r13 Ica Lab 2015 Manual

IC APPLICATIONS LAB
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
INDEX
S.No
Date
Name of Experiment
Sign
NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

1
Grade
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
R2
-Vcc
R3 1k
R1 1k
O/P Vo1
OP1 TL081C
2
O/P Vo2
-Vcc
OP2 TL081C
2
Input signal (1Volts)+Vcc

+Vcc
+Vcc
FIG: Negative Feedback Amplifiers

MODEL WAVEFORMS:
1.00
Input signal (Volts)
-1.00
1.00
Output
-1.00
0.00
250.00n
500.00n
Time (s)
750.00n
2k
V1 10
R2
-Vcc
OP3 TL081C
V2 10
2k
-Vcc
+Vcc
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1.00u
Fig: Slew rate Measurement at High Frequency for Unity Gain Amplifier

2
O/P V03
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To Study the Negative feedback Amplifier by Designing the Following amplifiers
a) A unity gain amplifier
b) A non-inverting amplifier with gain of A
c) A inverting amplifier with gain of A
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Op-Amp
Resistors
Function generator
Regulated power supply
IC bread board trainer
CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE
Patch cards and CRO probes
NAME OF
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C
-
RANGE
QUANTITY
1kohms
0-30MHz
0-30V(dual)
1
4
1
1
1
1
As required
0-30MHz
THEORY:
An OP-Amp can be used in negative feedback mode to build unity gain amplifiers, noninverting amplifiers and inverting amplifiers. While an ideal OP-Amp is assumed to have infinite
open-loop gain and infinite bandwidth, real OP-Amps have finite numbers for these parameters.
Therefore, it is important to understand some limitations of real OP-Amps, such as finite Gain
Bandwidth Product (GB). Similarly, the slew rate and saturation limits of an operational amplifier are
equally important.
An OP-Amp can be considered as a Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) with the
voltage gain tending towards infinity. For finite output voltage, the input voltage is practically zero.
This is the basic theory of OP-Amp in the negative feedback configuration.
APPLICATIONS:
Amplifying bioelectric potentials (ECG,EEG,EMG,EGG) and piezoelectric with high output
impedance.
Amplifying sensor output signals (temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pressure
sensors(etc).

3
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
10.00
O/P V03
-20.00
0.00
O/P Vo1
-20.00
10.00
O/P Vo2
-20.00
10
100
1k
10k
Frequency (Hz)
100k
1M
Fig: Frequency Response of Negative feedback Amplifiers

TABULAR COLOUMS:
Table 1.1:Slew rate:
S.No.
Input Frequency
Peak to Peak Amplitude of output (Vpp)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Table:1.2:Frequency Response:
S.No.
Input Frequency
Gain A=Vo/Vi
Magnitude variation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CALCULATIONS:

4
10M
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2. Transient Response:
a. Apply a Square wave of fixed magnitude as an input signal
b. Change the input frequency and study the peak to peak amplitude of the output.
c. Calculate slew rate of amplifiers.
3. Frequency Response:
a. Apply a sine wave of fixed amplitude as a input signal
b. Obtain the gain bandwidth product of individual amplifiers.
4. Calculate the gain in dB for wide range of frequencies for all the three configurations of op-amp
5. Plot the Transient and frequency response of op-amp for all the three configurations
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
Avoid Loose connections.
2.
Check the Power supply and connections before switch ON
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the need for unity gain amplifier?
2. Advantages of Op-Amp based amplifiers as compare to BJT Amplifiers
3. Mention the Applications for Inverting and Non Inverting Amplifiers?
4. Give Your inference on the frequency response of the amplifier?
5. Give the significance of gain-bandwidth product?
RESULT:

5
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Vo1
+Vcc
-Vcc
+Vcc
3
+
V1 10
I/P V1 Sine/Square Wave 1v
R1 1k
R2 1k
V2 10
OP1 TL081C
-Vcc
-Vcc
R3 1k
OP TL081C
2
R3 1k
Vo3
R1 1k
-Vcc
OP2 TL081C
2
+Vcc
6
3
I/P V2 Sine/Sqare wave
O/P
Vo2
RG 10k
R2 1k
+Vcc
Fig: Instrumentation Amplifier

