Commercial waste contains of waste from premise used in wholly or mainly for

the

purposes

of

a trade or business or

of sport, recreation, education or

for

entertainment but

the

purpose
not

including household; agricultural or industrial waste.

Generally, Commercial is an expecting to make their own arrangements for the
collection treatment and disposal of their wastes. Shops contains smallest wastage
and trading estates where is local authority waste collection agreements are in
place will generally be treated as municipal waste.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a nutrient source for plants and as soil
conditioner is the most cost effectives option of MSW management because of its
advantages over traditionalism means such as landfilling or incineration.
Agricultural application of MSW could leads to a potential environmentally
threat due to the presence of pathogens and toxic pollutants. Composting is an

attractive alternative of MSW recycling. Application of MSW compost (MSWC)

in agricultural soils can directly alter soil physicochemical properties as well
as promote plant growth. The soil microbial biomass, considered as the living
part of soil organic matter, is very closely related to the soil organic matter
content in many arable agricultural soils. Numerous studies, with different MSWC
amendment doses

on

different soil types and

under different water

regimes

revealed no detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass.

In this review, we show the state of art about the effects of MSWC amendment on
soil Microbial biomass.

1.1 WASTE
Waste is garbage rubbish, trash, and junk is unwanted or undesired material,
contains of different types of waste. It could exist as a solid, liquid, or gas or as
waste heat. The wastes could be referred to as emissions, when released in the latter
two states. Its usually strongly linked with pollution. Waste may also be intangible

in the case of wasted time or wasted opportunities. The term waste implies things,
which have been used inefficiently or inappropriately.
Some waste component could be recycled once recovered from the waste stream,
e.g. plastic bottles, metals, glass or paper. The biodegradable component of wastes
(e.g. paper & food waste) can be composted or anaerobically digested to produce
soil improvers and renewable fuels. If it is not dealt with sustainably in this manner
biodegradable waste can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and by implication
climate change.
Waste have two main definitions whereas One view comes from the individual or
organization producing the material, the second is the view of Government, and is
set out in different acts of waste legislation. The two have to combine to ensure the
safe and legal disposal of the waste.

1.2 MANAGEMENT
The process of and/or the personnel leading and directing all or part of an
organization (often a business) through the deployment and manipulation of
resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible) are known as
Management.
The Oxford English Dictionary states, the word "manage" come from the Italian
manage are (to handle especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin
minus (hand). The French word managements (later management) influenced the
development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th
centuries.

1.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Explosion of population coupled with improved life style of people thats results in
increasing generation of solid wastes in urban as well as rural areas of the country.
At the present scenario, the municipal solid waste disposal methods followed in
many of the cities and towns are unsystematic and unscientific and involve
dumping in low-lying areas. Most of the disposal sites are just uncontrolled dumps
where a mixture of domestic, commercial, industrial and hospital wastes is thrown
away at the dumping sites. Apart from creating air pollution, ground water
contamination & soil contamination, open dumping of wastes generally becomes
breeding ground for various dreadful disease causing pathogens and vectors,
particularly in the vicinity of the disposal sites.

For Further assessments with increasing awareness of public on environmental

and health issues, there is a general opinion that the standardize of services with
respect to collection and disposal of municipal solid waste is progressively
declining. It is also true in many cities as half of the solid waste generated remains
unattended.
An objective of the Solid Waste (SW) Management is to maintain clean and
hygienic conditions and reduce the quantity of SW, which has to be disposed of in
Sanitary Landfill Facility (SLF) after recovery of waste materials and energy from
it.

1.4 TOTAL GENERATED SOLID WASTE

The quantities of waste generated in Indian cities reported to be in the range of 0.20.6 kg/capita /day as per the Manual on Solid Waste Management preparing by
Central Public Health & Environment Engineering Organization (CPHEEO),
Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India. The Waste Generation pattern is
very much dependent on the living style of the population. As the major share of
the population is labour force in Dibang, the waste generation factor of 0.3
kg/capita/day has been taken into consideration.
Highlights are following

In India, solid waste generation is about 115,000 tons per day with a yearly

increase of about 5%.

Researcher studies reveal that the per capita generation rate increases with

the size of the city and varies between 0.3 to 0.6 kg/day in the metropolitan areas,
values up to 0.5 kg / capita / day have been recorded. The estimated annual
increase in per capita waste quantity is about 1.33% per year.

The Commonly practiced waste disposal, waste management processes in

India include composting, biologicals and incineration of Refuse Derived Fuel

(RDF) pellets for power generation.

The eleventh Five Year Plan has envisaged an investment of Rs. 2,212

crores for Solid Waste Management (SWM).

A key driver of solid waste management include Legal drivers (e.g. laws and

regulations), Regional and international drivers (e.g. solid waste flow as recyclable
resources), Socioeconomic drivers (e.g. population trends and public awareness),
Technology development and institutional drivers (e.g. available technologies). Of
these, the socio-economic drivers seem to be merging as a key driver for SWM.

