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a:^thropology
AN INTRODUCTION TO TOE STUDY OF
MAN AND
CIVILIZATION
BY
EDWARD
B.
TYLOR,
yCFUPPS
D. C. L.,
F. R. S.
iwsTrruTio.
FOR
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LA JOLLA. CALIFORNIA
>
>" 'R
^-
new
science.
But
it
will
be found
rather to lighten
is
In the mountains we
than compensated
and balancing
Man and
its
weight more
their load.
Civilization,
So
is
it
of
Much
what
its
place
something of
is
its
among
the purposes of
early history,
and how
life.
it
If
lies in
the
art is for,
he knows
simpler wants and circumstances of mankind, he finds himself better able to lay
happens, he
at the
is
hold of
called on to take
beginning but
it
in the middle.
When
he has learnt
and
cries,
PREFACE.
vi
language than
he had
if
The
dislike of
pounded by Euklid,
the scholar
to
common-sense
and
beginners to geometry
the
fact
plunges
once
at
make
to
in
their
into
the
out the
list
of
clearer
tribes.
of
dis-
of legal
systems
the reforms,
of years
yet he
is
make
needless to
all
better learnt
for
knowing
there
carpenters
law-student
not
practical
relations of
is
art
ex-
things
all
old
struggles,
of thousands
way
his
as
the
So the
intricacies
is
first
the
work.
doing,
is
where
starting-point,
and spaces
tances
like
that
builders began
the
look
to
due
of
unprepared among
which .unexplained
many
so
fallen
grammar,
of
subtleties
on such
are improvements
its
history
and
easier
and
place in
the
With
this
troduction
all
it
aim
to
Antliropology, rather
teaches.
It
Thus,
does not
volume
than
is
in-
of
technical
who have
reach of readers
an
summary
received,
English
education.
modern
researches
as
to
like
distinction
would be
of
by
skull
Much
care
races
useless.
PREFACE.
has
been taken
branches of the
to
make
the
chapters
sound as
science
the
vii
far
on
as
the
various
they
go, but
to special students.
left
from language
to music,
matters
to
subjects.
errors
and
should
imperfections
it
at
be
all
lightly
to
ask that
judged.
have been
My
points.
fessor
Dr.
Pitt-Rivers,
whom
on doubtful and
difficult
to Pro-
able to
consult
Sir
Henry Maine,
Major-General
Birch,
Professor
Tuke, Professor W.
A.
Sayce,
Freeman,
Dr.
Beddoe,
Dr.
D.
H.
Albums
Dammann
of
of Ethnological Photographs.
E.
Febtuary, :SSi,
B.
T.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
I.
PAGE
Antiquity of Man,
Languages, 7
Age,
CHAPTER
IL
35
Succession
Vertebrate Animals,
35
Hair,
Man,
44
Structure, 38
47.
CHAPTER HL
Races of Mankind
Differences of
Features,
ment, 74
56
Race, 56
Stature
and Proportions, 56
Skull,
60
Types
Variation, 84
of Races,
Race> of
75
Permanence,
Mankind
classified, 87.
80
Mixture,
So
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
IV.
PAGE
Language
114
Sound-gestures, 120
Natural Language, 122 Utterances of Animals, 122 Emotional
and Imitative Sounds
Language, 124 Change of Sound and
Sense, 127 Other exprcFsion of Sense by Sound, 128 Children's
Words, 128 Arriculate Language,
relation
Natural Lan-
Si^n-making,
14 Gesture-language,
114
in
to
its
guage, 129
Origin of Language,
130.
CHAPTER
Language
V.
{coniimied)
Real
133
Growth
of Meanings, 133
Abstract
Words,
Sentences, 139
149 Development
of Language, 150.
CHAPTER VL
Language and Race
Adoption and
loss
of Language,
152
153^
160
ar:d Race^-,
tentot,
CHAPTER
VII.
Writing
167
Picture-writing,
Cuneiform
Writing,
168
Writing,
Writing,
1
73
170
Alphabetic
CONTENTS.
XI
CIIAI'TER VIII.
J"
Arts of Life
Development of Instruments, iS3-Club, Hammer, 184
185
Hatchet,
188
Sabre,
Knife, 189
Stone-flake,
Javelin,
Mis.siles,
195
Sling,
Blow tube.
AGE
1S2
lyo
Spear-
Gun, 196
CHAPTER
Arts of Life
IX.
{(ontinued)
206
Hunting,
207
Trapping,
211
Fishing,
212
Agriculture, 214 Implements, 216 Fields, 218 Cattle, pasturage, 219 War, 221 Weapons, 221 Armour, 2Z2 Warfare of
lower
223 of higher nations, 225.
tribes,
CHAPTER
Arts of Life
X.
{continued)
229
Dwellings
Rafts, 255
and Oars,
256 Sails,
256
CHAPTER XL
Arts of
I-ife {concluded)
260
260 Cookery, 264 Bread, &c., 266 Liquors, 268 Fuel, 270
Lighting, 272 Vessels, 274 Pottery, 274 Glass, 276 Metals,
277 Bronze and Iron Ages, 278 Barter, 281 Money, 2S2
Fire,
Commerce,
285.
CONTENTS.
xil
CHAPTER
XII.
PAGE
287
Arts of Pleasure
Poetry,
Poetic Metaphor,
Instruments,
and
Painting, 300
CHAPTER
XIII.
3^9
Science
Counting
310 Measuring and Weighing, 316 Geometry, 318 Algebra, 322 Physics, 323 Chemistry,
328 Biology, 329 Astronomy, 332 Geography and Geology, 335
Methods of Reasoning, 336 Magic, 338,
Science, 309
and Arithmetic,
CHAPTER
XIV.
The Spirit-World
Religion of
jjjg
Lower
Transmigration,
Nature
Spirits,
342
Races,
350
CHAPTER
Life,
352
Influenc-,
XV.
373
Tradition,
CHAPTER XVL
Society
'
4'
Social
Stages,
Government, 436.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
FIG.
3.
4.
Sketch of
5.
6.
Hand and
7.
8.
5^
9.
Top view
of skulls
61
10.
62
11.
a,
12.
Female
13.
African negro
14.
15.
16.
17.
Race
18.
Caribs
19.
(a)
20.
1.
2.
Later Stone
...
Christy)
29
31
man and
man
(after
/>,
32
Huxley)
39
man
42
Swaheli;
man
46
Persian
63
64
portraits
65
.
66
73
76
77
78
Head
of
Modern Egypt
21. Cafusa
27
Woman
2
(after
Ha'-tmann)
(l>)
Sheikh's son,
79
Si
82
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
xiv
PAGE
FIG.
22.
Cairene
23.
Andaman
24.
90
25.
Melanesians
91
26.
27.
28.
Australian (Queensland)
84
Islanders
88
92
92
women
93
29.
Dravidian hill-man
30.
Kalmuk
31.
G^ildi
32.
Siamese actress
33.
Cochin-Chinese
34.
Coreans
35.
Finn (man)
lOO
36.
Finn (^veman)
loo
37.
Malays
lOl
38.
Malays
loi
103
(after
(after Frjer)
94
Goldsmii)
95
(Amu-)
96
s
97
98
99
39.
Dayaks
40.
Kingsmill Lslander
104
41.
106
42.
107
108
44.
Georgians
IIO
45.
Swedes
Ill
46.
Gypsy
112
/"a/^r wi7j/^r in
49.
Chinese
Lake Superior
Mexican picture-writing
pictures
ancient
and
(after Schoolcraft)
(after
Aubin)
cursive
later
forms
169
(after
Endlicher)
50. Chinese
168
170
compound
characters, pictures
and sounds
71
51.
52.
185
53.
Stone Flakes
186
54.
Later Stone
letters of
Age
(neolithic) iiiii)lements
De Rouge)
176
187
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
xv
FIG.
l-AGE
55.
Earlier Stone
56.
Store
57.
a,
Age
Axe, &c
Hindu
i/,
European
Fgyptian falchion
l>,
sheath-kiiife
t;
Roman
c,
Asiatic
culter
/,
bill-hook
1S9
dagger-blade (England)
bronze dagger
<,
Australian speir
60.
Bows
61.
stone spear-head or
r,
l>,
59.
Smyth)
187
l8i
Egyptian battle-axe
sabre
(/,
h .tchets
....
(after
191
Brough
.'
194
196
womea
tlie
W.
Antonine Column
201
O. Stanley)
Pennant)
202
/',
67.
Hand
(New
woman
69. a, Australian
woman
with
winder
216
217
Hebrides)
239
of Chinese ascetic
68. Botocudo
199
241
lip-
and ear-ornaments
for
hand-twisted cord
242
;
//,
Egyptian
247
PVom an Aztec
248
picture
71.
72.
Bushman
73.
74.
75.
77.
Mode
78.
Rudimentary
and
25S
Chapman)
262
....
....
practical
Geometry
277
295
A.ssyrian numeration
275
313
.
315
318
ANTHROPOLOGY.
CHAPTER
I.
The
^ of
I.angua'^es,
Civilii-ation,
Races,
in
of
the Stone
student
who
seeks to understand
ought first to
be as they are,
the earth, or
new-comers
on
are
men
whether
clearly
know
Did they appear with their various races
old inhabitants.
and ways of life ready-made, or were these shaped by the
and
to
varieties of
men,
and
their
man and
First,
ourselves
his
ways of
life
in the chapters
as to the varieties of
which
mankind.
follow.
Let us suppose
looking at groups
of
men
of
races
most
different
from
ANTHROPOLCGY.
There
our own.
the
is
familiar
[chap.
figure of
the
African
negro,
black,
woolly.
unlike
faces
Indeed,
us.
and
friz their
white
the
men who
know
when
the
flat
the face
jaws.
blacken their
hatter
lips,
and,
would
at
is
from a white
man even
is
it
In the
wavy
lipped.
and a
hair,
ISIore familiar
marks down by
is
tlie
Chinese,
European
whom
the observer
yellow skin, and coarse, straight black hair; the special character of his features
is
neatly touched
among mankind.
While doing
so,
it
is
plain that
main
race-types.
I.]
man
hair.
with the
political
its
questions of countryman
slave,
connexion
or foreigner,
and
in
conse-
quence
a few
its
taint detected
at
the
times.
It
is
so
in
Egypt,
B.C.,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
[chap.
notice
how
The Ethiopian
recognised.
at this
It
of the ancient
surprising to
is
man
are
still
to
be
monuments can
Notwithstanding the
many
is
men
have only
to
be drawn in the
stiff style
full-front
in the
of
Syrians, Phoenicians, or
of Europe.
as
Egyptian
Their por-
of the monu-
Altogether,
be seen
the evidence
of ancient monu-
race-divisions
period.
Since then
comparatively
slight,
their
changes
seem
to
have been
by intermarriage.
Hence
it
I.]
on as but the modern period of man's life on earth. Behind them lies the prehistoric period, when the chief work
was done of forming and spreading over the world the races
Though there is no scale to measure the
of mankind.
length of this period by, there are substantial reasons for
Looking at an ethnotaking it as a long stretch of time.
logical
map, coloured
region,
it is
to
show
w-hat race of
men
inhabits each
this,
though they grew there, and the peculiar type of the race
seems more or less connected with the climate it lives in.
Especially it is seen that the mass of black races belong
to the equatorial regions in Africa
even be made from the map which district was the primitive
centre where each of these races took shape, and whence it
Now if, as some have thought, the
spread far and wide.
Negros, Mongolians, Whites, and other races, were distinct
species, each sprung from a separate origin in its own region,
then the peopling of the globe might require only a moderate
time,
own
its
is
easiest
Second, that
all
the
and
common
human
races,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
[ciiAr.
freely
capable of
every
races of
sprung
in the
Africans,
common
ancestry of
We may
all
accept
means
As
yet,
how-
yet clear
their
hair.
far wliole
it
varying
in
On
such zoological
the
differences
distinct species, as
naturalists
If then
wc
its
its
reckon
rounded
I.]
about changes
bring
far
supposed ourselves examining on the quays, a-e living records of the remote past, every Chinese and Negro bearing
in his face
It
appears
that
There
the
It
clear,
is
did not
tell
distinct
all
languages
known
however, at the
spring
up
separately.
like-
word
in a ratlier
Rome and
Roman
it
How
life,
we judge by
come
seeing that
sailors
their
Roman
origin plainly
French sentences
to
enough
and
ANTHROPOLOGY.
something near
Latin, which
in classical
it
[chap.
may be
roughly-
all
carried
Italian.
i.e.
Chi
va
(jiii
vadit
i.e.
r.n
novo
niiiim
ovum
hodie
meglio
IL
es( 7neliiis
Better
is
va
piano
(jtiid
una
^allhia dc mane.
chi
va
sano
va
lontano.
Quien canta
qutm cantat
He who
i.e.
sus
males
espanta.
sings frightens
away
his
ills.
va
Tor
caile de despues se
la
ca^a de nunca.
la
a
per illam callem de de-ex-post se vadit ad illam casam de nimquam.
i.e. By the street of by and by one goes to the house of never.
P'rench.
Un tiens
unum tew
uc.
One
1'
deux tu
auras.
quod duos tu ilium halicre-habes.
worth more than two thou-shalt-have-its.
valet melius
lake-it
is
Parler de la
corde
dans
maison
la
d' un
pendu.
parabola de illam chordam deintus illam mansionem de unum pend{o).
i.e. (Never to) talk of a rope in the house of a hanged man.
It is plain
Italian, Spanish,
their
tlie
i)arent tongue.
Now
I.]
parent-language
descendants,
may be
among
lost
its
European
tongues.
Dutch
is
sailors;
may seem
unintelligible,
but after a while a sharp ear will catch the sound of well
known words, and perhaps at last whole sentences like
Kom
these:
Het
Wat
hicr !
zegt
Hoe
gij?
is
Ik weet
nict.
The
is
het zueder?
Js de inaan op
come
How
is
the weather ?
It
Come
is
here !
a heavy storm,
What
I be
sore cold.
Js the
to reason that
like,
The argument
is
really
much
As we
say, these
from a
common
stock, so
we
say, these
common
language.
which
Low-Dutch, or Low-German,
may be
it
is
not actually
ANTHROPOLOGY.
lo
to
to
[chap.
have been
\vrltt_'u
down and
so preserved.
Now it is
it
less
is
its
it
to
give,
and makes
has vox,
T.atia
has
such
vak, vcicas,
vdc'am,
vociiin,
vacain,
vacas,
analogy
thoroughgoing
doter^^wQX.
voces,
as
this
So
vocibits,
vagbhyas.
is
found
where
Sanskrit
AVhcn
to
run
no other explanation
language gave
from
it
is
rise to
them
all,
in different directions.
\\\ this
way
it is
shown
that
modern languages
in
Asia
I.]
made
out
Some
languages.
its
in
of these have
li
its
come down
descendant
to us in forms
show
to the eye
and
But
had
old Persian
the
become
already
modern
philology to
origin at
all.
its
The
relationship to
known
states
so different that
it
itself
Among
and
deciphered from
the Assyrian
modern
salihn
a/aikiim,
you,"
millah
and
may
the
the wedge-characters
is
it
The Arab
phrases.
still
the
tlie
often-heard
in
is
This
Phoenician,
of Nineveh.
great
Hebrew and
as the
that
is,
ancient
" peace
Arabic exclamation
bis-
"in the name of God." So the Hebrew names of persons mentioned in the Bible give the interpretation
of many Arabic proper names, as where Ebed-tnciec/i,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
13
[chap.
Mohammedan
history.
Semitic languages
be
to
the original
of
and French.
Arabic,
Hebrew,
are
back
to
an
The
earlier
ancient
member
it
shows points of
There are
also
known
to
B.C.
two
As
Chinese.
regions
into
more outlying
when they come
consist of many
ancient
This
slight
known
state
of lan-
in the
take us,
we
world
is
number of language-
original
words and
structure,
it
may be
how each
particular
soimd came
to express
its
particular
I.]
13
the
The
philologist,
asked
how long
from
its
earliest
in
scriptions of Egypt,
human speech
Next,
whether
existence.
full
we have
also
this
For
tell of.
this jjurposc
it is
needful to under-
and
institutions.
known to
much to
lization
the
tell
It is
unknown, and
in since, is
ing from
in
itself
London by
it
in his
people have
to
old
schoolboy days,
a valuable lesson.
Thus, when
start-
knowledge,
dinner-time, he thinks of
intelligent
all
develops.
and of the
arts,
when
it
used to be
on the
line,
nights.
fair
coach-
Catching
ANTHROPCLOGY.
14
semaphores
(that
is,
[cHAP.
means
hills
electricity
modern
now makes
which
is
earth
just
how knowledge
could
hardly
labourer's son
now
entitled to
but
is
man on
us, too,
far
more
schooling practically
get
is
when
tell
so
of right.
good
as
ths
He may
then
men
are no longer
hanged
them, that
life
more
is
done
merely punishing
niorally
now
falls
new
thoughts,
institutions,
lifetime,
still
new
it
is
rules of
life,
has
clear
new
have
arisen or
Now
in
new
civilization that
this
i]
less
comes
of man.
15
Proof of
this
History, so far as
it
give
many
arts, sciences,
The
demon
act of a
seizing
is
to get
archaeology, which
is
for instance
tribes of
of this
is
more
to be
will
be said presently.
had from
survivals
in
was
culture.
Looking closely
know why so
coat
worn,
is
To
take a
trivial
example,
if
out
we want
the explanation
may be found
The
thus.
cutting
away
at the waist
the times
allow of
its
really
;
the
to
now
ANTHROPOLOGY.
i6
made
cuffs
[ciiAP.
when
Thus
liarities to
coat in which a
looks In
is
it
pecu-
its
man
Or
modern English
life for
proof of the
of the town-crier,
if
one
may find it in
who all unknowingly keeps up
Oh yes r^
again,
the old French form of proclamation, " Oyez ! Oyez f" that
Hear ye " To what yet more distant periods
is, " Hear ye
!
an example from
kindled
fire
reach back,
the Brahmans, to
fice, still
may
is
well seen in
India.
make
the sacred
and
flint
fire for
steel,
yet
why they
wood
But to us
it
is
they do
it
a spark comes.
Asked
better,
till
to get pure
fails,
the observer
may
to let
to
tell
common bow on
go
us
as of the
a stock,
made
afterwards by
and arranging a
feel
Though
trigger
history fails
almost as sure of
up
it
to
1.]
and
the match-lock,
breech-loading
17
and
and
rifle.
becomes possible
often
art or
an
institution, tracing
in the civilized
world
it
whole course of an
back from its highest state
to picture the
it
we reach
till
its
beginnings in the
For instance,
let
life
us look at a
taken
in for university
honours.
Elizabeth's time
student living in
the higher
Queen
infinitesimal calculus to
is
now called
Going
in,
a novelty due
to
the
taught with us to
do
far
more
neatly,
This
is
denote lengths,
how
the art of
hands and
men
put
9011
ANTHROPCLOGY.
So there
is
[chap.
The
relic
of primitive man.
many
origins.
Thus, in examining
following
tools,
it
will
chapters contain
up
to tlie
hatchet in a
axe, with
its steel
handle.
civilization
is
always progress.
On
its
movement
To understand
mind
it
back.
it must be borne in
and the most elaborate arrange-
falls
is
1.]
do not always
nients of society
19
may be
too perfect to hold their ground, for people must have what
There is an instructive lesson
fits with their circumstances.
made by an Englishman
at
One was
flourishing there.
cut
rig
if
damp
forests
were better
off
When
new
Now
civilization
by emigration into
home, or mixture
a new
with a lower race, the culture of their forefathers may be
no longer needed or possible, and so dwindles away. Such
old.
the
life
of a people
country, or by war
degeneration
is
to
and
is
altered
distress at
who have
their
and
mean
ANTHRCPOLOGY.
20
[chap.
the
Not only
of such
as
for
by other
may
peoples,
by
often be explained
For
unfavourable conditions.
called
part of
of culture under
loss
instance,
South Sea
the
Islanders,
nails they
a new crop.
raising
metals, but
it
emigration
whom
ancestors were an
it
and
fell
ance of decline
larly
iron
first
the hope of
in
to
sailors,
seems as
Asiatic people to
English
in civilization,
mentioned
contradicts
it is
stages.
it first,
One cannot
and wherever
no way
in
it
but
in
developed
is
thing without
lose a
from the
be accounted
On
for
the whole
elaborate
arts,
how
it
it
to
abstruse
knowledge,
complex
institutions,
comes
and ruder
into
state of
existence
No
life.
spontaneously,
must
stage of civilization
but
it.
grows
This
is
or
is
the great
of,
if
he
Let us
now
see
how
this
bears on the
I.]
21
No
culture.
Lut
in tlie
civilization.
The
art of v/riting
mark of
They were
a nation skilled
in
by the yearly
How
dense population.
for the
ence
who
looks on
Egyptians were,
is
have made
their
world,
size
that
it
stands on a square
beautiful
the
of
St.
Paul's.
skill
geometer.
is
The
cardinal points
the day of
back as anything
have worked
So
their astronomical
their arts
in
is
known
As
shadow.
and
and measuring,
iheir reckoning
its
still
far
bronze and
habits,
by
their
sculpture and
their system
and
silver.
carpentry,
of official
life
ANTHROPOLOGY.
22
with
its
[chap.
of priesthood and
results of long
its
continual ceremonies,
is
witli
its
orders
appear the
all
monu-
in the British
writing
was
in
to
learnt
from them.
They
the city
known
to Biblical history as
Ur of
the Chaldees.
advanced
exist, so
denying
for
as to
women, the
have
im-
on the master
astronomy.
largely in
The
the
nation
book of
which
rise
wrote
civilization,
to the
its
dates
science of
name
thus
by inscriptions done
at tlie
it
is
anticjuity writings
drawn up
safer to
show
as
seems
proofs of their
Looking
ages.
in far later
it
at
to
No
just
super-
human
nature groping on
results,
reached
ing
23
how
to simplify the
letters
the follies
of
barbaric
the
or brick
even to
beasts
own
may be
traces
in size
and
the
those of pre-
like
how
it
discerned
and miscellaneous
invention,
appears that
brings
the
men and
their
condition
Egyptian
historic
a jest
cultivating
into view,
Thus
it
where history
level
which can
earth,
it
is
important to go back as
ing
to
may
far as
such evidence
lead us.
In judg-
great help
fairly
Human
ANTHROPOLOGY.
24
may be roughly
life
[chap.
is
may be
that in
tilling
The
defined as follows.
which
man
subsists
on wild
Savages
fruit
one spot and find a living all the year round, while
in barer and colder regions they have to lead a wandering
life in quest of the wild food which they soon exhaust in
any place. In making their rude implements, the materials
used by savages are what they find ready to hand, such
as wood, stone, and bone, but they cannot extract metal
from the ore, and therefore belong to the Stone Age. Men
live in
may
be considered
when they
state
to
take to agriculture.
till
With the
certain supply
may
have from
Some
implements,
but
Lastly, civilized
art of writing,
and
stone
Age.
life
may be taken
which by recording
as
knowledge,
come, binds together
history, law,
known
seems that
to exist.
civil-'zation
So
far as the
evidence goes,
up
in
the
1.]
25
man, and a
civilized
luiropean,
may be
full
In this way
now
it is
civilized,
must have
tribes
altogether to the
Fortunately it is not
lived.
imagination to picture the lives of these rude and ancient
men. for many relics of them are found which may be seen
left
once
Thus
if
state of civilization
weapons
civilized,
would be
or at least a
metal
in
be said
be
or iron, but
in
make
If they
If so, they
may
have no copper
knives, spear-heads,
and
Wherever such stone implements are picked up, as they often are in our own ploughed
fields, they prove that stone-age men have once dwelt in the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
26
land.
It
an in.portant
is
lact that in
[chap,
every region of the
showing that
the ground,
the people have long been metal workers, they have often lost
memory
all
stories to
One
digging.
favourite notion, in
tell fancitul
ploughing or
in
is
flash.
It
some
district
man
of
having
But
it
lands,
is
not
so.
one may
iii
d sharp-chipped
in
flints
first.
in other
Whether
it
may be
sent
the
To
understand
at a
it
good
collection of stone
implements.
Fig.
The
hatchet
as
is
also
the hammer-head.
much
much
skill.
On
like those
been using
to our
is
in-
is
oil a grinding-stone,
later stone
it
The
would have
own
day.
The
question
is.
I-l
tribes
Europe.
As
stone
in
to this,
in
tlie
peat-mosses
lie
is
(neolithic) implements,
iiear-head
tlin.-tlakes
as
beech,
the
the
oak,
and
the
and
pine,
Fig.
forest-periods,
still
c.
.'cr.npcr
taken oil
d.
.->.rr
s, fl.utaw
w-heads;
1 ;
h,
fl.iit
b. flint
a. Ft ne celt or hatchet
flake kn ves
/. core tVom wii.ch
.
e, flint
saw
i,
stone haiumcr-h-ad.
much
trees
among
tlie
oak trunks
lay
that
lastly,
flint
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
qS
which
period,
carries
them back
were
to
left
[chap.
liiyh
In
antiquity.
in
whom we
surface of
the
mosses, or beds of
began
at a
mud and
They belong
is,
to the
newer
alluvial
when
the lay of the land and the flow of the streams were mucli
To
down from a
notice how its flat
look
right across,
hillside into
flooring
of
mud and
laid
sand, stretching
down by
flood-waters
in
Fig.
i,
mod-
when
when
the climate
different
river valleys
Somnic,
men
and the
in
things.
On
the slopes of
I]
Fig.
2.
Stone age.
flint
picks or hatchets.
introduced by Sir
that
is
J.
Lubbock,
to,
by the terms
and neolithic,
Looking now at the
palaeolithic
shown
in Fig. 2 occur,
it is
down and
bottom of the
shifting
valleys,
is
now
at the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
30
[cHAP.
different
from what
state of things
was due
it is
How
now.
far this
above the
at present
would be
cuss here.
times
was
when
of a pluvial period,
drift-gravels to
passing,
its
it is
flint
it
belong to
arctic climate
rainfall
From
implements
the
the
in
same time with the men of the old stone age. The
or huge woolly elephant, and several kinds
of rhinoceros, also extinct, browsed on the branches of
the forest trees, and a species of hippopotamus much
the
mammoth,
like
that
at
rivers.
The
grizzly bear,
may
remote period,
still
earth.
now
in
The
is
no longer on
was of a laiger
and perhaps than
British lion
army.
To
and
falling
Southern
India,
lies at
the
foot
of
I]
31
the Eastern Ghats a terrace of irony clay or laterite, containing stone implements of very similar make to those of
mammoth-period resorted
clifls, and to
caverns such as Kent's Hole near Torquay, where the
implements of the men and the bones of the beasts are
the
much
found together
in
abundance.
Fig.
3.
tribes.
Sketch of maiii
The
ve of
La Madeleine
now
retreated
to
high
mammoth under
the
stalagmite
floors
of
the caves
of
early
\Vith
scratched on a
ANTHROPOLOGY.
32
piece of
own
Its
[chap.
hair
now
reach,
Fig.
4.
Sketch of man
that
Lapland
reindeer,
and
now
From
that
is
known
tions
place
take
climate,
historical period.
It
hunters and
It is best,
men, as
fishers,
is
such as
tribes
we should now
were wild
class as savages.
this
I.]
33
first
led
at
Abbeville
reasons against
stone-age
men
Torcjuay,
or
its
are
more
likely to
rude
some
skill in
to hold their
own against
How
yet to be
had.
Some
is
It is safest to
be content
at present to
shaped by man, and therefore proving his prein England and France in beds deposited
sence, occur
when much of
the continent
if
true
it
mam-
Until of
late,
while
it
used
were
less
room
for its
long processes of
ANTHROPOLOGY.
34
up the
building
'
remains of
[chap.
its
i.
vast
now accounted
of years.
little
It is true that
way
into this
man
immense
lapse of time.
Yet
his first
Ave call
The
which took
life.
Man and
his
varieties
as
they appear
in
natural
arts,
and
CHAPTER
II.
To
and
35 Succession
ANIMALS.
structure, 38
Features, 44 Brain, 45
physiology.
of
abstract
It will
these
sciences,
for
which such
handbooks
knowledge
may be done
without requiring
in the reader.
in
legs.
If
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
36
[char
creatures built
all
heart to drive the blood through the vessels, while the eyes,
ears,
and
them
receive in
nostrils
all
all
ever reflecting on
it,
this
it
the
tie
Had
as
manner the
in like
come
mind
as a
new
discovery,
were on one
for different
ends.
The
scientific
it
modes
comparison of animals,
it
becomes
answer, as
in the
plain that
is
The examination
of the man's
respond to a man's arm and leg in which all the fingers and
toes should have become useless and shrunk away, except
one
finger
and one
toe,
which are
The
left
to
be walked upon,
all
Limbs may
still
be recognised
II.]
57
and ventral
so
ditifers
fins still
are
much from
its
pectoral
legs.
Snakes
which
connect
strictor's
a man's,
no
has
hind-limbs,
visible
when
and
dissected,
hand.
It is
man
is
especially
tail
is
be seen
plainly to
represented by the
All these are
last
now
the
was
tail
skeleton,
living.
earth'-^has
been inhabited by
distinguished
human
animals
in the
now by
as
its
marsupial
or pouched
even the
kangaroo now to be
mostly
far
seen
is
larger;
extinct diprotodon,
whose
tallest
skull
was three
feet long.
So
in
dillos,
to
be seen
in
Elephants
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
38
[chap.
new
conditions of
life,
them
fit
new
and disappear.
vertebrate animals
is
Many
diEpute.
species
before
as to look as
planted them,
came
now perhaps
the majority, go a
is
a relation between the new species and the old, but seeking
to explain
now
it
called,
from
Darwinian theory.
The
often
its
great
it
is
changed conditions of
life
can go
enough
far
to
old.
On
this theory,
and elephants of
feet
and the
fossil
bones of
like, in
when
Ac-
now.
several species of
it is
inherited by
all
Now
of
all
the
monkeys, and among these the catarhine or nearapes of the Old World, and among these the
nostrillcd
II.J
39
ANTHROPOLOGY.
40
forests
[chap.
By now
comparing
their skel^^tons,
it
will
be seen that
animals must be
No
anatomist
who
apes considers
competent
possible that
man
whence man
any scale
in
oftshoots
from
same
the
also came.
made, contains a celebrated draw5 as the readiest means of showing how the anthropoid apes correspond bone for bone with
ourselves.
At the same time it illustrates some main points
anatomical comparison
ing which
is
is
copied in Fig.
It has been
on him the dignity of man
when he leaves off going on all-fours. But in fact, standing and walking upright is not a mere matter of training
of the human body being
it belongs to the arrangement
The limbs of the dog
different from that of quadrupeds.
or cow are so proportioned as to bring them down on allin
which
first
takes
f vurs,
and
this is to
less
while the head and trunk of the growing child are lifted
continued muscular
balance
t'on.
It
more
effort,
he
is
may be
noticed
upright requires
animals
from the
figure
in
posi-
this
how
(occipital
in
man
foramen)
is
balanced on the
his
toj)
skull,
of the
II.]
The
figure
he stands upright,
in
broad support
serve as
feet
Thus
41
Not through
to
is
man
differences
great
easy and
of struc-
ture, but by adjustments of bones and muscles, the foreand hind- limbs of quadrupeds work in accord, while m
man, whose muscular adaptation is for going on his legs,
there is no such reciprocal action between the legs and
arms.
Of- the monkey tribes, many walk fairly on allfours as quadrupeds, with legs bent, arms straightened
But the
forward, soles and palms touching the ground.
climbing
life
among
When
resting
The
attitude,
is
its
will
make
to the erect
go along on
knuckles
first
on one
its
side
its
feet,
and
arms
on
its
its
head
legs
The apes
man
his
is
hands
ANTHROPOLOGY.
42
In comparing
set
down
noticing
man
[chap.
it
wrong
is
to
his
the
superiority
practical arts.
If
of his
one looks
artist
limbs
instruments
as
for
Reynard
writing a letter
what he
shows
really
how
is,
ill
adapted the
tool as
mind
to invent
it ;
.6
Fig.
6.
a, hand,
i, foot,
in
apes, as
^
;
c,
their
hand, d,
foot, of
limbs,
can
man.
fairly
In anatomical structure
grasping
foot,
it is
a foot, but
it
is
a i)rehensile or
human
among people who go
</,
cannot do.
It is true
is
that
II.]
boot-wearing European.
43
European
foot
shows
this
his spear,
i-nan.
in the
tipper
a stepping-machine with
foot, while the
But man's
for
suitability
their
at the loss of
life
less
differentiated or
human
foot
becoming
to excel the
ape-hand as
instructive
Gardens
low
to
kinds.
monkey-house
the
visit
for the
at
the
Zoological
The hand
claw-nailed digits,
is
of the
a mere
marmoset with
grasping
its
five
instrument hardly
capable of handling.
fingers,
ot the
higher apes are (as the figure shows) opposable like ours.
How
depends on
this opposability,
satisfy
himself
in
among
animals.
no
srtiall
It is
From
ANTHROPOLCGY.
44
[chap.
them
setting
kinds
by
side
he was
side,
of comparing and
first
human
skin.
In
man
as in
shelter
mouth
in the adult
The
human
interest
to
the naturalists
who
when man's
from
had a
fuller
ancestral stock
is
now supplied by artificial
and climate.
It is interesting
to notice that there are some few human beings to be
met with, whose faces and bodies are largely covered
with long shaggy hair.
Such a face-covering hides the
play of feature that expressive means of intercourse between mind and mind. Had the skeletons of apes and
hairy
shelter
covering,
suited
whose want
to season
of every phase of
human
life.
and
How
rise
and
fall
II.]
The
forehead in anger.
visitor
45
some measure of
The
brain
being the
anatomists comparing
for
instrument
organ
or
less
of
mind,
have looked
intelligent.
man
shows a
remar'.:able
rise
or
The lemur
higher forms.
development
from lower to
have wondered
is
illustrated
in
the accompanying
Fig.
7,
which
representing
man b, whole on
show the convolutions, and cut across on the
right to expose the interior.
To compare their structure
the two brains are drawn of the same size, but in fact the
chimpanzee brain is much smaller than the human. It is
one great ditference between man and the anthropoid apes,
that his brain exceeds theirs in quantity; in a rough way
It is seen also
he has three pounds of brain to their one.
the brain of the chimpanzee a, and of
the
left
to
Now
both
size
with
its
innumerable
5
fibres
The
"white matter"
45
ANTHROPOLOGY.