6
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM: To design an Instrumentation amplifier of a differential mode gain of A by using an
Operational Amplifier
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Op-Amp
Resistors
Function generator
NAME OF
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C
-
RANGE
QUANTITY
1kohms
0-3MHz
0-30V(dual)
3
7
1
1
1
1
As required
0-30MHz
THEORY:
Three Op-Amps instrumentation amplifiers are popular because they offer high input
resistance, adjustable differential gain, and high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR).
An instrumentation (or instrumentational) amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that
has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the need for input impedance
matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test
equipment. Additional characteristics include very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very
high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances.
Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short and
long-term are required.
The most commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit is shown in the figure. The gain of
the circuit is
Applications:
which used in measuring instruments designed for achieving high accuracy and high stability.
Which used for amplifying low voltage, low frequency and higher output impedance signals.

7
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
1.00
I/P V1 Sine/Square Wave 1v
-1.00
500.00m
I/P V2 Sine/Sqare wave
-500.00m
2.00
O/P
-2.00
0.00
1.00m
2.00m
3.00m
Time (s)
4.00m
Fig: Instrumentation Amplifier Response for different i/p Frequencies

TABULAR COLOUMS:
Table 2.1:Slew rate:
Input Frequency
S.No.
Peak to Peak Amplitude of output (Vpp)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Table:2.2Frequency Response:
Input Frequency
S.No.
Gain A=Vo/Vi
Magnitude variation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CALCULATIONS:

8
5.00m
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.

Check the Power supply and Switch ON after connections once verified.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the need for two stages in any instrumentation amplifier.
2. Why CMRR is high for instrumentation Amplifiers?
3. Give some examples for low voltage, low frequency and higher output impedance signals?
4. How does the tolerance of resistors affect the gain of the instrumentation amplifier?
RESULT:

9
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+Vcc
OP1 TL081C
2
-Vcc
-Vcc
O/P2:Square w ave
V2 10
I/P Sine 10Vpp
V1 10
+Vcc
R1 1k
R2 1k
Fig: Schmitt Trigger
+Vcc
O/P1
OP1 TL081C
6
V2 10
V1 10
O/P2
R 1k
+Vcc
R2 1k
Fig : Astable Multivibrator

10
C 1u
R1 1k
-Vcc
-Vcc
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR CHARCTERISTICS

AIM: To Study the characteristics of regenerative feedback system with extension to design an
Astable Multivibrator.
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
Op-Amp
Resistors
Capacitor
Function generator
NAME OF
RANGE
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C
1kohms
1uF
0-3MHz
0-30V(dual)
6
7
8

0-30MHz
QUANTITY
1
1
As required
1
2
1
1
1
THEORY:
In electronics a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented by
applying positive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier. It is an
active circuit which converts an analog input signal to a digital output signal. The circuit is named a
"trigger" because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change. In
the non-inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a chosen threshold, the output is high.
When the input is below a different (lower) chosen threshold the output is low, and when the input is
between the two levels the output retains its value. This dual threshold action is called hysteresis and
implies that the Schmitt trigger possesses memory and can act as a bistable circuit (latch or flip-flop).
There is a close relation between the two kinds of circuits: a Schmitt trigger can be converted into a
latch and a latch can be converted into a Schmitt trigger.
Schmitt trigger devices are typically used in signal conditioning applications to remove noise
from signals used in digital circuits, particularly mechanical switch bounce. They are also used
in closed loop negative feedback configurations to implement relaxation oscillators, used in function
generators and switching power supplies.
APPLICATIONS:
It can be used in signal generators and generation of timing signals?
It can be used in code generators and trigger circuit?

