Lecture 23.

Impedance, Resonance in R-C-L Circuits

Preparation for the Final Exam
(a) Start earlier!
(b) Review the concepts (lectures + textbook) and prepare your equation
sheet. Think how you can use every equation on your sheet, what types of
problems can be solved with these equations.
(c) Work on practice exams.
(d) Review all HW and Iclicker questions.
(e) Go over the end-of-chapter problems (you dont need to solve them,
just check that you know how to approach them).

At the Exam
(a) Make sure you understand the problem, read the problem formulation
carefully. Make a drawing!!! If you remain uncertain raise your hand and
ask the proctors.
(b) Get the units right. It is easy to eliminate the answers with wrong units.
This applies to formulas too.
1

Reactance (recap)
Resistor

= =

Capacitor

1
=

Inductor

AC (cos + ) driven circuits!

Impedance

Impedance is a measure of how much the circuit

impedes the flow of current. The impedance is a complex
number (time-independent phasor), it relates timedependent phasors V(t) and I(t).

RLC

Reactances:
Impedances:

is the reference
phasor

all terms are real

1
=

1
=
=

C circuit

Can we plug a 1-F capacitor into a wall outlet

( = 2 60
, = 120) if the circuit breakers

can take 15A ?

120
=
=
= 45

2650

1
1
= =
=
= 2650
2 60 1 106
This current is sufficiently small. The
primary concern is the voltage rating
of the capacitor, which should be
around 200V.

Current (reference phasor)

Voltage

= =

L circuit

What happens when we plug a 1-H inductor into a wall

outlet?

= =

120
=
=
= 0.32

377

= = = 2 60 1 = 377

Again, the current wont blow a circuit

breakers. The inductor must be designed to
carry 0.32A without overheating or
saturating the iron core.

Current (reference phasor)

Voltage

= =
5

Series R-C circuit

= + =

=
=

= 2 + 2 =

1
2
+

= = ()
0 = 0

R-C circuits: Example

1
=
=

1
1

tan =
=
= 50
3
6

1 10 100 0.2 10

Note that is negative (as it should be for the RC circuits).

() = ()

0 = 0

Low-Pass Filter
Goal: to suppress high-frequency ( > 0 )
components in the spectrum of a signal.
=

= 2 + 2

2 + 2

Output power:

+1

2 + 2

Cutoff frequency: 0 = 20 =

We want to suppress the high-frequency ( > 10)

components in the output of an audio amplifier with the
output resistance 100 . What capacitance do you need?

=
1

1
+

=
=

+1

+1

= two
times

1
1
=
= 160
20 2104 100

Series R-L-C Circuits

For R, C, and L in series: = + = +
= =

1
2 +

= =

1
2
+

() = () +
1
?

Series R-L-C circuits: Example 1

=

= 2.2 80 = 176

= 2.2 40 = 88

= 2.2 110 = 242

= =

1
2 +

= 2.2 402 + 80 110

= 110

10

Series R-L-C circuits: Example 2

An R-L-C series circuit with an inductance of 0.119H , a resistance of
244 , and a capacitance of 7.27 F carries an rms current of 0.446A
with a frequency of 391Hz .
1. What is the impedance of the circuit?
1
= + = +

2. What is the phase angle?

tan =

0 =

= 2455 /

1
2 +

1
6
= 2455 0.119 2455 7.27 10

244

3. What is the rms voltage of the source?

0.97

= 339

arctan 0.97 0.77

= 0 = 0.446 339 = 151

4. What average power is delivered by the source?

cos 0.77 = 0.72

- power factor for this circuit

= cos = 151 0.446 0.72 = 48.6

- average rate at which electrical energy is converted to thermal energy in the resistor

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Parallel R-L-C Circuit: Example

= cos
1 1
1
= +

1
=

tan =

1
= 3
1/
4

cos =

1 + 2

1
=
= 2 +

= cos =

1
1

=
=
2
1
1
1
1
+
+

2
1

1
1
+

4
5

1
+ 63
2 0.252

10

10 50 4

= 200
2 2 5

50

12

Series Resonance in the R-L-C circuits

For R, C, and L in series:

1
2 +

= =
=

Resonance
condition:

0 =

1
= + = +

1
+

- resonance
frequency

At =0 minimum (real) impedance, max current.

Note that at =0 , and can be greater than .

> 0

< 0

= 0

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Parallel Resonance in the R-L-C circuits

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= +
+
= +
= +

1
=

At the resonance frequency

0 =

1
=
= 2 +

min at =

1
1
+

is at its minimum

0 is a short

is a short

Note that at =0 , and can be

greater than .

R = 1, C = 1F, L = 1H, and V = 1V

16

Transformer
- the flux
per turn

For an ideal transformer

( = = 0):
Energy conservation:

=

impedance transformation

- as if the source had been

connected directly to a resistance

Using mutual inductance =

17

Example
Sloppy formulation

=
=

0.4 cos 377 12
=
= 2.55

377 5 cos 377

= 6 = 10 103 6 3

= 0.18

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Next time: Lecture 24. Electromagnetic Waves,

32.1 - 4

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