[chap.
t^'^Z'^T^
>!
c5^
II.J
is
47
coating
down
into
the fissures,
complexity of
actual
size
the
it
is
evident
convolutions,
of brain, furnishes
the
that
increased
combined with
man
greater
nearest below
begin,
and
it
is
action,
clear that
are carried
machinery as
in other
in
man by
the
is
well illustrated
b}'
will,
same bodily
who
on
How
like
the anatomist
is
thrown by the
lenses on the retina or screen, into which spread the endfibres of the optic ner\-e leading into the
sight,
brain.
Not but
where the
eagle's
Such
resemblance
in beast
and
the
more
striking.
make
the general
which
ANTHROPOLOGY.
43
[chap.
and when awake, both man and beast wink when a finger
If we go on to voluntary
pretends to strike at their eyes.
actions, done with conscious will and thought, the lower
creatures can for some distance keep company with manAt the Zoological Gardens one may sometimes see
kind.
a handful of nuts divided between the monkeys inside the
bars and the children outside, and
it is
how
same
instructive to notice
set
of movements,
monkeys show
know
that in the
all
munch-
Up
would lead us
to expect.
to
man
Now we
Knowing
that a particular
form
II.]
49
so like the
human, though
seems as though a beast's idea or
thought of an object may be, as our own, a group of remembered sensations compacted into a whole. What makes
less clear
this the
and
perfect.
more
It
likely is that
when
part of
the sensations
Thus a dog
also,
will
much
all
people
who
attend to the
Not only do
creatures of
high
all
orders give
as fear, afitec-
Some
human,
as every
felt
the
well-marked
will,
which
like
man's
is
calling a
two people
is
dog
different ways, or
way
it
is
possible for
hay and
its
water.
As
to the
power of memory
in brutes,
AxNTHROPOLCGY.
50
[chap
we have
exact
all
it is.
this
may
and he
is
A memory
dreams.
possible,
that
rest,
stops.
memory
only mean
memory of
is
as
our
in
in
To make
trolling
memory
the
what
man, and
is
in
among lower
view
shall be,
numerable animal
creatures.
stories
To
tell
it
comes
into
in-
and
and
lay
down himself on
came
the creature
movements
master being asleep, then clim.bed up the press, ate the rest
of the orange, carefully hid the peel
among some
shavings
in the grate,
plain
more
mark
he
less
really
is
difficult
of the
One
dependent on
instinct
man
is
that
II.]
51
with
plainly agreeing
affection
judgment adapting
his
district,
by
freer
Man's
in,
We may
which
is
by
largely
history, as
and
is
when
after the
flying
The
in
an almost
kept
the
new kind
of trap,
human
way.
how
without letting
comes out
it
fall.
in the apes
herself,
for
future
use
after
ANTHROPOLOGY.
53
his
at her
througli the
it
filled
her
is
it
table
little
but, what
the jug,
[chap.
The death of
ran over.
One
fell
Indeed
less clever
although
it is
most
is
Human
is
hard and
The most
such cases to
consciously learnt.
fast
line
celebrated
Understanding he lays
it
down
have ideas, but are without man's faculty of forming abNow it is true that we have learnt
stract or general ideas.
to reason with abstract ideas, such as solidity
and
courage and
cowardice
and
that there
is
fluidity,
by dogs or
But
apes.
is
of this
is
in Locke's
sense at a time
The
is
in.
simplest form
attended
to,
as
as being that
Cut, to judge
by
MAN AND
11.]
OTPIER ANIMALS.
53
at
And
most interesting
is
it
object with
practically
expecting
is
to
by anything
excited
to
it
behave
recognising in
red.
it
what
is
ones,
prcvioi'.s
class.
place
of,
and generalisation.
Let us
not
It
is,
he says,
signs.
this itself is
In
the
fact
division attempted
by philosophers who
is,
he not only
feels
down
that
and
thinks,
his
it
lay
man
but
is
Man, we know,
is
cultivated by
persons
we know
but
are
it
anything outside,
When we
really
apt to mistake
their
own
who
bodies
fot
we
ourselves.
Evidently
it
is
by means of language
that
the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
54
human mind
[cha?.
abstract ideas
we
mark
the high
how
without words,
momentum,
The
plurality, righteousness ?
starting
on
his career of
tual regions.
man
In the comparison of
with
other
animals
is
possessed of
him
it
human
has not of
to receive
itself raised
more or
the
savage.
or
less
ci\-ilized
him
of the
man.
To
show how man may have advanced from savagery to civilization is a reasonable task, worked out to some extent in the
But tliere is no such evidence
later chapters of this volume.
available for crossing the mental gulf that divides the lowest
Beyond
is
is
On
out into
life
it
is,
so to
II.]
common
s5
with
CHAPTER
RACES
Race, 56
Differences of
Types
Variation, 84
In the
MANKIND.
OF
Stature
Features,
ment, 74
IIL
first
of Races, 75
Permanence,
80
Mixture,
80
87.
already
said as
man, seen
in
looking closely
at the
broad contrast
recognised by
Chinese.
all.
is
Some
now
to
and
moral temperament.
In comparing races as to their stature, we concern ourselves
not with the tallest or shortest men of each tribe, but with
the ordinary or average-sired
representatives
of their whole
tribe.
be taken as
The
fair
difference of
CHAP.
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
general stature
come
well
is
together in one
English colonist of
the 5
ft.
in.
district.
ft.
of mankind
Still
more
not
much
over
who
first
Sweden
Among
ft.
who seemed
the
a race
cliffs
in
7 in.
is
in.
Chinese labourers.
57
Patagonian they
first
on measuring them,
their
mean
ft.
11 in.
fair
Bushmen and
The
shortest
ft.
three or
far
tallest
exceeding 4
ft.
in.
and the
mastiff, or the
In general, the
stature
Thus
in
5fL 4
in.
England a
of
less
5ft.
of any race
may be
and a woman
of
Not only
diffei
man
women
m men
of various races.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
58
[chap.
still
B.
made by
the
who
cramped up
t lo.
life,
in their canoes.
man's
which
Thus there
are
inherited,
are long-limbed
and
mark
and short-limbed
different
tribes of
RACES OF MANKIXD.
III.]
The
mankind.
arm and
the
leg,
African negro
is
59
Sup-
for shortness.
in.
way of
of
skeletons
apes and
and reaching
jjosition
among
its
man
down
knee, while
man
is
(Fig.
instructive
5).
In
an
ui)right
foot, the
its
An
orang
its
the
down
his
may
belong.
warrior "
1
Much
of Zulu athletes.
the
Yet
be compared with a
classic
photographs of Kafirs
model such
as the Apollo,
it
will
which gives
breadth
across
the
hips,
these
of
being
two
model which
manly beauty. By this
ANTHROPOLOGY.
6o
kind of comparison
Yet,
how
in distinguishing
we have
[chap.
slight
men
of different race,
so
differ
much
intellectually
as
The most
of brain
to
skulls
filling
is
mean
usual
way of ascertaining
the quantity
Australian,
seventy-nine
African, eighty-five
European,
fibres,
have
and a higher
The form
of the skull
been
intellectual
to
itself,
so important in
its
relation
means of
distin-
by inspection of
The narrow cranium of the
a skull what race it belongs to.
negro (Fig. c^a) would not be mistaken for the broad
cranium of the Samoyed (Fig. 9^.) On taking down from
guishing races.
museum
often possible to
It is
tell
In comparing
skulls,
distinctions are
llie
following.
easily
noticeable
RACES OF MANKIND.
in.]
When
looked
6i
at
is
sjen as in Fig.
Taking
9.
70 in the Negro
the
Samoyed
(a),
Such
(c).
dolichokepJialii\ or "
headed
"
;
and
80
European
in the
long-headed
Top
view of
inde.>c 80,
pkulls.
here about
short-headed."
if
c,
in
middle-
model
of the middle
me.sokephalic
and 85
respectively as
braiJiykcplialic, or "
Fig. 9
is
(/'),
h.
European,
it
may be
b, have a somewhat
having the longest cross diameter considerably behind the
as
centre.
skulls, as in a,
the zygo-
matic arches connecting the skull and face are fully seen
while in others, as b and r, the bulging of the skull almost
hides them.
is
taken in
much
the
same way
ANTHROPOLOGY,
62
as the index
[chap.
which represents
an Australian
(cz'),
Fig.
io.
{e),
d, Atutralian, prognathous;
European, orthognathous.
African, pr.-gnathous
compared with
ours.
Thus
the
let
us
now
To some
III.]
RACES OF MANKIND.
skull beneath.
Thus
C3
and
its
is
portraits of a
On
Africa)
may be
selected
narrowness of skull
(/'),
African
faces
II.
M, show
a,
raco.
Siie
f).
they,
/',
Per
(South
effect
(d, e)
of
broader Tatar,
shows the
also
as
looking
well
as
the
i:in.
The
human
{d,
wliile
Swahel.
Mongolian
girl
an example of the
forehead,
Vv;
Hottentot
as
Carolong
softer parts
nose,
lips,
face
cheeks,
that hero
Tartary in
the middle
ages
described
its
iku-nosed
Female portraits, a. Negro (W. Africa) /), BaroLnsr (S. Afr'.ca); c, HotFig. 12
temot; d, Gilyak(N. Asia) e, Japanese ; / Col.rad^ Inj:an(N. America),
;
g, English.
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
inhabitants
as
having
no
noses at
all,
65
but
By pushing the
can
in
some degree
we
own noses upward,
manner in which various other races, notably
show the opening of the nostrils in full face.
through holes
close-fitting
in
lips,
their faces.
differ
in the
Fig. 13.
in
tlie
extreme from
breathing
ti])s
of our
imitate the
the
negro,
Our
thin,
those of the
Afiican negro.
portrait
(Fig.
^\'c
13) of
Jacob Wain-
negro
and
an
The mere
ANTHROPOLOGY.
66
[CPIAP.
but which
is
considered
Fig
14.
Secti
here given,
among
their
all
own people
as at least moderately
.lllcpr).
a, dermis, or true
r scaif-^kin.
The
mark of
race,
may
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
mankind.
The
14, a highly
is
substantially alike
is
C7
among
well
races of
all
shown
in Fig.
a shows the surface of the true skin with its papillce ; this is
covered by the mucous layer, the innermost cells of which
are deeply coloured by small grains of black or
(J))
down
name,
is
this
mucous
{c\,
while even
The
negro, in
is
at the
beginning of Hfe,
Nor does
layer
slighdy tinged.
is
brown
to brownish or yellowish
the darkest
ever extend over the negro's whole body, but his soles
and palms are brown. When Blumenbach, the anthropolosaw Kemble play Othello (made up in the usual way,
with blackened face and black gloves, to represent a negro)
he complained that the wholj illusion was spoilt for him
when the actor opened his hands. The brown races, such
gist,
less
till
is
some time
reached.
The
fair
white race.
dark colouring
in
not
of the
it is
depth of complexion
skin,
known by
the medical
name
of
fast
It is
Englishman
ANTHROPOLCGY.
68
[chap.
is
complexion
fairness of
whom
the colour-
The
most remarkable
is
negro
in the
The
is
who
dead white, as
features, but in
plaster.
which perfect
types
fair
are to be
met with
Scandinavia,
in
In such
fair
or blonde
this red,
which
is
tlie
well observed
in
blushing, which
their
is
shows
Albinos
this
with the
marked
out.
The
blush,
vivid through the blonde skin of the Dane, is more obscurely seen in the Spanish brunette ; but in the dark-
hand
by
heat, the
by
retreat of
The
contrary
effect,
of
is
is
hardly
paleness, caused
in
llie
like
manner
The Egyptian
all.
RACES OF MAXKIXD.
III.]
used regular
C9
Museum,
is
was
in this
mankind known
principal races of
page
4).
have marked
is
tion of high
The
varna, that
is,
" colour
"
;
and
this
arose,
Sanskrit
word
shows how
for caste
their distinc-
fairer
Aryan race
in-
light-complexioned high-caste,
white skin
is
from the yellow, brown, or black " natives," as he contemptuously calls them, in other quarters of the globe.
The
range of complexion
with
little
care,
and named
as conventionally
Now, however,
the traveller
ANTHROPOLOGY.
70
matching a piece of
The
silk.
[chap.
evaporation from
tlie
human
is
is
dislike
man's smell.
known
This
express
to
peculiarit}^,
which
a race-character of
The
part of the
liability to certain
This
eye.
is
the
fevers, &c.,
some importance.
human body which shows
is
is
the greatest
the
iris
of the
little
among mankind.
The
sclerotic
which
in
tinge
among
eyes
(as
of white rabbits)
is
The pink of
their
the back
rest of the
Prof Broca,
in
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
scale
his
71
shades of orange,
its
These
far
iris
really
commonly
so-called
remarks
Indeed
race,
it is
skin,
and
is
hair
among mankind.
darker skin and black hair, the darkest eyes generally prevail,
while
fair
complexion
iris,
is
usually accompanied by
especially blue.
fair
Saxon with
how
difficult it is
matching colours
in
of Great Britain.
Beddoe think
From
it
complexion.
As to colour 01
eyes and tawny hair.
most usual is black, or shades so dark as to be
taken for black, which belongs not only to the dark-skinned
ANTHROPOLOGY.
72
[c'iap.
pigment
the
hair
may
between
fair
But
is
skin.
also
In the fair-white
contain.
to black
in such
peoples
due
is
it
hair
Thus we see that there is a connecand fair skin, and dark hair and dark
impossible to lay
down
hair
and the
still
among
common
in fair-
wider range.
As
black.
may be
form of the
to the
hair, its
well-known
Alricans on the
left
little
or
difi"erences
12,
friz;:y
where the
kind, where
large spirals
the
latter variety.
cross
If
sections
is
rather of
form
their differences of
The almost
circular
more
curly
European hair
tion
the frizzy
Papuan
Mongolian hair
hair
(t/)
{/>)
hair
is
a lop-sided growth
hangs straight
(c)
is
more
the
elliptical sec-
flattened
while
(a)
has an oval or
the
RACES OF MANKIND.
lii.J
ours,
while
among
tho
Crow Indians
and
The
body-hair also
plentiful in others.
Thus
common
was
it
sweep on
behind him.
73
is
for
ground
the
So strong is the
Japanese have invented a legend that in
ancient times the Aino mothers suckled young bears, which
their island are comparatively hairless.
unfit
Fig.
15.
Sections of
ha'.r.
Japanese
/',
German
c,
sickly,
while
It
is
well-known
have
children
their
to
also
that
that
soon
they
may
races
are
be removed
to
not
not
injurious
to the
On
the
untouched by
other hand,
this
scourge of
we English look
upon measles as a trifling complaint, and hear with astonisliment of its being carried into Fiji, and there, aggravated no
doubt by improper treatment, sweeping away the natives by
a new
It is plain that nations moving into
thousands.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
74
climate,
body
to
if
they are to
new
the
state
flourisli,
of
life
[chap.
in
the rarefied
air
adaptation
has
much
to
the fair-white
colour
does
particular
to
do,
fitting
for
the
the
climates
the
complexion
zone
temperate
though, indeed,
climate,
as
wheie
in
America the
regions alike.
of
life
or death to a race,
chief of race-characters.
and the
dopend altogether on climate
There seems to be in mankind
and we should
some
races have
have stood
still
History
marched on
or fallen back,
differences of intellectual
tribes as the native
The
who have
RACKS OF MANKIND.
III.]
in
75
their schools
is
that,
common
level
the
superior
intellect
of
the
i)rogressive
The
must
The
civilized
and
literary nation.
Romans, did not start but carried on the forward movement of culture, while since then the fair-whites, as part
of the population of France, Germany, and England, have
taken their share not meanly though latest in the world's
progress.
some of
What
is
it
looked
will
for
character belonging
in
to
race.
is
It
the general
is
an often
a European landing
ANTHROPOLOGY.
76
at first thinks
makes out
careful observation he
ties,
but at
first
them
his attention
[chap.
such as Chinese or
After days of
all alike.
women
show
as
it
To
type of a people.
problem,
let
first
DWARFS
I'lq. 16.
to
measure the
point to be settled
some few
Patagonians;
as
even possible
It is
best.
how
tall
as short as Lapps,
these
very
short
AVERAGE M/J
S FT a IV
and
they are.
and some
tall
men
QIANTS
belong to the race, and yet are not its ordinary members.
If, however, the whole population were measured and made
to stand in order of height, there
about
five feet
much
inches or
six feet,
men
of each
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
stature, decreasing
inches which
Here,
in
is
77
mean
or typical man.
feet eight
till
men are found so short as five feet or so tall as six feet four
As the proverb says, " it takes all sorts to make a
inches.
world," so
it
is
a body of people
estimated
as
to
other
characters,
as
where a
mean
7S
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Fig.
18 Caribs.
[chap.
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
79
by single
whose food and way of
life there is little to cause difference between one man and
another, and who have lived together and intermarried fcr
many generations. Thus Fig. i8, taken from a photograph
it
easiest to represent
is
of a party of Caribs,
is
remarkable
all.
peculiarly easy to
make
out.
It is
Head
of
Rameses II
iigypu
it
may
be,
is
To
see
how
difficult
Modem
its
endless diversity.
of
human
cases
the race-type
such a nation
In
running through
in
first,
varieties,
looking
it
at
is
best to attend to
some
uniform
the simplest
and well-marked
ANTHROPOLOGY.
So
race,
to
and
what
asliing
[chap.
in
may happea
it.
is
(7
statue of
Rameses,
while
years ago,
is
an
Egyptian
whose
of
life
are with
little
villages,
who
of the
toil
who
built
present day,
Indeed,
alike.
the
I^yramids,
and
is
change
carry
may have
their counterparts
White Nile
tribes,
while
we
picked out
recognise
still
in
among
the
figures
the
of
of our
own
day.
Thus
there
its
centuries, or a
of type
far
may keep
may more
from
carried
is
its
into
early
from Archangel
to Singapore.
The
life,
or both.
its
is
familiar
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
new
intermediate
grades
appear
in
the
blood (Spanish
and so on
ciiartcro/i),
tlie
Fig.
character
more
20.
.M.iuiv
full
negro
t}'pe.
This intermediate
is
To
types.
illustrate this,
race,
sometimes
is
a Spaniard
it
Fig.
the
ANTHROPOLCGY.
82
Malay
is
The
curly
which
rises in
mixture
locks,
effect of
may
a mulatto's crimped,
[chap.
slaves, are
The Cafusos
of
hair,
This
is
and seems easily accounted for by the long stiff hair of the
native American having acquired in some degree the negro
frizziness.
The bodily temperament of mixed races also
partakes of the parent-characters, as
who
inherits
from
his
is
is
tion
well
lias
same
known
district,
last
few centuries
actually
come
into
existence
by
race-crossing.
RACES OF MANKIND.
i:i.]
This
is
nowhere so evident
as
83
the
slaves in
By
a mulatto population.
rise
to
shades of diversity
hopeless
the
uncertain group of
men
task
into
among mankind,
of
classifying
a special race.
without
every
The
little
water-
carrier
each
man down
Arabic, and
is
to
his
precise
Moslem, but he
is
man
This
race.
speaks
r either
is
may come
ancestry
feature
quarters
out of three
of the
globe.
Among
is
classified exactly
by
and
race.
it
varieties of
Tibet,
who
and the
fairer
ancient Aryans or
Indo-Europeans
produced numberless
fair
nations
of the
crosses.
Baltic
So
in
lias
of course
crossing
may
ANTHROPOLOGY.
84
great
main races
It is not
in
remote antiquity,
will
go
far to
enough
to look at a race of
intermarriage
for the
innumerable
that
men
as a
mere body
common
nature
tlieir
account
common
[chap.
is
plain,
inherited from
common
ancestors.
Now
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
its
is
cattle-breeder,
carefully choosing
by
85
In
fact,
the skilful
man may be
It naturally
suggests itself
produce
fertile
and more
origins,
and
native Australians,
as the English
half-breeds.
between
all races,
The
very imperfect.
among mankind
is
before
hidden
written
far
record
back
alterations of such
in
began,
the
so
that
pra^-historic
amount known
their
formation
period.
Nor
is
are
has
been
being
range
of
history.
It
ANTHROPCLOGY.
[chap,
themselves inde-
C5
less able
pendent
and
and stores
more exposed to alter in body under the
of the new climates they migrated into.
Even
of
climate
by shelter
fire
food, were
lluence
modern
times,
it
seems possible
new
conditions of
prove that
an inch or two
less in stature
in
to
rise
in
something of
trace
to
of
in-
Thus
life.
England the
a
population
when
So in the Rocky
^Mountains there are clans of Snake Indians whose stunted
tliey
came
in
villages.
mark them
the plains.
off
It is
in
undergone a charge
him a shade lighter in
States has
in a
left
comple?-:ion
IS
which
is
He who
the old.
in to mingle
The
suffice
show
to
the
uncertainty and
forward
will
of
any
difficulty
Yet
go upon
in
at the
same time
the fact
that
there
these
is
a ground-work
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
C7
in
spread
far
other races as
how
give an idea
races
went.
it
'I'he
the si)reading
place.
itself
It
may
Though such
and Flower.
as proved
and
certain,
it is
ideas by understanding
fix
our
that
movement whose
it
regularity can be
yet the
is
would not
map
settle the
The main
Guinea from
by saying that
modern anthro-
its
negro-like natives.
fjrtile
line
regions of
name
of
New
In a former geological
name
Africa
The
of Lemuria)
to the
attention
far East,
of
uniting these
anthropologists
in
now
separate lands.
has been
particularly
part
of this
former
ANTHROPOLOGY.*
88
These Mincopis
men under
[chap.
flat in
five feet),
section
and
(Fig. 23)
with skin of
frizzled,
which
^5^
But while
in these points
/T^'^-^'
Fic;. 23.
Andaiiian
Islanders.
negro, they are unlike him in having skulls not narrow, but
his.
It
lips
so
full,
a nose so wide,
human
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
89
various points
spread oser
in
its
world.
The
narrow
skull,
projecting
flattjned
nose, full
hair,
its
in
Guinea,
district
special
black-brown
and out-turned
wide
its
but
it
to
in
of the
marks of
skin,
woolly
has already
lips,
Its
67).
type
spreads
far
and wide
north,
noticed a less
had somewhat modified the type. In this respect the smallgrown Hottentot-Bushman tribes of South Africa (see Figs.
8, 12^) are most remarkable, for while keeping much negro
character in the narrow skull, frizzy hair, and cast of
features, their
There
is
skm
is
such a race to
cross
indeed there
with.
If
transformation
case of the
new
conditions.
are found in
the
To
return
of races
now
to
no evidence
is
the
Bushman
is
is
an excellent
and classed under the general term Negritos {i.e. " little
blacks "), seeming to belong to a race once widely spread
over this part of the world, whose remnants have been
driven by stronger new-come races to find
mountains.
the island
of Luzon.
refuge in the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
go
[CIIAP.
known
as Melanesia, the
New Guinea to
Fiji.
The group
Fig. 24.
ridged,
New
RACES CF MANKIND.
HI.]
much
91
in the coast-people
is
of
Fiji,
where
Lastly, the
belongin;_, to
Fig.
-Mclanesians.
mania
at
the south.
New
The
Guinea
at the
Australians,
north,
with skin
ANTHROPOLCGY,
tes^'c-^
[chap.
RACES OF MANKIND.
HI.]
Fig. 28.
chocolate-colour,
93
maybe
races of man.
While
it
their skull
differs
from
it
is
in special points
which have
ANTHROPOLCGY.
9+
[chap.
been already mentioned (page 60), and has, indeed, peculiarities which distinguish it very certainly from that of other
races.
may be
flat
woolly black
hair.
full
Looking
G. 29.
Dravidlan
lips,
at the
map
hill -man
(after Fryer).
race
in
tilling
the
soil,
with
tli^
more mixed
in
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.l
boen
!or ages,
now form
Farcher
tvest,
Fig.
30.
it
may be
and
If so, to this
nations of
Fig.
fp.ce
Tunis.
95
Nubian
tribes
seem
ANTHROPOLCGY.
56
[chap.
who from
The
Chaps. IX. to XL)
in over
the Syrian
(as in
border.
Fig. 31.
among
Goldi (Amur).
mankind were
him from the
on the other.
Turning
type of
Mongoloid
marked representatives on the vast
man
has
its
best
RACES CF MANKIND.
i:i]
Their skin
hair scanty.
brownish-yellow,
Their skull
jection of cheek-bones,
orbits,
is
face-
t lU. 3-.
edge of the
is
97
:3.a.UlC^C aCI'C^iCi.
which, as well
as
the tliglitness
of
and the
snub-nose, are observable in Tigs. 30 and 31, and in
Fig. 12 d.
The Mongoloid race is immense in rangj and
brow-ridges,
the
slanting
aperture of
the
eyes,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
53
numbers.
The
connexion with
[chap.
in the familiar
show
their
of
34 are portraits
from Siam, Cochin-ChiLa, and Corea. In his wide migrations over the world, the Mongoloid, through change of
climate and life, and still farther by intermarriage with other
and Japanese.
the Chinese
races, loses
J'lG. 33.
in the south-east,
istic
where
breadth of skull
is
It is so
Cochin-Cli.iitse.
in
China and
lessened.
in,
in their languages,
home
than can be
plexion and
made
feature.
out
in
Yet the
Figs. 35
and
36,
comhave
not lost the race-differences which mark them off from the
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
99
who wander
like
them with
their reindeer
on the
limits of
In
races of
On
the
Malay peninsula,
of Asia, appear
the
at
first
the
members
of
the
Malay
race.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
[chap.
i:i.]
RACES OF MANKIND.
ICI
ANTHROPOLCGY.
I02
[chap.
who
Figs.
Malays,
civilised
whib
From
state.
the
first
mixed
less in
till
bodily make.
among them
is
It
South Sea
with
crossing
Islands,
populations of
in appearance.
way
.ess
dark
tlie
different
altering
still
may have
their
island groups
where
of sailors
their
in
further from
hair, often
Melanesians,
This race
to Madagascar,
face, as
to represent this
European
spread over
special
so
type
by
now the
vary much
that
often
even
found their
Turning now
in this
New World
Hoi>e or
climates
various
strongly-marked
kinds of
men, white,
But
America from the Arctic to the Antarctic regions, he
would have found no such extreme unlikeness in the
if
i:ij
RACES OF MANKIND.
11..
^j
-U.y.
1^3
ANTHROPOLOGY.
I04
inhabitants.
liave
poured
in
since
i'm 40
in
Not
in stature,
the
fifteenth
ls.inj;smill
century,
the
native
Islander.
Americans
one
race.
[chap.
form of
skull,
feature,
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
considerable,
not as
if
seem
loj
several races
its
It is
proper type ia
its
if
the country
men
themselves.
The
Figs. 41
American tribes.
and 42 represent the wild hunting-tribes of North America
in one of the finest forms now existing, the Colorado
Indians, while in Fig. 43 the Cauixana Indians may stand
as examples of the rude and sluggish forest-men of Brazil.
While tribes of America and Asia may thus be of one
kinship
narrow roof-topped
is
skulls
Eskimo with
may be a branch
of the
Mexicans and
Peruvians
having in
somj
\\ay
We come
last to the
all
more dominant
ANTHROPOLCGY.
Fig.
41 Colorado
intellectually, morally,
commonly spoken
and
hid. an (Nor.h
politically
[chap.
Amcnca).
on the
earth.
Though
it is
plain
and
RACES OF MANKIND.
in.]
Fic;.
42
mixed population.
separate
them
fair-wliites
into
Ci/I>irad
It
is
107
two great
(melanochroi, xanthochroi).
and
Ancient portraits
ANTIIROPO" OCV.
ro;;
l'i(..
[CUAP.
Phoenicians,
I'ersians,
Greeks,
Romans
and wluu
RACES OF MANKIND.
III.]
siicli
log
as the Andahisians,
through
will
it
all
ters.
deep brown
skulls vary
much
in
Rather
profile
wavy or
curly
theii
is
full
upright, the
nose
whose transparent
fair-whites,
eyes
may be
skin, flaxen
appearance of fair-whites
Egyptian
and blue
hair,
artists
may be
with
represent
in
The
earliest
the
paintings where
yellowish-white
recorded
skin
and
remnants of blonde
tribes
about
fair
are
still
known.
red-haired people
These
fair
who appear
type among
Syria,
the Jews,
nations
when
the classic writers begin to give accounts of its barbarous inhabitants, from the Goths northward to the dwellers in
and dark
of the
in
fair
opinion.
complexion.
But as
bjtween fair
and first home
jieople,
to the origin
it
from darlc-whites.
Both
ANTHROPOLOGY.
sorts
day German
Austrian.
is
spoken by the
Among
fair
[chap.
at this
tall
Fig. 44.
Georgians.
brown races of
RACES CF MANKIND.
III.]
may
However
be,
and many
so-called Arabs
who
Fig. 45.
may be
millions
thus
accounted
Swedes.
It
is
thus that
their race
is
mixed between
stance
for.
of
this
its
very
men,
that of the
darker indigenes.
combination
is
India
Aryan conquerors
An
to
in
instructive
be
seen in
in-
the
ANTHRCPCLCGY.
313
[chap.
who found
many
their
way from
centuries
is
since.
a favourable
down Hindu
dialect
their
ancestry
in
the
Thus
to
map
human species.
among a few
RACES CF
III.J
main
of
vari.jtic3
its ditliculty
^IANKI:n"D.
113
of
in spite
But
to
and exactly
to assign to
geological
period
If
when
man's
first
in
them
their earliest
appearance was in a
now, then on
It
may perhaps be
reasonable
and
CHAPTER
IV.
LANGUAGE.
Sign-making, 114
tural
Language, 122
Change
127
its
There
one another.
witli
speak words,
c\vz.\y
let
for
and
to understand
utter cries,
These
letters.
how
they do
When
gestures,
natural.
talk together
by word
dumb show
iieen able
or pantomime.
Every reader of
Imagine a simple
to
be
father
is
case.
sitting there
this
is
has
in this
boy
beckons to
now
inti-
mates by signs that he has come for the key of the box, to
which his brother answers by other signs tliat it is in the
LANGUAGE.
CH. IV]
This
him.
is
be
oft"
115
hall,
concluding with a
quietly after
the ^gesture-language as
it.
tion
it
full
may be worked up
to,
it
among
the deaf-and-dumb,
presence of the
moving
his
that
it
this
account.
to
was a
He
litde girl.
The
make
child's
it
under
ny
began
cround, as we do
meant
writer of
hand,
child
the
this
Then he
She beckons
drop two coins from one hand into the other if there had
been any doubt as to whether they were copper or silver
coins, this would have been settled by pointing to some;
way of handling
is
made known
that
it is
Next,
a wave of the hand shows the child being sent off on her
errand, the usual sign
made by two
fingers walking
on the
table.
The
is
turning of
ANTHRCPCLCGY.
Ii6
over
Behind
it.
shown
Avaist
counter a figure
pointed out
is
he
down where
it
is
hand
and drawing
to one's chin
would be
tliis
man by
to be a
[chap.
the beard
is
or
man
is
the
shopman.
To
him the child gives her jar, dropping the money into his
hand, and moving her forefinger as if taking up treacle, to
show what she wants. Then we see the jar put into an
imaginary pair of scales which go up and down the great
treacle-jar is brought from the shelf and the little one filled,
with the proper twist to take up the last trickling thread
;
on
to
at the
shoAV
jar,
till,
in
child, looking
was tempted
how
to take more,
by the spot of
The
down
treacle
on her
it
off
how she
pinafore,
and so
forth.
to explain
its
two kinds.
working more
In the
Thus
shown.
if
or " shoe," he
speaking
closely.
The
first
touches his
man would
say
be well
will
it
'
own hand
I,"
hand "
Where a
''
or shoe.
" thou," "he," the deaf-mute
To
"red"
own
or
"blue" he
express
lip
or
imitation.
mean "water,"
or
or
"coachman," or "to
drive," as
tlie
case
may
be.
LANGUAGE.
IV.]
"lucifer"
pretending
indicated by
is
"
by
117
it
forefinger like a
out.
Thus
and so become
signs of the
a match,
strike
to
up the
is
may be
in
same temper
in others.
becomes an expressive
sign for
brought
in to
" a pen,"
-s^'ay
supplement
may
it
is
sign
Thus
it.
if
when a
clear,
others are
one wants
to express
one, as that might be intended for " writing " or " letter,'
but
if
to
will
self-expressive, that
come
hardly
They
use
into
make
out until
i',
rate
Of
the gesture-language
live together, there
explained to him
it is
signs, as
signs,
among them
this
meant.
is
how
they arose.
referred to
by the sign of
him
for
the
tailor.
instance,
sign
at
of chopping
it
Berlin
off
Deaf-and-dumb
means a
a head
appears that
the
children,
ANTHROPCLCGY.
Ii8
[chap,
signs without
seem artiticia].
Next to studying the gesture-language among the deafand-dumb, the most perfect way of making out its principles
is in its use by people who can talk but do not understand
one another's language. Thus the celebrated sign-languages
of the American prairies, in which conversation is carried on
between hunting-parties of whites and natives, and even between Indians of
different tribes,
Thus "water"
is
ex-
it,
among
of communication
is
when
outlandish
so natural
people, such
all
as
the world
over,
way
that
dumb
children, with
with deHght
whom
they at once
fell
to conversing
Signs to be
understood
sort.
in
in this
suppose to be
artificial,
for
on the ground.
This
no longer have
to
do
this,
custom keeps up
the sign.
It
has to
means matches,
LANGUAGE.
IV.]
One
reason
is
that
but
so
little
powjr of expressing
abstract ideas.
making
has
it
119
particular ways of
it is
beyond him
quite
common
to
we
to all these, as
make one
is
it
Next
out.
let
us
pressed
that
to
on the table
zvhich I left
practically
conveyed
what we may
may be
which,
has none.
is
in gestures,
and there
will
be signs
called the
"'
for
leave, black.
grammatical
words,
"
is,
there will be
substantives, adjectives,
and
verbs.
may mean "grass" or "green," and preone's hands may suggest "warm" or "to
warm oneself," or even "fireplace."