11
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
10.00
O/P2
-10.00
10.00
VG1
-10.00
0.00
2.00m
4.00m
Time (s)
6.00m
8.00m
Fig: Schmitt Trigger Output

8.00
6.00
4.00
Output
2.00
0.00
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
0.00
10.00m
20.00m
Time (s)
30.00m
Fig:Astable Multivibrator Output

CALCULATIONS:

12
40.00m
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Schmitt Trigger circuit as per circuit diagram
2. Apply sine wave as an input for Schmitt Trigger circuit
3. Observe the square wave across the output pin
4. Measure UTP and LTP and compare with theoretical values
5. Modify Schmitt trigger circuit as the Astable Multivibrator circuit
6. Observe the Triangular wave across the output pin
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid Loose connections.
2. Check the Power supply Polarities and Switch ON after connections once verified.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.
Discuss the difference between astable and b-stable multivibrator?
2.
Discuss the frequency limitation of astable multivibrator.
3.
Discuss the various applications of Bi-stable?
RESULT:

13
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
C1 100n
R2 10k
+
V1 10
R3 1k
+Vcc
-Vcc
+Vcc
OP2 TL081C
V2 10
I/P Square w ave 1v 1kHz
-Vcc
Fig: Integrator Circuit

14
O/P2:VCO
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT CHARCTERISTICS

AIM: To design and study the characteristics of integrator circuit by using an opampTL081C
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Op-Amp
Resistors
Capacitor
Function generator
NAME OF
RANGE
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C
1kohms
1uF
0-30MHz
0-30V(dual)
0-30MHz
-
QUANTITY
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY:
The operational amplifier integrator is an electronic integration circuit. Based on
the operational amplifier (op-amp), it performs the mathematical operation of integration with respect
to time; that is, its output voltage is proportional to the input voltage integrated over time.
The frequency responses of the practical and ideal integrator are shown in the above figure.
For both circuits, the crossover frequency
The 3 dB cutoff frequency
, at which the gain is 0 dB, is given by:
of the practical circuit is given by:
The practical integrator circuit is equivalent to an active first-order low-pass filter. The gain is
relatively constant up to the cutoff frequency and decreases by 20 dB per decade beyond it. The
integration operation occurs for frequencies in the range
condition can be achieved by appropriate choice of
and
, provided that
time constants.
APPLICATIONS:
Used in functiongenerators, PI/PID Controllers.
Used in analog computers, analog to digital converters and wave shaping circuits.
Used as a charge amplifier.

15
. This
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
TABULAR COLOUM:
S No
I/P Voltage
Frequency
O/P Voltage
CALCULATIONS:

16
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Compare the output with that of ideal integrator.
2. How will you design a differentiator and mention its drawback?
3. Discuss the limitation of the output voltage of the integrator?
4. How will you obtain drift compensation in an inverting integrator?
RESULT:

17
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1 10k
R2 10k
I/P Sine Wave 1v
R4 1k
R5 10k
OP1 TL081C
V2 10
C1 100n
OP2 TL081C
-Vcc
C2 100n
V1 10
C3 10u
R6 1k
R3 1k
+Vcc
+Vcc
-Vcc
+Vcc
Fig: II Order Butterworth Band Pass Filter

18
-Vcc
O/P
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
II ORDER BUTTER WORTH BAND PASS FILTER

CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To design a second order Butterworth band-pass filter for the given higher and lower cutoff
frequencies by using an opampTL081C
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
Op-Amp
Resistors
Capacitor
Function generator
NAME OF
RANGE
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C
1kohms
1uF
0-30MHz
0-30V(dual)
6
7
8

0-30MHz
QUANTITY
1
1
As required
2
6
3
1
1
THEORY:
Bandpass is an adjective that describes a type of filter or filtering process; it is to be
distinguished from passband which refers to the actual portion of affected spectrum. Hence, one
might say "A dual bandpass filter has two passbands." A bandpass signal is a signal containing a band
of frequencies not adjacent to zero frequency, such as a signal that comes out of a bandpass filter.
An ideal bandpass filter would have a completely flat passband (e.g. with no gain/attenuation
throughout) and would completely attenuate all frequencies outside the passband. Additionally, the
transition out of the passband would have brickwall characteristics The bandwidth of the filter is
simply the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies. The shape factor is the ratio of
bandwidths measured using two different attenuation values to determine the cutoff frequency, e.g., a
shape factor of 2:1 at 30/3 dB means the bandwidth measured between frequencies at 30 dB
attenuation is twice that measured between frequencies at 3 dB attenuation.
A band-pass filter can be characterised by its Q factor. The Q-factor is the inverse of the
fractional bandwidth. A high-Q filter will have a narrow passband and a low-Q filter will have a wide
passband. These are respectively referred to as narrow-band and wide-band filters.
APPLICATIONS:
Used in signal conditioning circuits for processing audio signals.
Used in measuring instruments.
Used in Radio receivers.

