departments as well as to
cooperationwithnationalandEuropeanresearchfacilitiesandresearchdivisionsofvarious
companies.LocatedinthenewGreenEnergyIndependentUniversityCampusGENIUS,the
institutewillbecompletedwithanareadedicatedtothetrainingofhighlyqualifiedhuman
resources by master and doctoral programs, as well as with an area made available to
international companies invited to establish branches directly collaborating with the
Institute.
ThenewR&DInstitute
231
TheInstitutewillalsorepresentthemaincomponentofaresearchpoleofexcellenceforthe
7th Centre Development Region of Romania in the field of sustainable energy and
environment.
TheUniversityasaPromoterofSustainableDevelopment
TransilvaniaUniversity,locatedintheheartofthecityatthefootofMountTmpa,thecity
that has been a binder of culture and civilization from both sides of the Carpathian
Mountainsenjoyssignificantprestigeineducationandresearch.Ithasanactive,beneficial
anddynamicpresenceineconomic,socialandculturalcommunitylife.
ThroughitspersonalitiesandachievementstheUniversityisabletoofferacompetentand
coherent vision of the regional development perspectives (in 7th Centre Region of
Romania) and to significantly contribute to the effort of promoting and strengthening
European values. The university promotes sustainable development by partnerships with
localandregionalbodies,involving:theparticipationindevisingtheStrategyofSustainable
Development of Braov county, city and Metropolitan area, and coordination of the work
groups for Economic, Environmental and Cultural Development and Urban Endowment
by experts from Transilvania University; a substantial contribution to materializing the
Integrated Urban Development Plan that includes the new GENIUS University Campus, a
major municipal development project; development of the ABMEE Energy Agency (SAVE
Project), the University being a founding member since 2006; the active promotion of
sustainable energy systems in the Centre Region (FP7 projects, RenErg EUReg 20082010)
and development of research industrial clusters in this field; development of human
resources: training of trainers in cooperation with the Braov Chamber of Commerce and
IndustryandtheCountySchoolInspectorate;developmentofuniversityindustrystructures
for promoting new/innovative hightech products: PROENERG Technological and Business
Incubator within the University (2008); new teaching and research laboratories in
cooperationwithinternationalcompanieslikeINASchaeffler,Viessmann,Oracle,Motorola,
Horiba,LMS,Festo,Kronospan;jointprojectswiththeeconomicandsocialenvironment.
AWelcomingInstitution
TransilvaniaUniversityofBrasovhasarichpatrimonyofbuildingsinthecityarea,bothold
andnew.Itstrulyiconicbuilding,situatedintheoldcitycenter,istheremarkableRectorat,a
neoRenaissancemasterpiece,builtin1886,decoratedwithsgrafittopanelsalongtheupper
part of its three imposing facades. Two guardian angels, not yet restored, welcome the
academicstaffandthevisitorsattheentrance,beyondthetwoioniccolumnssupportinga
loggia.
TheRectorateoftheUniversity
232
The R&D Institute, the most recent building (finished in 2012) displays daring architecture
andluminous,spaciouslaboratories.
The University is looking forward to the 41ST ICOHTEC Symposium, happily preparing to
welcomeallparticipantsandguestsinafriendlyacademicatmosphereattheUniversityAula,
amodernandfunctionalbuilding,situatedinthecitycenter.
ThecityofBrasov,themostlivablecityofRomania,isdiscreetlyshowingitsmajorattractions
in these beautiful summer days of July 2014.
TheAulaoftheUniversity
233
234