Nor (unless where
to a grass-plot
tending to
artificial
warm
signs have
been brought
in
by teachers)
is
there
from
he,
domiim from
picture in the
donnis.
What is done is to call up a
minds of the spectators by first setting up
be thought about, and then adding to or
something to
acting on it till the whole story
told.
ANTHRCPCLCGY.
I20
fast,
is
as
" green."
if this
[chap.
by pointing
The proper
to the
gesture-
to see
fail
it
what
grass
had
" cats
to
kill
as
it
cat kill."
can express
will
his
voice
will
have made
human
The
it
man
next step
sort of signs,
namely,
Sounds of
voice in language.
thoughts on
One kind
of sounds used by
men
as signs, consists of
Men show
pain by uttering
by distortion of face joy is expressed by
shouts as well as by jumping; when we laugh aloud, the
Such sounds
voice and the features go perfectly together.
are gestures made with the voice, sound-gestures, and the
emotional cries or
tones.
groans as well as
greater
class.
sneering,
how
his
tone
features belonging to
of
the vowels.
follows
the
may
attitude
of
voice
in affecting the
musical quality of
become
signs of
th::
LANGUAGE.
av.]
emotion he
expression
feels,
is
121
or pretends to feel.
in fact musical,
is
rising
to
more, we do
it
We
can
all
do
and what
this,
words used,
for
shaded
in
off
England arc
this
to
make such
as a
For
to
may happen
Clearly
expression.
tribes
all
man-
to speak.
know how
as ah ! oh ! express
by
their
jir-r-r
.'
The
well as
we do
the growling
As
imitative.
dumb one
will
it
by imitating
its
its
face,
muioic.
so
If
Here again
made
ANTHROPOLOGY.
122
[CIIAP.
Not only do
when
bell,
/icc-/ta:i:>
and the
of the
rat-iat of the
need hardly be said that these ways of expression are understood by mankind all the world over.
Now joining gesture-actions and gesture-sounds, they will
form together what may be called a Natural Language.
knocker.
It
gestures only.
It
is
belonged
to our race
man
Here a very
student has the
far
existed.
means
on which every
How
their
LANGUAGE
IV.]
man
room by himself
in a
groan
in pain,
will
clench his
When
or laugh aloud.
cries
fist
gestures
man do make
anger, or
in
and
come nearer
The
123
cries serve
to real signs.
gestures
and
others, as
when
answer,
especially males
Human
almost certainly.
language does
not answer
call
its
her
warns
off a
dog near
his
paddock.
As
yet,
how-
let in,
or
how
far
it
foims a conception
it is
it
is
it
idea.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
124
its
mind
[chap.
easily
goes on to higher
stages.
to
ordinary language.
it
may speak
people
English, or Chinese,
keep up the use of the expressive gestures and interand imitations which belong to natural language.
jections
nursery
It is
struck by
it,
much
purpose.
become more
self-
as
emotional
to
actually
used
may be
cited from
in
sounds,
among
the
variety
these
of
For instances, a
every language.
interjections
set
is
few
down
grammars
English rt//
oh ! ugh ! foh ! ha ! ha !
aho ! (surprise), aha! (reproach),
Sanskrit
Malay
Galla
f/^
o!
Australian
.'
.'
in!.' (t-t)
?</.'
wayo !
fulh
(sorrow),
[
urprisc),
tiit!!
(entreaty).
po:h
(contempt).
sh
(vexation).
(disliiic).
in
LANGUAGE.
v.]
As
125
mankind, ancient
= ed (Eg>'ptian).
Crow = kaka (San-krit).
Cat mau (Chinese).
Nightingale = bulbtd (Persian).
Hoopoe = upupa (Latin).
Ass
Rattlesnake =
P'LV
shi-shi-giua (Algonquin).
bumbcroo (Australian).
Drum =
dtindu (Sanskrit).
Jie-Jie ").
ANTHROPOLOGY,
126
[chap.
sometimes
hit
imitations.
to beat.
is
once directed to
this class of
In the Chinuk
heehee-\vQ\\s,Q"
understands that
is
among
the people
word
who speak
called a
till
he
this curious
it,
parasite who buz/es round the chief like a fly round meat.
These instances from uncivilized languages are like those
which appear among the most ])olished nations, as when we
its
proper sense
Now
if
their origin
may be
becomes changed,
sound.
it
is
7voe
found to be an
LANGUAGE.
IV.]
German
127
weJi) into
a substantive
So an Englishman would
hardly guess from the present pronunciation and meaning
yet when he comof the word pipe, what its origin was
pares it with the Low Latin pipa, French J>ipe, pronounced
expressing
sorrow or
distress.
more
a
like
reed-pipe
to
chirp,
how
as
as tobacco-pipes
Indians on
like
For
We
traces of their
first
expressiveness.
intelligible ways
which sound can be made to express sense.
When
people want to show alteration in the meaning of a word,
it is enough to make some change in its pronunciation.
It
in
not
difficult to
Africa,
actually reversed
reader can
manage
own
"mi
to
love.
"mi
as
The English
tricks
by varying
This process of
may
and
word
there-
ANTHROPOLOGY.
128
[cHAP.
did not
"
is
number
of different purposes.
It
to laugh
much," while
becomes
like these.
But
it
This
well
language
should
shown by
all
is
itself is
chosen almost
LANGUAGE.
IV.]
anyhow
toy, sleep,
and
129
&c.
Georgians
mama
for
"son," "good-bye"!
"father."
From
its
difficult
On
examining
English,
any other of
or
thousand
the
To
is
timepiece a
used.
is
illustrate the
when we
it
call
It is
it
when a
difference,
tick-tick,
this
is
known
7vake
gist
loatch,
But
why it is
name from
had its
whose name 'denotes
Anglo-Saxon
luocccan,
his
denote
a pocket
duty to
child calls
plainly self-expressive.
Or
why
if
the
same
effort
of genius,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
I30
[chap.
By going
farther
Thus
it is
aries
there
is
Maori pai means good and kino bad. It is mainsome philologists that emotional and imitative
by
tained
as have been described in this chapter are
such
sounds
of all language, and that although most
source
very
the
why
in
the
certainly
meaning of from
has
their teachers.
it
would be
Now
all
this
unscientific to
accept
of
LANGUAGE.
IV.]
131
lie in
mind
some
still
acting,
The
lost gifts or
On
it,
words by choosing
fit
once
man
the faculty of
for
still
all,
and
possesses,
making new
level of
was not an
origin of language
the contrary,
when he wants
uses
ceased entirely.
proves that
It
its
then
and
original
But he now
seldom puts this faculty to serious use, for this good reason,
that whatever language he speaks has its stock of words
ready to furnish an expression for almost every fresh thought
that crosses his mind.
CHAPTER
LANGUAGE
Articulate Speech, 130
Growth
V.
{continued
of Meanings, 131
Abstract
Words,
143 Roots,
Gender, 149
144
Syntax,
146
Development of
Government
Language, 150.
limb
or
"jointed,"
to
distinguish
it
from the
inarticulate
or
Such
conversation by gestures and exclamations as was shown in
the last chapter to be a natural language common to mankind, is half-way between the communications of animals
and full human speech. Every people, even the smallest
world he
LANGUAGE.
Cii. v.]
more
more
133
plainly
is
it
make a
into, the
It
is
Whitney, and
many
looked
Peile.
What we have
Max
MiJller,
to attend to,
Sayce,
is
that
at
arbitrary rules
for
thoughts.
his
It
fuller,
may be
The reason
of this
is
not
is
of
all
existing languages
While
in general.
high antiquity,
changes
in
its
its
words may
structure has
coming down
to
in great part
passed
modern
once keeps up
times,
relics
be traced to
through extreme
and
in its present
of ancient forma-
tions,
in
have helped
in
the
making of language,
at
known
to
anywhere.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
'i34
[chap.
their meanings,
still
is,
called, as
hut)
in
soldiers (that
it
its
a regimeiit (that
is,
a ruling or
company
(that
is,
under a captain
is,
command) of
is, lads, who
is,
those
(that
place-holders).
is,
On
is,
looked into)
head-man) and
is
its
each
together) being
clock,
bell,
from
iveights,
and what
are metaphor-
ladder) the hours {or times), divided into minutes (or smalls),
These instances
means
to supply the
in
It will
The Aztecs
came
Vancouver Islanders, when they saw how a screwnamed it at once yetseh-yetsokleh, that is, the
The Hidatsas of the Missouri till lately had
only hard stone for their arrows and hatchets
so when
they became acquainted with iron and copper they made
I'he
steamer went,
" kick-kicker."
LANGUAGE.
v.]
I35
names
it,
called
it
had
to
?/^/^flr///V/i-/,
that
is
it
As a help to understand how words 'have come to exstill more difficult thoughts, it is well to remember the
contrast between the gesture-language and spoken English
It was seen how the deaf-and-dumb fall short of
(p. 119).
Not
our power of expressing general and abstract ideas.
They use signs
that they cannot conceive such ideas at all.
as general terms when they can lay hold of some quality or
Thus flapping one's
action as the mark of a whole class.
arms like wings means any bird, or birds in general, and the
sign of legs-four, means beasts, or quadrupeds in general.
The pretence of pouring something out of a jug expresses the
notion of fluid, which they understand, as we do, to comprise
press
words
in this
light,
it
goes.
to see
It
is
instructive
come on
to the
most
difficult
terms of
To
common.
The
ANTHROPOLCGY.
136
such words as
[chap.
and perhaps
easily,
make,
correctly,
indeed, as
it
random
to express
Having
learnt
As
in the
suffer
meant
to
bear as a burden.
It
belongs to high
now
"sights."
One
meant
use of etymology
is
*'
catching hold
that
it
teaches
"
of
how
men
knowledge.
The
"
LANGUAGE.
v.]
This again
is
i37
deaf-and-dumb man wants to convey in gesis come, he has brought the harness of the
pony and put it on a bench," he can communicate the sense
of this well enough, but he does it by merely giving the real
If a
119).
(p.
parts, as
articles
ing of
if
" a
he
till
is
taught to read.
we speaking-people have
Though he cannot intimate
come
that
to use
it is
grammatical words.
it
Now English
tending to take the harness off the pony.
etymology often shows that our grammatical words were
made
in very
originally the
much
way out
this
" one,"
numeral
of real words
still
in " I
When an Englishman
not
it
mean
that he
is
an or a was
the
of
is
is
derived
may be
real
meaning of
or grasp,
Scotch ane;
keeps
its
of
become a mere
old
full
or
auxiliary
sense of to hold
him
on
real words.
As
the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
138
[chap.
"
/z'^A'/ =
" I,"
and
"slave"
=--
used as a pronoun
is
" 1,"
and tmuan
"lord''
as a
these
An exact line
real
for the
exact one,
try to tell
it
an
will
intelligible story in
man
Philology goes
still
plicated devices of
The
further in explaining
grammar
how
the
com-
us in a
a useful
relations
do without
that
they
parts of speech,
and
it
it
among
But
it
is
the several
possible to
not to be supposed
forms of language.
In
In
no such distinction even between noun and verb.
Chinese, thwan means round, a ball, to make
round, to sit round, and so on ; vgan means quiet, quietly,
is
classical
LANGUAGE.
V.J
to
be
to
quiet,
We
&c.
quiet,
139
inflexions
as
speech in
to
strike,
The
or a sub-
very forma-
middle,"
is
used to
/ thing," that
man
is,
"
mean "in
kill
man
the kingdom,"
use
and "sha
stick," expresses
" to
jin
kill
dingo,
tvith
a stick."
may be caught
in the act of
say " put table neck " for " on the table," and " house
M(y
"
We
by combining
words have
selves,
but
Language
its
to
as
at the
words
to
way
in
To
see this,
consists of sentences,
speaking.
actual
and a sentence
is
made up
a distinct meaning.
The
may
Thus kou chi shi jin s:e, that is "dog sow eat man food"
means that dogs and sows eat the food of men.
The class
of languages which can be taken to pieces in this perfect
way
In
most languages
is
ANTHROPCLCGY.
I40
and they
separate,
To
will
it
really breaks
is,
between them as
not
till
us notice rather
commore
English sentences.
On
the joining or
in writing,
its
from time
how
let
run on continuously
a word
[chap.
Now,
is called by Mr. Sweet).
words may be noticed becoming
it
to time, certain
How
hard
that
On
ship, steam-
having
sicam
or
ship, steamship.
it is
found
whole compound
how
in talking English
This
stress.
is
our minds give a sign by our voices that two words have
become
one.
The
next step
is
when
end-words of 7oatermaji,
7c>?-ofigfid.
Or both
the simple
words may have broken down, as in boatswain and coxsrvain, where writing keeps up the original meaning of the
swain
Now
coxun.
this
process of forming a
is
one of
for,
gone too
in speaking.
philologists can
still
When
has not
this
decern in undecim,
shrunk
ni^:^Jit
still
in
farther
LANGUAGE.
v.]
in
French onze
the jus,
in
dico,
141
To show how
'heart-one-come."
is
gurdugyuyul, or
become
vibadingrmiso, which
is
the
name
Yakpus ;
yakhpekukselkous,
this
made up
hair- man,"
No
this
it is
come
ing of long
may have
reasonable hope
is
to the original
show
that distinctness
may be
to express that he
way
we may
how utterly
is
lost.
When
bone
in
would be
my
e
breast."
ya
His
full
words
but in
ANTHROPOLCGY.
143
[chap.
is
yamukroure.
on unchecked,
easy to see
is
it
master and
fixed
and
the printer,
who
were
insist
it
separate.
here given
of
means of building up
Especially,
agii,
and make
agere,
agejis,
into difterent
actum, actor,
&c.
disappeared when
it
and
in
modern languages
Thus
is
now
once the
is seen by Anglo-Saxon
where modern English says
In Chaucer's English it is seen how the pronoun
distinct
word
" like," as
and seyde,
SlepistcTTc;
now?"
.?
LANGUAGE.
v.]
143
what speaking
verb
I will
give."
I'll
is
ai, as,
donnerai"is a phrase
do/i/ierofis,
is
joins,
dontierai, donneras,
"
"I have
like
no
can
donnerez,
be
plural
taken to
thus
meaningless grammatical
The
to give."
longer
have passed
There is
Greek
and Latin grammar arose in this way by distinct words
combining together and then shrinking. Not that it would
be safe to assert that all affixes came into existence in
into
reason
men
pointed
ez.
of
affixes
out
in
the
last
up in Aery
Thus the prefix
to catch
it.
ons,
of the
As was
way.
particular
this
chapter,
many
suppose that
to
affixes
ways a sound
far-fetched
ge,
to
to
express
make
past
gespicle,
it
c^me
spielen,
in
" playfellow
to
to
serve
play,
"
;
as
gespielt,
Anglo-Saxon, as clypian, to
word
in
its
keep
makers
form yclept
later
of
which
gedypod,
still
keeps up among us a
called,
grammatical device.
their eyes
have
It
call,
open
using
to this
sounds
for.
Philologists have
power which languagefor some new purpose
originally
made
to
show
with
that
this
tlic
intention
that
the
at
all.
The
ANTHROPOLOGY.
144
YAxarviX fcf,
fofa, fotiim.
[chap.
it
Nor was
was singular
it
fot,
a sign of tense
find,
perfect.
It is
to take
'
ing.
Turning next
appears
by comparing the whole set of Aryan or Indo-European languages, it appears that there must have been in ancient
times a word something like gna, meaning to know, wliich
is to be traced not only in Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, but
root-form for knowing.
as
the
in
many
In
this
way,
as
Russian znat.
LANGUAGE.
v.]
Englisn know.
I45
sfa,
i/a,
to stand,
satf,
to
sit,
ga, to go,
/,
meanings
how
thropology
known
These simple
to die.
sounds seem
in
7;rar,
It is
when
interesting
on the highlands
their herds
not needful to
it is
their
tell
But
should at the
it
of roots,
or beginning.
was so here
But most
a real origin.
is
may
impossible
fidently
Unless
how
it is
safest
lost
How
roots.
To him
say con-
meaning.
its
to
their
if
what-
their
can be done,
this
is
and
roots, to
it
origin
direct
teach.
Imagine
trying to get at
indeed
it
actually has
now
ro/e,
it
rou/cr, all
from Latin
this
the history
ro//e,
dimir.utive
turous
rotii/us,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
146
now
all
to
[ckap.
checking,
check,
checked,
the check-
course,
one's
to
water in a pipe.
all
to
the simplicity of
an original root-
word.
shah,
many
root-words
among
simple-looking monosyllables
of the Chinese,
may
during
Thus the
grown
at
home
it
were from
or imported
Having now,
in
suits
the present
may
among
is done by what
and government. It
has been seen (p. 119) that the gesture-language, though
wanting in grammatical forms, has a strongly marked syntax.
The deaf-mute's signs must follow one another in proper
order, otherwise they may convey a wrong meaning or seem
nonsense.
So, in spoken languages which do not inflect
their words, such as the Chinese, syntax is the main part of
grammar thus li ping = sharp weapons, ping li = weapons
grammarians
call
syntax,
This
concord,
(are) sharp
the
kingdom
chi
is
kuo
to govern the
LANGUAGE.
v.]
I47
men.
In Latin
it is
men
kill lions
and
lions kill
in.
hardly more
syntax than
if
The
is
often
nonsense-
sense has to be
made
It
is
because so
many
of the inflections
mind
forest,
For a
t/lan
is
where orang
= man and
Every one who can construe Greek and Latin sees what
done by government and agreement in showing how the words of a sentence hang together, what quality
is stated of what thing, or who is asserted to act on what.
real service is
It is useful to
their
clearly
make
ac-
One
in earlier
and plainer
stages of
is
to
ANTHROPOLCGY.
148
make
it
quite
and which
who
properly attached
do
will
a way which we
thus
may
killed a chief
this,
[chap.
2in
when
as
particle
Algonquin
tlie
try to translate
by the pronoun
/>;/,
Ogimau
ogi
chief
he-did
sa;/
muk\v//.
l<ill////
bear-//'m.
iii
Mukwah
ogi
nis o^iin
ogima////.
bear
he-did
kill-//m
chief-/^/w.
time,
it
mark the
shows that
may go
different
ways to work,
together,
different languages
the verb
into use to
At the same
is
for
here
(so to
To
see
and completer form than Latin can show it, we may look
at the Hottentot language, where a sentence may run somewhat
thus,
"That
woman-iV/<?, our
tribe's-.?//^, rich-being-.?//^,
calves-of-iV/<r-from."
the
it is
in another village,
whose
two of her
sentence,
calves.
The
woman who
is
rich,
who
dwells
do
in the
different plan
LANGUAGE.
v.]
149
and then
classes,
carries the
marking
is
it
how
this acts in
it
groups:
avior
pes
(masc),
(masc),
virtus
manus
(fern.),
(fem.),
delictum
take
the
brachium
(neut.
).
In
71'//
may decay
(English
zoife),
into absurdity,
ANTHROPOLCGY.
ijo
No
[chap.
classic
languages
is
the
There are
is
is
by no means necessarily
alive or dead,
rational or irrational,
major gender, or
how
in
noticed
that adjective
Latin,
and clearness
it
has
in the languages of
of intelligence
it
The facts in this chapter will have given the reader some
idea how man has been and still is at work building up
language.
Any one who began by studying the grammars of such languages as Greek or Arabic, or even of such
barbarous tongues as Zulu or Eskimo, would think them
wonderfully
artificial
languages suddenly
systems.
come
into existence
among a
tribe of
would have been an event mysterious and unaccountable in the highest degree.
But when one begins
at the other end, by noticing the steps by which word-making
and composition, declension and conjugation, concord and
syntax, arise from the simplest and rudest beginnings, then
men,
this
is
LANGUAGE.
v.]
ful,
and
man
intelligible.
still
possesses
It
was shown
still
151
it
may be added
that
articulate
speech.
had they not inherited a language readyparents, would have enabled them to make
capabilities which,
their
own.
CHAPTER
VI.
loss
Berber, &c.
160
of Language,
of Lanjuage,
Tatar
Turanian, 161
or
South-East Asian,
162
165.
The
next question
is,
What can be
and the
In former chapters,
races
mankind
dividing
in
according to their
skulls,
into stocks or
complexions,
and other
which
it is
totally misleading, as
is
when some of
Germ.an ancestry.
jjopulations
may
Now
liave
not only
their native
cii. VI.]
153
as
and had no
native tongwe in common, so that they came to talk to one
another in the language of their white masters, and there is
slaves to
now
tribes
to
broken-down
families talking
or Spanish.
Keltic language
in
the
exactly together.
to a great extent.
really proves
not his
is
own
brought up by their
speech
live
So long
together in their
own
common
remain a race-mark
gration
parents,
to
and
as people of
And
although mi-
interfere,
tell
part of
it,
and
that a
most important
is
who were
they mixed.
in
tells
it
in
it
fails
Corn-
whom
of a nation gives as to
man's surname
history, but
still
Thus
part.
tells
its
race
is
as to his famil}',
one groat
line of
it
something
like
what a
ANTHROPOLOGY.
154
It
can show as
is
of
between languages.
little
philologists
[chap.
dozen words
at all similar,
if
all.
means a
cloak, like
there
Arabic
name
object.
Also, words
really belong
found
in.
to the old
]>efore
now
own
satis-
father pader,
which
is
The
fact is
true enough,
that the
barbaric language by taking words from the cultured Arabic
lately
borrowed
VI.]
155
Borrowed words
words, not philologically Turkish at all.
like these are indeed valuable evidence, but what they
prove
not the
is
common
origin of languages,
it is
inter-
They often
from
which
some
new
produce
country
the
clue
to
give the
was obtained, or some new instrument, or idea, or instiThus in English it is seen by the very
tution, was learnt.
words how Italy furnished us with opera, sonata, chiaroscuro,
while Spain gave galliiia and viulatto, how from the
Hebrews we have sabbath and jubilee, from the Arabs zero
and magazine, while Mexico has supplied chocolate and
tomato, Haiti hammock and hurricane, Peru guano and
course between the nations speaking them.
quinine,
But
When
for a few
will often
in
its
will
English
ten,
tame,
Thus
rules.
Grimm's
German
law,
with a
should appear in
represented in Latin by
nesian languages
not only
man,
it
have changed
descent, the
by merely looking
Indeed he expects to
is
the
common
philologist
decern,
domare.
sound which
in others
in
in the
allied,
they
ANTHROPOLCGY.
156
[cHAP.
The languages
the
families,
of white
Aryan and
men
Semitic.
to the
Aryan
guages of part of South and West Asia, and almost the whole
fect
in
first
hymn
of the
Veda
Eire, that
and
will
Sa mil
he
will
be near
pita-iva
happiness
sunave A2ne
su-upayauah
Ijhava
sachasva nah
svastaye.
or less clearly
made
and
others.
Though
the
ing
its
Persian,
oldest
original
it
Aryan is a
by compar-
Sanskrit,
Old
Irish, &:c.
VI.]
157
draw any
it
down
to later ages.
hard to
It is
primitive Aryans
themselves (see page 109), for in their course of migration and conquest they so mingled with other races, that
now
the nations
through
The
have been in
early
Inner
to
practicable
flocks
and herds
But
it
lies
may have
it
and grazing
their
many
and
flocks
arts
of
life,
herds,
a warlike
and
fire,
of their ancestors.
and
and wide,
Where
Europe.
Where
Dravidians,
many
the Pyrenees.
all
land peopled by
have
far
in
vanished,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
158
had from
and seen
their tombs,
may be
[chap.
Europe
is
only to be
who
started
on
their
who
Teuton-Scandinavian tribes
kinsfolk but not friends.
The
them,
followed
far
west
on by the
distant
till
on the map.
It is
they appear on the world-stage where Egyptians and Babylonians had long played the great parts.
when
in
among them
era,
the religion
of
to
bear on
art,
science,
and philosophy
legal
intellect
of
began
in proi-historic ages.
whether the
VI.]
tlie soil,
To
proceed
now
159
become
in
Semitic,
Any
Hebrew.
Hebrew
monly taught
in
science
of
to spell out
mind out of
that groove,
family, this
by
familiar-
izing
made
and changing
their
affixes,
are
to
reigned,
iimloch
name of Mclchizedek,
kings, vialchcnu
= kmgdom, and
reigning, as vialach
king
so on.
The
Syrian,
Arabic
= he
he shall reign,
(fomiliar
"),
in
the
melachim
queen, mamlachah
and Ethiopic.
spoken by the
now most
its
Yet by
and curly black hair.
features alone it would not have been possible to distinguish
the Jews, Assyrians, and Arabs, among the mass of darkHere is seen the value of language, which
white nations.
aquiline nose,
full
lips,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
i6o
comes
in
to
connected by
show
that
common
[chap.
group of nations
certain
are
who spoke
and
spices
that
thoughts into
new
culture,
and
regions,
became
hieroglyphic writing
though as
far East,
nor was
it
only
stuffs
the alphabet.
The
Israelites,
made
their
Latest,
the
warrior-tribes
of
and even
the world from Western Africa to the islands of the far East.
The language of
be
classed in
the
it
cannot
to
some
to
b2 descended from a
VI.]
If
it
cal
comparison
fails
is so,
i6i
common
While speaking
to substantiate them.
many
noticed that
them
philologists connect
it
should be
as belonging
affixes,
and
knows,
often
is
it
no easy matter
themselves
The
inflecting families
has done
poetical
and Semitic
family, this
lie
outside, apparently
families, or with
one another.
among
the
steppes
or
belonging
to Asia, these
established
themselves in Europe.
At a remote period,
of them,
till
Esth<;;
outlying remnants
speaking Tatar
ANTHROPOLOGY.
i62
languages.
In
turn,
history records
later ages,
Huns and
Tatar race,
[chap.
how
armies of
now
the
Hun-
still,
hammedans, or
Cliristians,
Mo-
civilisation
are of
words by putting
first the root, whicfi carries the sense and is followed by
suffixes strung on to modify it.
Thus in Turkish the
the kind called
agglutinative,
makes
be brought
class,
sevishdirihnediler, they
one another.
were not to
suftix to
to, as
to love
forming
conform
if
its
make
to
but szek
chair,
house, forms
forms szckem
= my
it
it is
the
attached
belongs to
it
hdzam = my house,
chair.
is
The Chinese language is made up of monoeach a Avord with its own real or grammatical
different.
syllables,
them
this
to
books
sentences.
in
Other neighbouring
and as
the syllabic
means a
/la,
pestilence, oi the
number
five,
it
is
intoned on,
VI]
Tims
163
is
turned to account
in
how language
of expression
is
when a means
Looking on the map of Asia at
this south-east group of nations, it is plainly not by accident
that the people of such neighbouring districts should have
come
wanted.
words of one
seems
and gives
the whole set of languages a family character.
These
monosyllable languages are often used to illustrate what the
simple childlike constructions of man's primitive speech
may have been like. But it is well to mention that Chinese
or Siamese, simple as they are, must not be relied on as
to talk in
to have
come from
primitive
common
The
languages.
ancestral source,
may come
complicated grammar, much
be not primitive
of older
at
but
all,
of the falling
as our
own
may
away
English
tends to cut short the long words and drop the inflexions
been raised
simplicity of thought
like the
and
life.
may connect
It
The
it
this
It
is
who
nesians, Polynesians,
(p.
102)
how
immense
one
this
ocean-district half
family
region the
ANTHROPOLCGY.
i64
like tasik
[chap.
New
the barbaric
of ocean islanders.
life
to the
Aryan tongues
and Canarese.
Telugu,
still
tricts to
many mixed
tribes
Aryan
dialects are
little
spoken
in India
of Aryan blood.
by
In
the forests of Ceylon are found the only people in the world
life who speak an Aryan language akin to
These aretheVeddas or "hunters," shy wild men who
build bough huts, and live on game and wild honey, the chil-
leading a savage
ours.
dren, as
outcasts
it
whose language
Among
in
Nor do
African
all
men
"
{ba-titii).
Thus
which
of
the
working
in front.
One
their
is
tvaganga, magicians.
is
The
Kafirs of a
certain
VI.]
name
district
165
is
country
is
fall
much
clicks,"
like
coachmen
children and
words.
language
sesuto,
In South Africa
lies
and
his
character or
way
in
to
Hottentot-Bushman, remarkable
family, the
which "
his
lesiiio,
quality bostito.
to horses,
do duty
for the
as consonants in
Lastly,
Some
of these are
known
to
New England
from
of the
and whence we have mocassin and tomahawk ; the Aztec of Mexico known by the ocelot and the cacaobean ; the Tupi-Carib of the West Indies and the Brazilian
forests, the home of the toucan and Jaguar ; lastly the
Quichua or Peruvian, the language of the tnca.
early colonists,
In
concluding
language,
to
is
it
this
account of
the
chief
families
of
some only
Altogether a
list
of
fifty
to
any other.
as offshoots of
It
one
original language.
The
question whether
be argued
On
the one
hand
it
may
ANTHROPOLOGY
i66
show
their connection
[chap. vi.
no longer
if
to
there were
many
given
But
state of things.
if,
as
at once,
all
but was a
it
is
improved
state of pliilology
page 131).
ancestral
lost
In the present
it
It
languages
when
it
South Sea Islands, or proves some remote ancestral connexion between the ancient Britons, and tlie English and
Danes who came after them to our land. Yet thougli language
is
not be trusted as
or go back to
if
its
it
All negroes
beginning.
all
men.
life
may
origin of
mankind.
must
human
do not speak
much
it
to reach
races,
still
CHAPTER
VII,
WRITING.
Picture-writing,
Cuneiform
Writing,
Taught
we
as
we
civilized
has
Writing, 172
life,
till
we
how
see
it
strikes
fills
not
in
who
the barbarian
John
how once
tells
he wrote a message
and sent
for
it
by a native
his
mouth,
wards carried
who, amazed to
chief,
his
it
for
long
do.
So
should
it
art
if
of him, as
it
itself
lest
it
of writing, mysterious as
which
known
tell tales
Yet the
South
in
after-
it
seemed
to
these
v.hen made.
E\en
made
the
first
ANTHROPOLOGY.
68
Had
[chap.
made
Beginning at
primitive stage,
through
whole
its
would have
it
it
course
the
writing
of
and
printing.
Fig.
It records
horseback with
his
(afte.-
is
an expedi-
shown on
S:'io .Icraft).
men
of them being
whose name, Kishkemunazee, that
Their
is, Kingfisher, is shown by the drawing of this bird.
reaching the other side seems to be shown by the landtoitoise, the well-known emblem of land, wliilc by the picture
in all fifty-one
ally,
Now
plicity, consists in
making
to
be talked
mere
of.
imitation.
it is
this, childlike
in
its
sim-
meant
go beyond this
Tlius
most of
when
devices wliich
the tortoise
is
put to represent
WRITING.
VII.]
no longer a mere
169
become an
drawn to mean
not a real kingfisher,
of that name, we see the
first step toward phonetic writing or sound
writing, the
principle of which is to make a picture stand for the sound of
a spoken word.
How men may have made the next move
toward writing may be learnt from the common child's
land,
is
it
emblem
or symbol.
And where
but a man
game of
rebus, that
writing words
is,
the bird
"by
is
things."
Like
many
ages was
man's earnest.
Thus if one writes the word
waterman " by a picture of a water-jug and a man, this is
drawing the meaning of the word in a way hardly beyond
the American Indian's picture of the kingfisher.
But it is
*'
very different
when
pa-
in a child's
noch
te
finds
te.
this
man
word "can-di-date."
For now what the pictures have come to stand for is no
longer their meaning, but their mere sound.
This is true
phonetic writing, though of a rude kind, and shows how the
practical
somewhat
different ways.
arrival of the
words of
flag (pan),
their
a stone
new
a
prickly-pear {/loch) (Fig. 48), which were together pronounced
{(e),
ANTHROPOLOGY.
I70
[chap.
pa-ie-noch-te,
that
ai)ien.
one would hardly think they ever had to do with picBut there are fortunately preserved certain
vases,
tures of things.
known
the rabbit's-hair
ingless-looking
cursive
distinctly
off
in
formed sketches
a few
strokes
of
till
now
forms
in
seen in
use, as
is
rig. 49-
Ancient
Modern
Fig. 49.
"^
p^
C'h'.nese ancient pictures and later cursive fjrms (after Endlicher).
|-|
The Chinese
The
inventors of the
wanted
to
were put
in
represent
pound
a difficulty by
this they
present
the
their
To meet
little
language
consisting
of
characters, or "pictures
and sounds,"
in
which one
part gives the sound, while the other gives the sense.
give an idea of this, suppose
To
WRITING.
vii]
which
to
intended.
is
show
171
it is
hand
show
This would be
of a coach.
for us
to
it
mean
if it is
that
if it is
was
it
to signify the
box
it
as
fore
is
placed
additional
of cho^u
in
first
Fig.
characters to
intended.
is
show which
fliift"
afterwards
particular
with
meaning
^
ship
repeated
is
which
a ship, chow,
represents
50,
'M
'it
flickering
compound
b.-is
chaiacters, pictures
is
i*
loquacity
and sounds.
give
some idea of
the principles of
its
sound-characters and
why a Chinese has to
effort
same time
for
it is
by refusing
to
of inventive genius in
western
ANTHROPOLOGY.
173
would
for instance
[chap.
separate.
than
suited
Chinese
the
made themselves
actually
Chinese characters.
them down
being wTitten
ro,
another
certain of these,
for fa,
&c.
seven
better
phonetically,
Selecting
another for
I'rofa),
for
they cut
one to stand
Thus a
for
/,
set of forty-
accordingly the
call
write Japanese by
conveys
it.
is to be seen
man-headed bulls of
Nineveh, or on the flat baked bricks which were pages of
The marks like
books in the library of Sennacherib.
wedges or arrow-heads arranged in groups and rows do not
look much like pictures of objects. Yet there is evidence
Museum on
at the British
that they
came
at first
the huge
from picture-writing
woman,
some
river,
man,
The
languages
by cuneiform
to write their
inscriptions
which
remain to this day as their oldest records. But the cuneiform writing was cumbrous in the extreme, and had to give
way when
it
came
To
WRITING.
VII.]
173
The
earhest
belong to a
known
hieroglyphic inscriptions
of Egypt
Even
i)eriod
at this
ing
it
with
signs
Thus
picture-writing.
pair of sandals,
may
mere pictures of an
the
earlier
ox, a star, a
Even where
way
star, sandals.