19
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL GRAPH:
Fig: II Order Butterworth Band Pass Filter frequency Response

OBSERVATIONS:
Frequency(Hz)
Output voltage(v)
Gain(Vo/Vi)
Magnitude in db
CALCULATIONS

20
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
3. Calculate the gain in dB for wide range of frequencies for the configuration of op-amp
4. Plot the frequency response of op-amp for configuration.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss the effect of order of the filter on frequency response?
2. How will you vary Q factor of the frequency response.
3. Discuss the need for going to sallen key circuit.
4. Compare the performance of Butterworth filter with that of Chebyshev filter.
RESULT:

21
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
+Vcc
-Vcc
C2 470n
OP1 TL081C
R1 6.6k
C3 1u
Input signal (1 Volts)
R2 6.6k
R3 3.3k
V1 10
C1 470n
V2 10
+
-Vcc
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+Vcc
FIG: Notch Filter

22
Output : C.R.O
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
NOTCH FILTER CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To design a notch filter to eliminate the 50Hz power line frequency by using an op-amp
TL081C
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
Op-Amp
Resistors
Capacitor
Function generator
NAME OF
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C
-
6
7
8

RANGE
QUANTITY
1kohms
1uF
0-30MHz
0-30V(dual)
1
3
3
1
1
0-30MHz
1
1
As required
THEORY:
Operational amplifiers can be used to make notch filter circuits. Here shown a twin T notch
filter circuit.A notch filter is used to remove a particular frequency, having a notch where signals are
rejected. Often they are fixed frequency, but some are able to tune the notch frequency. Having a
fixed frequency, this operational amplifier, op amp, notch filter circuit may find applications such as
removing fixed frequency interference like mains hum, from audio circuits.
The twin T notch filter with variable Q is a simple circuit that can provide a good level of
rejection at the "notch" frequency. The variable Q function for the twin T notch filter is provided by
the potentiometer placed on the non-inverting input of the lower operational amplifier
The notch filter circuit can be very useful, and the adjustment facility for the Q can also be
very handy. The main drawback of the notch filter circuit is that as the level of Q is increased, the
depth of the null reduces. Despite this the notch filter circuit can be successfully incorporated into
many circuit applications
Applications:
Used for removing power supply interference.
Used for removing spur in RF Signals.

23
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL GRAPH:
0.00
Output
-50.00
10
100
Frequency (Hz)
Fig: Notch Filter Frequency Response
OBSERVATIONS:
Frequency(Hz)
Output voltage(v)
Gain(Vo/Vi)
Magnitude in db
CALCULATIONS

24
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
3. Calculate the gain in dB for wide range of frequencies for the configuration of op-amp
4. Plot the frequency response of op-amp for configuration.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the effect of supply frequency interference while amplifying sensor signals?
2. Suggest a method for adjusting the Q factor of the frequency response of NOTCH filter?
3. What is the Purpose of going for Twin T notch filter circuit?
RESULT:

25
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
<-----------------------------Universal active filter section---------------><--Integrator---->
FIG:Self tuned filter based on a voltage controlled filter

26
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
SELF TUNED FILTER CHARACTISTICS

AIM: Design and test a high-Q Band pass self tuned filter for a given center frequency.
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Op-Amp
Universal Active Filter IC
Resistors
Capacitor
Function generator
NAME OF
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C
UAF42
-
RANGE
QUANTITY
1kohms
1uF
0-3MHz
0-30V(dual)
0-30MHz
-
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY:
The self tuned filter is shown in figure. The universal active filter is follwed byanother
integrator with multiplier,Then the circuit becomes a voltage controlled filter or a voltage controlled
phase generator.This forms the basic circuit for self tuned filter.
The output of the self tuned filter for square wave inpit, including the control voltage
waveform. For varying input frequency the output phase will alays lock to the input phase with 90.
APPLICATIONS:
Used in Spectrum Analyzers.