Key Challenges Lack of adequate treatment facilities and inappropriate

disposal of waste is considered to be some of the major challenges in this sector.

1.5 SWM IN INDIA

Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), continues to remaining one of the

most neglecting areas of urban development in India. Density and Magnitude of
urban population in India is increasing rapidly and consequently for the higher
growth the civic body are facing considerable difficulties in providing adequate
services such as supply of water, electricity, roads, education and public sanitation
that including Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM).
Municipal agencies are spending more about 5-25% of their budget on MSWM. In
despite of such a heavy expenditure of the present level of service in many urban
areas is so low that there is a threat to public health in particular and to
environmentally qualities in general. There are many steps are being taken towards
improving the situation.
As per estimations, 115,000 tons of solid waste are generated per day in the
country. Yearly increasing near about 5% annually. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
spend about Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,500 per ton on solid waste collection, transportation,
treatment and disposal. However, hardly any amount is spent on scientific disposal
of waste.

This estimated that a solid waste generated in smallest, medium and large cities
and towns in India is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 0.4 kg and 0.5 kg per capita per day
respectively. By Studies carring out by National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute (NEERI) indicated that the per capita generation rate increases
with the size of the city and varies between 0.3 to 0.6 kg/day in the metropolitan
areas, values up to 0.5 kg / capita / day have been recorded. The estimated annual
increase in per capita waste quantity is about 1.33% per year.

The schematic sketch above illustrates the steps carried out in managing solid
waste in India. According to Indias constitution, Solid Waste Management (SWM)
falls within the purview of the state government. The activities are entrusted to

Urban Local Bodies through state legislations. In most of the Indian cities, the
MSW collection, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal is carried out
by the respective municipal corporations and the state governments enforce
regulatory policies.

1.5

PARTICIPATION

OF

PRIVATESECTOR

IN

SOLID

WASTE

MANAGEMENT
In Metro cities like as Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad,
Ahmedabad etc., garbage disposal is done by Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).

The private sector having involvement in door-to-door collections of solid waste,

street sweeping in a limited way, secondary storage and transportation and for
treatment and disposal of waste.
There are so many private firms are carried out Integrated Municipal Solid Waste
Management (IMSWM) which includes segregation, collection, & transportation,
treatment, compost, bimetal, refuse derived fuel, and final disposal. However, there
are serious barriers to private sector participation in urban infrastructure as the
financial status of ULBs except for a minority, is precarious. Urban sector has seen
as a very high-risk sector and also because of it institutional complexities due to
multiplicity of agencies involving in service delivery.
Further, there is lack of a regulatory or policy enabling framework for PPPs,
barring few exceptions, and lack of bankable and financially sustainable projects
considering the opportunities and risks involved. There is also a need to rationalize
tariffs and user charges.

1.6 KEY DRIVERS ENHANCING SWM AND SOLID WASTE OF ENERGY

(i) Legal drivers (e.g. laws and regulations)
(ii) Regional and international drivers (e.g. solid waste flow as recyclable
resources)
(iii) Socio-economic drivers (e.g. population trends and public awareness)
(iv) Technology development and institutional drivers (e.g. available technologies)
(v) Environmental Protection
GROUP OF DRIVERS

PERSPECTIVES

Legal Drivers (Laws and Regulation)

In the absence of a strong legislation,

competition between cities, to

provide a clean city with good municipal
environmental infrastructure,
in order to attract (often foreign) investment
can be a key driver. This
appears to be particularly important in India
where competition for
foreign information technology investment is
strong.

Regional and international drivers

(Resource value of waste, e.g.: solid

extending this to developing

waste as a recyclable resource)

countries (promoted by international financial

Clean development mechanism is

institutions (IFIs)

Provides a livelihood for large

numbers of the urban poor

India still relies on imports of recycled

materials as industrial raw

Materials

Socio-Economic Drivers

(Population trends, public Awareness,

governance are key drivers (being

public health)

promoted by IFIs)

Capacity

building

and

good

Focus is still on food, shelter, security

and livelihoods waste

becomes an issue when public health or
environmental damage
impacts on these priorities.

Public Health - Remains a key driver,

particularly in hot climates.

Outbreak of diseases such as Plague, Cholera,
diarrheal diseases
due to the uncollected refuse has pushed the
government to
formulate rules and regulations for SWM.

Technology development and

Ability to perform this function is still

institutional drivers

limited. Various waste-to-energy

alternatives will play a major role as key
drivers in the solid waste management
industry.

Environmental protection.

Focus still on initial steps, to phase out

uncontrolled disposal. For instance, climate
change/energy from waste is emerging as a
key

driver

worldwide

the

clean

development mechanism under the Kyoto

protocol is seen as providing an important
source of income to encourage cities in
developing countries to maintain investments
in new landfill sites.