Grammar, shows
all
'^^
I
N
K
sun god
one
Jv\
P
R
walk
one
cuk
ra netar
per
cm
sun god
coming
from
^^^i^^
T-
enemy
F
one
xi:t
horizon
xcfiu
er
ag.i!nst
pi.
enemies
his
forili
(am) the Sun -god coming forth from the horizon against his
enemies."
Here
neath.
and things
shown under-
still
real pictures,
The sun
13
is
ANTHROPOLOGY.
174
[chap.
legs,
and the word enemy having the picture of an enemy after it,
and then three strokes, the sign of plurality. It seems that
the Egyptians began with mere picture-writing like that of the
barbarous tribes of America, and though in after ages they
came to use some figures as phonetic characters or letters,
they never had the strength of mind to rely on them entirely,
How they were
but went on using the old pictures as well.
led to
make
This
is
may be
is
noticed which
read
is
is
R.
often
mouth
much
may
thus be read
These
pictures,
and
carefully
drawn hieroglyphic
state,
for the
or "sacred-sculpture"
Indeed
many ages,
among the first
for
on papyrus,
theirs) to a
do away
and drop
WRITING.
VII.]
175
made by
of
foreigners.
letters,
says that
mind by
tlie
Egyptians
origin
depicted thoughts of
first
figures of animals,
to
if
true,
but
it
spelt
tliat all
they
really
hieratic
its
form
in the
examples of similar
letters in
its
other well
known forms
and
of the
alphabet.
It
the
original
Israelites,
and other
\\'Zi%
it
first
come down
to us in it3
ANTHROPOLOGY.
176
[chap.
Psahn
a, bet/i
cxix.,
or " house
''
ior
l>,
Egyptian
Egyptian
hieroglyphic.
hieratic.
Phoenician
alphabet.
w
Fig.
51.
{aree1cj\>^
(Helrew\)
{Grvelc^^
vu
SorSHC/^t-fcrn/'tiT)
and
later
alphabets (after
used in
De
old
;;/,
Rouge').
times,
calling
their
///,
Now
letters,
which were
like the
Hebrew
WRITING.
VII]
177
ones just given, and which in Greek passed into the wellknown forms alpha, beta, gamma, &c. Thence comes the
word
alphabet,
having been
down
to us.
It is
letters
came
book of
letters,
first
it
New
all
Northmen's
be descendants
writes his
that
If
in the pictures
it
and so
further back.
Readers
traced back
letters to
Roman
worth
doing as an exercise.
They may
look
at
old-fashioned
also be
recommended
more
which
how much
who
and better
Thus among
style
to
hand
in
We English
Roman hand
"
which
Alterations in letters
ANTHROPOLCGY.
178
varieties
fanciful
such as what we
[chap.
call
fashion
in
when
printing
read
how
in
it,
as
it
One
still.
was
printed
first
has only to
letters
and return
to the
more
This
ornamental purposes.
for
we now
lines,
use.
made
as
to
how from
particular
The
letters.
Phoenician
original
he
tries
to
read
it
nounced.
tell
the
pro-
the writers of
more
per-
free in adding,
means required
causes
may be
for
To such
its own tongue.
known to the ])rimitive alpha-
each to express
such as Greek
their
]>,
WRITING.
VII.]
fairly
with twenty-two
letters,
179
them without
system,
regular
so
letters,
One
but works
and
our spelling
that
cause of this
two
s'cene,
the
now
silent
in
makes
this the
lish writing
does simply
that in
sKie/ie.
What
many words Eng-
what
actually spoken
casTeliuiii,
more perplexing
is,
try to spell
Greek
is
Saxon
t<^gel,
its
derivation
from French
paralysie.
where
is
Hand, rime,
sit/ie.
education
present
is
mode
wasted
in
It
child's
of spelling.
Thus
it is
no doubt
right to
draw the
line
between
ANTHROPOLOGY.
i8o
[chap.
in, for
this gives
new
art
come
it
in to multiply writing.
well
lonian
first
step
towards printing.
seems
to us,
to have
many
century,
copies.
and
at
any
The Chinese
printing books.
diversity of characters,
movable
separate
writers
terra- cotta
way
from
were busy
its
enormous
on with
Moslem
early in
its
writing,
printing, so that
found
is
early devised
and printing
it
to
WRITING.
VII.]
so-called
i8i
make
their appearance,
Few ques-
it is
only
fair to
remember
that
made
in cheapening types,
history of the
art
of printing,
is
In curious con-
unreasonable.
CHAPTER VIII.
ARTS OF LIFE.
185 Hatchet,
188
Drill,
The
arts
and holds
by
wliich
man
he
some
it
lives in,
will
depend so much
be well
to begin with
their earliest
Man
is
sometimes
called, to distinguish
him from
all
This distinction
man
with his
spjar and hatchet from the bull goring with his horns, or
the beaver carpentering with his teeth.
to
see
how
ourselves
in
plainly
the
ape
tribes,
having hands,
implement-using faculty.
But it is instructive
coming nearest to
furiously
pelt
passers-by
orangs in
with
the
the durian
thorny
fruit.
CHAP.
ARTS OF
VIII.]
The chimpanzee
stone,
in the forests
is
more
1C3
Zoological
our
as in
LIFE.
difficult
implements, as soon
r.s
The
finish
such are
among
in use
or snake with,
or
of
man
to call
Looking
but
implements,
we
see
that
evolved,
all
at
It will
first
instruments.
is
to
that
be the
is
to
shaft of his
making was
like,
assegai, with
may give an idea what early toolbefore men clearly understood that the
be fixed on
it,
and
scraping.
We
ANTHROPOLCGY.
l84
[CHAP.
of
we expect
the
the
smith's
dentist
to
but
is
tool,
Thus
it
use
a
him do
let
indeed a
is
special
variety
it
their origin in
on
hours
in elegant shaping
heavy maces.
their
in peaceful arts, as
the Polynesian
It is curious to see
after
its
serious
how
women
sitting
of
warlike
use
has
Parliament or the
beat
now
only
it
ribbed clubs
in the
ceased,
is
survives
as
emblem
carried as
While
hammer has
ment
hammer on
a handle
this
was
ARTS OF
VIII.]
done
LIFE.
185
is
is
the
From
beating
earliest times
Fig. 52.
but
flint,
off
two-edged
implement making.
is
flakes.
This
art of flaking
who
it
at
may be
this
day
core of
flint,
Fig. 52
them off, and the mark of the blow is seen which brought
away each flake. The flakes made by Stone Age men for
ANTHROPOLOGY.
86
in Fig. 53
a,
c,
flint
may be
instruments
^.
how by
the new
[chap.
54/
known
come
it
times.
from
it,
The
shows
was prepared
The
for
finest
1
a
FiG.
flakes are
&
Palseolithic
b,
Modern Australia
off,
c,
Ancient Denmark.
with a flaking-tool of
Fig. 53^,
ARTS OF
VIII.]
The
oldest
gravels
known
of the
tribes of
quaternary
or
LIFE.
187
men have
left
in
the drift
Fig. 54. Later Stone Agt (neolithic) implement';, a. stone celt or hatchet /', flint
spear-head c. scraper; </, arrow-heads; e, flint flake-knives; y, core from which
stone hammer-head.
flint-flakes taken off ^, fl.nt-awl ; /e, flint saw ;
;
/',
rough flakes
mentioned
like Fig.
53
a,
Fig. 55.
flint
is
here
picks or hatchets.
It
is
ANTHROPOLCGY.
i88
[chap.
celts
of the later
a,
Fig. 56 a.
The
(Kngland)
pebble grouni to
h.
(modern
in twi','
l^olynesia).
celtis,
"graven with a
chisel
{celte)
celtis
and
celt
in the
rock"
{certe) in
is
only a copyist's
the rock
"
and
It
if
so,
may be
ARTS CF
VIII.]
to
make
it
LIFE.
1S9
into a hatchet.
Indians of Brazil,
/'.
celt
was
to stick
or warrior's
bog
in
a.xe
form a woodman's
into a club, so as to
it
such as
r,
Ireland.
method was
to
drill
as in
When
d.
fixed with
is
as
the
r,
edge
which
is
When
/;.
Egyp;ian falchion;
Roman cuher
/,
c.
Hindu
.^siutic
sabre;
bill-ho-k.
and though
to suit the
new
material,
it
14
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
iQO
We
[chap.
begin with
a,
which
is
by Egyptian warriors,
is
b,
it
down
answers perfectly.
convenient
altera-
which
shank
It
this
blow, while in
at the first
may
is
below
fixed to a handle
Among
these are
our
ordinary
all
and
cleavers, represented
Nor does
e.
c,
knives,
sheath-knife d,
culter
it
the
all
all
the development
Roman
by the
is
group
made
with
all
may have
which
itself is
From
all
there
is
Thus
some
and
still
weapons
dagger.
intended
for
Now
the
ARTS OF LIFE.
VIII.]
of stone was
brittleness
i9t
more than a few inches long, but when metal came in, the
blades could be made long, taper, and sharp, thus developing
into two-edged daggers of deadly effect.
two
these
may be
In old Egyptian
described
similar
shape, so
as a large spear-head
stone.
To
give an
<;8.
tz. Stone spear-head (Admiralty I?.): i, stone Rpear-head or dagger-tlade
(England): c, bronze spear-head (Denmark); </, bronze dagger; e, bronze leafshaped sword.
Fig.
idea
how
this
specimens from
where
it
the
seen
is
how
the
sword
be usjd
e.
about, Fig.
bronze-period
spear-head c
d,
and
for cut
58 shows three
of Northern Europe,
or thrust, or both.
may
of course
ANTHROPOLOGY.
I02
or rapier,
it
will
now be
[char
and
hilts,
hand-guards,
a transformed spjar.
is
This
is
last spear-
the bayonet,
has
is
not un-
in African
its
original
model,
the
call
little
spear
or lancet.
To
splinters
or
bone,
flint
Thorns, pointed
tools.
flakes
worked
to
as borers.
afterwards
Thus
some
the
of
flint
artificial flint
men
point
The saw
flake,
which
It is interesting to
look in Wilkinson's
Ancient Eg)'ptians at the contents of the Egyptian carpenter's tool-basket, where the bronze ad:e, saw, chisels,
Roman
using at this
carpenters,
day.
come
One
had already
come
to
stage
and
Assyria,
Among
th.e
handicrafts
ARTS OF
VIII.]
been
LIFE.
193
In
by thousands of years of progress.
be examined the work of their joiners,
goldsmiths, wonderful in skill and finish, and
reached
museums may
stonecutters,
still
often putting to
these results
shame
the
of machines,
when
ancient in the
as
will
be more
seen
fully
presently
been
gone through.
To
is
bring
may be
seen
in the
flat
curved throw-
The
Australians
to the
thrower, in ways
which
may be
seen
by
Again,
it
is
ANTHROPOLCGY.
194
[chap.
momentum
which
sling,
The
is
so generally
man, that
tribes of
it is
the
is
the lowest
a mere pointed
is
stick, is
known
how,
it
came
to
for
fit
shaft,
uncoils
when
it
rCX'i
Fig.
drops
fishers, is to
attaching
off,
down by
it
shaft
and the
trailing, or
(after
Broiigh Smyth).
the fish
is
away the
marked
held and
is
New
tum) made
ARTS GF
VIII.]
LIFE.
19S
is
it
not
may
woods by
fitting
by a passing animal,
However
weapon.
whose track
in
invented, the
arrow
Its
is
it
discharges
bow came
the
use in
into
a miniature of the
full-
most
sized javelin,
The
to the drift-period.
back as
The
far as history,
simplest kind of
arrow goes
made
America,
may be
unstrung,
called the
several pieces of
Shorter
than
with
wood
the
string
its
Tatar
it
it
is
this class
gets
its
What
formed of
and sinews.
spring by
being
Bows of
bow
long-bow,
strung.
hanging loose.
or Scythian
become
when
ANTHROPOLOGY.
igS
bow was
to
and touch a
mount
it
further step in
on a
trigger to let
[chap.
stock, so as to take
go the
string.
aim
Thus
at leisure
it
became
figure, c represents
In the
it
in its perfected
Fir,.
60. Bows,
a.
/',
it
in
form
the
Ta'.ar or .'jcythian
sixteenth century.
Cross-bows are
still
made
in
Italy for
pellet.
To
Malay
blows his tiny poisoned plug-darts, or the similar
invented
easily
been
have
may
weapon called the sumpitar,
VI
ARTS OF
II.
LIFE.
^vherever
pellets the
often kept
197
up
it
is
^Vhen,
when
power,
explosion
of
powder
in
an iron
drove
barrel
out
the
missile.
was
fired
continued to be done
till
lately with
For hand-
cannon.
This led up
to the flint-lock,
which
Avith
which
in the
cross-bow did
and
trigger, to the
it
bow
is
curious to
compare
in the
form of a spring
modern
it
to rotate, this
The modern
conical
shot shows a partial return from the spherical bullet towards
flight.
back
As
eminent
butt-
tube.
man
fellowmen.
has been
In survey-
ing the last group of deadly weapons, from the stone hurled
by hand
or.e
to the rifled
This
is
the progress
ANTHROPOLOGY.
193
[chap.
knife,
when
suppUed with force, only needs to be set and directed byman to do his work, Man often himself provides the power
which the machine distributes more conveniently, as when
the
potter
turns
own
using his
foot,
As
is
to
how
first
prized up and
moved along
lift
with a stout
learnt,
it
men found
by hand could be
stick, or rolled on.
historical reach.
split off their
did,
it
winged
bull
is
on a sledge with
rollers laid
underneath.
The
wheel-carriage, which
it
is
we reckon
the Egyptian war-chariots, with their neatly-fitted and firmlytired spoke-wheels turning
on
by
linch.-
ARTS OF
VIII.]
technical
skill.
carriages
came
LIFE.
199
be invented,
to
it
of
is
how
wheel-
use to judge
little
from
whom
Roman
cai-pentarii or
name.
may be
Fig. 61.
its
rudest form
had
for
wheels two
solid
It
is
curious to notice
of railway-
it
61,
In the
In
such countries as
ANTHROPOLOGY.
200
[chap.
and
is still
it
how
Avheel-carriages
came
to be invented.
Suppose such a
wheels
one
in
roller
made
of
piece, then
thus
L-parately
with
made.
is
the
If
the
suggested,
and pinned on
Then,
tires.
wheels would
for
at last
first
of
afterwards
light
cart
were
be made
and provided
is
notion
might
wheels
axles.
This
it
or for the
more
for food.
useful
curious to notice
keeps to
how
and mortar
may
and mortar
notice that
Now
it
It
still
works
the
side
of the
mortan
When
people took to
its
sides hollowed
1;
ARTS OF
VIII.]
for the
Avard
20
on the bed-stone.
crusher
LIFE.
may be
bed and
The
it
back and
for-
"
with
neatly shaped
its
women
tortillas.
But
is
it
flat
upper being
all
round the
Fig. 62.
women
Sta:.lty
ground
modern
and a cloth
The quern
If
is
is still
its
used
in north
flour-mill,
it
will
end
spread on the
the
is still
there.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
202
[chap.
drill.
The
mode
simplest
stick
72).
improved both
Fig.
for
making
fire
and boring
holes,
by winding
384).
known
perfect
in the
Archimedean
drill
is
modern.
The
still
more
turning-lathe
ARTS CF
VIII.]
origin in the
its
its
is
it
LIFE.
203
To
drill.
those
who have
this may
bowls and
chair-legs,
to revolve
wooden
by a cord
Homeric
drill.
The
with
its
this, to
be
footlalhe,
encroached
for driving,
and
many
of
till
sible
to get
exactly
an aacijnt
invention-
that wonderfid
liar
presses
and
in their construction.
modern
remodelling modern
life,
him.
This
on by
fields.
forces of nature to
A simple
toil
for
of watering the
is
the shadoof
^e
of
at
One need
trivance,
For
not travel to
for
it
irrigation,
is
it
to
be seen
at
work
in
this old
our
con-
brickfields.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
204
this
gang of slaves
set a
to
from
full
water
the
circumference, which
its
and
below,
when such
then
at a
would come
over
higher level.
But
the
turn
into existence
and
in
ancient
work both
in
seen
still
these or
at
rose
turned
they
as
the
turn
to
[chap.
some
literature,
to
be
By
for
women
at the
quern or the
round.
says, "
dawn,
for
nymphs
mill."
to
The
by the water-wheel,
water-mills
still
good deal
driven
like the
all
sorts of labour,
from the
the
sacred
Buddhist
formula.
Within the
last
century
ARTS CF
VIII.]
of
steam-engine, which
tlie
that
last,
modern
times,
man
seeks
205
is
next
LIFE.
how long
this
to
in
to
Thus,
change the
15
CHAPTER
ARTS OF LIFE
IX.
{co7itinue^.
Having,
in
the last
chapter,
to
In tropical
forests,
His
first
need
is
to get his
savages
him a supply of
beans, and
many
roots
other
fruits
CHAP.
ART OF
IX.]
insect, or the
and
berries,
LIFE.
207
catch snakes,
along
and other rubbish, have formed long banks above highSuch shell-heaps or " kitchen -middens " are
water mark.
found here and there all round the coasts of the world,
marking the old resorts of such tribes ; for instance on the
coast of Denmark, where archaeologists search them for
relics
somewhat
fishing
like
Fuego.
life
Hunting and
the savages
last
among
civilized nations
game and
fish
hardly do
more
The natives of
game is the chief
the Brazilian
forests, to
whom
tracking
life,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
2oS
[chap.
they
lie
If
an ape he has
he bent back
the kangaroos
pursuit
leeward
spear,
till
at last
one
at
in the
till
open
be ready for
When
in vain.
his
towards a
will
again
seldom
will
come
camping by
for days,
they
way-marks as he crept
lie in
the
for
pit,
into
it
or they
of duck-hunting which
is
found
in
many
times.
It
may be
among
inside.
the water-fowl,
The
with a
Australian hunter
ARTS OF
IX]
LIFE.
209
rod
like a fishing-rod
sham
where
into a bush
proper cry
its
till
it
Of
can be speared.
it
drives the
when a
game
devices of stalking
is
that of
horns in a
its
lifelike
In England,
finest.
among
till
the herd
of late years,
on wheels, and a
relic
among
uncivilized tribes
ancient,
dog
and most of
world
Newfoundland seem to
and fiercest animal whose
The
man
largest
is
the
an
deer;
when
draws
it
its
is
has
let
loose
Already
mention
them
of birds of
Tartary, where
its
leg for
or falconry reached
is
upon the
huntsman
drive
and
pounce on hares.
Hawking
Marco Polo
Khan going
ANTHROPOLOGY.
2IO
out,
[chap.
litter
fists.
Since
bouring countries.
first
it
came
all
may
best see
till
fleet
its
cavalcades and
becomes sub-
was so especially
shown by noblemen
became
a court
ceremony
Such pageantry
uniforms.
It
Avith
in the
where
it
it
still
is,
used
indeed, declining in
modern
Grand Falconer.
The modern hunter has
game, from the use of fire-arms instead of the bow and spear
which came down from savage times. The effect of bringing in guns is seen among the native American buffalohunters.
they once
the help
for
the hides
ARTS OF
IX.]
agriculture
game
for
hunter's
on
tlie
LIFE.
211
much
But the
lessened.
lite
come
to
be kept up
fallen
away.
where
it
Thus
intensest forms.
its
where
artificially
In civilized countries
has
its
is
it
trial
it
seen at
best
its
like
its
meanest, where
it
has
come down
to shooting grain-fed
in
a curiously
back on a rock
in the
pretending to be
on the
fast asleep,
only to be
bait,
it
The
on
his
hand,
some hawk
or crow pounced
pounced on by the hungry
then and there.
A plan of
till
itself
lie
fish in his
readily suggested
itself
simplest shape a
its
to get out of
when
pit,
to
mere
has
it
and cover
bushmcn take
pitfalls
in various
artificial
which,
down on
all
it,
pitfall,
steps
in the
it,
or
common
kinds of
a dart at
uncivilized world.
it,
The
in the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
212
hand or fastened
to the
end of a
is
[chap.
Perhaps
stick, is universal.
h^qiieus,
is
To
a rope.
them
for
to
it
in the track
it
into,
Indians do.
when
it,
bamboo
with an elastic
that
The
(p.
invention
of
such a spring-trap
first
led to the
it
and arrow.
will
set
improvement on
Lastly, the net
men
The
we may look
monuments of
height
clap-nets
taking
at the
bow
is
a modern
all
To
its
on
geese by scores;
Among
the
as traps in
is
the
195) that
these.
game
so bent
spear him.
back
in this
show the
great
common
among rude
tribes
shallow pools.
enough
was
Led by
to assist nature, as
ARTS CF
IX.]
LIFE.
213
flats
no novelties
in
among
There
men
is
so rude, for
branches or
fruit
its
known
being
to
it
mode
into
of fishing usual
head spreading
among
savages,
is
by the
effective
An
account of
down without
splashing,
and what
own
is
more remarkable,
only the ripjJe does not disturb his vijw, but his aim
interfered with by the refraction of light which
diflicult for
the surface.
fi.sh
come
man
The
is
makes
not
it
so
by
after
dark
torchlight,
Shooting
tribes
fish
do with wonderful
counted as a variety of
fish-spearing.
dexterity,
The
may be
fish-hook
is
ANTHROPOLOGY.
214
[chap.
spear, with
its
still
and
use,
call
is
curiously like
fish-teeth.
Only we make
So it is with
a fish-gig.
wood and
when
the fish
is
its
loosely
struck, only
this
Our fishermen
carry
on
peoples from
whom we
fruit
of getting these.
supplies
of food
looked on as a
Rising to
for himself.
difticult or
Agriculture
is
not to be
ARTS OF
IX.]
their huts to
215
When we
cotton.
LIFE.
much
it
and
regular
human
plentiful supply
times older
How
still.
first lilling
of the
is
that
such
populations
to
could have
form a
civi-
into cultivation,
or porridge
it
is
grown even
An
it
is
botanist
who
in
is
the philologist
who
traces
Japan, and
down
to the
its
a curious
its
name.
study
for
the
Sometimes
this tells
ANTHROPOLOGY.
2l6
its
story fairly, as
fruits
brought from
as
[criAP,
describe these
J^each
of another
The
sweet-potato.
ananas has
pical
luscious
tro-
Malay
and has
taken
botanists,
common
the
fir-
it
so closely resembles.
By
soil,
noticing
much
is
how
to
rude tribes
be learnt
the
the
implements.
invention of agricultural
Wandering savages
till
as to
how
work
as digging
one up,
a tribe beginning to
use
their
till
root-digging
new purpose
is
the
same
likely that
it is
for
the
New
on
World.
It
is
in the
a flat-bladcd tool
64.
Aus
a.
digging-slick
b,
ra'.i:in
Swedish
we have the
civilized spade.
wcoden hack.
important
the pick or hatchet.
The wooden
weapons and
an
Old and
an improvement
and thus
A more
derived from
picks of the
for jjlanting
New
become
Cale-
yams, while
only
his hoe.
It
ARTS CF LIFE.
IX.]
217
were
tilled in
Sweden, and
it
was
to
be seen
Swedish
way
Fig.
handle for the ploughman and a pole for the men to drag
was shod with an iron point, and at last a pair
of cows or mares were yoked on instead of the men. This
by, the share
first
in
Fig. 65
is
from,
Now
its
long, curved,
all,
itself, it is
to
seen to
ploughman
it
ANTHROPOLCGY.
2i8
[chap.
valley of the Nile was one of the districts where high agriculture earliest arose,
and
To arm
of the plough.
fix
copied we
may
sod over in a continua coulter or " knife " in front to give the
ous ridge, to
it
its
it
first cut,
still
where
till
roots
is
it
on the
spot.
may still be seen among the hillwho till these plots of land for a couple
In Sweden this
of years and then move on to a new spot.
brand-tillage, as it may be called, is not only remembered
as
the
tricts it
old agriculture of the land, but in outlying dishas lasted on into modern days, giving us an idea
its
all at
once.
The modern
ARTS OF
i::.]
LIFE.
219
communities.
in its
growth
is
it.
and reaped
tilled
lots,
changed
in
and remain
several
its
still
counties
the time
com-
early
English
in
Even
in the villages of
England
may
cultivated
still
there
may
still
feudal system,
and
In
tenant.
be noticed the
aged on. the old three-field system, one lying fallow while
the other two bore two kinds of crops.
Next, as to the history of domesticating animals
The taming
is
for food.
monkeys
such pets and
done by low
forest tribes,
who
delight in
But
it
home
of the reindeer.
Among
the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
220
[chap.
Here
is
is
who
tribes,
their
shift
tents from
needless to go on delife
of higher
place to
nomade
place
on the
There
is
life
The
hunter leads a
exposed
life
at times to starvation
settled tiller
of the
pastoral
is
But
soil.
to
the
His
flocks
and
pastoral
life
Europe
just described.
the
hills
and
in
the
yet
among
is
village
communities of old
fields
woodlands belonging
were
culti-
summer on
to
the com-
munity, where also the hunter went for game, while nearer
home
there
were
common meadows
for
pasture and
when
to
ARTS OF
IX.]
LIFE.
221
In countries so thickly
brought under shelter in the stalls.
populated as ours is now, the last traces of the ancient
nomade
life
disappear
when
no longer driven
summer.
The
himself
is
to
defend
and
venom
how man
gems
even to their
armour imitated
stings,
and how
as setting
ambushes and
We
have already
in the last
under
fight.
offensive weapons.
euphorbia
juice,
of the
forest,
process.
tell
[of
fall
on the
fearful
Thus
may
it
seems
it,
for
condemned
the poisoned
weapons
ANTHROPOLOGY.
222
[chap.
now
feel in
tooth.
Hovv the
of animals
may be
warrior's
is
plainly to be
seen.
The name
from Egypt.
first
The Bugis
of
it
was
them
sewed together
in
with
their
slices
in,
in
hoofs
horses's
would lead
of
Such
devices,
made
cast-
animal wore
by the Sarmatians,
scales,
at
Sumatra
chain-mail
their
is
fish-scales
to the
scale
and serpent-
The armour of the middle ages connow protecting the whole body
metal.
mail (that
is,
more
for
show than
use.
The
shield
also,
once so im-
used
The
shield
been the
original
like the
ARTS OF
IX.]
is
LIFE.
223
it is
grasped,
but with which the natives ward off darts with wonderful
The
dexterity.
is
made
to
Highland
small round
varieties of shield
which remained
one of the
Europe,
or sword.
target,
latest in civilized
It is
or
himself.
come
in,
would
soldiers could
Roman
The savage
awares,
seeking to
where there
down on them.
or barbarian
is
kill
apt to
is
him
fall
on
his
enemy un-
like
blood-vengeance.
tribe
come
parties.
Australia have
far
meet
in
where spear
after
spear
is
till
Botocudos of
is
fray to
man is killed,
Among the rude
perhaps a
an end.
from one
tribe
hunting
ANTHROPOLOGY.
224
[chap.
another
till
in.
But
men
cliild.
it
They make
expeditions to
plunder
and when
ground
as caltrops to
behind
fallen trunks or
batde they
wiU
shelters
of boughs.
The
slain in
at the feast,
common
to
cultured nations.
emblem
who bore
a groan,
ARTS OF
IX.]
boasting of his
own
LIFE.
225
fierce
in his death-agony.
fly like
Yet
a bird."
at times the
Among some
for gain.
slain, are
Dy
to
is
how
be noticed
the ground.
it
and
slaves,
this agriculture is
especially set to
much
increased,
and
till
also
made
slaves
and
is
bring
home
wives,
who
are the
man may
appears with
it
some
among
other.
i\s
the
more
own
clan
more
or less
profession,
live
by making war on
other tribes, slaying the men, taking the Avomen for wives,
and carrying
War
differs
ANTHROPOLOGY.
226
[chap.
into the
military efficiency
This
employing
peculiar costumes
pictures.
Thus
military system
and
foreign
mercenary
whose
troops,
was on a
show
that their
The
rise
its
growth
is
told in
Greek
litera-
show
more barbaric than in Egypt, with
little disciphne and less generalsliip, and encounters of (jreek
and Trojan champions with the armies looking on as savages
ture,
in a state
ARTS OF
IX.]
would
do.
history,
own
227
a^es of Greek
later
is
it
LIFE.
civilization
had
gjnius to develoj)
it
to teach, hut
further.
had brought
Their corps of
all
in
much
But where-
in
at
men
with his
right wing,
disorder,
already broken.
of military
tactics,
which made
skilful
manoeuvring as im-
The Romans,
a nation drilled
to rule
the world by
of troops
Assyria.
If
modern army
will
observe
on the
old,
how
with
substantially the
new system
developments due
to
is
founded
two new
ideas,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
228
Somewhat
the
[chap.
learnt b}'
comparing
and
siege with
those of
modern
times.
ix.
Kamhow to
In
with embankments and palisades.
Egypt and Assyria and neighbouring countries,
strong and high fortress-walls and towers were defended by
archers and slingers, and attacked by stormingparties with
Old sieges were unscientific, as is so
scaling-ladders.
curiously seen in the Homeric poems, where the Greeks
ancient
encamp over
seem
to
have no notion
it,
and
skilfully
of huge bows
like
later ages
ment
at last
is
a national
dying out.
It
is
not
life
footing
may prove
may
thai
the time
shrink
to
if it
shall
nucleus ready
arise,
for
the
the
while serving in
CHAPTER
ARTS OF LIFE
Dwellings
X.
235.
Dress
Painting
skin,
of Architec-
mation
Skin,
of Skull,
&c.,
man
at
move from
is
place to place he
may be
noticed to resort to the sea-shore, where, under sonie overcliff that kept off the wind, they would scoop
hanging
under the
ancient savages, as
is
the sand to
lie in.
RockEurope the resort of the
proved by the bones and flint flakes
cliffs
in
were- in
in the
ground.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
250
[cha?.
It has
Caves are ready-made houses for beast or man.
been already mentioned (p. 31) how in such countries as England and France, caverns were the abodes of the old tribes
mammoth
period,
It is
not so
much
up by man
artificial
we
are
however rude,
forests, travellers
have come
structures,
Paris,
Indian as he
lolls in his
hammock
this
shelters
the lazy
on the ground.
met with is
a real hut, thougli it may be such a rude one as the Botocudos make with these same great palm-leaves, sticking a
number of them with their stalks in the ground in a circle,
to crouch defenceless
Ev^n
and bringing
overhead.
their points
The
what
is
together,
fire
generally
so as to form a roof
artificially,
bend-
framework which
Much
the
is
same lesson
in
primitive architecture
may be
Icaint
ARTS OF
X.]
LIFE.
231
becomes a
while
make
they will
covering them
in
stood.
It
is
The
hut,
regular
plain,
too,
how
is
a conical hut,
when roving
to
place
The more
cultured
it is
common
is
Now
crouch
earth out
some
in.
feet
Such were
in ancient times
Europe, as they
The
is
circular hut to
ANTHROPOLOGY.
232
[chap!
pole along the roof where the sloping poles from the sides
By being
meet.
became
many
possible for
often
families,
it
twenty, to live
In
carried
on
lofty posts
of earth or stones
on much the
men
principles as our
walls,
slaty
houses of the Hebrides, whose small rudely vaulted chambers are formed by the
till
turf,
in.
is
very
old ones
still
chambers of rough
stones,
and remind
{i.e.
The
ancient
caves) have
anticjuaries of Tacitus'
dirt,
from
tlie
enemy.
in,
buildings
at
first
When
be merely
trimmed
to
fit
their grain
in
mason
Tlie
and
time of war
is
brought
stones
one another
like
may
the
ARTS OF
X.]
LIFE.
233
pieces of a mosaic, as in the so-called Cyclopean stonework of old Etruscan and Roman walls.
But the world
soon adopts a higher way, not arranging the plan to suit
the
shaping the
but
stones,
stones
regular
in
courses
of
masonry.
to
fit
the
work,
of stone to lay
In
ancient
down
Egypt, the
ing
is
of a stone build-
Cement
mortar or trough
in
which
the
common
it
The Roman
air,
knew how by
made
bough-hut with
clay.
The
ancient people
who
built their
is
proved by
bits
this,
kind
in
what cottage-builders
and daub."
One
ANTHROPOLOGY.
234
also sees
now and
or cowhouse which
architecture,
clay
its
mixed with
[chap.
is
",
that
mud
is,
are
understanding
how
This being
so, there is
sun-dried bricks
or
no
came into
same mud
cottage
Some
and the
large bricks
formed
in
how
wooden
in such districts as
Mexico
also in America,
word which
is
and
to this
The
day the
traveller
himself lodged in
sun-dried brick
is
there called
name
ARTS OF
X.]
LIFE.
235
wooden beams.
to
There are two modes of doing this, the false arch and
The false arch is
the real arch, which are both ancient.
an arrangement which would occur to any builder, in fact it
what children make in building with wooden bricks,
when they set them overlapping more and more till the
top ones come near enough for one brick to cover the
is
gap.
projecting
blocks of stone
roofed
may be
in
like
with
this
in
India.
It
may have
walls out.
objected to
It
is
not
it
from
known
its
exactly
understood the
was known
in
what
principle.
Yet
It is
they
itself
the
even
In
stones.
the
be seen, con-
to
by architects who
though
it
the
was not
at
arch
once
It
it.
was
left
see that
its
back
there
is
reason to
ANTHROPOLOGY.
236
[chap.
came on
man began
to the
with
complex and
Museum,
British
hewn
and
it
their
stone,
joists, so
that the
mason shows by
an
his
very patterns
earlier carpenter.
Even
are to be seen.
Indeed
work.
their
own
known
it is
is
that the
column-architecture, but
wooden
Parthenon
the idea of
it
in
own genius.
we come to examine
clothing.
It
has
first
to
naked.
something
is
worn,
it is
islanders,
common
who
is
of least
to paint
AVhere
little
the body.
or
no clothing
The Andaman
and
ARTS CF
X.]
LIFE.
2'37
and mosquitos
when they proceed to
fingers, or when a dandy
but they go
draw
will
lines
ofif
their
colour one side of his face red, and the other olive-
green, and
colours meet
relics
stones,
dancing
at a corroboree, or
us
in
pictures of
Australians
tion,
beauties
revive youthful
may
still
In the higher
make
civiliza-
poor attempt to
barbarism
so
much
a nation of considerable
many
historians as
civilization,
says, staining
which was so
warrior has
of
folly.
come down
It
is
to
make
terrific
in the
Among
Red
represent a fashion
our-
Indian
may
when
When
the skin
17
is
is
no
ANTHROPOLOGY.