235
ThecityofBrasovisalsoknownasKronstadtinGerman,BrassinHungarian,Coronaor
BrassoviainLatin.Between1950and1960itwascalledOrasulStalintheTownofStalin.
Braov is located in the central area of Romania, in southern Transylvania. It is a
mountainouscity,beingsurroundedbyapartoftheOrientalCarpathians.
HistoryandPopulation
Thecitywasfirstmentionedin1235ADunderthenameCorona(MedievalLatin,crown),a
name given by the German colonists. The first attested mentioning of the name Braov is
Terra Saxonum de Barasu (Saxon Land of Baras) in a 1252 document. The German name
Kronstadt (Crown City) is visible in the city's coat of arms, in its founding legends. In the
MiddleAges,bothKronstadtandCoronawereusedsimultaneously.
German colonists known as Transylvanian Saxons played a decisive role in the new
settlementsdevelopment.TheywereinvitedandencouragedbyKingGzaIIofHungaryto
buildanddeveloptownsandminingactivities,andtocultivatetherichlandofTransylvania,
atdifferentstagesbetween1141and1162.ThesettlerscameprimarilyfromtheRhineland,
Flanders, and the Moselle region, but also from Thuringia, Bavaria, Wallonia, and even
France. In 1211, by order of King Andras II of Hungary, the Teutonic Knights fortified a
southern plateau of Transylvania, known as Tara Barsei, in order to defend the borders of
theKingdomofHungary.Onthesiteofaformervillage,theTeutonicKnightsbuiltKronstadt
which soon enough was blessed with prosperity, due to royal privileges concerning
importanttaxexemptions.
LikeallofTransylvania,BrasovbelongedtotheAustrianHungarianEmpire,until1918when
Transylvania became part of the new Romanian state. In 1850 the town had 21 782
inhabitants, out of which 40.7% Germans, 40% Romanians, 13.4% Hungarians, having also
significant Jewish, Greek and other communities. The interwar period was a time of
intensive economic and cultural life, triggered also by this ethnic diversity of the city, but
during the communist era (19481989) most Germans and Jews, but also Hungarians and
RomaniansimmigratedtoWesternEuropeancountries,IsraelandtheUSA.
Accordingtothelatestcensus,the city hasnow 253200inhabitantsandtogetherwithits
metropolitanareathereareover360000inhabitants.
Education
Johannes Honterus (14981549) was a Transylvanian Saxon, a Renaissance humanist and
theologian,whoachievedtheintroductionofLutheranismtoTransylvania.Hefoundedthe
humanist gymnasium (a German primary and highschool still functioning today, known as
theHonterusHighschool),setupaprintingpressin1539,andhelpedthebuildingofapaper
millinthecity.In1542,inBraov,heprintedanewversionofhisRudimentaCosmographica,
with13maps,engravedbyHonterushimself.Themapsshowallknownpartsoftheworld.
The book was so successful that no less than 39 editions were printed in Braov, Zrich,
236
Antwerp, Basel, Rostock, Prague and Cologne, being considered the first Europeanwide
manual.
BrasovisknownalsoforhavinghadoneofthefirstEuropeangirlschools,inthe16thcentury,
atSt.CatherineMonastery.
TheculturalandreligiousimportanceoftheFirstRomanianSchoolandchurch,builtin1495
in the formerly extramuros quarter of chei, becomes visible when visiting the charming
localmuseum,aswellastheharmoniousSt.Nicolaechurchnearby.
Nowadaysthecityhasmorethan30highschoolsamongwhichtherearealsotechnicaland
vocational institutions, a state university Transilvania University (founded in 1948 as
Polytechnic Institute) and the Air Force Academy Henri Coanda, as well as 6 private
universities.
Architectureandculturalinstitutions
GermanslivinginBraovweremainlyinvolvedintradeandcrafts.Thelocationofthecityat
theintersectionoftraderouteslinkingtheOttomanEmpireandWesternEurope,together
withtheabovementionedtaxexemptions,allowedSaxonmerchantstoobtainconsiderable
wealth and exert a strong political influence. They had a substantial contribution to the
architecturalconfigurationofthecity.Fortifiedwallsaroundthecitywerebuilt,withseveral
towers and bastions that were maintained and guarded by the guilds, according to the
medieval custom. Part of the fortification ensemble was recently restored. Two important
citygates,PoartaEcaterinei(orKatharinentor)andPoartachei(orWaisenhausgssertor),
arestillvisible.ThecitycenterismarkedbytheOldCityHall(AltesRathaus,CasaSfatului)
built in 1502 and rebuilt in 1780, now the County History Museum. It is surrounded by a
polygonal square, where there are other prestigious buildings, like the Kaufhaus, built by
Apollonia Hirscher in 1539, the oldest Chamber of Commerce of Transylvania, another old
international trade center and shop, built in the 13th century and rebuilt in 1566, now
MuseumofUrbanCivilization.NearbyistheBlackChurch(SchwarzeKirche,BisericaNeagr),
claimed to be the largest Gothic style church in SouthEast Europe, displaying a stunning
collectionofpreciouscarpets,dedicatedtothechurchbyrichcitizens.
TheBlackChurchseenfromtheTampaalleyRopeStreet
The frequent presence of the late Renaissance and baroque architectural styles in the old
citycenterisduetotheratherfrequentrebuildingactivity(becauseoflocalwarsandfires),
in the 17th and 18th century. In the 19th century neoclassicism and eclecticism
237
characterized the official city architecture, followed by the Art Nouveau and the neo
Romanian style. In the communist era, the social housing quarters, quite numerous at the
outskirts of the city, meant mainly cheap, functional architecture displaying a crude
modernism.
Now contemporary architecture spreads all over the city, one of the most representative
buildingbeingthenewResearchInstituteoftheTransilvaniaUniversity(finishedin2012).
ThebestviewofthearchitecturalcontrastsofBrasovcanbeviewedbytakingthecablecar
tothetopofTmpaMountain,situatedwithinthecity.
Thecityishometoseveralprestigiousculturalinstitutions,liketheArtMuseum,havingon
displayaremarkablecollectionofRomanianpainting,theCountyHistoryMuseum,recently
remodeled and offering a significant overview of more than 4000 years of culture and
civilization development in the area, the Brasov Philharmonic Orchestra, the city Theatre,
theRedutaCulturalCentre,theCountyLibrary,theFrenchandGermanCulturalCenters,the
ConfuciusChineseCulturalCenter(withintheTransilvaniaUniversity),etc.
Brasov is known to be the birthplace of the national anthem of Romania, Deteaptte,
romne,composedbyIacobMuresanu.Asmallbutveryattractiveandinteractivemuseum
isCasaMuresenilor,homeoftheoldMuresanufamily.
IndustrialDevelopment
The industrial development of the city, based initially on the diversity and prestige of the
guilds, became more dynamic in the 19th and 20th century. In the interwar period the
airplane factory IAR Brasov was built. Here the first Romanian fighter planes, which were
usedinWorldWarIIagainsttheSoviets,weredesignedandmanufactured.After1948,the
plantwasconvertedtothemanufacturingofagriculturalequipment,mainlytractors,being
renamed Uzina Tractorul Braov. Industrialization was accelerated in the Communist era,
with special emphasis being placed on heavy industry trucks, tractors, ballbearings,
weaponsandvariousmachinery.Heavyindustryisstillpresent,includingtheplantRoman
S.A., which manufactures MAN AG trucks as well as nativedesigned trucks and busses.
Although the industrial base has been in decline in recent years, Braov is still a site for
manufacturingagriculturaltractorsandmachinery,hydraulictransmissions,autoparts,ball
bearings, helicopters, building materials, tools, furniture, textiles, shoes and cosmetics,
chocolateandbeer. GlaxoSmithKlineestablished recentlyapharmaceuticalproductionsite
in Braov and the Swiss giant Kronospan built a huge chipand fiberboard manufacturing
plant.
TractorulPlant
238
LocalTransportation,Tourism,Sports
Thelocaltransportnetworkisverywelldeveloped,witharound50busandtrolleybuslines,
manyofthesebeinglinksbetweentheRailwayStation(GaraBrasov)andallpartsofthecity.
ThereisalsoaregularbuslineservingPoianaBraov,alongknownwinterresort.Becauseof
itscentrallocation,theBraovRailwayStationisoneofthebusieststationsinRomaniawith
trainstoandfrommostdestinationsinthecountryservedbyrail.Braovisagoodstarting
point for trips to the nearby village of Bran where the imposing castle is a main tourist
attraction (Draculas Castle), to Prejmer (Tartlau) to see the 13th century fortified church
andtoSinaia,tovisittheroyalsummercastlesPelesandPelisor.
Temperatures from May to September are situated around 23C (73F). Braov benefits
also from an excellent winter tourism season centered on all winter sports and beyond.
Poiana Braov is the most popular Romanian ski resort and an important tourist center
preferredbymanytouristsfromotherEuropeanstates.
Thecityisalsoanexcellentplacetotastesomeofthelocalandinternationalcuisine,some
ofthebestplacestostartwithbeinginthecitycenter.
TheBrasovCityCouncilandCountyCouncilrecentlyinvestedlargebudgetsforbuildingand
rebuildingofimportantsportsvenues,likethenewIonTiriacArena,theBrasovOlympicIce
RinkandtherebuildingoftheIonPopescuColibasiSportsHallandOlympicSwimmingPool.
Brasovisacityforallseasons,forallpersonalitiesitisaperfectplacetolivein.Allsummer
umbrellas oftheoutdoorrestaurantsandpubsmakeastatementverydeartoallcitizens:
Brasovprobablythebestcityintheworld!
PoianaBrasovinwintertime
239
240

