EERF 6330- RF IC Design

Radio System Design III

Link Budget Analysis: Derivation
of Specifications

Prof. Bhaskar Banerjee

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

System Analysis/Specification Derivation

ETSI/3GPP Specifications (www.3gpp.org)
Link budget analysis for the Receiver
Target Standard: W-CDMA
PCS band (Band II)
RX band: 1930 MHz - 1990 MHz
TX band: 1850 MHz - 1910 MHz
TX channel is always 80 MHz lower in frequency compared to
the corresponding RX channel

Ref: N. Yanduru, PhD Dissertation Thesis, University of Texas at Dallas, 2007.

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

Important System Formulae

N F = FO

10 log10 (B)

3
IIP3 = Pin
2

10 log10 (kT )

1
1
PIM 3,in = Pin + IM D3
2
2

What if blockers are un-equal in power?

Pin = 23 P1 + 13 P2

P1 closer to fin_band and P2 away from fin_band

IIP2:
Dynamic Range:

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

Phase Noise and Reciprocal Mixing

Major cause of receiver
performance degradation in
the presence of close-in
blockers

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

Reference Sensitivity Test

[1]
[2]

[1] 3GPP TS 25.101 (www.3gpp.org)

[2] A. Springer, et. al, "RF system concepts for highly integrated RFICs for W-CDMA mobile radio terminals,"
Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 50, pp. 254-267, 2002.
Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

PN+I

Thermal noise at the receiver circuit (Pnoise_floor)

TX Leakage:
Reciprocal Mixing with LO Phase Noise
TX is AM modulated with 3.84 MHz BW
2nd order distortion product at DC w/ overall BW of 7.68 MHz
TX o/p noise at RX
Needs to be allocated in the budget

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

NF of the RX Chain

Calculate the required NF!

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

Phase Noise Requirement

Based on the budget for reciprocal mixing:

Based on the allocation for the 2nd order (IM2):

where,

is and adjustment factor as the TX leakage is amplitude

modulated along with other considerations such as accounting
only for the distortion power that falls inside the received signal
bandwidth.
For the 3GPP standard for WCDMA, Adj(N) = -10.8 dB (N=1)
Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

In-Band Blocker Test

Can be present anywhere beyond 15 MHz offset from the center
of the RX channel
Within the specified RF band (e.g. 1930-1990 MHz)
Distortions in addition to the ones in the Reference Sensitivity Test
i/p signal as 3 dB higher than the ref sensitivity test (-103.7 dBm)
i/p referred noise is also higher (-96 dBm)

Target SNR: -7.7 dB

TX output power less by 3 dB (-33 dBm)

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

In-band Blocker Test

Two scenarios:
Blocker located halfway b/w RX and TX: FBLK = (FRX+FTX)/2
Reciprocal mixing from the blocker
In this case, PBLK:IBB = -44 dBm (much smaller to TX leakage
of -33 dBm) -- negligible
PIM3 can be allocated the entire 3 dB extra signal

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

10

In-band Blocker Test

= -11.4 dBm

The above formula is derived based on the AM characteristics

of the blocker and the amount of distortion that falls inside the
signal bandwidth of interest

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

11

Out-of-Band Blocker Test

the blockers farthest away from the channel are highest in
power while the blockers closest to the RF band are lowest in
power.
the duplexer or pre-select filter rejects most of these blockers
except the ones closest to the band which do not get much
rejection from the duplexer.
a 3 dB extra input signal is provided as compared to the
Reference Sensitivity Test case

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

12

Out-of-Band Blocker Test

a third order intermodulation scenario: 2FBLK - FTX = FRX will also be present
RX channel is at the lower edge of the RX frequency band, an out-of-band
blocker at FBLK = (FTX +FRX)/2 and TX leakage will cause third order
intermodulation
The blocker power as defined in the test is -44 dBm at the antenna; assuming a
10 dB filtering from the duplexer filter for this blocker, we use PBLK:OBB = - 54 dBm
This blocker contributes very little from reciprocal mixing (in comparison to the
reciprocal mixing from TX leakage, PTX:OBB of -33 dBm)

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

13

Out-of-Band Blocker Test

= -10.7 dBm

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

14

Adjacent Channel Selectivity Test

defines the power of the adjacent channel which is located at
+/-5 MHz offset from the center of RX channel
adjacent channel can cause receiver impairments such as
reciprocal mixing and second order intermodulation in the RF
section of the receiver
close to the channel of interest and hence is difficult to filter
The Adjacent Channel Selectivity Test defines two test cases:
ACS-Cases 1 and 2
difference between the two cases is the power of the adjacent
channel and the input signal power at the receiver input

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

15

ACS - Case 1
PBLK:ACS1 = -52 dBm at the antenna
the required signal power at the antenna is 14 dB higher than
in the case of Reference Sensitivity Test (Ior,ACS1 = Ior,RS + 14 =
-92.7 dBm)
considerable increase in noise/distortion power can be
tolerated compared to Reference Sensitivity Test case for the
same output SNR performance
SNR req = -7.7 dB
the total allowed distortion power (PN+I:ACS1):

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

16

ACS - Case 1

Noise and Distortion Component:

Cross modulation distortion between TX leakage and adj channel

Reciprocal mixing
Spectral re-growth of adj channel into the RX channel
Increase in thermal noise due to reduced RX gain

the allowed cross modulation distortion noise (PIM3:ACS1):

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

17

ACS - Case 1

N is the number of channels in the W-CDMA TX leakage

u is a parameter that depends on the amount of overlap in the RX channel
bandwidth and cross modulation distortion component

Substituting this value of u and using N =1 , results in adjustment factor of -8.3 dB

using PTX:ACS1 of -33 dBm, PBLK:ACS1 of -52 dBm and PIM3 of -85.5 dBm results in
IIP3 requirement of -20.4 dBm

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

18

ACS - Case 2
both the input required signal and the adjacent channel power are higher
than in the case for ACS-case1
blocker power at the antenna for this test case is -25 dBm
required signal is a whopping 41 dB higher than in the case for Reference
Sensitivity Test case
Since the input signal power is significantly higher in this case, the receiver
gain is significantly lower than in the test cases discussed so far
this test results in setting specification for the receiver performance under
low gain conditions (about 40 dB below the maximum receiver gain)
these specifications are normally not as challenging as compared to the
specifications in the high gain mode of the receiver.
this test case will be used to illustrate the significance of PAR of the
modulated blocker in determining the distortion
Higher number of channels in the AM blocker results in higher PAR which
in turn increases the magnitude of Adjustment Factor

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

19

ACS - Case 2
difference in the spectral re-growth at the output of RF receiver for the
cases where the adjacent channel had only one channel (low PAR) and 16
channels (high PAR)

Spectrum after down-conversion,

in the presence of adjacent
channel with low PAR

Spectrum after down-conversion,

in the presence of adjacent
channel with high PAR

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

20

Broadband Intermodulation Test

the blockers (FBLK1, FBLK2) are 10 MHz and 20 MHz offset from the
center of the RX channel
the input signal provided is again 3 dB higher than the Reference
Sensitivity Test case
this test also sets an IIP3 requirement for the RF receiver
the allowed noise power, PN+I:BBI = -99 + 3 = -96 dBm

PBLK:10MHz and PBLK:20MHz are the blocker powers at antenna, each

of -46 dBm and PIM3:BBI is -99 dBm as mentioned earlier
IIP3 can be calculated to be -19.5 dBm

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

21

Consolidated Specifications

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

22

ADC Specifications

Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD

23