238
doubt
beaut}',
as
where the
New
[chap.
woman
ful for
would
prevails as widely
among
painting,
AVhere the
skin
is
art is carried to
tapping rows of
common,
little
prickers.
as in Australia or Africa,
is
tribe
may be
down
down
his forehead
under the
more
for
sleeve.
lost, for
the picture
is
hidden
what
is
The head
is
of mourning.
Andaman
in
is
Naturally, as clothing
full
last
Some
islanders
tribes
grow
in tonsure-fashion
is.
ARTS CF
X.]
"crowned") Indians of
llrazil
LIFE.
239
Manchus
Fi<;. 66.
have adopted
Natives of Lepers'
this habit.
seen
whom
of Tartary, from
Island
curious
the
(Xew
modern Chinese
Hebrides.)
mode
of twisting the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
240
[chap.
them away
where a man's
Long
tribe
is
often
Or
the nails
may
be
grow as a
and does no
let to
life,
As any
own
c-,
why
understands
for
apt to be according to
features exaggerated.
one
is
in,
him, to
globe
is
come
Fig.
like
Li
/k
1 1
make
to
But as
to
little
infants'
plastic skull
tribes will
heads by
grow
to
some Flathead
the
quarters of the
all
district,
end upper-
the
" long-heads "
of
deformed
artificially
Turkish skull
is
the
skulls
Black
Sea
of the
Makrokephali or
The genuine
district.
skulls,
ARTS OF
X.]
why
reason
mould
the
at
Constantinople
LIFE,
241
became
it
the fashion
to
grew up with
Relics of such
Normandy were
still
Fig.
while
in
The
propensity to
belongs to
ascetic.
human
it
round.
No
to this day.
beautify the
nature as low
down
on
legs
tribe
had
ANTHROPOLOGY.
242
a
macaw's
feather
stuck
in
[chap.
hole
at
each
corner
and
under-lips.
This
case
latter
is
a good
is
A^arious tribes
woman
Fig
name
to this
6S.
who owe
their
labret,
botoque or bung.
it
ARTS OF
X]
they lay
down on one
savage ornaments
243
The
LIFE.
great
interest
to us in
these
shocked by
this,
is
in the
though
As
carry an ear-ring.
it
to
legs.
in
such decorations
bored
for stringing
which
no
girls
found
doubt made
in
the
cave
of
Cro-Magnon,
of the mammoth-period.
for
the
and stockings.
affectionate
It
would not
suit
memory
The wearing
come
ANTHROPOLOGY.
244
[chap.
Museum, and
British
that of
The
medicEval Europe.
modern
As
art.
to
art
finger-rings,
if
mere ornaments.
To come now
a garment gets
covering off
The bark
it
to clothing proper.
in the simplest
a tree
or
on himself.
it
districts, as for
the trunk, or
many
A man
made
Manu
that
the
smart foreign
stuffs
in
of the trader,
common
life
when they go
into
mourn-
ing throw them off and return to the rude native garment of
In Polynesia the manufacture of iaj^a from the
bark-cloth.
ARTS OF LIFE
X.]
stamped on.
245
rain spoilt
till
it.
made
Not
first
it
as a
shower of
only are there " leafwearers " in India, but at a yearly festival in ALidras the
tribes.
The
skin garments
may
see
how
c),
(see
where suitable
we
primitive currier's
stiff,
know how
how
But
it
prepare
call
deer-skin
chamois
for
leather.
to
what we
like
of
actual
compounds which
tanning with
in
the
resist
bark
or
substance
of
change
for ages,
preserved in
Mexico,
of leather are
cut
ancient
suits
still
but
it is still
covering the
feet.
In wearing
is
nothing
furs,
our
ANTHROPOLOGY.
246
[chap.
are
known
for dress, as
arts of
Islanders
convenient
is
make gowns
of plaited
and the old art still provides the civilized world with
hats and bonnets of straw or chip. Next, if we pull a scrap
of woven cloth to pieces, we see that it is in fact a piece of
Therefore, to understand weavmatting done with thread.
ing, we have to begin with the making of string or thread.
All mankind can twist string, but some tribes do it in a
grass,
vegetable
we
wool or
fibre,
are
hair,
native flax
how
came
to
simple
wind
their
be invented.
At a
happened.
have
ing
this
into a neat
is
figured
or winder,
reel
hair-string
just
Fig. 69
cross-stick,
Now
mentioned.
if
it
hatl
make
it
twist a
new
The
how
at h
to
do
this.
But looking
much
f-ister
than he
the
figure,
which
ARTS OF
X.]
represents
evident
an
lliat
LIFE.
woman
Egyptian
ancient
been invented
247
is
spinning,
new
l)y
it
is
use.
civilized world,
and among the commonest objects dug up near old dwellare the
ings
spindle-whorls of stone or
terra-cotta,
like
women
may
in Italy or
still
be seen in
The
Switzerland.
little
machine
to
/
r
Fig.
hand-twisted cord
with the spindle.
for
b,
Eg^'p;ian
woman
spinning
drive a spindle,
The
next point
is
been
said, clodi is
it
a sort of matting
stiff
in
then
woof worked
cress-thread or
made
like rushes,
with thread or
As has
into cloth.
a frame
to
with
just
threads,
number
of
in
ANTHROPOLOGY.
248
fingers, or
70.
on a
stick, as the
Mexican
show the
The
so
shuttle
to
as
to
Fig.
in
lifted
by
The looms
throw.
doing
alternate threads
cross-bars,
girl is
still
of the tapestry-weaver.
[chap.
at
Rome
Greece and
of classic
one
were
much
Fig. 70.
Girl weaving.
(From an Aztec
may
still
see
picture.)
sits to it
when
the
"flying
arms.
Of
labour
instead
of
the
arti-
steam-engine
weaver's
now doing
hands
and
the hard
feet.
The
ARTS OF
X.]
LIFE.
249
The
to
cut
it
its
his
appearance
perforated
possible to
weave
portraits.
means of sinew
among
made
or thread.
among
savages,
the Fuegians
who
This
and
is
art
of sewing
seen in
its
makes
make a
who have only such bone
Among
each hole.
tribes
its
form
rudest
tie at
awls,
or
stiff
thorns, to
already have
skins.
known how
When
to stitch
and embroider
their soft
came
one
set of
sewing-needle
is still
and hand-sewing,
thousands of
it is
seen
each madj
for a particular
ANTHROPOLOGY.
250
[chap.
To
When
kind.
one
throws
it
in front, or
now
mean
more
the
civilized metal
Now
if
in a blanket or sheet,
made by sewing
and holding
seen
how
it
make
it
a hood, which
convenient to
make
the
name
to
convenience,
when
long,
becomes the
it
likeness to
its
many
varieties
of the mantle
are
as
the
which owes
cloche).
Roman
instance
cloak,
toga
in
and
its
came from
name
For
into
been worn
Persian
cut
When
forms the
it
a bell (French
shape,
for
short,
is
still know by
Such woven garments
wrapper which we
of sliaial
mark of
{slial).
their origin
in
"
ARTS OF
X.]
LIFE.
251
compared
The
with sleeves,
is
by a
Roman
like
In
girdle or belt.
the
smock-frock
shirt,
or drawn in at the
various forms
it
is
seen
its
of
the
coat
of the mediaeval
English
the
peasant,
the
by our
the
forefathers,
skin,
s/u'rf.
Again, a piece
call
Gaul."
hracccc
it
is
a mistake
"garb of old
Greeks and Romans looked on the
The
classic
or breeches
as
belonging
to barbarism,
but
their
into
ANTHROPOLOGY.
252
[chap.
illustrations
outright
would stand
seams and buttons on modern
Even
rain.
the
now
useless
This chapter
and
found
may be concluded
He who
ships.
first,
it
ginning in navigation.
and
even the
be glad
boats,
may
art.
still
make
shift
be seen
civilized traveller
to
in the water,
in use
coming
among
floats,
savages,
to a stream or lake
and
may
help him across, and carry his gun and clothes over dry.
Comparing these rough-and-ready means with the contrimade with skill and care for permanent use, a fair
vances
idea
art
The mere
float
comes
on by
lowest, as
sitting astride
their
hands,
ARTS OF
X.]
LIFE.
253
sit
show
on a bundle of
hammock.
that the
Rude
makers have
bow
has
In
all
the globe,
men improve on
the float
by
know how
when a keel
improvement
great an
it
was
in boat-building
craft.
To
w^hen the
fire
wood
is
is
a laborious business
to help them,
setting the
Columbus
was struck with the size of such vessels made by the natives
of the West Indies, mentioning in his letters many canoes
of solid wood, " multas scaphas solidi ligni," some so large
as to hold seventy to eighty rowers.
name
their Haitian
canoa,
well
known
mon
in
The
whence our
to use
Europe
Spaniards adopted
catioe.
its
Yet
this diig-
may be
seen by
scaplia,
building
in
it is
meaning
Greek
to the
of the time
skap/ie,
early boat-
really
relic
this
i-Zvjf
and
.f////,
so
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
254
[chap.
first
to last.
and paddle
off in this
tree, tie
it
improvised bark-canoe.
If,
however,
to be used
Bay
territory,
rapids
make
still
it
The
principle of skin-canoes
known
rivers
have been
by means
for bark.
of a
Hudson's
kw
twigs to keep
them
stretched.
round skin-covered boats of boughs of Mesopoand the portable coracles of the ancient Britons ; on
the Severn and the Shannon fishermen still go down to the
river carrying on their backs their coracles, now made of
tarred canvas on a frame, but modelled on the ancient
The Esquimaux kayak has its framework of bone or
type.
drift-wood on which are stretched the seal-skins which
convert it into a water-tight life-buoy, in which the skin-clad
paddler can even turn over sideways and bring his boat up
Our modern so-called canoes are
right on the other side.
imitations of this in wood.
Next, when the barbaric shipwright comes to improving a
dug-out canoe by sewing or lacing on a strip of thin board
as a gunwale, or making his whole boat by sewing thin
are the
tamia,
ARTS OF
X.]
LIFE.
255
tlie ribs,
bark,
From
ships used
to be,
craft.
to
wood
into planks,
make
the bark,
go across
down
to the
a few palms,
sails
the
new-made
moment
ships
sail.
make
back
In the
coco-nut
raft,
Two
let
us look
or three logs
load.
and with a
the
sail set.
The
rafts
raft
at the end
of the voyage the raft is broken up
and the wood sold, so that only the empty skins have to
go back to serve another time.
With still more perfect
economy, the rafts down the Nile are buoyed with earthen pots
skins
Timber-
and
has
that a raft
ing
at
formed by two
this
thought that
simple contrivance,
it
it
has
been reasonably
ANTHROPCLCGY.
256
canoe,
known
Pacific
and
in
now
One
as far as Ceylon.
chap.
prevailing in the
is
now
represented by the canoe, the second remaining as the outrigger log, fastened to the ends of the
two logs
retained
we
thus
have
Or indeed
the
the
Polynesian
double-canoe,
or
who mostly
shovel end
the
double-ended paddle,
improved form.
such as
is
our
a peculiar
free-handed to dig or
sweep at the water, is best suited to the narrow barkcanoe or hollowed trunk, but for larger craft it is a rude
contrivance as compared with the civilized oar, which is a
lever pulled against a fulcrum so as to use more of the
rower's force, and in a steadier pull. The difference between
barbaric and civilized knowledge of mechanical principles,
is
Of
sails,
of our
is
to
be seen
standing
ARTS OF
X.]
LIFE.
257
men
never to
It
so
is
sail their
common
boats, that
have kept
it
It
seems more
knew how.
difficult
much
labour with
belongs to a period
Up
is
little
this
for
so
Yet
it
when
civilization
was
far
advanced.
to this point, in
came
of our
own
ships.
It
is
instructive to
fiir
we
it
was common,
As
ANTHROPOLOGY.
253
ropes rigged
forecastle
tures
it
is
to hoist
and poop
how
and
to
the
furl
on the deck.
seen
them
[CKAP
The
sail.
by raised
struc-
these
while the fighting-men were also protected behind a bulwark, and there
is
Com-
of the Mediterranean,
Fig. 71.
Roman,
come into
or
Greek,
it
Phoenician,
wliether
impossible
to
think
these
can have
family likeness
among them
is
the
too strong.
used in the
and the eye of Osiris painted on
the Egyptian funeral bark that carried the dead across the
the likeness of the craft
Nile-boats
is
still
surprising,
may
]:)erhaps
have
first
junks of Canton
in
the ,cast.
ARTS OF
x]
LIFE.
255
the iron
for hauling,
own time
its
bad sea-going
The
a calm.
sailing-vessels helpless in
in
spite of
who
galley-slaves
The
convict.
in
vast
Ships,
now
improved
of-war with
became
several
in build
and
floating castles.
tiers
men-
of cannon
being
now
show
plainly
alterations
CHAPTER
ARTS OF LIFE
XI.
[concluded).
260 Cookery, 264 Bread, &c., 266 Liquors, 268 Fuel, 270
Lighting, 272 Ve?sels, 274 Pottery, 274 Glass, 276 Metals,
277 Bronze and Iron Ages, 278 Barter, 2S1 Money, 282
Fire,
Commerce, 2S5.
how,
There
when
is
an old story
travellers
had
gone away in the morning and left their fires burning, the
huge manlike apes called pongos (probably our gorillas)
would come and sit round the burning logs till they went
having the sagacity to lay more wood on.
out, not
story
is
human
apes.
Of
when
been
forest-fires in
been
set in flames
of
all
creatures
man
alone has
This
intelligence with
known how
the trees
to
manage
had
But
fire,
to carry
when
fire.
it
among
ARTS OF
CH. XI.]
LIFE.
261
mammoth
travellers
work.
which
is
an
into
made by
under-piece of wood,
thus drilling
fire
while his
is
till
72 shows a
Fig.
fire.
companion attends
Bushman
to the tinder.
different,
along a groove of
nations have
simple savage
couple
a
fro
drill
it
of our tool-shops
its
by driving
round the
turns
working
also,
top piece
on
of
its
with a
is
with a thong
it
stick,
bow
and pulled
and
common bow-
like the
not unknown.
wound
to
In either case a
down
had already in
use by better
is
rcquiretl to
keep the
drill
bearing.
Among
discarded from
flint
common
and
steel.
But although
kept up for
As has been already mentioned,
Brahmans may be still seen "churning" with
practical
life,
it
has
boen
ceremonial purposes.
(p.
16) the
fire-drill
pure divine
fire
for
AxNTHROPOLOGY.
262
[chap.
by the
life
The
early Aryans.
Romans had
arts in
fire, it
was
ancient
be made afresh by
to
board.
The
own day
as the orthodox
when
with which,
many
requires
the
Britain
is
there was
our
to
"'need-fire,"
and
new
may
Bushman drilling
wild-fire
hearth.
is
The
fir>;
made by
last
(after
be seen
in
Chapman).
friction,
need-fire
This
inherited
they
Europe
Fig. 72.
of
in
cattle
rite,
on
wooden
drilling into
on record
in Perth in
in
fire
Great
1826, but
in
district
now famous
is,
for
its
lucifer-matches.
civilization
come together
in the world.
The
fire-drill is
ARTS OF
XI.]
into heat
till
LIFE.
the burning-point of
263
wood
is
But
reached.
all
a bit of
wooden
some modern
of Tierra del Fuego
was known
natives
to
drill.
men
the proehistoric
to
of
the Greek
name
Sub-
steel,
till
modern
times.
Yet even
this
has
now
its flint
and U-shaped
steel,
and damper
for preparing
the tinder from scraps of burnt linen to light the brimstonewith, has become a curiosity worth securing when
oNIention need hardly
found by chance in some farmhouse.
be made here of the burning -lens and the concave mirror
match
known
in ancient
syringe
(much
known
in the
Chinese region
practically important.
Its
action
depends on phosphorus
particles
igniting
it
for the
safety-
instead.
made
outside.
is
often so small
But when
it
becomes
ANTHROPOLCGY.
264
way
the
in
out as
it
fire
[chap.
middle of the
the
hut,
chanced
to
The
history of artificial
the
fire
lies
so
From
we come to
the coal-fires
in
open
middle ages.
Then come
grates,
to cookery.
The
heat
make
tissues so as to
it
easier to chew,
similating
raw
impossible for
flesh or vegetables.
man
is
an important aid
It
as-
to live
wanderers
insects,
them
of
the
deserts,
grubs, shellfish,
and
Low
and small
reptiles,
eat
been seen
to imitate
it
and cheese-mites,
accustomed.
I'ut these
to
how
to cook, as
ARTS CF
XI.]
indeed
mankind
all
way
man
as
or modern.
265
this
LIFE.
come
so thoroughly to
to eat
whom
and other
fruit
to the
It
Even
New
native tribes of
this
the
habit
among
still
bear
The
savages,
it
its
who
broil their
on the primitive
stuck
do chestnuts
or bury
fire,
or potatoes.
spit,
it
pit
dug
set
set
its
latter
mode comes
may
simplest form
the ground
in
this
be a hollow tree
among
or roast
in the
From
logs,
up
Brazilian
on which they
underneath.
for
keeping,
know how
this
is
wlule
in
many
parts
and
will
meat
keep.
in the hot
The
sun
use of hot
ANTHROPOLOGY.
266
[ci:ap.
important
boihng food
art of
Assinaboins
means
"stone-boilers,''
it.
The
in the
Tribes of the
The
it
is
is
of North
animal's hide,
there
pot,
of stone-boihng, which
far
to
made
As soon
called.
as
becomes
of boiled
Yet
easy.
is
it
fire
much about
the
Homeric heroes,
on spits to
to and fro on his
where there is so
roast, and the vengeful Odysseus rolling
bed is compared to an eager roaster turning a stuffed
feast
flesh of the
kettle,
Among
fire.
is
every night
told
in
and comes
to
life
in
Walhalla
is
Northmen
Edda how the
the old
the
on the
sodden
huge
ARTS CF
XI.]
LIFE.
267
it
into dough,
as simply
is
in the
made
These take us
embers.
which
lightening),
starts
through
fermentation
the
fresh
leaven
gas by
aerated
salt,
aerated
The
the
is
by
bread
boiling,
which
lets
may be
mechanically.
other great
food
gas
acid
or starchy
enclosed.
of mankind, and
food
are
it
is
among
various
kinds
of pap
or
porridge
made
Lookseen what an
over
endless
a modern
list
cookery book,
it
more.
As
is
to progress in
cookery
in this
for
moderns have left the ancients behind. But, after all, the
main purpose of cooking food is to bring it into a proper
condition for keeping up and working the human machine,
body and mind. Examining it from this point of view, it
ANTHROPOLOGY.
268
is
[chap,
Its
it is.
Savage
next be noticed.
difficult
the
known
ancient
Egyptians,
ancient ale
pombe
or millet-beer of Africa,
seems not
the
less ancient,
wine-making
of
history.
the
frank
the wine-presses,
vineyards,
is
still
In
much what
ancient
undoubting
made
Wine
times
delight
indeed,
the
wine-jars
was
it
curious
it
is
of
men
in
to
notice
intoxicating
means of drowning
care
and
ARTS CF
XI.]
LIFE.
They drank
and oftered
269
.solemnly
it
The
to their gods.
it
hymns thought no
singing
in
ill
Greeks chanted
in
who made
nations
all
The
of drunken-
evil
one of the
liquors
great sins
wliile in
Buddha, one of the ten precepts or commandments which the novice promises to obey, is that forbidding
religion of
use
the
of
intoxicating
jMohammed
Though
liquor.
use
sacred
in
was not
till
more ancient
nations.
seen
can
in
It
the
refuse
rites,
forbidding
of
honour
in
the East,
came
for
and
wine and
into use
among
usquebaugh
now produced
of wine-making,
of
life,"
(for
in
the western
is
well
shortness 7c>hisky).
immense
brewing,
It
though
spirit,
name of "water
is
religion
as an abomination.
it
de-vie, Irish
holic spirit
the
Alco-
sugar-refining,
&c.
Its
ages
of history.
On
by taking
modern
to the use of
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
270
warm
[chap.
Tea, at
valued by the
first
also
the discovery
at
the time of
it
fires
and
fire-places
boughs made
minds
fairly
back
at
a picnic
to prae-historic
(p.
264),
Indeed, the
fuel.
wood
fire
of
in the
life.
When
earthen
floor,
the savage
this
simple
is
one of the
diiTiculties
of
life,
as
up
vache."
Even
in
woodland
countries, as
by
is
"
or
''
bois dc
soon as people
apt to run short.
"
ARTS OF LIFE
XI]
not
is
now
Elizabeth's time
it
ayr
because in Queen
is
liad
for
as jjopulation increased
might become
like
home wrapped
But instead of
this
coming
an industrial change
in
for
wood
the
stack,
in
the English
Ijible
keeps
yule-log has
The
very word
become a
coal,
which
sense of burning
original
and
tell
you (he
says) that
if
Though
how
unfamiliar the
its
full
importance to
life
almost
boundless
work.
only
source of
steam-engine,
for
power
every few
for
all
mechanical
shovelfuls
of coal
ANTHROPOLCGY.
272
[chap.
its
furnace
horse.
is
Thus
to
means
exchange
for
foreign
is
produce.
to us, will
this the
the
next step
commonest
is
is
to
light
make
artificial
flambeaux, of which
torches
seldom
of
life
to
loses
many
and
ARTS OF
XI.]
now know
LIFE.
273
their coaches.
The candle
torch.
The
might
it
made
rushlight,
mon
company
looks as though
fat,
was
in
com-
wax or tallow
candle with its yarn wick.
The old classic lamp was a
Hattish oval vessel with a nozzle {i.e., nostril) at one end
for the wick to come out at.
Simple as this construction
use in Pliny's time, as was
also
the
a brass stand-lamp
much
after the
manner
of the ancients,
its
pick-wick hanging to
But
years.
it
is
by a chain.
in
Thus
it
hydrogen.
at
the
its
mouth,
In China, at
salt springs
where
such a supply of natural gas comes up, the practicalminded people are content to lay it on through bamboos
into the buildings, to boil the brine-kettles
and
light
up the
works.
The examination
here
made
of
tiie
modes
of cooking
ANTHROPOLOGY.
2/4
requires
some notice of
can make
shift
[.iiap.
vessels.
and even where a glass imitation has come in, the French go
on calling it d. gourde, just as we keep up the name of the old
It was one of
leather bottle for the glass ones we use now.
make
invented,
is
fire
too
for boiling.
flir
back to
was
wherever earthenware
dwellings,
in
the
pots
earthen
of
France,
caves of
potsherds
use,
in
Where they
are
may be
it
not
of the rein-
tribes
safely
far in
civilization.
facts
which lead
all at
once.
stretch of
early cul-
fire,
while others,
clay over
left
came
first
done by hand,
women may
still
it
to see that
This
America
hard.
as in
be seen building up
ARTS 07
XL]
large
and shapely
on the clay
bit
by
jars
LIFE.
27:
So
bit.
in
Europe, as any
moulding
museum
of an-
and even
buy eartlien cups and
bowls of an old woman who makes them in ancestral
fashion without a potter's wheel, and ornaments them with
now
lines
tourists
who
visit
was known
in the
stick.
the Hebrides
Tombs
shown
of the Kings.
It is
the
Avall-
Fig. 73 rein
is
described
as
to
when a
all
flood has
he has to do
is
it
it
foot,
and
in
our
pleasure the potter with this simple machine so easily bringing shape out of shapelessness,
in the ancient world
it
we can
well understand
how
creation,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
276
potter moulding
of
earliest
its
earthen vase,
on
it.
Man
on the wheel.
Fine
and painting
it
life,
of such nations as
much
still
of the
of our know-
of the world
made some
art
ledge
[chap.
first
art-relics
great part of
tiie
is
almost
pottery
baked clay (Italian terra cottd) without glaze like our flowerpots, and therefore porous. To cure this fault, some people,
as the Peruvians, varnished
The
burnt in bitumen.
is,
it,
great
improvement of
glazing, that
known
in ancient
artistic
in later ages
excellence in the
more
perfect ware
In China a
had been made above a thousand years
it.
call
it
china, or
The common
stance.
earthenware
all
becomes
tliat
is
principle in
silica
all
varieties of
these
which
is
in
present in
te'ra cotta
it
Glass
potash,
itself is
soda,
story told
a fusible
and sometimes
by Pliny,
djscril)ing
lead.
its
There
is
base being
a fanciful
XI
ARTS OF
LIFE.
277
to
ilicir
the ship
happened
and
the silica
to
But the
fixct is
that glass-
flasks to
The
oil-flasks
ancient Egyptians
much
made
like
our present
glass bjads,
and
Fio
74.
Ancient
make
art
brilliant tin
Fire
of
is
amalgam.
so important a
ore
and working
of
metal
thinking
it
means
in extracting
afterwards, that
the use
some account of
some metals
it
of
has to be remembered
in
Thus the
in long-past
ages
ANTHROPOLOGY.
278
by the
[chap.
who
treated bits
hammering
The same
cold
It
is
simple way
this
in
Iron
also
found
is
is
some
is
to
still
the
in
it
is
state,
which
stones
Though
time.
seems a
it
metallic
in
fall
many
of
meteoric
and
other
native
iron
to
fit
Some
of the
themselves
metal are
ores of
so metallic-
and
this
may have
led to
heated
in
the forge,
Thus
proper smelting.
like iron,
but can be
a question whether
men
first
about a ninth of
would now
call
felt
This bronze
tin to
harden
it,
"gun-metal."
is
worked copper or
iron.
was
An
often-cjuoted
line
of
iron as well
as copper.
iron
ARTS OF
xi.J
LIFE.
279
the blue
side to
liis
Among
the
even of
Homeric Greeks,
the smiths
famous passage
of the
strengthen
the iron.
Yet
ordmary material not only
shield, but for his spear
the
all
and sword.
Clearly
remark
we have here
the
armour and
it
An
is
worth
instructive
Kaempfer's account of Japan rear two cenmay help to explain it, where he says that both
copper and iron were smelted in the country, and were
about the same price, so that iron tools cost as much as
turies
in
ago,
was
hard
from
smelt
to
in the
Iron,
and
"much-wrought iron" shows how
difficult the smiths found it to forge.
But copper was
jjlentiful, one well-known source being the island
of Cyprus,
wlunce its name of ces Cypniim {copper). '\'\xi had not to
Homer's
calling
it
the
ore,
the
When once
made
this
of using
had been
it
to
hit
harden copper
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
2So
been the
real
great part of
reason
why
[chap.
and more
plentiful,
and
steel
of the
Europe was
implements,
how
in.
Such, too, has been the history of the
iron
and
ages, traced by archaeologists in the
bronze,
burial-places
of old
learnt
by conquering invaders.
known
whom the
in
with some
was
central
came
lastly iron
are
show how
at a later period
stone,
The remains
wliicb. to us
skill,
their state
iron age.
down
who
remember
still
in
up
easily dig
their
down
may
there be seen,
other animals,
made
The
from
its
slit
or valve.
primitive pair of
it
when their
The Africans
with wood in
the time
and smelt
may be mere
into Africa in
to the Hottentot?,
stories
come
full
is
of air
is
jjressed or
pulled up to
fill
itself
Among
far.
the
ARTS OF
xi.J
LIFE.
281
now made
more
iron
coke instead
of
in
the introduction
common
cast-iron,
in
England
till
forging.
lately to
The
make
and
down
with
penny a pound.
Other metals and their effect on
steel at a
Silver has
of briefly.
Lead was
Romans
served the
easily extracted,
The
and water-pipes.
for roofs
and
alloy of
distilled
it
Quicksilver was
of bronze.
known
to the ancients,
its
who
use in
Of the many
modern times some
known
Thus platinum
in
is
still
lost in antiquity
The mention
is
and gold.
and
this
trade or commerce.
to shops
rude
realises
making
hatchets,
is
lowest form
The tough
from what
system arose.
among such
greenstone, valuable
ANTHROPOLCGY.
232
who
[chap.
of their
districts,
with
pass
unharmed through
far as
youths
head
to
be carried to
seed-crusher.
his distant
When
into a
on both
sides.
be
not
in this
No
fair
doubt there
a general sense
exchanges, and
is
if
either side
is
But
is
among
found
is
Columbia, whose
strings of
as worth
reckoned
in cattle
as
was valued
the
where
we read
female slave
is
who was
Kere the
already recognised,
for
not
only could the owner of oxen buy tripods and slaves with
who had
a twelve-ox tripod to
sell
could
To
this
currency,
traveller in
cakes of
Abyssinia
salt,
where money
may have
to
Thus the
is scarce.
buy what he wants with
still
ARTS OF
XI.]
LIFE.
The
use of
money
money does
may be seen
sih-er,
It is
thus
still
with
much
of the gold
in
when
upon
form,
dumps
as rude
side showing
placed on
came
verse.
to
to
in
the
shapes
of
represent
to
money
gold,
shirts
real
and
shirts
anvil
the other
tortoise,
or
tool
which accidental
they were
back-pattern
Art came on
fast in coinage,
or
in their early
such as the
mark of the
be struck,
earliest
marked cubes of
of precious
a symbol
the
may be
This looks a simple
little
in
intended
Coins api)ear
knives.
marked with a
Perhaps the
it.
the Chinese
as though
worth.
standard, and
hit
is
figure or inscription
known to have
may have been
ingots
little
knives,
the
in
tlie
and
so conveniently.
283
so that
among
re-
the most
does).
From
been a government
ANTHROPOLOGY.
284
[chap.
still
keeping accounts
Romans.
For small trading and
the ;
in
d. (librEe, solidi,
s.
denarii) of the
But there
well.
is
hundreds of miles
An
at
great trouble
to
pay
for
and
risk in
goods bought
and
sending coin
at
a distance.
.silver is
the bank-
thirteenth century
Marco
pieces of mulberry-bark.
It is plain
still
from
this
account that
strange to the
mind
of
more
useful to
commerce was
Genoa
He
a merchant in London.
in return, but gives an order on a
to
have sent
his
silks to
money
and
is
ARTS OF
XI.]
LIFE.
285
tions of
commerce
only so
much
necessary
adjust
to
immense
transac-
the
and
balances between
silver
the
as
is
different
countries.
Wealth
is
as
by manufactures.
own
The Canadian
him
in
to
him, because
and other things he wants. The general history of commerce in the world, which is the develoi)ment of this simple
principle, need not be dwelt on here by giving details of
the ancient
traffic
Cape
first
of ocean steam-navigation.
the student
of
merchant had
civilization
in early
to
mer-
voyages round
America, the
It is specially interesting to
notice
that
the
travelling
portant than conveying ivory and incense and fine linen from
plentiful to
He
ANTKROPOLCGY.
286
[chap
xi.
when
now
within their
own
The merchants
break down
over
may be
it
profitable
and
did
strife
much
between
intercourse.
More-
nations
coming
least
in
labour.
There
is
no agent
who
of
civilization
more
of
individual
mankind
man.
serves
also
the
private
profit
of the
CHAPTER
XII.
ARTS OF PLEASURE,
Verse
Poetry, 287
Speech,
To
those
talk,
examination
it
it
can be
it
metre and
may seem
But on careful
is
made
out
Savage
three states.
in
set
tune,
and
tribes
have some
set
passed into
all
form in their
Thus
fight, will
Australians, to
chant,
"Spear
his forehead!
Spear
his breast
"
Mammul
garro
his heart
" Young-brother
Son again
ogai.i
Mela nadjo
Hereafter I-shall
Nunjja broo."
See never."
ANTHROPOLOGY.
288
[chap.
baric tribes
new
will
ones.
mere
All bar-
victory over an
New
enemy.
Zealand song
The
following
is
him
the translation of a
This
last
common
in
barbaric
moderns are
chorus in
We
many
of our
own
is
one which
seems
to
accompaniment of
use with
It is
Nyah eh wa
nyah eh wa
"
!
which children
us.
among
nations at
accurately in syllables.
The
hymns
how far
Veda
are
ancient
of the
proof
knew
of.
versified a collection
ARTS OF PLEASURE.
Xii.]
of American
native
in
tales
289
"Song
his
of Hiawatha,"
poem chanted
Our own
poetry, where
differs in i;s
nature from
it,
as
He
Rhyme,
too,
lines
Vites
the Christian
pampinis pubescere,
hymns
Iras,"
also
ubertate incurvescere."
rhyme as quite a
and made it common, and
by the Troubadours, the masters and
was taken up
h\:tificce
Kami bacaruin
jt
skilfully
The
the world's
" Coelum
in
Byron.
Its
Thus
fell."
history of poetry.
from such
field,
Spexser.
art.
own day
is
full
of quaint fancy
and
ANTHROPOLCGY.
290
music
[chap.
Much
of poetic
of Shelley's
This
may be
seen in analyzing a
poem
"
How
wonderful
Death and
Death,
is
world."
Here
metaphor of
calling
them
brothers, the
is
is
brought in
dawn of redness
and the
dawn shining over
expressed by the
moon
the sea
the
other
which
Now
blushing.
to
early barbaric
man, not
this
for
is
the very
way
in
would
prose
is
full
of words,
to
ordinary use,
To
proper nature,
for the
is
to alter
its
ARTS OF PLEASURE.
XII.]
But
this very
291
On
observe that
that
all
and
fall
it
and German
talking
is
down
in notes;
which a Scotchman's
When
which
it is
it
passes
at devotional
meetings
The
is
may be heard
intoning in
nearly passing
same
time
it
became
intervals
regular
fixed
of the
opera
recitative of the
is
Greek
We
theatre.
it
all
music
down
The human
their airs.
of notes, for
nations
who
its
voice
is
it
is
difficult to write
sing
The
question
how men
ANTHROPOLCGY.
292
in the
[chap.
wood
long tubes of
or bark
blown by
written
tunes
forest
<r
known
^,
tribes
in
so well as trumpet-calls.
perfect so far as
most important of
and third. Another
it
fifth,
fourth,
scale, of
scales is
this,
This
ears.
is
full
the old
Ancient Nations^
early
times
other
to
'Auld Lang-syne"
quity.
scale
modern world
the
in
is
nearly
taken
which prevails
from that
who accompanied
of the
the singer's
brought
distances
still
the
spheres."
Modern music
is
a great
new development.
