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, AUGUST 2010
TECHNICAL NOTE
Overview
Wave Load
The program calculates the force exerted by a wave at a particular location on
a structural object using the following steps. Steps 1 and 2 apply only if the
wave water particle velocities and accelerations are calculated from wave
theory (i.e., the From Selected Wave Theory check box was checked on the
Wave Characteristics form; see Defining Wave Loads for more information).
Those steps are skipped when user-defined waves are specified. Note the
wave loads are applied to only the portion of the structure that is above the
mud line and below the wave surface.
1. Calculate the apparent wave period.
2. Calculate two-dimensional regular wave kinematics (water particle
velocities and accelerations) using the selected wave theory.
3. Use the specified wave kinematics factor to modify the water particle
velocities and accelerations.
4. Calculate the current profile using the specified current stretching
method. Modify the current velocities using the specified current
blockage factor.
5. Vectorially combine modified water particle velocities with the modified
current velocities.
6. Determine the section dimensions (not including marine growth) based
on the defined section properties or the wave overwrites.
Overview
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Overview
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Tapp
2
Tapp
VI
VI
2
g tan (2d / )
4 /
sinh(4d / )
C2.3.1b1
4 ( z d )
U c ( z ) cosh
dz
d
where
= Wave length.
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Wave Kinematics
Wave kinematics yield the wave water particle velocities and accelerations.
The velocities and accelerations are calculated from a specified wave theory
or they are user-defined. Regardless of which method is used to obtain the
wave water particle velocities and accelerations, they are then modified by
the wave kinematics factor, which is intended to account for wave directional
spreading and irregularity in the wave profile shape.
The modification consists of multiplying the horizontal velocities and
accelerations by the wave kinematics factor. The vertical velocities and
accelerations are not modified.
Current Profile
The user specifies the current profile (velocity and direction of current as a
function of height) from the mud line to the storm water level. The user
specifies that either a Linear or a Nonlinear current stretching method is used
to stretch or compress the current to the wave surface at a particular
location. The current velocity at a particular location determined from
applying the current stretching technique is multiplied by the current blockage
factor to obtain the current velocity that is combined with the wave velocity.
( z' d ) ( z d )
d
d
2.3.1b-5
where
Wave Kinematics
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z'
z z'
sinh 2 z ' d / n
sinh 2 d / n
C2.3.1b-5
where
z
z'
= Wave length.
Current Profile
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Morison Equation
The Morison equation is used to calculate the force exerted by the wave at a
particular location on an object. The equation is given in Section 2.3.1b-10 of
the API Recommended Practice (American Petroleum Institute 2000).
F FD FI C D
w
w dU
AU U C m V
2g
g dt
2.3.1-1
where
C D = Drag coefficient.
= Gravitational acceleration.
= Projected area normal to object axis per unit length. For pipes
and circles this is the effective diameter of the object, including
marine growth. For other section types, it is the dimension of
the side of the rectangle that encloses the section (including
marine growth, if any) that is normal to the direction of the
load.
= Displaced volume per unit length. For pipes and circles this is
D2/4 where D is the effective diameter of the object, including
marine growth. For other section types it is the product of the
dimensions of two adjacent sides of the rectangle that encloses
the section (including marine growth, if any).
Morison Equation
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C M = Inertia coefficient.
dU = Component of the water particle acceleration acting normal to
the axis of the object.
dt
Buoyant Forces
Buoyant forces are included only when so indicated in the wave load
definition. Buoyant forces are applied only to objects (or portions of objects)
that lie above the mud line and below the wave surface. Buoyant forces
consist of a uniform projected Z direction load applied to objects that are not
vertical and concentrated compressive axial forces applied to the ends of all
objects.
Uniform Load
The magnitude of the uniform load is calculated as:
f z wV
where
fz
For pipes and circles the displaced volume V is calculated as V = d2/4, where
d is the diameter including marine growth, if any. For other sections V is
calculated as V = bd, where b and d are the width and height of a rectangle
that would enclose the section.
P wAc
where
Buoyant Forces
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Wind Loads
The wave wind loads are calculated based on Sections 2.3.2b-1 and 2.3.2c of
the API Recommended Practice (American Petroleum Institute 2000).
t
u ( z, t ) U ( z ) 1 0.41 I u ( z ) ln
t 0
2.3.2-1
where the one hour mean wind speed U(z) (ft/sec) at level z (ft) is given by:
z
U ( z ) U 0 1 C ln
32.8
2.3.2-2
C 0.0573 1 0.0457U 0
and where the turbulence intensity Iu(z) at level z is given by:
Wind Loads
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z
I u ( z ) 0.06 1 0.0131U 0
32.8
0.22
2.3.2-3
F u 2 Cs A
2
2.3.2-8
where
F
= Wind force
Cs = Shape coefficient
A
Wind Loads
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