27
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Fig:Self tuned filter output
CALCULATIONS:

28
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
a. Apply a square wave of fixed amplitude as a input signal
b. Obtain the output for 1kHz input frequency.
3. Measure the output amplitude at varying input frequency at fixed input amplitude.
4. Output amplitude should remain constant for varying input frequency within the lock
range of the system.
5. Plot the input and output waveforms on graph sheet.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss the effect of the harmonics when a square wave is applied to the filter.
2. Determine the lock range of the self tuned filter.
RESULT:

29
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+Vcc
OP2 TL081C
4
O/P 1:Sqrw av
V2 10
3
-Vcc
R1 6.6k
+Vcc
R4 3.3k
V1 10
OP1 TL081C
4
-Vcc
R2 3.3k
+Vcc
-Vcc
C1 470n
Fig:Function generator circuit

30
O/P2:Tri Wav
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
FUNCTION GENERATOR
AIM: To design and test a function generator that can generate square wave and triangular wave
output for a given frequency by using an opampTL081C
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Op-Amp
Resistors
Capacitor
Function generator
NAME OF
RANGE
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C
1kohms
1uF
0-3MHz
0-30V(dual)
0-30MHz
-
QUANTITY
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY:
The feedback loop is made up of a two bit A/D converter(+ or V levels), also called
Schmitt trigger and an integrator. The circuit is also known as a function generator is shown in figure
1. And the output of the function generator is shown in figure 2.
Applications:
Used in testing, measuring instruments and radio receivers.
Used For obtain frequency response of devices and circuits.
Used for testing and servicing of electronic equipments.
Used in electronic musical instruments
Used for obtaining audiograms(threshold of audibility Vs frequency)

31
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
10.00
O/P 1
-10.00
10.00
O/P2
-10.00
0.00
20.00m
40.00m
Time (s)
60.00m
Fig: Function Generator Output waveforms

CALCULATIONS:

32
80.00m
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
2. Observe the output across the opamp1 which is an square wave
3. The output of an op-amp 1 (ie square wave) is applied as an input for opamp2
4. Observe the output across the opamp2 which is an triangular wave
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss typical specifications of a general purpose function generator?
2. How can you obtain reasonably accurate sine wave from triangular wave?
3. Discuss the reason for higher distortion in sine wave produed by function generators?
4. What do you mean by Duty cycle and how can you vary the same in a function generator?
RESULT:

33
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+Vcc
-Vcc
2
R3 10k
OP1 TL081C
D1 1N4007
+
O/P 1:Sqrw av +
VG1 500m
O/P2:Tri Wav
R4 22k
V2 10
OP2 TL081C
+Vcc
C1 22n
-Vcc
R2 22k
V1 10
+Vcc
-Vcc
R1 22k
D2 1N4007
FIG: Voltage Controlled Oscillator

34
R5 220k
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

AIM: Design and test voltage controlled oscillator for a given specification (voltage range and
frequency range)
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
NAME OF
EQUIPMENT / COMPONENT
Op-Amp
IC TL081C
Diodes
Resistors
Capacitor
Function generator
CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE Patch cards and CRO probes
-
RANGE
QUANTITY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IN4007
1kohms
1uF
0-30MHz
0-30V(dual)
2
2
5
1
1
1
1
1
As required
0-30MHz
THEORY:
A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation
frequency is controlled by a voltage input. The applied input voltage determines the instantaneous
oscillation frequency. Consequently, modulating signals applied to control input may cause frequency
modulation (FM) or phase modulation (PM). A VCO may also be part of a phase-locked loop. VCOs
can be generally categorized into two groups based on the type of waveform produced: 1) harmonic
oscillators, and 2) relaxation oscillators.
Linear or harmonic oscillators generate a sinusoidal waveform. Harmonic oscillators in electronics
usually consist of a resonator with an amplifier that replaces the resonator losses (to prevent the
amplitude from decaying) and isolates the resonator from the output (so the load does not affect the
resonator). Some examples of harmonic oscillators are LC-tank oscillators and crystal oscillators. In a
voltage-controlled oscillator, a voltage input controls the resonant frequency.
Relaxation oscillators can generate a sawtooth or triangular waveform. They are commonly used in
monolithic integrated circuits (ICs). They can provide a wide range of operational frequencies with a
minimal number of external components. Relaxation oscillator VCOs can have three topologies: 1)
grounded-capacitor VCOs, 2) emitter-coupled VCOs, and 3) delay-based ring VCOs.The first two of
these types operate similarly. The time spent in each state depends on the rate of charge or discharge
of a capacitor. The delay-based ring VCO operates somewhat differently however. For this type, the
gain stages are connected in a ring. The output frequency is then a function of the delay in each stage.
APPLICATIONS:
Used in Phase Lock Loop Circuits.
Used in Frequency modulation circuits.
Used in Function generators.
Used in Frequency Synthesizers of Communication equipments