But
The music
ARTS
XII.]
of
til
F PLEASURE.
293
The
voice
interval,
in the
an
be traced
at
Its feeble
may
beginnings
other.
It is still
a joke
The
old rounds
and
catches,
still
popular, thus
make
of the moderns.
as a
This great
step once
understood,
modern musical
The
till
in the
art
in
the
the
full
resources of
were developed.
the
successive
composers of the
its
and
early forms.
may
Tlie rattle
all
be
and the
ments comes the trumpet, which, as has just been seen, brings
barbaric music a long step further on. The pipe or flageolet
appears in
its
improved by
common
whistle,
and
is
From
very remote
ANTHROPOLOGY.
29-1.
times,
and
far
[chap.
world
made
it
it
the mouth-hole,
became the
it
is
flute.
clarionet
to
The
is
is
spring.
slit
sound
In the modern
The whole class of musical instruments to which the harmonium belongs, work with these vibrating tongues, which
by
their
origin.
that there
of " kist
o'
use in church.
Not
name
it
its
forms in
One might
but what
is
more,
it
really
is
become
so used.
bow
a musical instrument,
The Damara
in
South
bow
his
as a cowardly
weapon, but he
and
is
still
uses
has a ring
it
for
slid
music
along the
ARTS OF PLEASURE.
XII.]
295
to strengthen
how
it is
seen
across
it
All ancient
harps,
made on
were
that
it
putting
this
plan,
was
defective,
the
strings out
Persian,
whole frame
and
yet
we
Irish,
of tune.
firm.
lengths.
old
front-pillar, as
rigid
even
a.
c,
of different
strings
Assyrian,
made
seen in
Looking
wooden back
till modern
was not
It
c,
of completing the
it
ANTHROPOLOGY.
296
is
seen
how
[chap,
first
invented,
had come into their minds. The harp, though now made
more perfect than of old, is losing its ancient place in music ;
but the reason of this is easy to see, it has been supplanted
by modern instruments which have come from it. The very
form of a grand piano shows that it is a harp laid on one
side in a case, and its strings not plucked with the fingers
It is
but struck with hammers worked from a keyboard.
the latest development from the bowstring of the praehistoric
warrior.
moderns a
to us
frivolous
amusement
step
a growling chant
savage
left
a corrobboree by
at
up
is
how
notions
it
dancing
may mean
still
more than
Thus among
We
performed by armed
to hear.
terrific
in us to feel
in
the
Mandan
it
to
act
Indians,
this
it
seems
on the world
when
tlie
to
them
outside.
liunters failed
ARTS OF PLEASURE.
xii.]
man
every
buffalo's
on which the
tribe
297
depended
for food,
which he kept
for
tail
made of a
hanging down behind,
all
set to
till
at last these
persevering
came
efforts
in
to
sight
on the
prairie.
The
ever,
in
among
may visit
out, or the
Christian
times,
are
the
still
Modern
of Mars.
flourishes
festival
more than
To
see this
mummers
in
animal
religion
sometimes
of
England
to
be
seen
ANTHROPOLOGY.
298
in the
of boys
dances
and
mummers
The dances
girls
[chap.
bonfire, or of the
at Yulotide
of choristers in
time,
dom.
Even
rite all
modern world.
hats
performed
now among
sportive dancing, as
plumed
still
The
exercise,
is
in
faithful
gone out to war, and their wives at home dance a fetishdance in imitation of battle, to give their absent husbands
Historians trace from the sacred
strength and courage.
dances of ancient Greece the dramatic art of the civilized
Thus, in the festivals of the Dionysia, the wondrous
world.
of the Wine-god was danced and sung, and from its
solemn hymns and laughable jests arose tragedy and comedy.
life
art divided
into
several
of Herakles, or
ARTS CF PLEASURE.
XII.]
modern pantomime
the
ballets,
299
show how
who
or
recited
dialogue, so
tliat
chanted
each
by words of passion or
gjsture as laid hoUl on
tragedy, once b_-gun,
proper
his
wit, delivered
all
who
part
now move
listened
soon reached
the
in
audience
his
and looked.
height
its
Greek
among
the
height of emotion.
much
the classic
revival
ruins
of
so
middle ages as to
classic
ago.
theatres
at
stand
how
its
Greek origin
its
parts
its
the
in
front
the
while the
keeps
its
painted
orchestra
The change
modern
still
comedy performed
which
is
in the tragedy
or
now
and
religious ceremonies,
the hands of
human
nature in
its
life
in
ANTHROPOLOGY.
300
its
intensest
to
be
moments.
strictly natural,
Modern
but can
[chap.
still
tlie
bound
supernatural,
yet,
fall
in with
the
On
this
all
dramatic
art is
artist
strives
Thus
arts,
to
shows
make-
founded.
power
lost the
or imagination are
to
to bring out
is
there
more
is
often
real art
in
log,
portrait, or
is
so like
life
that visitors
are
still
to
be seen
in children's attempts to
The
this
childish
some
stage.
The clergyman
of a country parish
barbarous
tribes, that
ARTS OF PLEASURE.
XII.]
301
seen in the
on
to
skill
art.
animals done
over a wide
done
to
deer and
art
on
who
mammoths knew how to
lived
among
the rein-
Two
attitudes.
The
off
liar skill
Figs. 3
district,
palm
and
4,
their outline
Travellers in
wonder
at the
up
their abode.
have a value
in the history
stages
which
Thus
of sculpture,
the
the idols
art had
Indeed Egyptian sculpture
ANTHROPOLOGY.
302
reached
its
[char
the stone statues of the older time stand and step with
more
the colossal
Fig. 19)
half deity.
it
ideal
faces of
Museum,
art,
In the British
Museum
alabaster
the
also,
bas-reliefs that
adorned the
what Assyrian
or let
'
state
fly his
life
was
like,
how
how
the soldiers
swam
the rivers on blown skins and the storming party scaled the
fortress,
feel the
rows
full
the
in
if
fill
the gigantic
figure
of the
across
the
battle-field
grip, to
two
in
Avails.
artistically
so big that
hung
ARTS OF PLEASURE.
XII.]
303
falchion.
It was in Greece that the rules of art were
developed which reject the figures of the older nations as
stiff
and
in form
unlifelike
it
came
hew
own
Greek
grouping.
in
had
itself
begun
wood and
clay,
art
in
till
is
the
by
to
in
of the world.
this.
their starting-
Babylonia, and then their genius set them free from the
and grace.
left
Greek temple,
as
on the
we
though
are
its
marble gods and goddesses used to be of the glaring whiteness of a modern sculpture -gallery.
The Greek terra cotta
statuettes in the British
Museum
are
models of antique
ings
highest.
at
drawing
and
lords
ladies feasting
behind
ANTHROPOLOGY.
304
the
savage
stage
of
In
art.
fact
[chap.
they are
still
picture-
all
pattern,
and coloured
in
red-brown,
clothing white,
and so
on.
the admiring descriptions of the ancients, but more ordinary specimens which have been preserved give an idea
surprise
in face of
Alexander of
drawn
plainly
when
in
the
rich
fifteenth
in
colour.
On
classic
of
and thought revived in
graceful
and
natural
more
to
place
gave
saints and martyrs
forms, and modern painting arose under Raffaelle and
Michael Angelo, Titian and Murillo, in whom the two
streams from the fountain-head of Greek art, so long
art
Europe, the
stiff
pictures
ARTS CF PLEASURE.
xii.]
The
panels
know
This
colours with.
on waxed wooden
mentioned
just
is
305
Van Eyck
turned
it
practical
to
use,
is
and from
inventing
time
their
oil-
But they
painters
which there
no
is
reason
to
suppose the
ancients ever
approached.
become an
for
light
sketches and
has
studies,
One
England.
branch of painting
in
is
landscape.
rably the
Of
old,
however admi-
figures
still
in the picture-
than depicted
as
it
it is.
artist's
and martyrs.
to
is
everywhere,
tlie
they will
done.
It is
One
doing
class of
is
one
games
is
spontaneous
afterwards
have
to
snow
act
in
huts,
earnest.
and
their
life
Eskimo
mothers
Among
burning inside.
carry off their
the
children
play
with us children
bridesmaids.
jilay at
All
game
neighbouring
of wife-catching,
it is
to
tribes,
just
as
ANTHROPOLOGY.
30J
at
made
after-life
spear.
hurl his
to
it,
It
at a rolling ring
making
the
plan of
old-world
another
and
in
how
is
his
[chap.
one piece
fire
wood
of
by
into
weapons of
their
forefathers.
It is
beyond these
man
The
the blind-man
guess
tians played
trifling
may
last
such
game,
on
in
and invents
civilization,
a low savai.e
in
practical sports,
who
the
stoops
back.
sum
of guessing the
Egypof the
fingers held
China, and
through
" tnora
game
hand.
in
"
it
is
a pity
England, for
it
we have not
this
as a children's
as
and a quick
hoops and
thus
it
was only
ARTS OF PLEASURE.
y.n.]
on old ones
shank-bones fastened
the split
30)
under the
London
'prentices
centuries
in the
of ball.
like children
The
ball,"
ball
This
is still
proper
Roman
and throw
it
lad's
is
is
and
sides,
name
leather ball
its
a variety of
The
it.
in their ball-play.
fme
si)ort
and
way
there
came
stick,
lately established
Indoor games,
too,
itself
in
Throwing
were not
like
our modern
game
of draughts.
On
the other
ANTHROPCLCGY.
3oS
[chap.
xil.
invention
in
intellectual
among
mind
to
its
utmost stretch of
fore-
is
earlier.
But
at
any
skill
rate the
known
in the
Europeans make
chance played
for
money stand on
our
own
time, there
is
of high value in
Games
of pure
first
In
and fancying
that
how
to
are
now
it
Monaco
makes a
red.
taught
the
This
real
CHAPTER
XIII.
SCIENCE.
Science, 309
316
ing,
Counting and
Geometry,
318
Arithmetic, 310
Algebra,
322
Measuring
Physics,
323
and Weigh-
Chemistry,
Science
is
mon knowledge
how
life
fire
light floats,
wood
Of com-
that
physicist in ma';ing
fire,
has notions
kill.
hovv^ to
cure,
In a rude way he
and
is
mountains, a niathematician
this
is
knowledge, and
it
in
when
had come
in
We
have
and
society
All
civilized stage.
and progress of
ANTHROPOLOGY.
3IO
And
science.
as
and measuring
the
first
it
that scientific
thing to do
[chap.
is
to
into use,
to
count
and measure.
Even those who cannot talk can count, as was well shown
by the deaf-and-dumb lad Massieu, who wrote down among
the recollections of his childhood before the Abbe Sicard
educated him, " I knew the numbers before my instruction ;
my
fingers
had taught
me
them
how
still,
them."
fingers
so that there
no
is
We
ourselves as children
in
above three
manage
will
to
reckon
to
understanding
perhaps
number
list
of
came
to
This
be invented.
which show
in the plainest
is
fingers
and
making numerals. When a Zulu wants to express the number six, he says iatisitupa, which means " taking
the thumb " this signifies that the speaker has counted all
the fingers of his left hand, and begun with the thumb of
When he comes to seven, for instance when he
the right.
toes led to
has to express
say
ti
koi/ibilc,
tliat
that
counting he had
In
this
way
his
is,
come
the words
this
will
signifies that in
how they are worked may be taken from the language of the
Tamanacs of the Orinoco here the term for five means
;
"
whole hand,"
six is "
"both hands " then " one to the foot " is eleven,
and so on to "whole foot" or fifteen, ''one to the other
to ten or
SCIENCE.
xiii.J
311
men
"
which stands
for
forty,
same way
in the
&c.
Now
Sec.
to "
two
this state of
things teaches
men
of progress or self-improvement.
It is
and feet and men. We see back to the time when, having
no means of reckoning such numbers except on their fingers
and toes, they found they had only to describe in words
what they were doing, and such a phrase as ''both hands"
would serve them as a numeral for ten. Then they would
keep up these as numerals after their original sense was lo&t,
like the
The languages
finished."
show such
plain
meaning
viobaiide,
"a
person
in their numerals,
perhaps because
is
But
civilized,
ineffaceable
on
fingers
and
toes.
men
fives) is that
we
write
them
so in the
is
is
Roman
reckon by
fives,
The quinary
of Senegal,
five-two,
to
still.
numerals.
The decimal
done by
it,
tinis
eighty-three
is
"'
ei;^ht
ANTHROPOLOGY.
312
[chap-
left in
by three or
four.
Were we
it on the duodecimal
and use dozens and grosses instead of tens and
we should more
afresh,
notation,
likely base
liundreds.
To
step,
but words
eight
in
thought into
figures.
How
did
men come
to the use of
and
Assyria.
Nor has
this old
for the
Roman
among
numerals
I.,
much
in the world,
common
still
in
the
same
use
principle.
SCIENCE.
XIII.]
313
aljjhabet,
was to
Thus
numbered by
sections
the
letters
Hebrew
of the
letters of the
of
arithmetic
ancient
the
Still their
progress.
nations
made
multiply by
in
grjat
com-
modern world.
M.MDCLXIX. and
civilized
CCCXLVIIL,
or
/^^W by
EGYPT.
1=1
(1 ^= 10
(^(^
^= '"o
nnn
ASSYRIA.
T
/ ^
Fig. 76.
t'/i''>?)
arid a
T>-
10
Ancient
100
< T>-
(to
loo)
= 1000
k\v minutes'
trial will
not
fail
to
convince us of
To
understand
vented,
it is
how
came
to
be
in-
little heap.
In the South Sea Islands it has
been noticed that people reckoning, when they came to ten,
would not put aside a heap of ten things, but only a single
piece
when
Now
to us
is
plain
that this
ANTHROPOLCGY.
314
markers
is
unnecessary, but
all
is
[chap.
to
things as pebbles
for
"counters,"
which
survives in
still
Now
late is a relic of
pebble-counting in
to
is
work such
wanted is
fairly
It
in
it
little
children
it is
said that a
Frenchman
Now
it
it
arithmetic;
found
whatever
sort
its
would serve
so
way
perfect'y to
he introduced
into
of abacus
is
it
in
English infants'
used,
its
principle
so that in one
column the
stand for units, in the next column they are tens, in the
Here the three stones
next hundreds, and so on, Fig. 77.
in the right-hand
SCIENCE.
XIII.]
315
make columns
it is
hundreds, &c.
The
reader
abacus that each column should stand for ten times the one
next it. It may be twelve or twenty or any other number of
times,
^
the
s.
and
d.
in
fact
or cwts.
qrs.
the
lbs.,
columns, for
ANTHROPGLOGV.
3i6
We
[chap.
by using
the term Arabic numerals, while the Arabs call them Indian,
and there is truth in both acknowledgments of the nations
But
having been scholars in arithmetic one to the other.
this
may be
As to the main point, howno doubt, that modern arithmetic comes out of
ancient counting on the columns of the abacus, improved by
writing a dot or a round O to show the empty column,
and by this means young children now work calculations
which would have been serious labour to the arithmeticians
of the school of Pythagoras.
ever, there
is
Next
Here
measured, as he
it
may be
fairly
counted, on
man first
own body. When barbarians tried by finger-breadths
how much one spear was longer than another, or when in
building huts they saw how to put one foot before the
guessed that
first
his
two
they
stakes,
foot,
English the
arm
Besides the
17,
cubit,
hand,
we have
in
which the early meaning of arm or fore^/-bow, the arm-bend), also the fathom or
(of
is seen in
cord stretched by the outspread arms in
sailors' fashion,
and
SCIENCE.
XIII.]
{mille)
made
the
317
inilc.
recollection of early
It
of
wood
when
in civilization
made
pieces
may
still
The
be seen,
The French
and Roman
feet.
was to be a
now
and
fractions are
scientific
known times.
some extent be traced
for instance the pound
the earliest
to
ANTHROPOLOGY.
3'8
more
difficult
[chap.
geometrical rules.
may be
is,
" land-
mud on
British Museum
fertile
(the
Nile.
There
is
in
the
oldest
books
in the world,
2,
folded right
originally written more than i,ooo years before Eukl id's time,
and which shows what the Egyptians then knew and did not
know about geometry. From its figures and examples it
roughly
stjuare
it
ABC
Fig.
SCIENXE.
XIII.]
319
they sub-
fijld,
and squared
thus
if
on
a good approximation.
trial is
be believed
that
Pythagoras,
But
tliese
Egyptian
come
to regard
to be
improved on,
methods.
which have
results
series.
It
must be ckarly
practical
This
Its
finitions,
may be
tell
and
stretch cords
up poles
between them.
is
tailors.
in-
still
we
came
to
If
we
stretch a
and straight
at certain
It is instructive
is
accustomed
to
the
parallel
ANTHROPOLOGY.
320
lines, or
To
the
[chap.
tailor,
must cut ADB a right angle, or his piece when he opens it will
have a projection or a recess, as seen in the figure. When
he has cut it right, so that bdc opens in a straight line, then
he cannot but see that the sides ab, ac, and the angles
ABC, acb must exactly match, having in fact been cut out
Thus he
on one another.
geometry,
tailor's
at
name
arrives,
But
early.
true
also
is
it
the
that
Such easy
known
very
elementary teaching.
to
them
papyrus, as
and double
found that
area
is
we may do with
up
it
it
as
shown
in the figure,
be seen that
this is
right angles.
do not seem
b, c, all
Though
to
makeup two
more ancient Egyptian geometers
at
either of these
who
tell
the origin
time.
of mathematical
properties of
The
old historians
discoveries
do not
Thus
it is
all
folding together at d,
the
have got
it
its
would
three angles at a,
It
was the
fiist
to
of.
inscribe
SCIENCE.
xiii.]
321
llie
and thereupon
sacri-
ficed a bull.
symmetrically
the semicircle
involved in
is
first
into a circle
this, as is
present figure.
was the
fits
work out a
to
The
of the problem.
another version
is
that
strict
geometrical demonstration
of Pythagoras, and
is
sum
equal to the
sides (Euklid
philosopher
I.
47).
'i'he
who forbad
the proposition,
it is
is
As
for
itself practically
to
when
practical rules, or
scpiares, at
any
rate
he
the
first
to establish
analytical
geometry depend.
The
its
seems so
far
ckar, that
ing,
as
their teachers
its
name
ANTHROPOLCGY.
322
human mind
[chap.
in strict
In
its fir^t
stages,
and so had
But
to
ancient
in
number without as
Hindu mathematicians,
same direction, introduced the method
knowing what
it
now
called algebra.
It
to
is
as symbols in algebra
letters
all
at
once
by a happy thought, but grew out of an earlier and clumsier device. It appears from a Sanskrit book that the venerable teachers
came
to be used fur
much squared
this
twice,"
The square
in
Colebrooke's
Hindu Algebra
number
swarm of bees
of a
is
woman,
number
the
of bees."
This Hindu
equation
is
known
given to
in
Europe
it is
in the
middle ages.
is
" consolidation
SCIENCE.
XIII.]
quantities
Europe
lished,
323
till
and Leibnitz's
fluxions
differential
calculus,
modern
lost
the
words,
as
of their
traces
where
which
/,
;/
first
beginnings as
abbreviated
still
is
which
is
an old fashioned
s,
sum
{sumi/ia)
in integration.
them.
well
life,
men had
enough
when he mounts
handle.
his
axe on
the path of a
to
profit
projectile
by momentum
But
to
Even
lift
is
just
among
it
of them, whereas
coming
into existence.
is
found
it
will fall.
The
its
weight
ANTHROPOLCGY.
324
who worked
[chap.
out from the steel-
particles
of a
called
centre of gravity
of
its
bodies,
floating
all
the
now
centre,
which mathematicians
on
far
the
in
In-
when
much was
so
bondage
surprises a
should
in
sometimes
But
the
of Gerbert
scholars of the
scientific points
knew
book
was
left
It
still
science.
many
forgotten,
less
It is curious to
(Pope Sylvester
look at the
II.)
Mohammedan
added
to
praise.
philosophers
its store.
For
pretty story
it
this
is
were
its
guardians,
a matter of
fact,
it
and even
and
fro
but as
Ebn
pendulum
the
services
greatest
was
for
science,
Of all
perhaps the
and motion.
SCIENCE.
xiii.J
^3-25
moving body
would gradually become exhausted and it would stop of
uself, but this idea of force was changed by the new priniheir senses into the belief that the force of a
to set
in
it
as
is
much required
to stop a
on
for ever.
moving body as
roll
again, he
lifj
when
th_*
force
how
had come
into the
for
the present
among
day,
power
In
law.
that of the
conservation
and destroyed
the processes of nature or the machines of man, but
of
energy,
that
new
transformed into
not
is
created
manifestations
equivalent
to
in
is
those
set
should go on creating
its
idea
that,
so discarded
is
an absurd machine, he
shown
that
if
his
motion would be
has only to apply
of
force
placed
at
is
sufficiently
machine
possible.
in
the
his
could
answered by being
work,
The modern
the
perpetual
mechanician
disposal
by nature, and
within
ANTHROPOLOGY.
336
[chap.
this
and more.
Among
The
classic philosophers
knew
in
they already
visible.
knew
the
and pouring
One
who knew
in
saw
It
is
it,
Jupiter's
universe.
till it
dug up
at
becomes
Nineveh,
Arab astronomers,
who
a telescope.
hearing of
experiment of
water
an
telescope
in
is
familiar
waves
like
seem
was not
made
account of
to
till
mentioned
plainly
intelligent
in
By
these
telescope
and
may be
their inventions
called
came
been so vastly
extended beyond
his
life,
all
the stages
hundreds of thousands of
is
SCIENCE.
XIII.]
maps
The rainbow
of the universe.
doctrine
problem of
tlie
The
colour.
effects
it
led to
was as
that light
in straight lines
y_i
a glowing substance,
if it
may
sun or
same
fire,
laws,
nebula
in
table.
the science of
light
when
the
test its
to the
it
astronomer
the
that
heat.
so
faint shine of a
that
would
set
light, also
wood on
brought to
The
fire.
heat-measurer or thermometer.
Who
first
made
is
it
not
known, but it was about three centuries ago, and its earliest
form may have been the air-flask with its tube in which
coloured water
rises
way of showing a
and
falls,
which
is still
how
The
heat
is
white-hot
has gone back into heat, and with the heat re-appears the
other form of radiant energy,
light.
electricity
ANTHROPOLOGY.
328
loadstone
[chap.
south
The
machine
electrical
name
in
the
battery.
electric spark.
and
netism,
set
on foot the
line of invention to
much
beginnings
Its
which the
besides.
lie
practical
in
and soda
into glass,
The
or bark.
knew
these
and many
other chemical
artificers
arts,
when
we hear of
their distilling
In early civilized
dim
The Greek
first
philosophers
fire, air,
water, earth
and they
also
made up
had
learnt or
of atoms
now more influential than ever in modern lecturerooms. The successors of the Greeks were the Arabic alcheprinciple
mists,
and
Their
Christendom.
many
among
their furnaces
and
To
the
surprised to find
all
SCIENCE.
XIII.]
many
329
one matter,
seem quite unreasonable in
them to the jjursuit of truth by
and
itself,
practically
stone,
led
that
ammonia, sulphuric
of real
trials
it
experiment, so
magical
folly
fact,
acid.
had grown up
it
cleared itself
for the
later
with,
What
chemist.
of
all
things
brought on the new chemical knowledge, was the explanation of what takes place in burning, rusting, and breathing.
How
is
it
How
or life?
coal,
seem
turn
to
is it
that while
be dissipated by
it
some
fire,
is spoilt by a burning
no longer allows flame
others,
before
Uke lead or
iron,
The answers
to
and proportion
The advanced
place.
instructive
hour
this
combination takes
student of chemistry
may spend an
is
a confused chaos,
where
not as
atomic theory.
From
we pass
to the nature
of living things.
science of
from the
life,
first.
So
far as
names
for
South American
migrations they
know
forests,
resorts,
have
and
ANTHROPOLOGY.
330
European
The
naturalist
whom
plants, often
make
curiously descriptive of
Thus
a small book.
[chap.
jaguar
is
ipe-caa-goerie,
or "little wayside-plant-emetic,"
Mankind everywhere
cuanha.
Natural History.
kills
a deer, cuts
So
it
it is
with anatomy.
up, cooks
is
our
the joints,
When
heart,
ipeca-
popular
the savage
and
liver,
makes
and awls out of
thread,
it
The barbaric
knowledge of the anatomy of an animal.
anatomy an
uch
butchers'
beyond
doctor
have
and
warrior
acquaintance with the structure of man's body, as may be
seen in the description of the wounds of the heroes in the
Iliad,
in the
heart,
is
a.s,
for in-
continued
to
be used
for both.
It is
curious
how long
it
took
the ancients to get at the notion of what muscle is, and how
They never understood the circulation of the blood,
it acts.
SCIENCE.
XIII.]
331
is
used
still
common
passed into
talk,
as
when one
is
said to be in
wnen
humours or Huids of the body were thought to cause
the state of mind, the humour which is sanguine, or "of
the blood," being lively and impetuous. But in knowledge
of the body the moderns have left the ancients quite behind,
now that the microscope shows its minute vessels and tissues,
and there have been made out the circulation of the blood,
from
life
on
lifeless
Modern
and
Natural History
became
classi-
one
had never seen before and did not know the name of, and
make out by examination that it must belong to such and
such a genus and species. Moreover, naturalists have long
been seeking to understand why the thousands of species
fication, that
it
The thought
genus
fact
is
among
being in
foundation
which
for
of that
many
and now so
theory
of development
is
the
or evolution
largely prevails.
This
is
ANTHROPOLOGY.
332
of descent
the doctrine
but
it is
[chap,
or
38),
meant
down
genus Equus,
all
sets
descended
is
who
belonging to one
which
is
the
first
The world we
is
graphy, geology.
take
it
floor,
It
more or
less
earth
Thus
thinking
in
Rude
tribes in
rain,
which
is
with
stars,
is
that
many
and
is
dome
it
a few miles
like
is
or
the natural
a round
so,
such phenomena as
a circular
is
as to account for
This firmament
off.
There
is
is
studded
nothing to
more
an opening
in the
it
in the
horizon,
seems to plunge
into.
The
and
to rise in like
manner
in
first
many
in the night,
to
a nation has
SCIENCE.
XIII. J
invisible
this is
All
333
schoolmaster
ago a
astronomy
it
Not many
on
out of Europe.
who ventured
lecture
to
in
the year, such as the rainy season, or the icy season, or the
tells
way
Rude
tribes,
who observe
particular Stars
or constellations
the rising
mark
the stars to
and
setting of
the seasons.
Thus
when
it
It
stands
change
people
as yet
so that even
among
way
ac-
is
that
23
ANTHROPOLOGY.
334
[chap.
the days are not yet fitted regularly into the months, nor
settled
it
the year
is
less
how many
is
days,
to consist of.
When we
cultured nations,
we
progress
find great
made
in observing
fields
and
rivers
tell
the
house
Egyptians
men
of the
regions below,
abode of
Yet the
who held
to this primitive
where
fluttering ghosts,
astronomy had
set the
Great Pyramid by the cardinal points with remarkable exIn reckoning the year, they not only added to the
months of 30 days 5 intercalary days to make 365,
but becoming aware that even this was not accurate, they
recorded its variation till it should come round in a cycle of
Even
1,461 years, as determined by the rising of Sirius.
actness.
12 solar
years.
In the
the
Moon.
much
of in com-
It
the Babylonian
on seven
XIII
SCIENCE.
crystal spheres
to this
day people
seventh heaven."
335^
talk of
heavenly bodies.
known as the
when it came
This system, in
Ptolemaic, held
its
its
last stripped
centre of
tlie
Geograp^iy
rudest
the
lie
all
is
things,
here.
tribes
are
well skilled,
of their
own
how many
and
desert to reach
some
side
uncivilized a people
rivers in
so
as
it
consists
in
for hatchets
may
far
be, they
hill "
is
to
name
be found.
their
However
mountains and
In-
oldest
tells
of Aristagoras's bron.:e
tablet
inscribed
with
the
ANTHRCPOLCGY,
336
circuit of the
[chap.
round
their
own countries.
Jlive ntus
minds
Miiiidi,
at
its
from the
map
Ocean River
came
to explain.
yet
its
This
Gladstone's
is
among
set
it
is
to geographers
such
to
far India,
How
and
land and
the most
rude
round the
encircling the
Herakles across
of
pillars
known
men form
in
group of nations
great
whole.
the
It
to look
men
modern of
thinking.
sciences,
Even
the
In the
more
had been formed by
deposits of mud from the Nile, while the shells on the
mountains proved to him that the sea had once been where
But two thousand years had to pass
dry land now is.
before these lines of thought were followed up by the
modern geologists, to whom the earth is now revealing the
long history of the deposit and removal, rising and sinking
of its beds, and the succession of plants and animals which
from remote ages have lived upon it.
infancy
of Greek
rightly as to
From
this
how
science,
Herodotus
speculated
it
is
on.
Reasoning or
logic
is
itself
SCIENCE.
XIII.]
sciences,
it
bogan as an
art
why
337
He
or how.
worked out
his
down
rules
how
it
Indeed,
to argue.
substantive,
such propositions
The
rise
a.s,
adjective,
light
wood
floats,
heavy wood
sinks.
due to the Greek philosophers, and Aristotle brought argument into a regular system by the method of syllogisms.
Of
to practical reasoning,
that
red-hot
It
at
practically to
its
great libraries,
came by thousands
to
follow
mathematics,
Looking
hundred years
its
labora-
Hither students
chemistry,
at
once to
at the his-
it
The
which prevailed in
ANTHROPOLOGY.
33?
for
[chap.
and
had come
The
movement
great
men back
pounder, brought
of
is
associated as
to the
chief ex-
now
only
observed,
thought arranged
it
more
We who
systematically.
the
and
live in
is
now moving on
a right track.
The
into a
its
who
student
of rude and
peoples
ancient
now
our own,
with
fallen into
which
is
men
it
quest of truth.
still
is,
Only
its
of broken bottles
ness of the
new
is
known
already
results
left
by the European
material to their
it
for
own
sailors,
up
the
the like-
experience
proved that
good, for
more than
mere associa-
relied far
When
control of experience.
bits
in
Magic.
is
to something new,
always was, as
This
analog}' or
tion of ideas.
look
most instructive
we moderns do on reasoning by
may
contempt from
SCIENCE.
XIII.]
339
And where
experiment, this
rude
man
how
to find
is
where there
is
far
more
trial
by
But the
difficult things
at.
them
one's
principles
which are
mind down
Nothing shows
although this
is
to
this
far
childish
belter
state
of
intelligible if
the
man
Accord-
lips,
and
to
to.
astrology,
is
be brutal
to these constellations
pair of scales.
So with the
planets.
He
is
imagined
real bull or
over
a real
whom Mars
ANTHROPOLOGY.
340
[chap.
Had
he but
to speak of love.
There
unintelligible.
be followed quite
is in it
easily,
Yet such
argument.
barbaric world.
though
it
is
is
will
not
for a serious
less
a bear to-morrow,
it is
a train of thought
much
for a joke,
is,
train of
still
pervades the
Indian, eager to
kill
and shoot it, reckoning that this symbolic act will make the
The Australians at a burial, to know in
real one happen.
what direction they may find the wicked sorcerer who has
omen the
The Zulu who
direction of
has to buy
may be
cattle
fill
is
dealing with.
The
to
this
like
like shooting
is
image
shall
But
if
therefore,
magical proceedings,
less.
a real
this
we.
if
tested
wonder
by
It
facts,
is
if 1
true
that such
prove to be worth-
prevail
neighbour's
and who, on
a heart
up the chimney
to shrivel
SCIENCE.
xili.]
in the
smoke, that
in
341
waste away.
interested in magic.
reasonings
may
be,
it
is
a law of
human
pro-
navigator
the
exact
science
his
guide
in
exploring the
owes to astrology
is
well
What
world.
known, how
in
systematically ob-
and
registers of lucky
the destinies of
by
of
men were
their observation
the
planets
and calculation
themselves.
to foretell the
motions
to go
on observing and thinking, secure that in time his errors
will fall away, while the truth he attains to will abide
and grow.
CHAPTER
THE
Religion
Life,
352
XIV.
R I T - W O RL
D.
fluence, 368.
a general
account of the
anthropologist,
who has
many
faiths
to
of mankind.
give
The
life,
may
best
receive.
The
and
is
is
is
not
difficult to
us
THE SPIRIT-WCRLD.
CHAP. XIV.]
understand,
to
343
if
their place,
in
meaning of
life
with
on
minds
their
to
The
we
tell.
one
is
that
all
life
is
person
who
all his
senses
which
is
active,
wake
to
sometimes
after
ditions the
ceases
life
more
In other con-
when one
entirely,
is
stunned
falls
into a
difficulty in
They
it,
will
of from
among
it
What, then,
life
life
To
his
is
in sleep, trance,
When
senses.
this soul or
and death
the
sleeper
is
is
that every
man's
his
kd
ANTHROPOLOGY.
344
it,
[cHAP.
for although
man
may-
them
is
who
reflexions
in
philosopher,
water, or their
still
familiar in other
moment he
Here then
there.
in
few words
dream,
vision,
come
life,
is
together
The Zulu
for
one
satisfies
the
and account
untaught reasoner.
it
death a man's
of his children
father's ghost
of the
to visit
or
describe
how
his
two, the
some
living
far-otT kraal
of their people.
off together
The Malays
when a man
or
woman
dies, there
comes out
of their
it
is
die,
mouth
but the
comes f/om
their
mouth and
is
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.
XIV.]
called the
The
life.
345
lower races
confusion of thoughts as
this,
shadow and
his
his breath
man
as having
two
souls,
" dark spirit " or shadow goes down to the world below, but
the " light spirit " or reflexion seen in water stays near where
he
dies.
The
reader
may
call to
world
how
who
how Hermotimos,
at last his soul,
tries in
smoke
vain to grasp
flits
to the
earth
had burnt
his wife
sleeping Achilles,
his corpse
spirit-journey,
on the funeral
pile,
or
till
found that
and
that
he
ethereal
substance
occupy the student of metathe earlier and grosser soulthe uncultured mind is that to this day it
will
theory satisfied
how
Even among
plainly
shows
in
its traces,
as
when we speak
himself," or
(that
is,
when
" shadows
still
of a person being
" coming back to
")
life.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
34'3
It
may have
dog
This
body.
is
[chap
to
have a
in fact
still,
soul,
same grounds,
to believe
a phantom-likeness of
its
in
shield
it
arrows.
are
carries
The
remembered or
give
carried
on
still in
how
In Peru,
be buried
for
it
So only a
in a
uniform buried
we understand
remain
burial-mounds on our
in the
own
hills,
with their
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.