Icohtec 2014

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Icohtec 2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PROGRAMME

both sides of the Carpathians, enjoys significant prestige in both

research in order to support competitiveness within the European

Maria ElviraCALLAPEZ, Professor, Inter University Centre of History of Science and

AlexandreHERLEA, Professor emeritus, Technical University Belfort Montbliard,

Keypoints of the walk: Ethnographic Museum/Central Park, Army House, Muresenilor

Melvin Kranzberg Lecture is annually delivered in

professor Alexandre Herlea. He is Professor

ContributionsofRomanianResearchers for Obtaining Drugs fromNatural

ChangesineDocumentation of the History of Medicine

TheInfringementofIronCurtain by the School of Medical RadiologyinIasi,

We commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of Maurice Daumas death. Student of Gaston

Son rudition scientifique tait si vaste et profonde et son pouvoir de comprhension si

Lagriculture de la Roumanie, pays agricole, a t profondment touche par les

The history of military technology usually centers on weaponry, warships, fortifications, or

LafinduXIXesicle amarqu,dupointde vuedelarelationscienceindustrie,ledbutd

ExperiencesontheTimelineof Architecture ParallelContemporaryDesign

Rural vernacular architecture represents an important socialcultural and identity indicator

Le contenu de cette communication rsulte dune srie de conversations avec danciens

Aprs avoir rappel la cration en 1925 et lessor de Industrie Aronautique Roumaine

OntheHistoryofI.A.R(RomanianAircraftIndustry) Brasov (inFrench)

If we want to understand industrial heritage, we must begin with welldocumented case

TheendoftheCold War in1989/91, and therelated restructuringofthegovernmentand

Communications, as the primary means of transmitting information, represents an

The role of technology in the socialistic/Eastern European/Comecon sciencefiction films

You might also like