35
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
10.00
O/P 1
-10.00
10.00
O/P2
-10.00
2.00
VG1
-1.00
0.00
100.00m
200.00m
300.00m
Time (s)
Fig: Output of the VCO

Table: Change in frequency as a function of control voltage
S.No
Control Voltage (Vc)
Change in Frequency
CALCULATIONS:

36
400.00m
500.00m
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
1. Build the circuit as shown circuit diagram on ALSK Kit.
2. Observe the VCO output waveform
3. Plot the observed input ,Output waveforms.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss the following characteristics of a voltage controlled oscillator?
i)Tuning range ii)Tuning Gain iii)Phase noise
2. Compare the performances VCO based Harmonic Oscillators and Relaxation Oscillators
3. What are ther various methods adopted in controlling the frequency of Oscillation in VCOs
4. Discuss any one method of obtaining FM Demodulation using aVCO.
RESULT:

37
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig: PLL Circuit

38
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
PHASE LOCKED LOOP

AIM: Design and test a PLL to get locked to a given frequency f. Measure the locking range of the
system and also measure the change in phase of the output signal as input frequency is varied within
the lock range.
APPARATUS:
S.NO
TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Op-Amp
Analog Multiplier
Resistors
Capacitor
Function generator
ASLK trainer KIT
NAME EQUIPMENT
/ COMPONENT
IC TL081C,
IC MPY634
-
RANGE
QUANTITY
1kohms
1uF
0-30MHz
0-30V(dual)
0-30MHz
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY:
A PLL is a feedback system that includes a VCO, phase detector, and low pass filter within its
loop. Its purpose is to force the VCO to replicate and track the frequency and phase at the input when
in lock. The PLL is a control system allowing one oscillator to track with another. It is possible to
have a phase offset between input and output, but when locked, the frequencies must exactly track.
The PLL output can be taken from either Vcont, the filtered (almost DC) VCO control voltage, or
from the output of the VCO depending on the application. The former provides a baseband output that
tracks the phase variation at the input. The VCO output can be used as a local oscillator or to generate
a clock signal for a digital system. Either phase or frequency can be used as the input or output
variables.
Of course, phase and frequency are interrelated by:
Applications:
There are many applications for the PLL,
VCO. In PLL applications, the VCO is treated as a linear, time-invariant system. Excess phase of the
VCO is the system output.
LOCK Range:Range of input signal frequencies over which the loop remains locked once it has
captured the input signal. This can be limited either by the phase detector or the VCO frequency
range.
Capture range: Range of input frequencies around the VCO center frequency onto which the loop
will lock when starting from an unlocked condition. Sometimes a frequency detector is added to the
phase detector to assist in initial acquisition of lock.

39
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL WAVEFORM:
Fig: Output of PLL

CALCULATIONS:

40
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
APPLICATIONS:
Used in tracking band pass filter for angle modulated signals

Used in Frequency divider and frequency multiplier circuits.
Used as Amplifiers for angle modulated signals
Used in AM and FM Demodulators
Used in Suppressed carrier recovery circuits
PROCEDURE :
1. Build the circuit on ASLK KIT as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Measure the lock range of the system and measure the change in the phase of the ouput
signal as input frequency is varied within the lock range.
3. Vary the input frequency and obtain the change in the control voltage.
4. Plot output wave forms on graph sheet.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
Handle the ASLK KIT with carefully
3.
Check the Power supply polarities and Switch ON after connections once verified.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the block diagram of a PLL based divider and multiplier and explain the functions
performed by each block.
2. Distinguish between lock range and capture range, explain the method of estimating the same
for a given PLL Circuit?
3. Discuss the differences between analog phase lock loop and digital phase lock loop.-
RESULT:

41
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig: Automatic Gain control

42
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL

AIM: Design and test an AGC system for a given peak amplitude of sine wave output.
APPARATUS:
S.NO
TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Op-Amp
Analog Multiplier
Resistors
Capacitor
Function generator
ASLK trainer KIT
NAME EQUIPMENT
/ COMPONENT
IC TL081C,
IC MPY634
-
RANGE
QUANTITY
1kohms
1uF
0-30MHz
0-30V(dual)
0-30MHz
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY
Automatic Gain Control or AGC is a circuit design which maintain the same level of
amplification for sound or radio frequency. If the signal is too low the AGC circuit will increase
(amplify) the level and if is to high will lower it to maintain a constant level as possible. The
Automatic Gain Control principle is widely use in AM receivers and sometimes AGC is called an
compressor-expander because it acts just like one.
Simple AGC: It is implemented in the form of a circuit which extracts the dc offset voltage which is
present along with the demodulated message. This voltage is fed as degenerative or negative feedback
to the control the gain of super heterodyne receivers.
Delayed AGC: In simple AGC circuits even if the signal level received is low, the AGC circuit
operates and the overall gain of the receiver gets reduced. To avoid this situation, a delayed AGC
circuit is used. In this case AGC bias voltage is not applied to amplifiers, until signal strength has
reached a predetermined level after which AGC bias is applied like simple AGC.
APPLICATIONS:
Used in AM Receivers
Used as Voice Operated Gain Adjusting Device (VOGAD) in Radio Transmitters
Used in Telephone speech Receivers, Used in Radar Systems.

43
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL WAVEFORMS
Fig:Input-Output Characteristics of AGC/AVC
Table :Transfer Characteristics of AGC/AVC

S.No
Input Voltage
Output Voltage
CALCULATIONS:

44
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE :
2. Apply the sine wave asinput signal from function generator.
3. Vary the input frequencys amplitude and obtain the change in the voltage.
4. Plot output wave forms on graph sheet.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
The ASLK KIT ,handle with care.
3.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain clearly the need for AGC in AM Receivers.
2. Draw the block diagram of feedback and feed forward AGC systems and explain the functions
of each block
3. Discuss any one gain control mechanism present in biological systems.
4. How can you use AGC in a received signal strength indicator(RSSI)?
RESULT:

45
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Vcc
V1 15
-Vcc
V+ 15
Vcc
R1 10k
T1 BC108
+
Z1 1N5920
6.2V Zener
Vout
+
U1 TLC081
-Vcc
R2 10k
R3 10k
Fig: LDO circuit

46
R4
100-1000Ohms
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
LOW DROP OUT REGULATOR

AIM: Design and test a low Dropout regulator using op-amps for a given voltage regulation
characteristic and compare the characteristics with TPS7250 IC.
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Op-Amp
Resistors
Potentiometer
Capacitor
Function generator
ASLK trainer KIT
NAME OF
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C
-
RANGE
QUANTITY
1kohms
100 to 1000Ohms
0-30MHz
0-30V(dual)
0-30MHz
2
6
1
1
1
1
1
As required
THORY:
TPS40200 evaluation module included on Kit. Kit uses the TPS40200 non
synchronous buck converter to provide a resistor selected, 3.3v or 5v output that delivers up to 2.5A
from up to 16V input bus. The evaluation module operates from a single supply and uses the single Pchannel power FET and schottky diode to produce a low cost buck converter.
APPLICATIONS
Used in Power supply of all Electronic Instruments and Equipments
Used as Reference Power Supply in Comparators
Used in Emergency Power Supplies
Used in Current Sources

47
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL GRAPH:
Fig:Load regulation characteristics in LDO
Fig: Line Regulation characteristics in LDO

TABULAR COLOUS:
S.No
Reference Voltage
Output Voltage
1
2
3
Table: Variation of Load Regulation with Load Current in an LDO