XIV.]
347
in passages
with the Trojan captives and the horses and hounds, the ac-
Melissa's ghost
liad not
in
tricts
been burnt
and
the wives
slaves ceased
still
pile.
thus
buried
and
in
in
Other quaint
sacrifice.
met
relics
are to be
shoon
" with
with.
for the
and thread
while
all
is
mend
way
hand
to
pay
his
with.
just been made of ancient burial-mounds.
how barbarians reverence and fear the souls of
dead, we may understand the care they take of their
Mention has
Seeing
the
canoe or
coffin,
if
it
up on a
scaffold,
or building up a strong
the people have taken
or burying
tomb over
to
it
it,
cremation.
ANTHROPCLCGY.
34,8
own
[chap.
country are
won-
still
ders to us for the labour they must have cost their barbaric
Most conspicuous are the great burial-mounds
builders.
Some
But
and
to this
on
day
Highlands of Scotland the memory of the old cusso strong, that the mourners, as they may not build
a cairn over the grave in the churchyard, will sometimes set
in the
tom
is
up a
little
be a
way.
cist or
may
a chamber of rude
stones,
sometimes with
galleries.
Many
i.e.
The remains
Kit's Coty House, not far from Rochester,
dug up show that the dolmens were tombs. Another kind
of early stone monuments are the menhirs, i.e. long stones
set
up
It
singly.
There
is
is
worshipped,
it
is
likely that
XIV.]
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.
who
is
349
Rude
monuments may be
stone
The purpose
map.)
Fergusson's
of them
all
is
[see
not fully
The
old-fashioned
mens
examination such as
fanciful speculations
such
antiquaries,
as
that
the
dol-
altars,"
Prehistoric Times.
death
is
supposed
The answers
the ghosts
to
left
become of
Some
tribes
ground, which
is
it;
or
it
sitting
round
the
on
tlie
say that
died,
which
village resort, so
watching
green
village
or
it
that
to visit
people
this,
ghosts
flit
away
to
the
some
on mountain-tops
up on the plains above
the sky, or down in the depths below the ground where the
sun descends at night.
Such people as the Zulus can show
the holes where one can descend by a cavern into the
in
lasted
24
known
on
in the classic
to our
By
own day
in
a train of fancy
ANTHROPOLOGY.
)5o
easy to follow,
do
to
it is
Islanders like
night.
home
where
with
[chap.
of the dead has
sun dies at
the
Many
spirit-world
to
the
be the
the
and
dim land of
Both ideas
their spirit-villages,
and there
is
game and
one
fish in plenty,
it
Dante
there,
whose
dead
fleshly
in Purgatory
wondering to see
Hitherto
they
fact
may
enter into
it
souls or
on
earth.
is
In
that
mother's family.
"Thou
art
come!"
which
may
It
it
may
fly
away
in a bird, or, as
THE SPIRIT-WCRLD.
XIV.]
and
still
among
of transmigration which
notion
becomes a great
JjLuklhism
To
351
in
Brahmanism and
religious doctrine.
tlit
to
and
fro as
ghosts.
to keep
up
and
hold
their families
North America a
Mandan woman will talk by the hour to her dead husband
and a Chinese is bound to announce any family
or child
Thus,
in
event, such as
present
memorial
their
in
The
tablets.
when
ghosts of dead
them
tions
Such
food.
the
own
offerings to the
civilization,
traces
still
on
last
remaining
in
into higher
The
Europe.
little
icon-shelf, puts
only to
dead
still
keeps
Souls, which
is
its
its
modern
representative;
do not
forget to
make up
still
even
at
the
the
fire
the supper on the table, for the souls of the dead of the
family
who
will
come
to visit their
home.
mankind.
it is
which
But
this
worship does
ANTHROPOLOGY.
352
[chap.
if
he happens to
fall
make some
he has neglected to
and
In Guinea the
they have pushed him in to punish him.
negroes who regularly bring food and drink to the images of
their
and
dead
them
relatives look to
for
help in the
crowds of
trials
of
life,
may be
in the
which to a Chinese
and how the pious rites
for the dead ancestors or lares formed the very bond which
Our modern minds have
held a Roman family together.
meaning there
or
Hindu
is
is
the
in the ancestor-worship
first
business of
life,
apotheosis of a dead
Roman emperor
to
keep
its
activity
and demons
man keeps
after
demons
to
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.
XIV.]
Not long
life.
353
demon-worshippers,
it
lately built
his tastes in
will
be a good
spirit
to his
own people he
when the
may be sometimes
life,
and brandy.
friends and an
were laying on
among them
are
in battle
and
When
go against them.
to victory; but if
air
around
We
disease.
for
by the
soul
or part of
back
is
it
going out.
the ordinary
In these
patient's truant
soul
antl
cases,
method of
put
i)retend to
will
it
to
cure, as
back into
his
But
bawling to
own
his
soul to
come back
man who
when
the
sick
man
is
him.
In any painful
tossing
to
behaviour
illness,
and shaking
in
especially
fever,
or
ANTHROPOLOGY.
354
[chap.
own
own
when
in delirium
thoughts or speaks
and
strange,
itself is
symptoms of a
will see
how
hysterical-epileptic
naturally in the
that
another
spirit
patient,
has
the
maniac,
when
method of treatment.
It is so
among
savages,
man
of a dead
shouting,
dancing,
demon from a
at
home
and drumming
man down
drive
to
with fever.
out
the evil
well-known Egyptian
memorial tablet of the time of Rameses Xll (12th century B.C.) to be seen in the Paris Library, and translated
in Records of the Past, where the Egyptian god Khons
was sent
in his
little
princess Bentaresh
of the evil
*'
made
reaches,
we
far
spirit,
As
between
and drugs
had an apoplectic
fit,
to
"
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.
XIV.J
hard
it on, by
and prayers,
him go
Grip him not so
Ah, how good that tastes
heaps of coloured
little
Thou
shalt
355
Ah,
have
let
rice
own
ways.
As
fully
and confirm
it
most
in
will recognise
their delirium,
striking
reality of
demon
its
name,
just
India and
Englishmen
in
opportunity
scenes,
the
far
East often
have the
mouth, that he is the spirit so-andand tell what he is come for at last, when satisfied with
what he wants, or subdued by the exorcist's charms and
threats, the demon consents to go, and then the patient
leaves off his frantic screams and raving, his convulsive
roar, out of the patient's
so,
mental treatment
is
effective.
In Spain the
priests
still
it
known how
may be treated
is
spirits serves to
account
for
whatever happens.
That certain unusually fierce wolves or
tigers are " man-eaters " is explained by the belief that the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
356
men go
souls of wicked
[chap.
still
live in
Again,
pires.
men
gained
notions
It
tribes
them a reason
do
for
find
is
at
any
in the doings
of spirits
around
many
luck
friendly
or
or
fortune
unfriendly
takes
in
own
who
This may be,
Especially his
spirits.
shape
guardian
spirit
father's soul
American warrior
it
may
till
he sees
it
The
fasts for
for
in
a dream
Roman, a
or
s]nrit
life.
still
left
behind the
is
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.
XIV.]
world around
us, the
the
We
forests.
and
is
it
infinite
and
who
much
cast
and decomposi-
nature
heat, of growth
Yet
nature.
and
an
the mountains
357
as
up the
spirits
are looked
upon
as souls working
bodies. It
up the
is
they
forest in the
The lower
them
in a
thoroughly
and throwing in a bit of tobacco with a prayer to the riverspirit to let them pass. An African woodcutter who has made
the
first
known to take the precausome palm-oil on the ground, that the angry
coming out may stop to lick it up, while the
tion of pouring
tree-spirit
man
nature-spirits
life.
The
state of
mind
to
which these
seats, or the
dryads growing
with the leafy pines and oaks, and uttering screams of pain
when
the
woodman's axe
The Anglo-Saxon
word woodmare
for an echo
wood-nymph), a record of the time when
Englishmen believed, as barbarians do still, that the echo is
the voice of an answering spirit the word mare, for spirit or
{iviidii-mcEr
ANTHROPOLOGY.
358
[chap.
demon, appears
also in
nightmare^
the Loreley
is
still
home
find a
to the
is
by physical
in poetry
science,
and
folk-
swimmer
in the whirlpool
the heal-
names, the
little
elves
and
fairies
forest-spirits.
It
may
surprise
man imagined
Above
the
prehistoric
commonalty of
spirits,
the religions of
gods.
Where ancestor-worship
souls,
all tribes
recognise higher
spirits,
or
divine rank.
Han
the
dynasty.
be carried
far
a distinguished soldier
The
enough
who
lived
under
may even
supreme
where the
to reach
deity, as
Tamoi
first
at
after death.
Among
the
soil,
their souls
who
till
rule the
is
universe.
the Sky,
who
The
gives the
in the
THE SPIRIT-WCRLD.
XIV.]
morning
359
thej-
Thus
tliey are at
let
the
sun
in,
the
name
in
in the
up
its
keeping
dwelling deity,
think of
him
by an
life
Among
if
we
the relics
all
still
me
us,
in-
We may
soul.
the
in the over-
life
''
Heaven
forgive
overtake him."
The
" "
rain
all
things,
takes
her place,
as
when
are
the
that
the
is
Earth.
the
universal
Ojibwa
pious
careful
No
to
leave
fancy of
Heaven-father and
parents,
nor
could
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
36o
[chap.
The Earth-goddess
themselves before Heaven and Earth.
clear in classic religion, Demeter, Terra ISIater, and perIS
haps the
worship
among
ourselves
may be
modern times
among
it is
be found, when
the native kings, praying him not to be boisterous, would
have rice and cloth and botUes of rum, and even slaves, cast
So a Greek or Roman general,
into the sea as sacrifices.
idea of the Sea-god
is
to
To men who
Poseidon or Neptune.
on the
and sea
and life
sky, earth,
a Samoyed
woman
from
my
bed
"
!
many
and
When
thou,
in the evening,
whence
There
personality.
rise
and crossing
he arose, has
bowing
God,
"When
is
years ago
at sunrise,
risest, I
thou,
too
God,
goest down,
on Egyptian mummy-cases,
his
R.a,
the Sun,
is
seen travelling
universe.
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.
xiv]
361
common
for the
Moon
natural
pair,
why
understand
Moon had no
famous temple
at the
images
in
Syria,
like
Sun and
because they
No
doubt
why of all
still
have personal
may
still
among
us to this day
this
is
Germany
in
bow
shipped both
for the
the
first
god (Latin
is
it
Among
name
the
of sacrifice
sacred place
is
the Parsis,
whose most
among
fat
are as well
known
to
fire
and
in
Baku
The Wind-gods
libations of
in
Rome
in
her sanctuary.
the North
American
Zephyr.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
362
[cHAP.
little spirits
of the brooks,
the
Hindus
above all
Such a
still
is
by a divine
river,
the Ganges.
list
sea, of the sun and moon, and the rest of the great powers
own
polytheism, as
it is
found in
all
own
explain
far to
The
of
apt to
is
confused.
split
up into
several deities,
The
classical dictionary
is full
of examples of
The
came
to
be adored
Jupiter
like
all this.
The
Tonans and
first
This
in
will
religion
as
THE SPIRIT-WGRLD.
xiv]
as
tlic
stands
such a temple.
many ancient
many show so
363
clearly as they
show
such-and-
in
the origin of so
at
first,
The gods
of
minds
of
of
the battle-ground of
civilization.
good and
evil spirits,
some
religions see
good and
good deity
and evil deity. This system of dualism, as it is called, is worked
out in the contest between the powers of light and darkness,
under Ormuzd and Ahriman, the good and evil spirits, in
evil
appears
there
also in
all
rude forms
the sovereign
the
system
in the faiths
of divine
of more cultured
to
have
who look
this
said,
men
may
hold
supremacy.
to the souls
and
heaven-god
is
soul,
an ancestor
Often, and
Among
Africa,
above
air,
to trouble himself
doctrine of the
his will
the nations of
West
much
a thoughtful,
if
The
not a
ANTHROPOLCGY.
364
They
[chap.
the crowd of
happy, philosophy of
life.
and
of the departed,
who
evil
the concerns of
best of
it
but
life,
now and
say
it is
are
spirits
good
active in
still
have the
then,
bad demons with his thunder, and lets fly his thundermost obstinate then he goes back to rest, and
A more cheerful view of
lets the spirits rule as before.
nature-spirits working beneath heaven is familiar to us in
the Homeric court of the gods on Olympus, where Zeus, the
the
bolts at the
personal sky,
sits
Sun may
Or
and
sea.
hill-tribes
forest
air,
of India, where he
and the
there
may
among many
is
gods of the
be,
America, a Great
Spirit,
who
is,
and
as
it
still
controls,
supreme over
even such mighty nature-gods as the sun and moon. When the
reader goes on to study the religion and philosophy of the
ancient civilized world, he will find men's thoughts working
in these
It
lies
who
reigns
to
same
further here.
human souls, or
Even among savages,
transformed
souls.
human
souls, or
beings modelled on
prayer
is
human
already found
in-
THE
XIV.]
SPIRIT WORLD.
365
a divine being
is
your bullock, ye
body
may
that I
spirits
live
of our people.
By our
we procured
enrich us.
is
sacrifice
Earth-
the
to
cattle,
Do
you now
be housed
shall
goddess
much
burnt hands
abound
children so
let
be too
them
be seen by
their
let
let all
the kites in
We
good
it
to
us."
how
with
it,
how
just as
sacrifices
are
are mostly
the offering
is
will
spirit,
smoke
which the
IS
in
of
spirit
as
it
much
is
or he
from
same
or god himself
thin
is
the
25
the deity,
spirit,
up the
snufis
altar
fire,
ethereal substance
thought to be
they
divinity,
ascends
the
Barbaric
of respect
be consumed by the
of the viands
or
chosen
connected with
to a living chief.
flavour, or
essence,
is
it
Give
for us.
of prayers are
and
good
would be done
food,
spiritual food
is
closely prayer
steam
to ask for.
of.
It
loses
its
so that although
the
ANTHROPOLCGY.
366
drink-oftering
is
slill
[chap.
up of some-
in
are
spirits,
visions, especially
by
their
own
priests or seers,
who
thus
Being a
demon
when
the spirit
minister
his
to
be ascribed to an
is
and
evil
considered to be a deity
more favourably
come to inspire
The
convulsions, the
talk
by
his voice.
name
when
god departs,
all
fit
together,
own
feelings, as well as
with
skilled in
The
answers.
into the
inspira-
body of a
priest
body
place in
of an animal,
is
as
when he
flies
from place to
lives
in
the divine
to our minds.
human
still
stranger
that a
THE
XIV]
SPIRIT-W..RLD.
Hindu
and
it
offer
367
it
time embodied
meaning
when
but
has for a
spirit
a rational
is
in the act.
Greek
this
itself,
figures of ancestors
to the
food
set
up
their huts,
in
statues
man
an
human
beings.
them
as
mere
the deities.
wooden
his voice.
own
and
these
such
may
commonly he
look on
is
led by
his
carved
now and
enter his
them
Tahitian priest,
idol, Avould
a sacred bird,
how
When
additional proof of
at times
by
fifteen
own
priests rave
and
set
up tables
and remain
still
far
back
come
for their
in
to build
food.
Yet
barbaric re-
human character
when in India
as
This
is
is
the
more
we
ANTHROPOLOGY.
3G3
[chap.
religion.
apart from the moral side, not only because a clearer view
may be had by
many religions
looking at them
of the lower
may have
a distinct
have
races
in fact little to
American or African
souls and other spirits as
native
belief in
of the surround-
ing world,
or divine beings,
and
do his duty towards them,
offerings.
it
Among such
peoples,
if
man
may
may be
scouted by
all
good people
is
fall
but he
if
is
is
is
for
stingy,
on him or he
not necessarily
in fact
he
such a
man
also that the soul will continue to exist after death, flitting
as a ghost or
demon among
its
stand
life.
If
some readers
find
it
difficult
reminded
how,
among more
civilized
nations,
for the
to under-
may be
religions
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.
XIV.]
may drop
the
into
same
lives,
state
by
369
of the
as
while the
church goers.
As a
rule,
have more and better moral influence than the faiths of the
ruder tribes.
Yet even among savages the practical effect of
religion
on men's
begins to
lives
who, when
it is felt
in
new
doctrines or reforms
to.
But for keeping
up old-fashioned family goodness, the worship of ancestors
has an influence over the many nations among whom it still
prevails,
and make
him
ill,
the Chinese,
to
spirits,
and
who
fears
into distress
fall
ill-
lives
in
do wrong lest
and die. In the
to
we
find
moral teaching
fully
and controllers of
recognised
The gods
among
society,
the great
on themselves the
Heaven-god smites the
perjurer with his thunderbolt, and the Nation-god brings
sickness and death on the murderer.
Tha doctrine of the
duties
of
religion.
take
the
transmigration of souls
as
when
ANTHROPOLOGY.
370
[chap.
the scandal-monger shall have foul breath and the horsestealer shall
man
men
of past actions,
sunk
shall
in
be born as a beast
shall
and
is
doomed
to misery,
on earth
will enter
become
gods.
when
death,
How
into bliss.
life
evil-doers are
lived righteously
doctrine prevailed
this
and
its
pictures
cases, remain to
and
two
his trial
by
Osiris, the
down
itself,
sins,
among them
we should
call cere-
wicked thing.
forty-
to enter
by
man do more
ta.-^k
daily.
I have not
taken scraps of the bandages of the dead.
committed adultery. I have not withheld milk from the
mouths of
sucklings.
the pasturage.
I
am
world
pure, I
am
pure
"
am
in
pure,
theology
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.
XIV.]
ethics,
and
371
power was
religion as a moral
been shown as
and
its
view
at
it
moral
side,
in further
philosophical
its
have
that of teaching
man how
to
judge how
on
far
hand
the one
think of himself,
to
in
In looking
the world
all
on
him
One
ask himself
into decay
how
it is
their place.
come by
Mohammed
and earnest
Of course
fall
no small
to
conquest, as where in
stamped out
and Darius. But the
sword of the conqueror is only a means by which religions
have been set up and put down in the world by main force,
and there are causes lying deeper in men's minds. It needs
Persia the religion
of
well nigh
to see
came
and upheld
time,
to
The
priests
who
more
them grovelling
of Greece ministered in
fill
to learn,
newer wisdom,
left
in
till
splendid
life
found that
this
the
super-
men
was not
ANTHROPOLCGY.
372
the business of
philosophers.
of
the sanctuary,
power of
not save
statecraft
it
its
and
it
[chap. xiv.
may
its
the
to
all
the
life.
in
CHAPTER
XV.
Writings, 381
History
is
in Fiction,
Diffusion of
no longer looked
History, 3S3
Myths,
3S7
Myths, 397.
ages of man.
sound
On
the
it
and language,
wliile
newly opened
to the historian.
is
to
really
in
It
The
when
history begins.
more or less of
handed down by memory from ages before writing.
Our own experience does not tell us much as to what such
oral tradition may be worth, for it has so fallen out of use
in the civilised world, that now one knows little of what
happened beyond one's great-grandfather's time, unless
But writing has not yet quite
it has been written down.
early history of nations
traditions
consists
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
374
whole history
is
quite lately
till
much
test
keep a
had no
given to handing
left
whose
Thus
down
the
were
writing,
recol-
memory may
peoples
still
intelligent barbarians,
lections
[chap.
in
and
correctly.
been buried
this
tree
was
lately
for centuries.
of
Samoa
which
in their assemblies
valley
pieced to hold
staff,
it
together,
came from a
the people of
made
this staff
of
wood
was
lately
that
Among
known
peopling of
how,
grew
who
are those
New
names of
and show the places
where they landed they repeat, generation by generation,
the names of the chiefs descended from those who came
in the canoes, by which they reckon about eighteen genera-
from Hawaiki
tions,
or
400
of the islands.
to
Notwithstanding
their
that, as
taking possession
might be expected,
XV.]
375
who landed
in the
it
canoes
can hardly
up of the
wildest wonder-tales
coming back
down a
when
up again
and puts to
finished
great tree to
in
sea, a certain
but on getting to
New
come
magician
Zealand there he
is left
behind,
before them on
These
is
traditions of
an unfair idea
fancy in the
of kings.
them
which
especially
Even now
in verse.
may be made
is
into a ballad
in
far greater,
and many
The
where
in
one there
is
as
suit
fire
is
ANTHROPOLOGY.
376
[chap.
these,
tain in
The
German
great
epic,
made
the
his
own
history outright.
band
Sifrit
spear
is
is
in
on
treacherously slain at
Worms
at
by Hagen's
von
men.
over
the slaughter
of their
enough to
make a poem history, if history could be made by such
means but the reader of Gibbon knows that Attila really
In fact the
died two years before Theodoric was born.
poem is a late version of a story preserved in an earlier
Here
are places
and personages
historical
shape
in
Scandinavia as the
saga of the
Volsungs
the
XV.]
a task to
sift
377
Homer, where
natural
Maori legends.
It is
how
far chronicles
it
is
Homer)
(as
that
in fair fight
it
aside altogether.
it
is
one of
his
is
apt to be history.
countries and
cities,
its
he
is
men
in the
The
Homer knows of
and their skill in medicine, and of the ship-famed Phoenicians and their purple stuffs.
The name of Kadmos belongs to the Phoenician tongue, and
signifies the "Eastern," while the "seven-gated" Thebes
built by his people shows that they had that reverence for
the mystic number seven, which has its origin in the worship
is
when he
stances of the
would
prize
told his
The
record of real
how
future ages
life.
Odysseus
myth.
the visit to
Hades
recording what
men
is
religion,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
378
the tomb. So
it is
[chap.
life
and manners.
Nausikaa, the king's daughter, drives the wain with the pair
down
of mules
faring Phaiakians,
and
walls
mouth
to the river's
to
be washed.
bastions,
wondering
at the
till
Arete
Queen
till
him
by him on
sit
his
own
Thus follow-
how
days went spear in hand with their swift dogs at their heel,
how
at the
go into the bath chamber, and came forth anointed with oil
to the feast where with no such refinements as plates or
knives they ate their
how
fill
smooth
turf,
playing
merells
libations
how
in
solemn
rites
they poured
the
All this
Looked
at
modern mind,
religious thought.
by the student of
all
and
is
the
culture,
even the
supernatural, so bewildering
grant
is
listed, this
what
XV.]
of Aineias,
up the Trojan hero and bears him away uneven the goddesses
lifts
harmed over
379
on one another
described in the
last
like
mortal shrews,
chapter (see
p.
first
lives.
Contrasting
such a state of thought with that of the present day will
all
history,
once, but
There
about.
has for
is
many
all
History of Greece, than that in which he describes the philosophic age, when the Greeks were beginning to notice with
of
life,
really so
Much
sat at table
of what
at in this way.
is
is,
judgment,
is
Its object
is
may be
ascertain
how much
as true.
of what he says
reasonably taken
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
38o
about early
Roman
name
man
Romans
We
in the time of
of
Rome
is
[chap.
themselves had
more
see
plainly than
less likely to
have been
name of
Romulus was invented to account for the city being called
Rome. To modern minds, the whole famous story of the
wolf-fostermother of Romulus and Remus collapses when it
is known to be only a version of the same old wonder-tale
given from a
told by
Romulus, than
here again
where
called
its
may be
that the
Yet
birth of Cyrus.
Though
there
may
Even
anciently founded.
later history,
cities were
where the historian
is
story
not
by
Roma, cave
enough
as
Livy's nonsense.
it
Rome men
"
there
its
He
from the
that in ancient
a laugh.
Here
for
tibi
it
is
good
record of pro-
historical evidence
and notions of
religion
the multitude.
Thus
seem
at
XV.]
most
sight
first
silly
and
false,
may be
solid
381
facts
in
the
history of civilisation.
of old-world
hymns
life
life
collected in the
hymn
to the
wmd gods
brings
them
in as driving in chariots
it is
plain to the
modern reader
that the
Aryan
daggers
their
at
sides, this
on
mythical
their shoulders
fancy gives
Aryan
warrior.
and
a real
Thus,
Aryan
patriarchal
life,
ploughing
ties
and dawn,
belief in
the
honour
and
to the almsgiver
sacred
the
fire
Avesta, have
and
and
come down
man.
collected
in
the
In
the
Brahman
kinsfolk,
the
Brahmans
into evil
26
is
seen in the
demons
{daei'o).
Their horror of
ANTHROPOLOGY.
382
[chap.
"towers of silence."
there
is
mentioned as
first
this
description of the
climate
home
Aryan
sources
among
of the
Oxus
and Yaxartes.
Here
and there
life
of these
the wet
" When
When
When
When
and the
fierce
thief
from the
solemn ordinances about them, how the dog who does not
bark and is not right in his mind is to be muzzled and tied
up,
gives a
done
it
picture
One forms
who made these
to a well-to-do householder.
of the
be repeated
future ages.
sturdy farmers
to their children's
a lifelike
laws
to
XV.]
383
memorials of
minds what
their
had
own
long
since
The
times.
best
this earliest
like, is to
documents
B.C. (see
page
3),
new moon
in
"
It
went forth
in his
god
Amun
being the protection in his active limbs, and he prevailed over his enemies
they fell prostrate before him, left
;
till
fort
tribute, silver
and
fish,
and
came bearing
alabaster, vessels of
flocks.
The lists of spoil, made with curious
minuteness, include living captives 240, hands (cut off the
wine and
ANTHROPOLOGY.
3S4
[chap.
inscription
commemorates
the liberal
endow-
him.
to act in history.
Ur
of the Chaldees,
in
now
called Mugheir,
cuneiform writing
Hammurabi overcame
As
seats of the
for
the people,
all its
XV.]
385
By the
now able
lists
cities
in
the historical
been
is
in
Chaldean
the
had
ancestors
that their
xii.)
xi.,
district
in
Israelite
The mention
Exodus
in
11) of
(i.
Rameses, points to
their
B.C.,
II.
XIX.
come
in the
dynasty, apparently
and
events, well
known
seems
(i
K.
xiv.
25).
describes the
It
army
bows, that
soldiers'
this is
a version of
K.
xix.).
he has been
called, wrote
b.c.
in
traveller
The Father
and geo-
of History, as
own
ANTHROPOLOGY.
586
[chap.
nation,
whom
mankind was
to
The
all knowledge
which modern discoveries have come in to confirm
his statements, justifies us in relying on ancient historians
way
of
interesting.
in
when,
like
Thus Herodotus
tells
who
When,
him.
few
years
ago,
the
cuneiform
it
pro\ed to
set
Cheops,
Chephren,
Mykerinos.
In
later
ages
critics
history
is
monuments.
Thucydides
relates (vi.
two
altars,
monument
up
may
still
be read, though
in faint letters
his-
"this
in the enclosure of
Pythian Apollo."
Professor
Newton
XV.]
been found
to have
How
lively a sense
his
among
in
books,
goes to
inscription
its
declared
is
monuments
such
of reality
may be understood
history
from
1878
in
387
give
the
British
to
fresh
Museum and
sees
Ammon
his
life
or
name.
Having thus
looked
as belonging to
at the
notice
myth,
have so often
the
human mind.
of events
that
folly,
It is
Myth
is
history
It
which
remains
historians
not to be
looked
sham
nevor
happened.
Historians,
especially
in writing of early
of real
over.
fliUen
of early
we need not go
later history.
stumbling-block
tlie
sources
of mankind,
the study
a,:^es,
what
test
to reject.
He
is
fortunate
the
really
the
solid
vault
the ancients
thought
it
was,
but
air
ANTHRCPOLCGY.
388
[chap.
men cUmbing
or flying
up
by
its
relating
We know how
everything.
battle
its
by knowing
really history,
being invented.
strong our
This desire
is
is
own
as
desire
strong
is
account for
to
among
barbarians,
what
is
called the
Thus, when
of what they say did happen.
known,
the
hardly
finding
of huge
anatomy
was
comparative
fossil bones in the ground led people to think they were the
remains of huge beasts, and enormous men, or giants, who
life-like stories
Modern
wrong
as
really belonging
to the giants,
to
any creature
bones
in
all
quarters
of the globe
Thus
as
XV.]
prairies of
by
tell
and the
whom
389
tallest
that fossil
who could
and
pines,
festivals.
It
to
appears
we be
coming
in
New
England, which he
way of accounting
to
is
for this is to
The
easiest
and
favourite
like
name, so that
his
in
of the
name
first
as
historical personage.
in the
Brazil
over the sea to Brazil, and with their children peopled the
country, but a talking parrot
of the two
separation,
brothers,
and
Tupi staying
in
made
this
La
Plata.
Now
there
ANTHROPOLOGY.
390
happens
says
be a means of checking
to
that
the
name
[chap.
Martius
first
whom
of the two
ancestor-brothers must be a
they
made
in
of Old
World nations
as though
and of
sons Aiolos,
three
ALoliajis, Dorians,
Having looked
derived from
fossil
while to notice
The
Doros,
Xouthos,
whose
&c.
at these
together in our
it
own
is
worth
country.
by Geoffrey of Monmouth,
relates that
followers
name, and
his
XV.]
Quaint as
to this day.
this
is
391
"
called " Goemagot's leap
legend
is,
it
is
it.
It
Magog
why the story of his having been thrown over the Hoe at Plymouth ? The answer seems to be that this is a place where
the bones of
fossil
giants.
Even in modern
when excavations were being made on the Hoe for the
times,
fortifi-
cations,
settled
woods on a summer
Former chapters have shown how, in old times
When
to the
sailor
even
tlie
forest-trees
ANTHROPOLOGY.
392
habitations
of
rustling of
their leaves
spirits,
be " such
stuff as
[chap.
dreams are
to
of
with such
the
same
ill
consequences
fabric
as
those
to themselves,
of
much
like the
were of
modern barbarians
how
they
came
be made.
The
Tahitians
tell
tales
cried to Hiro,
and
till,
his votaries
came
safe to port.
So
Homer, Poseid5n
of Odysseus
among
the thundering
XV.]
waves,
till
and swim
Ino comes to
rescue
his
Both
393
strip
are word-
tales
Maui imprisoning
whom
wind,
and
mouth
its
it
all
the winds,
away.
All this
its
cavern by
he can do
all
is
to
it
is
a mythic description
New
These
how
yet
that
it
winds come
tale
Fire
tell
till
he called the
Wind
slowly, stopped
to his aid,
who
came
slaves
know how
by the
carried
him
the
Bon Dieu
It is
not likely
off,
The negroes
forth.
stream,
come
ments
is
the
see
the resemblance
say
are
of the rays
is
is
called in popular
The
Polynesians also
to
cords,
which they
they
tell
ANTHRCPOLOGY.
394
a myth
used
to
go
faster,
a god
till
set
how
[chap.
so that
he now
travels
rose,
daily
more
seriously.
out of
the story
it
You may
see,
they
and
as
little
flycatcher,
the tiwakazvaka,
into her
body and
just at that
moment
its
spread as those on
cattle
all
and people
the creatures
living,
come
is
cut open,
with a neat
the
"
nursery tale
Our English
of Little
XV.]
flights.
395
as yet de-
scribed have been visible obj jcts hke the sun, or at least what
can be perceived by the senses and made real objects of, such
But when the poet is in the vein of mythas wind, or day.
can
summer comes,
say,
sleep
as
a person.
he
If
on men, hope
falls
ris.s,
justice
Professor
This, however,
chapter
Max
how
is
We
saw
When
spirit
to
the cause or
in the last
men on
spirit,
then
comes
of battle the
is
not another.
logy, that
wounded
it
So
to the death, or
This
why one
reality,
warrior
is
she
slain
is
and
appears again
and fill the bowls with ale for the spirits of the heroes
these maidens are the Valkyriur, who guide the event of
Another
victory, and choose the warriors who shall fall.
feast
well-known
moderns
form
again
how what
to
us
in the
minds of the
ancients.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
396
[chap.
Greece and
Edda
in the
women whose
dwelling
The
beings
near
is
and Future,
Shall
is
who fix
as
is
be as often as not
origins to
we have
they came
as
seen,
it
from,
may be
this
of any
Even
else,
tale, as
if it
if this
sit
lost
beyond recovery.
While,
make
out what
often possible to
is
for
anything
the same.
it all
the moon,"
is
the moon.
What is really
myths is something beyond simple
guessing
there must be reasons why one particular guess
is more probable than any other.
It would have been rash
as a
wanted
in interpreting
;
to judge that
is
a personification
of the
Prometheus-legend.
We may
in the story of
Vamana,
XV.]
begs of him as
much land
little
he
stoiies
above the
into
air,
and a
seems
liorizon,
myth of the
really a
third across
reigns.
still
Thumb
down
Bah',
granted, the
is
397
the
all
Tom
Sun.
steps
is
story
is
told,
becomes part of
any new name
not
planting
it
history.
There
tlie
that
will
only
in
is
and often
suit,
popular
a fragment
who
stock,
story-teller's
Greek
Whenever a good
legend,
by
puts to
it
it
succeeds
in
but even
in
Demaratus preserved
where there
is
related with
Roman
Roman
history,
it
much
as
modern Swiss
many
sources, historical
27
history
and mythical,
let
us take to pieces
ANTHROPOLOGY.
393
[chap.
Laval,
bathing in
blood of
the
entrapped
for
that his
infants,
hideous purpose
this
Persuaded by an
could be restored by
strength
into
of
castle
his
Indeed the
murder-
Count of Poher,
which
tell
earlier, in
wedded and
after another,
till
at last
vengeance overtook
is
story, or
whether there
Henry VIII.
is
is
sending
aid
for
to
her
into
the
if
This
modern way
last,
;
in
Other points
in
the story of
it
the
murder of
come to
down
XV.]
399
Instead of this
Her wicked
forest
life.
if
The
story-tellers of
more commonplace
finish.
The
The
chapter.
wards
putting
in
it
tell
earlier in this
is
when
history.
It
it
was held
men were
to our
to
This
made.
thought when
bodies,
is
true even of
human
body of a snake,
rational.
may be
Among
In the stage of
the
Buddhists,
many
fables.
or one's grandfather
^sop's
themselvjs seem
religion.
It
ANTHROPOLOGY.
400
that he
[chap. xv.
was lucky
it is
mythical.
their
their
CHAPTER
XVI.
SOCIETY.
in the
news-
mean
in
common
Now
no doubt the
life
is more
on the whole, but the
and
difference between us
this.
As
lie
altogether in
and
is
and
own
of
us, in
ways we
systems of society
all
summary of
that can be
done
is
the complicated
to put before the
ANTHROPOLOGY.
402
reader some of
its
[chap.
life.
Society
for himself.
lived as a
is
always
made up
ties,
of marriage
of families or
controlled by rules
child.
Yet the
where the husband may have several wives, and the wife
husbands.
several
It
is
ties
its
often
in the
Thus
it
so
in native
that
down
in the royal
mother's
line,
as
had
among
the Lykians,
and traced
who took
pedigrees
their
their
all
other people.
in
In the savage
and may
own
clan
an
act
which
is
considered
life
It is
has
no
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
403
rules,
when we
bound
to
marry
man
where every
which
is,
is
so to speak,
higher nations
in India
who reckon
a Brahman
is
Thus
line.
is
the
same
as his
nor
may a
and
tricate to
be
civil
the
a wife
kills
it
with
Marriage
who
wishes a
gift is
is
accepted,
Among
at
his
it is
peoples of
girl
aheap of firewood
offer to
is in
contract.
come
life,
the priest
is
called in to give
divine blessing
might be seen
Brazil,
tradition
knows
Benjamin carry
feast,
and
in
this
off the
men
the famous
Roman
at
of
the
ANTHROPOLCGY.
404
which
most
it
Roman
in
was,
is its
manners
really
old-world
a recognised
custom
really prevail.
the Spartans,
was
What
shows what
clearly
[chap.
by
It
had passed
when Plutarch
among
friendly settlement
at
though
at
such a distance
that
as
of property in
the
world,
that
the
practice
of buying
as
man buy
wife to
of his
of law
a wife,"
&:c.
be sold, but
own will. It is
how the money once paid
passed into a
of this kind
gift
or dower
in
being
the
as
btide's
price
some provision
the widow was no
as she would have
her;
been
for
taken,
brother.
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
405
'i'heir
tie
laid, in
in
and
affection of brothers
helpfulness,
and
sisters,
From
trust of all.
The
to a wider circle.
natural
way
in
is
divides into
as kindred,
tie
many
and
cnes, the
still
which a
in
tribe is
formed
time increases
and
this kinship is so
of the whole
mixture of
households,
little
tribe,
tribes,
that,
common
ancestor
often invented to
is
social
life.
Among
is,
how
order.
It is
and we
life
of rude tribes
society can
call "
Germans
club law."
The
"
fist-right,"
and take
possession, driving
mere
week, whereas
in fact
savage tribes
last
on
for ages.
Under
ANTHROPOLOGY.
4o6
where Columbus
first
Schomburgk, the
may be
in its
is
war too
[chap.
traveller,
who knew
race.
do not
talk
about
it,
they live in
it.
who
in
live
lake-men
of
and
for the
for their
for
is
the rude non-Hindu tribes of India, Enghave often recorded with wonder the kindliness
and cheerfulness of the rude men of the mountains and the
Thus Sir
jungle, and their utter honesty in word and deed.
India,
South
of
tribe
Walter Elliot mentions a low poor
Among
occurs.
lish officials
whom
the farmers
employ
to
guard
knowing
that they would starve rather than steal the grain in their
charge and they are so truthful that their word is taken at
;
once
in
disputes even
for
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
407
may
because
Among
moral
is
more
the
instructive
and
souls of ancestors
their
live
fairly
influence
spirits
exerts
it
among
command
with their
higher
little
is
nations;
aflFected
It
indeed
by divine
has more to do
When want
become more
brutal
at all
and
selfish
times low
in their ways,
among
and
the comfortless
for existence
is
too
Moreover, there
is
wild
man
has
satisfied,
which
our
is
own
little
of the
play of
and
future
life,
and even
sets us in
thought in
the world
it would overbalance
Ofttimes in the hottest fury of anger, the sword has been
sheathed by him across whose mind has flashed the prophetic
it.
picture
of the
the
blood-stained
ANTHROPOLOGY.
4o8
The lower
corpse.
races
men
of
[chap.
so
are
and temptation,
wanting in
sufferings
of others,
much
to animals
model of
But the
who
set
virtue to
at
work
laws of virtue
in simple forms
among
that morality
is
the
method of happiness.
than
among
ourselves.
Public opinion
it
acts
is
is
already a great
particularly to
be
noticed.
together,
takes
goods and
life.
women,
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
409
village,
girls'
but disgraced.
safe
men
opinion compels
to act according
of
is
to
slink
home
to
to
most
in
life.
to at liome,
have
sometimes rashly concluded that the savages lived unWe have here already
restrained at their own free will.
noticed that this
is
a mistake, for
life
in the uncivilized
by chains of custom. To
a great extent it is evident that customs have come into
existence for the benefit of society, or what was considered
world
so.
is
For
instance,
it is
hospitality shall
that
whether a custom
its
purpose
custom
it
joints cut
many
be freely given
may want
off,
;
it
to
all
any day
comers, for
himself.
But
must be conformed
die
inflicting
is
is
to.
Savages
may have
finger-
that
it
was the
custom of
their
ancestors.
In
tribe.
is,
Nothing could
ANTHROPOLOGY.
4IO
wild
men
[chap.
brute force.
right
rude,
to
always
what acts
history
observe
much
care of their old folks even after they are fallen into
them with almost gentle considerateness
imbecility, treating
till
death,
when
respect
spirit.
earlier, as
among
tribes
filial
down
who knock on the
kindness breaks
head with clubs the sick and aged, and even eat them,
whether they find their care too burdensome, or whether
they really think, as they say, that it is kind to end a life
fight
among
and
feast
roving tribes.
and dance. We
The horde must
move
in quest of
keep up
in the
as Catlin
saw when he
Puncah
chief, all
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
411
his
food
a dish
of
new
When
thing.
something of
reached
and comfort,
wealth
there
iias
no
is
aged.
be kept in the
called
churches
certain
"family- clubs,"
still
preserved,
and with
which
lessly sick
It
is
interesting
in
ancient
to
trace
times
the
in
among
his
old
the
old
and hope-
aged
German
records
barbarism to gentler
children,
of the sacredness of
and
even
pleasure,
human
and under
this
burdensome and
ancestors resorted to
life,
its
use
suffering
existence,
which our
come
to
be
tiiat
the old-world
same towards
all
men.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
412
A man
knew
his
This
his neighbours.
is
all
man
[chap.
The
theft.
slaying of a
is
especially in self-defence,
war,
Yet no known
tribe,
sacrifice.
jungle would
collapse
how
it
is
how
this
law applies.
men
killing of
Sioux Indian,
is
instructive to see
tribes
It
fierce
he had killed
his
brave or warrior
till
Naga
warrior of
Asam had
to bring
own
tribe.
things
in the
an
is
one word
" tribe."
The
in fact its
tribe
makes
but for
its
own
preservation.
is
explanation
its
law, not
right or
lies
on
wrong,
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
holding their
own
deadly
in
strife
413
with neighbouring tribes,
premium on
social
The
old state
word
hostis,
enemy
in
is
Nor
even now
is
of human
life
is
ever spreading
as a principle applying to
The
history of the
partly the
same
lines.
is
applies to
it
yet
thieving
is
of other tribes or of
says,
it
common
white men
is
perfectly
concerned.
But,
he
among these
among ourselves,
between
tribe
2i
and
tribe,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
414
for generations.
how
have
tribe-limits
[chap;
strict rules
who have
a Zulu war-party,
distant village
plunder.
sentence,
modern
society
civilization,
back to the
a declaration of war
earlier
moneyis
treaties
stages
now
still
carry
may
The
extradition
their old
refuge
we now
call
vengeance.
man
When
is slain,
vengeance comes
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
How
into action.
may
society
is
among
well be seen
it
called on to perform
nearest relation.
women would
taunt
speak to him
if
he
left
is
it,
Sir
to
this
As
the Australians.
account of
in his
If
415
duty
his
if
must
in
so wild
and
the ancient doctrine that the criminal's whole family are re-
sponsible
slain,
when
so that
old
so,
is
it
known
know whether
they are off at
that a
man
has been
if
in
its
full
pressure
men
its
practical reasonableness,
Indeed among
is
and
its
use
little
all
savages and
as he thinks
it
himself
Unhappily
his usefulness
ANTHROPOLOGY.
4i6
[cHAP.
is
innocent.
we
is killed,
call
it
art,
but
it is
still
among
the nations
time ousts
while
we
still
it
altogether.
Thus
and
Among
where
it
tion.
when
still
that a
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
done
for hurt
to
him or
for
his,
417
unless
he compounded
it.
7uer-g{ld,
man.
is
life
for a
life,
lesser hurts are also repaid in kind, which is the Roman lex
"
retaliation. This is plainly set
talionis, or " law of the like
Jewish law,
forth in the
is still
law in Abyssinia,
down
to
5^-.
In the times
stage,
we
live
and
in, justice
wilful hurt
tale
is still
plain to those
private person
is
that
is
as though he
must
now
ANTHROPOLCGY.
4i8
justice.
safety,
[ckap.
now
down
that
vengeance
it
is sinful.
it
its
sway
rude
tribes,
war
is
well
When
Among
way
for his
tribal
war ever
This
Europe.
It
been injured
of his
legal
own
commutation
war.
It
it
that
is
to say,
if
was a turning-point
Edmund made
but
that
it
Northumberland,
went on into modern times between
at once, especially in
to
go
to
war with
Long
after
his neighbours,
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
419
the time of
it
The
now
tlie
by the
justice of legal
vengeance and
progress.
State
and State
replaces,
still
fight
The
civil
had of what
uncivilised world
in the
still.
Of
the
The
found among
ing.
by
Among
make between
the land
owner.
is
may be
by noticing
notion
fair
Thus
who
tribes
in Brazil
each tribe
trespass in ])ursuit of
ofiiender
might be
on the
spot.
bounds of
At
man
this
stage
of
common
There
landmarks, and
his
also a game-law,
artificial
slain
is
live chiefly
is
ANTHROPOLOGY.
420
property
who
[chap.
lies
built
plot of
while
they occupied
To
it.
though
still
father or head.
from time
among
to time
garden-plot.
At various times
the households, so
beyond
in history, the
its
rise
house and
of military
In
to
in return
example
is
be held by
;
It is instructive to notice
how
in
common
Norman
SOCIETY.
421
XVI.]
Or
his pleasure.
be-
in ancient
history
we
find
letting portions of
them
unknown
a system well
known
thing
may
come
Roman
In
large lands,
who paid
part of
rent, a
as farms to tenants
to primitive law.
brought in
life
plough the
cattle,
The manufacture
fields.
to
at our
great changes
dispose of
it
an arrangement suited
Even land is bought and sold by individuals, though the law, by making a field and cottage
transferable by a different process and with greater formality
and cost than a diamond necklace or a hundred chests of
trading enterprise.
tea,
if
it
could
and by
instructive to notice
perty holds
its
place.
This
is
made
dies.
in
it
sliall
shall
go on
living
simplest,
on the
ANTHROPCLOGY.
422
When
children, or sons.
double portion
ancient rule,
common
In France at
as
to the
patriarchal head
is
may have an
extra or
it is
is
"birth-right"
for his
[jiiap.
this
a matter of
become
has
his
enforced,
legally
the
take
family
shares
their
right.
so
property to
and
great,
whom
man may
that in theory a
he pleases
wills
leave
is
which condemn
his
own
it
children to
the Englishman
endow
dies without
leaving
them
man
to strip
a stranger or a hospital.
It is
will,
fairly
If
dividing
among
Why
Law
The
is
an
in-
how,
lands held as
fiefs
will
never foresaw.
in
whole of
some
have
in
ism.
The
best
parts lasted
known
of
rules of
the
family inheritance
is
where
at
the father's
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
423
appears elsewhere
Lon
north of
Ion
is
There even
so held there.
Kentish
instance,
for
supposed
to
have
in
exists
its
Town
in the
name from
England a
lands
rule
of
This
society.
for instance at
is
Hackney
Edmonton,
or
it seems
Europe and Asia.
youngest, strange as
there in
if
to us,
It is
new
man
youngest son.
die intes-
is still
a reasonable law of
is
in-
yet
new homesteads
of their own.
This
is
state of life to
picturesque ceremonies
Many
minds.
of
suited
to
lay hold of
meaning as
and show
their
when two
parties wish to
plainly as ever.
make
firm
unlettered
kept up
For example,
still
peace or friendship,
now
make themselves
ally
Travellers often
barous tribes
rite
blood-relations.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
424
skin,"
[chap;
little
cuts in
among
and which is also mentioned in the Sagas of the old Northmen and the ancient
It would be impossible to put more clearly
Irish legends.
the great principle of old-world morals, that a man owes
and
Scythians,
mankind
friendship not to
own
kin,
may
or
may not
eat with.
Among
whom
man
the world, one well known in the far East is that the couple
by eating together out of one dish become man and wife.
How ceremony expresses meaning in still more striking
metaphor is seen in the Hindu marriage, where the skirts of
the bridegroom and bride's garments are tied together as a
sign of union,
will
be as firm as stone.
Among
part them.
European law
where a man
is
till
death should
Roman
law-court,
by stepping forward
or
SOCIETY.
XVI.)
when
in old
Germany
425
a piece of land
was transferred by
the owner
stuck up in
or
it;
when
in old-world
taken by
all
It is
in
trial-
if I lie
"
memory may be
house,
all
is
made
to turn in
to hold a bible
pair of shears.
discarded
from
the
civilised
now
nations.
England
in
Emma walking
now go through
Yet even of
this ancient
late years,
the conjurors
performance as a circus-show.
to
known
be a witch,
to
little
ANTHROPOLOGY.
426
knowing
up the ancient
rejects
[c.iap.
writer ordeal,
the
and
which forms part of the old Hindu lawbook of Manu, and which in English law, till the beginning
of the 13th century, was a legal means of trying those accused
judicial rite
of murder or robbery.
down
the
same nature
to call
down
as oaths.
It is
if
he
is
guilty,
are of
usual, however,
life
much
for oaths
or after death,
may be
Ostyak may
if
he
is
bite at
it,
The
forsworn.
of high antiquity.
In Scotland
In
and called down divine vengeance on the perjurer.
of
practice
the
comes
from
book
of
kissing
the
England the
touching a halidome, or sacred object, as an ancient Roman
The
touched the altar, or Harold the casket of relics.
me God,"
is
and
last
" (that
is,
Thor).
The
names we keep up
To come now
in
history of government.
the
political
The foundation
life.
already seen,
is
of society,
as has
been
Its
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
authority
is
them
have no
nations
427
the
in
with his
for slaves,
now
human
Brazilian forests,
lead,
scarcely
live, is
life
of hardship
new-born children
the
child
it
existence
doubting
were
they
whether
should live or
is
die.
about,
a fjw
weeks
before,
struggle for
ticide remains
still
common
in the world.
Nothing more
of the family
to say
brought up or exposed.
life
of the
;
and
Roman
modern minds,
for
the
father
might
chastise or put
to
in
his
Rome
as
elsewhere,
rights of person
the
sons gradually
in
gained their
comparing old-world
ANTHROPOLOGY.
428
life
ing
not
plainly seen
is
it
to family rights
freedom
in
modern
life,
how
Christianity, look-
but to individual
With
all
tended
souls,
it
[chap.
is
children are trained for their future duties, and the law
how
careful
parent, lest
it
it
society together.
perfect a
little
responsible
kingdom within
own
for his
itself,
is
the individual
may
life
it
is
way
to
in the
it is
lower
keep order,
it
Far from
the student
becomes
this idea
being confined to
familiar with
it
of ancient nations,
in the
law
Here
it
But
to those
as where,
will
Modern
wrong, that
is
became
We
doings.
and
is
and reforms
prudence
" The
at
it
every
(Deut. xxiv.
man
shall
1 6.)
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
429
there
the Greenlanders, as
in the world,
it
little
down
Even among
the river.
families lived
all
the
winter,
and be appointed
about
their
to look after
out
pathfinder would
to
actual
tribes
such
also
is
common
headman
or chief,
It
important or shrewdest
authority
experienced
hunting parties an
be chosen as leader.
among rude
find
little
in
care
and going
in repair,
but he has
become
hereditary.
rule of
out of the
succession, the
brother or a
patriarchal government.
move
Suppose a
single
new
round the
built
clan
more
new
it
huts are
but as old age comes on, his eldest son more and
acts in his
as succeeding
then
first
household to
settlement,
is
him
the tribe,
first in
29
ANTHROPOLOGY.
430
more or
practical
when perhaps
be put
set aside
[chap.
by
The
this.
It
civilization.
nation, but
though the
in his place,
may
line of succession
is
not
on
in
is
at
this
brown hill-men of India and the negroes of West AfricaTo us it is especially well known from the Old Testament,
which shows
it
in
the form
it
and which still may be seen with little change among the
Arabs of the desert, whose clans and tribes are governed by
Not less does it
their patriarchs, the sheykhs or old men.
lie at the foundation of the politics of the Aryan race, where
remains
its
may
still
be traced
in the village
communities of
wants
may
rule,
people of few
nism which
is
The weak
is
at
there are
no
is
rich
that
it
a standstill where
commu-
and no poor
can hardly
it
is
regu-
by great-grandfathers.
When among
peace-chief
is
Of
course he
is
may be
all
times.
may even
SCCIETY.
XVI.]
be put
test
431
would
hammock
over a
of
fire
We
stinging-ants.
even find
in
choose as
tree
on
his
countries
longest.
it
wonderful
is
army under a
In these rude
when war
the
turns
powers of
leader, with
life
naturalist
and
men who
dictatorship for
Dahome,
rule,
a conquered country.
of iron
an astounding specimen
is
submit
to
deity;
they
throwing
his slaves,
of
from a despot
whom
approach him
whose
lives
of what a people
on
grovelling
heads
he takes
will
all-fours,
the whole
at will
the
and
nation
women
are
are
all
ANTHROPOLOGY.
432
his, to give or sell
the land
been
absolute
as
theoretically
is all his,
The
[chap.
as this,
but practically in
of the divine
sun, ruled
their
nation with
kingdom
whom
such
military,
kingdoms,
be traced
The
some combination of
in
by
war
history of
in consolidating a loosely
formed society
travellers
prepare to invade
Provisions
the
is
them.
effects of
are described
stock
royalty
into
the
common
come
and neighbouring
and
Distant
common enemy,
no such natural union make
tribes with
chosen by them
all.
Here
facts in history,
the
their
organised army,
own
captains under
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
433
on
such as in higher
tribes,
Out of such
alliances of tribes,
when
where
often, as in old
tribe will
become
common
be of
king.
race,
themselves into
allied
common name,
this is
more
closely of
one
fiation or
"birth
somewhat
(p.
"
389), a fictitious as a
like effect,
when some
all,
forces
This
is
Caesar or a Napoleon.
early history of nations
out
it is
tribe,
or
have been
built
in the
so inextricably difficult to
up by
make
a single unmixed
alliance
and conquest.
While
same
bond of union in all the clans, and
even when they move far off they will sometimes go on
pilgrimage to the shrines of their old home.
But when
peoples amalgamate, their different gods are kept up, as when
a tribe grows of
itself,
the
the
tribe-gods will be a
under
their
own
Egypt shows by
great deities.
its
Every
district in ancient
how many
ANTHROPOLOGY.
434
little
and
states
local religions
It
went
to
[chap.
make up
the great
this
growth
of nations,
mankind
arose.
elbow room may thrive without strong governwhen men live in populous nations and crowded
there
is still
ment
but
cities,
order
came out of
mand.
not only the standing army, but the orders of priests and
civilians, developed industry and wealth highest in the
ancient world, and were the very founders of literature and
science.
They
built
up
framework of
own
benefit.
will
submit
constitutional govern-
itself
is
an arrange-
by means of the
As
society in tribes
system,
If
it
we look
early
for
"that
all
men
slave,
life
of his
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
him home
brings
low
to
drudge
in civilization this
435
him and
for
the
till
How
soil.
American
may be seen by
way
the
it
Roman
at
first
live in
law, as
is
ass.
It
has outgrown
was no
less so
under
We
slaves (famu/us).
still
it
remain.
was through
It
and industry
leisure
was given to
and
accumulated,
wealth
increased, that
priests, scribes,
Out
very
name
slaves to
their
work
The master
and then
free
make
class
tells
the
men
profit,
found
it
to
so that there
and
officers of the
army,
ANTHROPOLOGY.
436
[chap.
rich,
and
intelligent,
The
the machinery of government has to be improved.
old rough-and-ready methods no longer answer, and the
division of labour has to
be applied
to politics.
Thus, one
Kafir chief-
make
tain will
people
his business
it
levels of civilization
justice
and
still
is
to
gift
sits in
At higher
the gate of
So
has long passed into the hands of professional judges.
civilitime
the
By
government.
of
departments
other
with
zation
had come
by an
how
official
we, really
among
forms of an absolute
is
administered
down
to
and
constable.
or king appears,
old
men
on the
Of not
prairies
have
is
less antiquity
in their
way a
who
Even
a kind of temporary
is
fire
the senate.
The
of an Indian tribe
XVI
SOCIETY.
wisdom.
In
437
llic
come
be only a
chief
forest
tribe
decide some
to
together.
in Brazil called
It
together
an expedition
question of
may
by the
to net
There
be observed.
is
it
so
"
people
More
may be
Achaian
agora
Edward
in
of the
if
" be
assembly of
the
in the
second book of the
great meeting " held outside London in
described
*'
with the
Iliad,
forms
civilized
studied
and
" or
Even
in
our
own day
the
great
meadow
No on the great
supreme authority decides. With
questions which
their
folk- moot or
assembly of the
when
its
authority
may be kept
but there
less
for
in
fact
it
is
is
way by
unwieldy form
themselves, send
orator to negotiate
But
in
peace or war on
its
a political representative.
in
ANTHROPOLOGY
438
political history,
how
[chap.
who came up
to grant the
king's
is
the
it
now
what has
be
to
It is
not
much
to say that
no
so great an effect
in
too
On
will
is
coming
to
be seen that
among
it
the most
attains
its
ends,
not so
baric
much by
it
the whole,
power
the
source
of
made
to
may be
ever shaping
into
itself
The
close.
ex-
and
varieties of race
there
may be
and
modern
civilized
man
his ruder
for a
ancestors.
shown a
SOCIETY.
XVI.]
439
only
it
It is true that
tale of civilization.
The
life
more knowledge
On
and framing
his
tendency
down
impiety to
his fathers.
make
the
alteration
Ijast
there
desirable reforms,
man,
progress
Looking
imagine.
it
may be
his
would be
can only
force
its
way
condition
the
at
we
from a true
it
Hence among
in.
is
and
the contrary,
is
him
to
not
instinct.
indeed
With
may
often
his ignorance
have arisen
of any
but
life
machinery of
society, to
its
Had
place.
larger, they
But we
culture.
the experience
their
of ancient
way
men been
to faster steps
moderns have
just
that
in
wider
we
own
In a word, mankind
is
pass-
to their
is
many words
not
minds
that the
study of
man and
civilization
lif_\
We
have
in
it
ANTHROPOLOGY.
440
the
lives
[chap. xvi.
in
not
only
life,
help us
to
forecast the
to the present,
future,
but
may
we
found
it.
SELECTED BOOKS,
Physical and Descriptive Anthropology
&c.
1 rjf.
Flower's
Anatomy
of
^.
Revue
Zeitschrift
Ge
Man.
SELECTED BOCKS, ETC.
442
Philology
Max
Miiller, Lectures
Language.
Whitney, Language and the Study of Lan?uage.
Hovelacque and Vinson, The Science of Language.
Pictet, Origines Indo-Europeenne-.
Steinthal,
Charakteristik
hauptiachlichsten
der
Typea dj;
Sprachbaues,
Civilisation
Klemm, AUgemeine
Culturwissenchift.
Culturgesctiichte
Mankind ; Primitive Culture.
INDEX.
Arrow,
Abacus, 314
26, 195.
no n,
AV.p, 399
Artillery, 227
Aryans,
Atnxes, 1^2
Africans, 2, 57, 65.
87
language^, 164
Aged. 409
Agglutinating languages,
161
Agriculture, 214
Ainos, 73
Alb.nos, 68
Alchemv, 328
Alcoholic liquors. 2GS
Astr,
logy,
339
Ajtr nomy. 21.
332
Australians. 57, 91
Auxiliary words
Avesta, 381
B
Baking, 266
Ball. 307
Rantu languages,
Alphabet, 175
Barbaric .tage,
tsark-clothing.
Barometer, 325
194
Barter, 281
^^
nf,-.
37
Am
Army,
226. 434
149.
24. 401
244
Basuti. 165
Anatjmy, 330
Anim.sm, 371
37
Algebra, 322
Alar, 367
Babylonians,
All.teration. 289
Amentum,
212
Beast-fables,
3^3
Beer, 26S
Birbtrs. 95
langu.age, 160
BibJical history,
385
Bill-ho'jk, 190
Bills of exchange.
284
Black races,
2, 5, 80, 87
Blood-brotherhood, 423
Blood-vengeance. 414
Bl .w-tube. 196
Blue Beard, 398
Bjat, 252
BoJy-nieasures, 17, :,:6
Boil.ng, 26O
Bjomerang, 193
B irer, 192
B-^tany, 329
,64
INDEX.
444
Brain, 45, 60
Brand-tillage, 218
Bread, 266
Brick, 234
Dagger, 190
Dancng. 224, 296
Broiling, 265
Brown
Deaf-and-dumb
Bur.al, 347
B.irning-lens
Bushmen,
and
Defjrmation of
mirror, 263
Degeneration,
Cafusos, 82
Candle, 27.;
Cannibalism, 224, 410
Canoe, 252
Cardinal points, 21, 334
Digging-stick, 216
Diseases, 73, 353
Distilling, 269, 328
Dog, 209
D jl.chokephalic,
spirit,
86
Despotism, 431
Car.bs, 78
Caste, 69
Cattle, 219
Cave-men,
19.
Cause,
signs, 115
Death, 343
races, 2, 5, 91
Buddha, 399
2,
Caves, 229
Drama, 298
Dravidians, 94
languages, 164
Drawing, 31, 300
Dreams, 343
Drift, animals of. 30
Cereals, 215
implements
Drum, 293
Dryads 357
Dualism, 363
Dutch, 9
Dwellings, 229
236
Coffee, 270
C )in, 283
Coljiir, 66, 81, 85
Comedy, 2q9
Commerce, 285
Common
Compass,
land, 419
28, 341
Concord, 147
Consciousness, 53
C nstitution of races, 73
C nstitutionalism, 438
Cookery, 264
Copper, 277
C jrn, 215
Counting, 18, 310
Creator, 358
Electricity, 327
Elephants,
>vf,
16,
Crossed races,
fossil, 30.
Emotional sound,
Empire, 433
105, 265
Ethiopians, 69
196
80
6,
Cultivation, 215
Ciuneiform writing, 172, 31
Cujtom, 4C9
388
120, 124
English, 133
Cromlech, 348
Cross-b
1S7
Drill, 202
15,
of, 28,
Drift-period, 28
Chimney, 264
Clothing,
Club, 184
61
Dolmen, 348
356
30, 261
INDEX.
Facial angle, 62
Fair-whites. 2, 56, 68, 107
Families of lan,;uage, 9, 155
Family, 402, 426
Fates, 395
Father, power of, 427
Features, 44, 63
Federation, 433
Gypsies, 112
H
Hair, 2, 44, 71, 82
Ha r-dressmg, 238
Hammer,
1S5
Hand and
fo^t, 42
i3,
counting en,
Feudalism, 420
310
Harmony, 293
Fiction, 379
Fields, 218. 420
Figures. 312
Fijiins, 90
F.nger- and toe-coi-.nting.
Finger-nails 240
Fi.ins, 98
Fire, 260
Firearms, 17, 197. 227
Harp, 204
Harpoon, 214
Hatchet, 188
i3, 311
Hawk.ng, 2-9
Heat, 327
Heaven-god, 359
Hebrew,
11,
159
Herodotus, 385
Hieroglyph.es, 173
Fire-god, 361
First man, 358
Fish-ho^k, 213
Fishing, 212
Flakes, stone, 26, 185
Flint-and-steel, 261
Fo )d, 206, 264
Forests, succession of, 27
Fortification, 228
Ffssil bones. 388
Fowling. 208
Future
Game
life,
and
Curiatii, 397
Commons, 437
law, 419
Games, 305
words, 121
Implements, 183
Gas, 273
Gender, 149
Genius, 356
Index, Kephalic, 61
India, hill-tribes,
2,
94
laterite, 31
Geography, 335
races,
12.
Giants. 388
Glacial period, 30
Glass, 276
liods, 358
15, 428,
in, 164
Gogmagog, 390
-overnment,
Grain, 215
H.jratii
344, 349
Garments, 249
<
445
437
30
Javelin, 193
Jews.
4. 109, 159,
Justice, 43O
385
INDEX.
446
Maui, 393
Melody, 293
IMemory, 49
Menhir, 348
Mensuration, 317
Ku.fe, 189
L
Labret, 242
Lamp, 272
Lancet, 192
Mes
phalic, 61
and
race, 166
children's, 128
Micri.nes.ans, 102
Mill, 200, 204
M.nd, 47
M.rr^r, 2C3, 326
Missiles, 193
Laz), 212
Leather, 245
Lens, 263
Libyans, 69
Life, future, 344, 349
L .ng-bow,
16,
Mongolians.
5,
63. 96
languages. 162
105
Lojm, 248
Lucifer-niatches, 263
M
Mach'nes, 198
Magic. 338
Ma.ze, 215
Malayo-Folynesians, 102
Language, 163
Malays, 99
Mainmotn, 30
Man,
38, 45
antiquity of, i, 25, 33, 40. 113, 166
first, 358
primit.ve, 33. 40, 113
unity of, 6, 85
races <_f, I, 56, 75 85, 113
Manes, 352, 35S
Manilaughttr, 412
ris,
Meon-god, 361
Mo^rs, III
Light, 326
Li n, cave, 30
Liquors, 26S
Logic, 336
Ma
.k
N
Nation, 433
Natural language, 122
Nature-mytds, 391
Nature-sp.rits, 356, 391
Need-fire, 262
Needle, 249
Negritos, 89
Negro-European
Negros,
dialects, 153
2, 57, 65,
Nightmare, 337
Nobles, 435
Nomades, 219
Norns, 395
Nose, 63
Nubians, 94
Numerals, 18, 310
Nymphs, 357
102, 374
S7
Oar, 256
Oath, 362, 425
Obli [Ue eyes, 2. 63
Oracle-priests, 366
INDEX.
Ordeal. 425
Origin of hmgur.ge, 13^, 165
of man, 85
Ornaments, 241
( irthognathous, 62
Outrigger, 255
447
Qu.idroons. 80
Quaternary purijd. 25
Qainary numeration, 311
R
Races and languages,
Paddle. 256
Pa.iit.njj.
301
body. ^37
Pa.a;olithiciiiipl;ments, 25, 1^6
Panihcism. 364
Pantoiiiime. 114. 2j8
Paper-money. 2S4
Papuas. 72, 90
Parts of speech, 138
Pasturage, 219
Paiagon.ans. 57
Paternal p jwer. 427
Patriarchal system, 429
Pendulum. 324
Persians, 63, 157, 381
Personal pr perty, 420
Personification, 395
Peruvians. 59, 105
Phoenicians, 175
language, 59
Physics, 323
i'icture-writing, i68
Pipe, 294
Pla.ting, 246
Plants, 214
153, 165
Plough, 217
Polythe.sm, 362
P. pular assembly, 437
Porcelain, 276
Possession, demoniacal, 15,
353
Potato, 215
Pottery. 274
wheel. 275
Prae-historic period, 5, 37^
Pr.iyer, 360. -^(4
Prinogenitiire, 422
Printing. 180
Private war, 419
Pr gnathous, 62
Pr me:heus. 396
Pronouns, 138
Pr perty. 419
Pr porti' ns of body, 58
P.-ose, 287
Public opinion, 408
Pi:IIev, 198
Punishment, 414
Pyramids, 21, 233, 334
Pyn^es, 263
Sa
I,
236
Samo' eds, 60
ijanskr.t, 10. 156
Savage stage,
Saw. 192
24, 32,
Smell of races,
Society, 401
2,
70
INDEX.
448
Song, 224,
287, 375
Sound, 326
South-East Asiau languages, ife
Spade, 216
Spear, 186, 194, 213
Spear-throwers, 191
Species, descent of, 36, 331
Spelling, 17S
Spinn.ng, 246
Spirit, 344, 349, 356, 391
Stature, 56, 76
Steam-power, 204, 259, 271
Steel, 278
Sun-myth,
Tree-spirits, 357
Tribe-land, 419
Trumpet, 293
Turanian languages, 161
Typical men, 76
Vampire, 356
Variation of races, 84
Veda, 156, 381
Veddas. 164
Vengeance, 414
Verse, 287
Vertebrates, 35, 47
Vessels, 274
Vigesimal counting, 311
Village community, 219, 420
Vishnu, 367, 397
Vis.ons. 343
394, 397
Supreme
deity, 364
Survivals, i j
Sword, 190
Symbolic souad.
126, 145
Syntax, irg, 139, 146
Synthetic languages, 141
Syrians, 69,
80
Wages, 435
War. 221. 418, 432
War-chief, 430
Wattr-wheel, 204
Tactic?, 226
Tanning. 245
Tasmanians, 91
Ta;ars, 98
language, 161
Tatooing, 2^7
Tea, 270Temperament of races, 74
Temple, 318, 367
Tent, 231
Teutons, 158
Theatre, 298
Theft, 413
Wheel-carriage, 198
White
race,
2, 5. 57,
Widow,
346, 404
Wife-capture, 225, 305, 403
Wife-purchase, 404
Wilhelm Tell, 397
Wind-gcd, 361
Windmill, 204
Wine, 268
Words, borrowed. 155
combination, 140
formation, 126, 140
Worship, 364
Wr.ting, 169
X
Xanthochroic, 107
Yellow race,
Zoology, 329
2, 5,
69,
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