S.No
Reference Voltage
Output Voltage
1
2
3
Table: Line Regulation in LDO

CALCULATIONS:

48
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE :
2. Line Regulation:
a.Vary the input voltage from 5.5v to 11v in steps of 0.5v
b.Plot the output voltage as the function of the input voltage for a fixed output load
3. Load Regulation:
a. Vary the load such that load current varies and obtain the output voltage for a fixed
input voltage
4. Plot Line regulation and Load Regulation on graph sheet.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
The ASLK KIT ,handle with care
3.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Distinguish between Load Regulation and Line Regulation.
2. Mention Some of the other important parameters in selecting a LDO.
3. What is power supply rejection ratio(PSRR)
RESULT:

49
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
+Vcc
I/P Triangular 5Vpp
L1 1m
VF1
OP1 TL081C
-Vcc
Vref 1V 1
Fig:DC-DC Converter

50
R1 100k
V2 10
C1 1u
V1 10
+Vcc
-Vcc
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
DC-DC CONVERTOR
AIM: Design of a switched mode power supply that can provide a regulated output voltage for a
given input range using the TPS40200 IC
APPARATUS:
S.NO TYPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Op-Amp
Resistors
Capacitor
Inductor
Function generator
ASLK trainer KIT
NAME OF
EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT
IC TL081C/TMS40200
-
RANGE
QUANTITY
1kohms
1uF
1mH
0-30MHz
1
1
1
1
1
0-30V(dual)
1
1
1
As required
0-30MHz
THEORY:
Function generator is the basic block for DC-DC converter. The triangular output of the
function generator with peak amplitude Vp and frequency F is fed to the comparator whose other
input is connected to the reference voltage Vref. The output of this comparator is the PWM (Pulse
width modulation) waveform whose duty cycle is given by
where T is time period of triangular wave and is equal to .1/F

This duty cycle is directly proportional to reference voltage Vref. If we connect the lossless
low-pass filter (LC filter) at the output of the comparator as shown in Figure , it is possible to get
stable DC voltage with high efficiency
APPLICATIONS:
Used is DSL/Cable Modems
Used in Distributed Power Systems.

51
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
MODEL WAVEFORM:
TABULAR COLOUMS:
CALCULATIONS:

52
IC APPLICATIONS LAB
PROCEDURE:
1. Build the Circuit as per shown circuit diagram.
2. Apply the triangular wave as an input to op-amp.
3. Observe the Transient response of the system
4. Plot the observed the response
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections
2. Carefully Handle the ASLK Kit
3. Check the power supply Polarities and switch ON after Connections verified.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss the effect of varying the input voltage for a fixed regulated output voltage over the
duty cycle of PWM?
2. Draw the PWM Wave form?
RESULT:

53

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IC APPLICATIONS LAB

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Input signal (1Volts)+Vcc

FIG: Negative Feedback Amplifiers

Input signal (Volts)

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Fig: Frequency Response of Negative feedback Amplifiers

Peak to Peak Amplitude of output (Vpp)

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2. Advantages of Op-Amp based amplifiers as compare to BJT Amplifiers

3. Mention the Applications for Inverting and Non Inverting Amplifiers?

4. Give Your inference on the frequency response of the amplifier?

5. Give the significance of gain-bandwidth product?

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

I/P V1 Sine/Square Wave 1v

I/P V2 Sine/Sqare wave

Fig: Instrumentation Amplifier

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Fig: Instrumentation Amplifier Response for different i/p Frequencies

Peak to Peak Amplitude of output (Vpp)

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Avoid Loose connections.

2. Why CMRR is high for instrumentation Amplifiers?

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

I/P Sine 10Vpp

Fig: Schmitt Trigger

Fig : Astable Multivibrator

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR CHARCTERISTICS

IC bread board trainer

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Fig: Schmitt Trigger Output

Fig:Astable Multivibrator Output

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Discuss the difference between astable and b-stable multivibrator?

Discuss the frequency limitation of astable multivibrator.

Discuss the various applications of Bi-stable?

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Fig: Integrator Circuit

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT CHARCTERISTICS

The 3 dB cutoff frequency

, at which the gain is 0 dB, is given by:

of the practical circuit is given by:

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ::NELLORE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING