RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

ON

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES AT BIG

BAZAR BAREILLY
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
Master of Business Administration

Programme : 2014 -15

of

Gautam Buddh Technical University, Lucknow

SUBMITTED BY
MAHESH PAL SINGH
MBA - 3rd SEMESTER
ROLL NO. 1401470011

Faculty of Management Science

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering &
Technology, Bareilly

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the FIELD WORK titled PRODUCTS AND SERVICE AT BIG
BAZAR BAREILLY Is
student

a Bona fide

work carried

out by MAHESH PAL SINGH

of Masters of Business Administration at Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of

Engineering and Technology Bareilly.

MR SUSHIL GUPTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
S.R.M.S.C.E.T BAREILLY

Acknowledgement

A successful project can never be prepared by the single effort or the person to whom project is
assigned , but it also demand the help and guardianship of some conversant person who helps in
the undersigned actively or passively in the completion of successful project.
With great pleasure I express my gratitude to our director and project without their help this
would not have been completed. They have given their precious suggestions and constructive
guidance has been indispensable in the completion of this project work.

I would also like to thank the staff of the Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and
Technology Bareilly They have supported me in this endeavor, and appreciated me in my efforts
during my project.

Last but not the least I would also like to thank my friends and all the responded. Who directly
and indirectly supported to me during my project work, without the help of whom this project
would not have been possible.

MAHESH PAL SINGH

IIIrd SEM

Index

Sr. No

Title

Page No.

Executive Summary

5-6

Objective and scope of the study

Company Profile

8-10

Theoretical Background

11-17

Research Methodology

18-21

Data analysis and Interpretation

22-30

Findings

31-32

Limitations

33

Conclusion

34

10

Recommendations

35-36

11

Annexure

37-39

12

Bibliography

40

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Project Title
Consumer buying behavior while Shopping
The study of any subject is made by examining it in an organized fashion. There are three classes
of variables involved in understanding consumer behavior; STIMULUS, RESPONSE and
INTERVENING variables. Stimulus variables, such as advertisements, products exist in both the
individuals external environment.
These generate a sensory input to consumers. Response variables are the resulting mental / or
physical reactions of individuals who are influenced by stimulus variables. For e.g.: - purchasing
a product or forming attitudes about it could be viewed as response variables. Many of the
variables affecting consumers (such as personality, learning, and perceptions are external
situations, motives, and so forth) cannot be directly observed.
The project Consumer buying behavior while shopping. Is carried out under supervision and
guidance of BIG BAZAAR. The project was about studying the consumer buying behavior.
A questionnaire was prepared by us in order to conduct market survey. The questionnaire was
based on different parameters to judge and understand the consumer behaviors and determine the
best possible strategies which could be used to attract customers.
The research carried out in this project was descriptive in nature. The study was aimed at
knowing the various eating habits of a consumer.

This project helped in understanding what exactly a customer looks in an eating joint before
entering it. It gave an idea about the essential factors that are required now a day for an eating
joint to attract customers in this competitive world.

We were also given a task to understand the customer eating habits, what a consumer wants
while eating in a restaurant what all a consumer look for and what are their expectations, how
can a mall owner satisfy the needs and wants of a consumer so that the consumer may come back
and the retailer can retain its consumer.
This project helped us to figure out the different consumer eating behavior and to understand the
overall customer perception of eating in a restaurant as well as their demand for mall.
The trend today has been to combine shopping with various offering. For e.g. apart from
shopping there are food courts, cinema theaters and even in some an amusement centre for
children.
Shopping has made people spend not just on their requirements of goods to be bought but to look
on the totally of experience have a quick bite at McDonalds in the mall or let the kids play fun
game while one is busy shopping or even taking the family out for movie and having a dinner all
under one roof. The benefits of this totally offering are that many vendors get to have peoples
patronize their offerings, while the
Shopping experience i.e. being enhanced, more business got by the stores at the venue. Shopping
is no longer a onetime agenda for people. Various options are opening up.

OBJECTIVES & SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Objective:-

To analyze consumer buying behavior in mall at big Bazaar .

Scope of the project:-

The market survey has done in fast food restaurants; this project is useful for the better
understanding of the consumer behavior. The project encompasses the various behavior of
customer, their pre and post behavior when they eat. There is also overview of the consumers
attraction towards fast food restaurants, mostly consumer perceptions are changing and most of
the consumer now prefers to eat in fast food restaurant. The project work involves specific
guidelines for the restaurant and helps the restaurants to understand better the consumer behavior
in fast food restaurants.

Company profile

Big Bazaar

Pantaloon Retail (India) Limited, is Indias leading retailer that operates multiple retail formats in
both the value and lifestyle segment of the Indian consumer market. Headquartered in Mumbai
(Bombay), the company operates over 7 millions square feet of retail space, has over 1000 stores
across 53 cities in India and employs over 25,000 people.
The companys leading formats include Pantaloons, a chain of fashion outlets, Big Bazaar, a
uniquely Indian Hypermarket chain, food Bazaar, a supermarket chain, blends the look, touch
and feel of Indian bazaars with aspects of modern retail like choice, convenience and quality and
Central, a chain of seamless destination malls. Some of its other formats include, Depot, Shoe
Factory, Brand Factory, Blue Sky, Fashion Station, all, Top 10, bazaar and Star and Sitara. The
company also operates an online portal, futurebazaar.com.
Big Bazaar is not just another hypermarket. It caters to every need of your family. Where Big
Bazaar scores over other stores is its value for money proposition for the Indian customers.
At Big Bazaar, you will definitely get the best products at the best prices - thats what they
guarantee. With the ever increasing array of private labels, it has opened the doors into the world
of fashion and general merchandise including
Home furnishings, utensils, crockery, cutlery, sports goods and much more at prices that will
surprise you. And this is just the beginning. Big Bazaar plans to add much more to complete
your shopping experience.

Future group

Future group is one of the countrys leading business groups present in retail, asset management,
consumer finance, insurance, retail media, retail spaces and logistics. The groups flagship
company, pantaloon Retail (India) Limited operates over 7 million square feet of retail space, has
over 1000 stores of its leading retail formats include, Pantaloon, Big Bazaar, Central, Food
Bazaar, Home Town, Ozone, Depot, future Money and online retail format, futurebazaar.com.

Future group includes, Future Capital Holding, Future Generally India Indus league clothing and
Galaxy Entertainment that manages sports Bar, Brew Bar and Bowling Co. Future Capital
Holding, the group s financial arm, focuses on asset management and consumer credit. It
manages assets worth over $1 billion that are being invested in developing retail real estate and
consumer-related brands and hotels.

The groups joint venture partners include Italian insurance major, generally. French retailer
ETAM group. Us-based stationery products retailers, Staples Inc. and UK-based Lee Cooper and
India-based Talwalkars, Blue Foods and Liberty Shoes.

Future Groups vision is to, deliver Everything, Everywhere, Every time to every Indian
consumer in the most profitable manner. The group considers as a core value and its corporate
credo is- Rewrite rules, Retain values.

Theoretical Background

Retailing is the most active and attractive sector selling goods or services directly to final of
the last decade. While the retailing industry consumers for personal, non business use itself has
been present through history in our country, it is in the recent past it has witnessed so mush
dynamism
Retailing one of the largest sectors in the global economy is going through a transition phase not
only in India but the world over.
The study of any subject is made easier by examining it in an organized fashion. There are three
classes of variables involved in understanding consumer behavior, stimulus, response and
intervening variables. Stimulus variables, such as advertisement, products and hunger pangs exist
in both the individuals external and internal environment. These generate sensory inputs to
consumers. Responses variables are the resulting mental and/or physical reactions of individual
who are influenced by stimulus variables. For ex: - purchasing a product or forming attitudes
about it could be viewed as responses variables.
Many of the variables affecting consumer (such as personality, learning, and perceptions of
external situations, motives, and so forth) cannot be directly observed therefore, those who want
to learn about the variables affecting consumer must often make inference to determine the
extent to which a given variable is having an influnce
The study of consumer behavior can also be quite complex, because of the many variables
involved and their throw the variables, tendency to interact with and influence each other.
Models of consumer behavior have been developed as a means of dealing. With this complexity.
Models can help organize out thinking about consumers into a coherent into a coherent whole by
identifying relevant variables, describing their basic characteristics, and specifying how the
variables relate to each other.

Consumer decisions Process

This process consists of the decision process regarding products and services. The major steps in
this process are shown as problem recognition, information search and evaluation, purchasing
processes, and post purchase behavior. Problem recognition occurs when the consumer is
activated by awareness of sufficient difference her actual affairs and her concept of the ideal
situation. This can occurs through activation of a motive such as hunger, by confronting some
external stimulus such as an advertisement, or by being effected by additional variables such as
social or situational influences.

Internal search a quick and largely unconscious review of memory for stored information and
experiences regarding the problem. The information is in the form of belief and attitudes that
have influenced the consumers preference towards bands. Often such a review results in
recognizing a strong brand preference, and a routine purchase occurs. However if an internal
search does not provide sufficient information about products, or how to evaluate them, the
consumer continues with a more involved external search for information. This result exposure
to numerous informational inputs called stimuli, which can arise from a variety of sources,
including advertisement, printed products reviews, and comments from friends.

Any informational stimuli are subjected to information-processing activities, which the consumer
uses to derive meaning from stimuli. The process Involves allocating attention to available
stimuli deriving meaning form these stimuli and holding this meaning in what is termed in what
is termed short term memory where it can be retained briefly to allow further processing.

Retailing in India

Retailing in India is one of the pillars of its economy and accounts for 14 to 15 percent of its
GDP. The Indian retail market is estimated to be US$ 450 billion and one of the top five retail
markets in the world by economic value. India is one of the fastest growing retail market in the
world, with 1.2 billion people.
India's retailing industry is essentially owner manned small shops. In 2010, larger format
convenience stores and supermarkets accounted for about 4 percent of the industry, and these
were present only in large urban centers. India's retail and logistics industry employs about 40
million Indians (3.3% of Indian population).
Until 2011, Indian central government denied foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand
retail, forbidding foreign groups from any ownership in supermarkets, convenience stores or any
retail outlets. Even single-brand retail was limited to 51% ownership and a bureaucratic process.
In November 2011, India's central government announced retail reforms for both multi-brand
stores and single-brand stores. These market reforms paved the way for retail innovation and
competition with multi-brand retailers such as Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco, as well single
brand majors such as IKEA, Nike, and Apple.[5] The announcement sparked intense activism,
both in opposition and in support of the reforms. In December 2011, under pressure from the
opposition, Indian government placed the retail reforms on hold till it reaches a consensus.
In January 2012, India approved reforms for single-brand stores welcoming anyone in the world
to innovate in Indian retail market with 100% ownership, but imposed the requirement that the
single brand retailer source 30 percent of its goods from India. Indian government continues the
hold on retail reforms for multi-brand stores. [7] IKEA announced in January that it is putting on
hold its plan to open stores in India because of the 30 percent requirement. [8] Fitch believes that
the 30 percent requirement is likely to significantly delay if not prevent most single brand majors
from Europe, USA and Japan from opening stores and creating associated jobs in India.

Local terms

Organized retailing, in India, refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is,
those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the publicly traded
supermarkets, corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also the privately owned
large retail businesses.
Unorganized retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing,
for example, the local mom and pop store, owner manned general stores, paan/beedi shops,
convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc.
Organized retailing was absent in most rural and small towns of India in 2010. Supermarkets and
similar organized retail accounted for just 4% of the market.

Background
Most Indian shopping takes place in open markets or
millions of small, independent grocery and retail shops.
Shoppers typically stand outside the retail shop, ask for what
they want, and cannot pick or examine a product from the
shelf. Access to the shelf or product storage area is limited.
Once the shopper requests the food staple or household
product they are looking for, the shopkeeper goes to the container or shelf or to the back of the
store, brings it out and offers it for sale to the shopper. Often the shopkeeper may substitute the
product, claiming that it is similar or equivalent to the product the consumer is asking for. The
product typically has no price label in these small retail shops; although some products do have a
manufactured suggested retail price (MSRP) pre-printed on the packaging. The shopkeeper
prices the food staple and household products arbitrarily, and two consumers may pay different
prices for the same product on the same day. Price is sometimes negotiated between the shopper
and shopkeeper. The shoppers do not have time to examine the product label, and do not have a
choice to make an informed decision between competitive products.
India's retail and logistics industry, organized and unorganized in combination, employs about 40
million Indians (3.3% of Indian population). [10] The typical Indian retail shops are very small.
Over 14 million outlets operate in the country and only 4% of them being larger than 500 sq ft

(46 m2) in size. India has about 11 shop outlets for every 1000 people. Vast majority of the
unorganized retail shops in India employ family members, do not have the scale to procure or
transport products at high volume wholesale level, have limited to no quality control or fakeversus-authentic product screening technology and have no training on safe and hygienic storage,
packaging or logistics. The unorganized retail shops source their products from a chain of
middlemen who mark up the product as it moves from farmer or producer to the consumer. The
unorganized retail shops typically offer no after-sales support or service. Finally, most
transactions at unorganized retail shops are done with cash, with all sales being final.
Until the 1990s, regulations prevented innovation and entrepreneurship in Indian retailing. Some
retails faced complying with over thirty regulations such as "signboard licences" and "antihoarding measures" before they could open doors. There are taxes for moving goods to states,
from states, and even within states in some cases. Farmers and producers had to go through
middlemen monopolies. The logistics and infrastructure was very poor, with losses exceeding 30
percent.
Through the 1990s, India introduced widespread free market reforms, including some related to
retail. Between 2000 to 2010, consumers in select Indian cities have gradually begun to
experience the quality, choice, convenience and benefits of organized retail industry.

Growth over 1997-2010

India in 1997 allowed foreign direct investment (FDI) in cash and carry wholesale. Then, it
required government approval. The approval requirement was relaxed, and automatic permission
was granted in 2006. Between 2000 to 2010, Indian retail attracted about $1.8 billion in foreign
direct investment, representing a very small 1.5% of total investment flow into India.
Single brand retailing attracted 94 proposals between 2006 and 2010, of which 57 were approved
and implemented. For a country of 1.2 billion people, this is a very small number. Some claim
one of the primary restraint inhibiting better participation was that India required single brand
retailers to limit their ownership in Indian outlets to 51%. China in contrast allows 100%
ownership by foreign companies in both single brand and multi-brand retail presence.

Indian retail has experienced limited growth, and its spoilage of food harvest is amongst the
highest in the world, because of very limited integrated cold-chain and other infrastructure. India
has only 5386 stand-alone cold storages, having a total capacity of 23.6 million metric tons.
However, 80 percent of this storage is used only for potatoes. The remaining infrastructure
capacity is less than 1% of the annual farm output of India, and grossly inadequate during peak
harvest seasons. This leads to about 30% losses in certain perishable agricultural output in India,
on average, every year.
Indian laws already allow foreign direct investment in cold-chain infrastructure to the extent of
100 percent. There has been no interest in foreign direct investment in cold storage infrastructure
build out. Experts claim that cold storage infrastructure will become economically viable only
when there is strong and contractually binding demand from organized retail. The risk of cold
storing perishable food, without an assured way to move and sell it, puts the economic viability
of expensive cold storage in doubt. In the absence of organized retail competition and with a ban
on foreign direct investment in multi-brand retailers, foreign direct investments are unlikely to
begin in cold storage and farm logistics infrastructure.
Until 2010, intermediaries and middlemen in India have dominated the value chain. Due to a
number of intermediaries involved in the traditional Indian retail chain, norms are flouted and
pricing lacks transparency. Small Indian farmers realize only 1/3rd of the total price paid by the
final Indian consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher share of organized
retail.[11] The 60%+ margins for middlemen and traditional retail shops have limited growth and
prevented innovation in Indian retail industry.
India has had years of debate and discussions on the risks and prudence of allowing innovation
and competition within its retail industry.[12] Numerous economists repeatedly recommended to
the Government of India that legal restrictions on organized retail must be removed, and the
retail industry in India must be opened to competition. For example, in an invited address to the
Indian parliament in December 2010, Jagdish Bhagwati, Professor of Economics and Law at the
Columbia University analyzed the relationship between growth and poverty reduction, then
urged the Indian parliament to extend economic reforms by freeing up of the retail sector, further
liberalization of trade in all sectors, and introducing labor market reforms. Such reforms

Professor Bhagwati argued will accelerate economic growth and make a sustainable difference in
the life of India's poorest.
A 2007 report noted that an increasing number of people in India are turning to the services
sector for employment due to the relative low compensation offered by the traditional agriculture
and manufacturing sectors. The organized retail market is growing at 35 percent annually while
growth of unorganized retail sector is pegged at 6 percent.
The Retail Business in India is currently at the point of inflection. As of 2008, rapid change with
investments to the tune of US $ 25 billion were being planned by several Indian and
multinational companies in the next 5 years. It is a huge industry in terms of size and according
to India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), it is valued at about US$ 395.96 billion. Organised
retail is expected to garner about 16-18 percent of the total retail market (US $ 65-75 billion) in
the next 5 years.
India has topped the A.T. Kearneys annual Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) for the
third consecutive year, maintaining its position as the most attractive market for retail
investment. The Indian economy has registered a growth of 8% for 2007. The predictions for
2008 is 7.9%.[16] The enormous growth of the retail industry has created a huge demand for real
estate. Property developers are creating retail real estate at an aggressive pace and by 2010, 300
malls are estimated to be operational in the country.

Growth after 2011

Before 2011, India had prevented innovation and organized competition in its consumer retail
industry. Several studies claim that the lack of infrastructure and competitive retail industry is a
key cause of India's persistently high inflation. Furthermore, because of unorganized retail, in a
nation where malnutrition remains a serious problem, food waste is rife.
Well over 30% of food staples and perishable goods produced in India spoils because poor
infrastructure and small retail outlets prevent hygienic storage and movement of the goods from
the farmer to the consumer.

One report estimates the 2011 Indian retail market as generating sales of about $470 billion a
year, of which a miniscule $27 billion comes from organized retail such as supermarkets, chain
stores with centralized operations and shops in malls. The opening of retail industry to free
market competition, some claim will enable rapid growth in retail sector of Indian economy.
Others believe the growth of Indian retail industry will take time, with organized retail possibly
needing a decade to grow to a 25% share. A 25% market share, given the expected growth of
Indian retail industry through 2021, is estimated to be over $250 billion a year: a revenue equal
to the 2009 revenue share from Japan for the world's 250 largest retailers.
The Economist forecasts that Indian retail will nearly double in economic value, expanding by
about $400 billion by 2020. The projected increase alone is equivalent to the current retail
market size of France.
In 2011, food accounted for 70% of Indian retail, but was under-represented by organized retail.
A.T. Kearney estimates India's organized retail had a 31% share in clothing and apparel, while
the home supplies retail was growing between 20% to 30% per year. These data correspond to
retail prospects prior to November announcement of the retail reform.

The Indian Retail Market

Indian market has high complexities in terms of a wide geographic spread and distinct consumer
preferences varying by each region necessitating a need for localization even within the
geographic zones. India has highest number of outlets per person (7 per thousand) Indian retail
space per capita at 2 sq ft (0.19 m2)/ person is lowest in the world Indian retail density of 6
percent is highest in the world. 1.8 million households in India have an annual income of over
45 lakh (US$89,775).
While India presents a large market opportunity given the number and increasing purchasing
power of consumers, there are significant challenges as well given that over 90% of trade is
conducted through independent local stores. Challenges include: Geographically dispersed

population, small ticket sizes, complex distribution network, little use of IT systems, limitations
of mass media and existence of counterfeit goods.

Major Indian Retailers

Checkout lanes, organized retail in Malad, Mumbai

Indian apparel retailers are increasing their brand presence overseas, particularly in developed
markets. While most have identified a gap in countries in West Asia and Africa, some majors are
also looking at the US and Europe. Arvind Brands, Madura Garments, Spykar Lifestyle and
Royal Classic Polo are busy chalking out foreign expansion plans through the distribution route
and standalone stores as well. Another denim wear brand, Spykar, which is now moving towards
becoming a casualwear lifestyle brand, has launched its store in Melbourne recently. It plans to
open three stores in London by 2008-end.
The low-intensity entry of the diversified Mahindra Group into retail is unique because it plans
to focus on lifestyle products. The Mahindra Group is the fourth largest Indian business group to
enter the business of retail after Reliance Industries Ltd, the Aditya Birla Group, and Bharti
Enterprises Ltd. The other three groups are focusing either on perishables and groceries, or a
range of products, or both.

REI AGRO LTD Retail: 6TEN and 6TEN kirana stores

Future Groups-Formats: Big Bazaar, Food Bazaar, Pantaloons, Central, Fashion Station,
Brand Factory, Depot, aLL, E-Zone etc.

Raymond Ltd.: Textiles, The Raymond Shop, Park Avenue, Park Avenue Woman, Parx,
Colourplus, Neck Ties & More, Shirts & More etc.

Fabindia: Textiles, Home furnishings, handloom apparel, jewellery

RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group Retail-Formats: Spencers Hyper, Spencer's Daily, Music

World, Au Bon Pain (International bakery cafeteria), Beverly Hills Polo Club

The Tata Group-Formats: Westside, Star India Bazaar, Steeljunction, Landmark, Titan
Industries with World of Titans showrooms, Tanishq outlets, Croma.

Reliance Retail-Formats: Reliance MART, Reliance SUPER, Reliance FRESH, Reliance

Footprint, Reliance Living, Reliance Digital, Reliance Jewellery, Reliance Trends,
Reliance Autozone, iStore

Reliance ADAG Retail-Format: Reliance World

K Raheja Corp Group-Formats: Shoppers Stop, Crossword, Hyper City, Inorbit Mall

Nilgiris-Formats: Nilgiris supermarket chain

Marks & Spencer: Clothing, lifestyle products, etc.

Lifestyle International-Lifestyle, Home Centre, Max, Fun City and International

Franchise brand stores.

Pyramid Retail-Formats: Pyramid Megastore, TruMart

Next retail India Ltd (Consumer Electronics)(www.next.co.in)

Vivek Limited Retail Formats: Viveks, Jainsons, Viveks Service Centre, Viveks Safe
Deposit Lockers

PGC Retail -T-Mart India [1], Switcher, Respect India, Grand India Bazaar,etc.,

Subhiksha-Formats: Subhiksha supermarket pharmacy and telecom discount chain.

Trinethra- Formats: Fabmall supermarket chain and Fabcity hypermarket chain

Vishal Retail Group-Formats: Vishal Mega Mart

BPCL-Formats: In & Out

German Metro Cash & Carry

Shoprite Holdings-Formats: Shoprite Hyper

Paritala stores bazar: honey shine stores

Aditya Birla Group - "More" Outlets

Kapas- Cotton garment outlets

Nmart Retails with 153 operating Stores till now and total 219 Stores in India and 1 to
open in Dubai Shortly. (Expected to be 500 by the end of Aug-2012)(www.nmart.co.in)

Gitanjali- Nakshatra, Gili, Asmi, D'damas, Gitanjali Jewels, Giantti, Gitanjali Gifts, etc.

Entry of MNCs
The world's largest retailer by sales, Wal-Mart Stores Inc and Sunil Mittal's Bharti Enterprises
have entered into a joint venture agreement and they are planning to open 10 to 15 cash-andcarry facilities over seven years. The first of the stores, which will sell groceries, consumer
appliances and fruits and vegetables to retailers and small businesses, is slated to open in north
India by the end of 2008.
Carrefour, the worlds second largest retailer by sales, is planning to set up two business entities
in the country one for its cash-and-carry business and the other a master franchisee which will
lend its banner, technical services and know how to an Indian company for direct-to-consumer
retail.
The worlds fifth largest retailer by sales, Costco Wholesale Corp (Costco) known for its
warehouse club model is also interested in coming to India and waiting for the right opportunity.
Tesco Plc., plans to set up shop in India with a wholesale cash-and-carry business and will help
Indian conglomerate Tata group to grow its hypermarket business.

Challenges
A McKinsey study claims retail productivity in India is very low compared to international peer
measures. For example, the labor productivity in Indian retail was just 6% of the labor
productivity in United States in 2010. India's labor productivity in food retailing is about 5%
compared to Brazil's 14%; while India's labor productivity in non-food retailing is about 8%
compared to Poland's 25%.
Total retail employment in India, both organized and unorganized, account for about 6% of
Indian labor work force currently - most of which is unorganized. This about a third of levels in
United States and Europe; and about half of levels in other emerging economies. A complete
expansion of retail sector to levels and productivity similar to other emerging economies and
developed economies such as the United States would create over 50 million jobs in India.
Training and development of labor and management for higher retail productivity is expected to
be a challenge.
To become a truly flourishing industry, retailing in India needs to cross the following hurdles:

Automatic approval is not allowed for foreign investment in retail.

Regulations restricting real estate purchases, and cumbersome local laws.

Taxation, which favours small retail businesses.

Absence of developed supply chain and integrated IT management.

Lack of trained work force.

Low skill level for retailing management.

Lack of Retailing Courses and study options

Intrinsic complexity of retailing rapid price changes, constant threat of product

obsolescence and low margins.

In November 2011, the Indian government announced relaxation of some rules and the opening
of retail market to competition.

India retail reforms

Until 2011, Indian central government denied foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand
Indian retail, forbidding foreign groups from any ownership in supermarkets, convenience stores
or any retail outlets, to sell multiple products from different brands directly to Indian consumers.
The government of Manmohan Singh, prime minister, announced on 24 November 2011 the
following:

India will allow foreign groups to own up to 51 per cent in "multi-brand retailers", as
supermarkets are known in India, in the most radical pro-liberalisation reform passed by
an Indian cabinet in years;

single brand retailers, such as Apple and Ikea, can own 100 percent of their Indian stores,
up from the previous cap of 51 percent;

both multi-brand and single brand stores in India will have to source nearly a third of
their goods from small and medium-sized Indian suppliers;

all multi-brand and single brand stores in India must confine their operations to 53-odd
cities with a population over one million, out of some 7935 towns and cities in India. It is
expected that these stores will now have full access to over 200 million urban consumers
in India;

multi-brand retailers must have a minimum investment of US$100 million with at least
half of the amount invested in back end infrastructure, including cold chains,
refrigeration, transportation, packing, sorting and processing to considerably reduce the
post harvest losses and bring remunerative prices to farmers;

the opening of retail competition will be within India's federal structure of government.
In other words, the policy is an enabling legal framework for India. The states of India
have the prerogative to accept it and implement it, or they can decide to not implement it
if they so choose. Actual implementation of policy will be within the parameters of state
laws and regulations.

The opening of retail industry to global competition is expected to spur a retail rush to India. It
has the potential to transform not only the retailing landscape but also the nation's ailing
infrastructure.
A Wall Street Journal article claims that fresh investments in Indian organized retail will generate
10 million new jobs between 20122014, and about five to six million of them in logistics alone;
even though the retail market is being opened to just 53 cities out of about 8000 towns and cities
in India.
It is expected to help tame stubbornly high inflation but is likely to be vehemently opposed by
millions of small retailers, who see large foreign chains as a threat. The need to control food
price inflationaveraging double-digit rises over several yearsprompted the government to
open the sector, analysts claim. Hitherto India's food supplies have been controlled by tens of
millions of middlemen (less than 5% of Indian population). Traders add huge mark-ups to farm
prices, while offering little by way of technical support to help farmers boost their productivity,
packaging technology, pushing up retail prices significantly. Analysts said allowing in big
foreign retailers would provide an impetus for them to set up modern supply chains, with
refrigerated vans, cold storage and more efficient logistics. "I think foreign chains can also bring
in humongous logistical benefits and capital," Chandrajit Banerjee, director-general,
Confederation of Indian Industry, told Reuters. "The biggest beneficiary would be the small
farmers who will be able to improve their productivity by selling directly to large organised
players," Mr Banerjee said.

Indian retail reforms on hold

According to Bloomberg, on 3 December 2011, the Chief Minister of the Indian state of West
Bengal, Mamata Banerjee, who is against the policy and whose Trinamool Congress brings 19
votes to the ruling Congress party-led coalition, claimed that Indias government may put the
FDI retail reforms on hold until it reaches consensus within the ruling coalition. Reuters reports
that this risked a possible dilution of the policy rather than a change of heart.
India Today claimed that the resistance to Indian retail reforms is primarily because it has been
badly sold, even though it can help fix the exploitation of Indian farmers by the decades-old

"arhtiya" and "mandi" monopoly system. India Today claims the policy is good for the small
Indian farmer and the Indian consumer.
Pratap Mehta, president of the Centre for Policy Research, claimed any U-turn or postponement
of retail reforms will cause an immense loss of face to the Congress-led central government of
Manmohan Singh. The mom-and-pop farmers of India support these reforms. The consumers of
India want the reforms. The government has already annoyed those who oppose change and
innovation in retail. By putting retail reforms on hold, the government will additionally alienate
much larger segment of India's population supporting FDI. So they will now have the worst of
both worlds, claims Mehta.
Deepak Parekh, Ashok Ganguly and other economic policy leaders of India, on 4 December
2011, called placing investment and innovation in retail on hold for the sake of vested interests as
unfair and detrimental to vast majority in India. They urged farmers, consumers and the common
people to raise their voice against this false drama of apprehension against investment and
modernising trade in organised retailing. They called upon Indians to come out and strongly
support progressive measures and reforms with the same spirit and gusto with which we take the
liberties to criticize policies or issues we do not appreciate.
Several newspapers claimed on 6 December 2011 that India parliament is expected to shelve
retail reforms while the ruling Congress party seeks consensus from the opposition and the
Congress party's own coalition partners. Suspension of retail reforms on 7 December 2011 would
be, the reports claimed, an embarrassing defeat for the Indian government, suggesting it is weak
and ineffective in implementing its ideas.
Anand Sharma, India's Commerce and Industry Minister, after a meeting of all political parties
on 7 December 2011 said, "The decision to allow foreign direct investment in retail is suspended
till consensus is reached with all stakeholders.

Single-brand retail reforms approved

On January 11, 2012, India approved increased competition and innovation in single-brand retail.
The reform seeks to attract investments in production and marketing, improve the availability of
goods for the consumer, encourage increased sourcing of goods from India, and enhance
competitiveness of Indian enterprises through access to global designs, technologies and
management practices. In this announcement, India requires single-brand retailer, with greater
than 51% foreign ownership, to source at least 30% of the value of products from Indian small
industries, village and cottage industries, artisans and craftsmen.
Mikael Ohlsson, chief executive of IKEA, announced IKEA is postponing its plan to open stores
in India. He claimed that IKEA's decision reflects Indias requirements that single-brand retailers
such as IKEA source 30 percent of their goods from local small and medium-sized companies.
This was an obstacle to IKEA's investment in India, and that it will take IKEA some time to
source goods and develop reliable supply chains inside India. Ikea announced that it plans to
double what it sources from India already for its global product range, to over $1 billion a year,
within three years. IKEA in the near term, plans to focus expansion instead in China and Russia,
where such restrictions do not exist.
Social impact and controversy with retail reforms
The November 2011 retail reforms in India have sparked intense activism, both in opposition and
in support of the reforms.

Controversy over Indian retail reforms

A horticultural produce retail market in Kolkata, India; produce loss in these retail formats is
very high for perishables
Critics of the Indian retail reforms announcement are making
one or more of the following points
Independent stores will close, leading to massive job losses.
Walmart employs very few people in the United States. If
allowed to expand in India as much as Walmart has expanded
in the United States, few thousand jobs may be created but millions will be lost.

Walmart will lower prices to dump goods, get competition out of the way, become a
monopoly, then raise prices. We have seen this in the case of the soft drinks industry.
Pepsi and Coke came in and wiped out all the domestic brands.

India doesn't need foreign retailers, since homegrown companies and traditional markets
may be able to do the job.

Work will be done by Indians, profits will go to foreigners.

Remember East India Company. It entered India as a trader and then took over politically.

There will be sterile homogeneity and Indian cities will look like cities anywhere else.

The government hasn't built consensus.

Supporters claim none of these objections has merit. They claim:

Organized retail will need workers. Walmart employs 1.4 million people in United States
alone. With United States population of about 300 million, and India's population of
about 1200 million, if Walmart-like retail companies were to expand in India as much as
their presence in the United States, and the staffing level in Indian stores kept at the same
level as in the United States stores, Walmart alone would employ 5.6 million Indian

citizens. Walmart has a 6.5% market share of the total United States retail. Adjusted for
this market share, the expected jobs in future Indian organized retail would total over 85
million. In addition, millions of additional jobs will be created during the building of and
the maintenance of retail stores, roads, cold storage centers, software industry, electronic
cash registers and other retail supporting organizations. Instead of job losses, retail
reforms are likely to be massive boost to Indian job availability.

KPMG - one of the world's largest audit companies - finds that in China, the employment
in both retail and wholesale trade increased from 4% in 1992 to about 7% in 2001, post
China opening its retail to foreign and domestic innovation and competition. In absolute
terms, China experienced the creation of 26 million new jobs within 9 years, post China
announcing FDI retail reforms. Additionally, contrary to some concerns in China, post
retail reforms, the number of traditional small retailers also grew by 30% over 5 years.

India needs trillions of dollar to build its infrastructure, hospitals, housing and schools for
its growing population. Indian economy is small, with limited surplus capital. Indian
government is already operating on budget deficits. It is simply not possible for Indian
investors or Indian government to fund this expansion, job creation and growth at the rate
India needs. Global investment capital through FDI is necessary. Beyond capital, Indian
retail industry needs knowledge and global integration. Global retail leaders, some of
which are partly owned by people of Indian origin, can bring this knowledge. Global
integration can potentially open export markets for Indian farmers and producers.
Walmart, for example, expects to source and export some $1 billion worth of goods from
India every year, since it came into Indian wholesale retail market.

Walmart, Carrefour, Tesco, Target, Metro, Coop are some of over 350 global retail
companies with annual sales over $1 billion. These retail companies have operated for
over 30 years in numerous countries. They have not become monopolies. Competition
between Walmart-like retailers has kept food prices in check. Canada credits their very
low inflation rates to Walmart-effect. Anti-trust laws and state regulations, such as those
in Indian legal code, have prevented food monopolies from forming anywhere in the
world. Price inflation in these countries has been 5 to 10 times lower than price inflation

in India. The current consumer price inflation in Europe and the United States is less than
2%, compared to India's double digit inflation.

The Pepsi and Coke example is meaningless in the context of Indian beverage market.
More competition is lacking because of limited demand. Indian consumer has limited
interest in soft drinks. Soft drinks represent less than 5% of Indian beverage market.
Indian consumer prefers milk-based, tea and coffee and these account for 90% of Indian
beverage market. In these markets, Coca Cola and Pepsi have plenty of competition. The
next most important market in India is bottled water, that outsells combined soft drink
sales of the Pepsi and Coca Cola. Bottled water, milk, coffee and tea market in India are
big markets, and have plenty of domestic brands, European brands like Nestle, as well as
Pepsi and Coca Cola. Organized retail too will have numerous brands and strong
competition.

Comparing 21st century to 18th century is inappropriate. Conditions today are not same
as in the 18th century. India wasn't a democracy then, it is today. Global awareness and
news media were not the same in 18th century as today. Consider China today. It has over
57 million square feet of retail space owned by foreigners, employing millions of Chinese
citizens. Yet, China hasn't become a vassal of imperialists. It enjoys respect from all
global powers. Other Asian countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand and Indonesia see
foreign retailers as catalysts of new technology and price reduction; and they have
benefitted immensely by welcoming FDI in retail. India too will benefit by integrating
with the world, rather than isolating itself.

With 51% FDI limit in multi-brand retailers, nearly half of any profits will remain in
India. Any profits will be subject to taxes, and such taxes will reduce Indian government
budget deficit. Many years ago, China adopted the retail reform policy India has
announced; China allowed FDI in its retail sector. It has taken FDI-financed retailers in
China between 5 to 10 years to post profits, in large part because of huge investments
they had to make initially. Like China, it is unlikely foreign retailers will earn any profits
in India for the first 5 to 10 years. Ultimately, retail companies must earn profits with
hard work and by creating value.

States have a right to say no to retail FDI within their jurisdiction. States have the right to
add restrictions to the retail policy announced before they implement them. Thus, they
can place limits on number, market share, style, diversity, homogeneity and other factors
to suit their cultural preferences. Finally, in future, states can always introduce
regulations and India can change the law to ensure the benefits of retail reforms reach the
poorest and weakest segments of Indian society, free and fair retail competition does
indeed lead to sharply lower inflation than current levels, small farmers get better prices,
jobs created by organized retail pay well, and healthier food becomes available to more
households.

Inbuilt inefficiencies and wastage in distribution and storage account for why, according
to some estimates, as much as 40% of food production doesn't reach consumers. Fifty
million children in India are malnourished. Food often rots at farms, in transit, or in
antiquated state-run warehouses. Cost-conscious organized retail companies will avoid
waste and loss, making food available to the weakest and poorest segment of Indian
society, while increasing the income of small farmers. Walmart, for example, since its
arrival in Indian wholesale retail market, has successfully introduced "Direct Farm
Project" at Haider Nagar near Malerkotla in Punjab, where 110 farmers have been
connected with Bharti Walmart for sourcing fresh vegetables directly, thereby reducing
waste and bringing fresher produce to Indian consumers.

Indian small shops employ workers without proper contracts, making them work long
hours. Many unorganized small shops depend on child labour. A well-regulated retail
sector will help curtail some of these abuses.

Organized retail has enabled a wide range of companies to start and flourish in other
countries. For example, in the United States, an organized retailer named Whole Foods
has rapidly grown to annual revenues of $9 billion by working closely with farmers,
delighting customers and caring about the communities it has stores in.

The claims that there is no consensus is without merit. About 10 years ago, when
opposition formed the central government, they had proposed retail reforms and
suggested India consider FDI in retail. Retail reforms discussions are not new. More

recently, retail reforms announced evolved after a process of intense consultations and
consensus building intiative. In 2010, the Indian government circulated a discussion
paper on FDI retail reforms. On July 6, 2011, another version of the discussion paper was
circulated by the central government of India. Comments from a wide cross-section of
Indian society including farmers' associations, industry bodies, consumer forums,
academics, traders' associations, investors, economists were analyzed in depth before the
matter was discussed by the Committee of Secretaries. By early August 2011, the
consensus from various segments of Indian society was overwhelming in favor of retail
reforms.[54] The reform outline was presented in India's Rajya Sabha in August 2011. The
announced reforms are the result of this consensus process. The current opposition is not
helping the consensus process, since consensus is not built by threats and disruption.
Those who oppose current retail reforms should help build consensus with ideas and
proposals, if they have any. The opposition parties currently disrupting the Indian
parliament on retail reforms have not offered even one idea or a single proposal on how
India can eliminate food spoilage, reduce inflation, improve food security, feed the poor,
improve the incomes of small farmers.

Opposition to retail reforms

Within a week of retail reform announcement, Indian government has faced a political backlash
against its decision to allow competition and 51% ownership of multi-brand organized retail in
India.
Despite the fact that Salman Khurshid, Indias law minister, claiming that many opposition
parties, including the Bharatiya Janata Party, had privately encouraged the government to push
through the retail reform, the intense criticism now targets Congress-led coalition government,
and its decision to push through one of the biggest economic reforms in years for India.
Opposition parties claim supermarket chains are ill-advised, unilateral and unwelcome.
The opposition claims the entry of organized retailers would lead to their dominance that would
decimate local retailers and force millions of people out of work.

Mamata Banerjee, the chief minister of West Bengal and the leader of the Trinamool Congress,
announced her opposition to retail reform, claiming Some people might support it, but I do not
support it. You see America is America and India is India. One has to see what ones capacity
is.
Other states whose Chief Ministers have either personally announced opposition or announced
reluctance to implement the retail reforms: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya
Pradesh.
Chief Ministers of many states have not made a personal statement in opposition or support of
India needing retail reforms. Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka and Rajasthan are examples of these
states. Both sides have made conflicting claims about the position of chief ministers from these
states.
A Wall Street Journal article reports that in Uttar Pradesh, Uma Bharti, a senior leader of the
opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), threatened to "set fire to the first Wal-Mart store
whenever it opens;" with her colleague Sushma Swaraj busy tweeting up a storm of
misinformation about how Wal-Mart allegedly ruined the U.S. economy.
On 1 December 2011, an India-wide "bandh" (close all business in protest) was called by
political parties opposing the retail reform. While many organizations responded, the reach of the
protest was mixed. The Times of India, a national newspaper of India, claimed people appeared
divided over the bandh call and internal rivalry among trade associations led to a mixed
response, leaving many stores open day-long and others opening for business as usual in the
second half of the day. Even Purti Group, a network of stores owned and operated by Nitin
Gadkari were open for business, ignoring the call for bandh. Gadkari is the president of BJP, the
key party currently organizing opposition to retail reform.
The Hindu, another widely circulated newspaper in India, claimed the opposition's call for a
nation wide shutdown on 1 December 2011, in protest of retail reform received a mixed
response. Some states had strong support, while most did not. Even in states where opposition
political parties are in power, many ignored the call for the shutdown. In Gujarat, Bihar, Delhi,
Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Assam the call evoked a partial response. While a number

of wholesale markets observed the shutdown, the newspaper claimed a majority of kirana stores
and neighborhood small shops for whom apparently the trade bandh had been called
remained open, ignoring the shutdown call. Conflicting claims were made by the organizers of
the nation wide shutdown. Contrary to eyewitness reports, one Trader union's secretary general
claimed traders across the country participated wholeheartedly in the strike.
The political parties opposing the retail reforms physically disrupted and forced India's
parliament to adjourn again on Friday 2 December 2011. The Indian government refused to cave
in, in its attempt to convince through dialogue that retail reforms are necessary to protect the
farmers and consumers. Indian parliament has been dysfunctional for the entire week of
November 28, 2011 over the opposition to retail reforms.

Support for retail reforms

In a pan-Indian survey conducted over the weekend of 3 December 2011, overwhelming
majority of consumers and farmers in and around ten major cities across the country support the
retail reforms. Over 90 per cent of consumers said FDI in retail will bring down prices and offer
a wider choice of goods. Nearly 78 per cent of farmers said they will get better prices for their
produce from multi-format stores. Over 75 per cent of the traders claimed their marketing
resources will continue to be needed to push sales through multiple channels, but they may have
to accept lower margins for greater volumes.

Farmer groups
Various farmer associations in India have announced their support for the retail reforms. For
example:

Shriram Gadhve of All India Vegetable Growers Association (AIVGA) claims his
organization supports retail reform. He claimed that currently, it is the middlemen
commission agents who benefit at the cost of farmers. He urged that the retail reform
must focus on rural areas and that farmers receive benefits. Gadhve claimed, "A better
cold storage would help since this could help prevent the existing loss of 34% of fruits
and vegetables due to inefficient systems in place." AIVGA operates in nine states

including Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Punjab and
Haryana with 2,200 farmer outfits as its members.

Bharat Krishak Samaj, a farmer association with more than 75,000 members says it
supports retail reform. Ajay Vir Jakhar, the chairman of Bharat Krishak Samaj, claimed a
monopoly exists between the private guilds of middlemen, commission agents at the
sabzi mandis (India's wholesale markets for vegetables and farm produce) and the small
shopkeepers in the unorganized retail market. Given the perishable nature of food like
fruit and vegetables, without the option of safe and reliable cold storage, the farmer is
compelled to sell his crop at whatever price he can get. He cannot wait for a better price
and is thus exploited by the current monopoly of middlemen. Jakhar asked that the
government make it mandatory for organized retailers to buy 75% of their produce
directly from farmers, bypassing the middlemen monopoly and India's sabzi mandi
auction system.

Consortium of Indian Farmers Associations (CIFA) announced its support for retail
reform. Chengal Reddy, secretary general of CIFA claimed retail reform could do lots for
Indian farmers. Reddy commented, India has 600 million farmers, 1,200 million
consumers and 5 million traders. I fail to understand why political parties are taking an
anti-farmer stand and worried about half a million brokers and small shopkeepers. CIFA
mainly operates in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu; but has a growing
members from rest of India, including Shetkari Sanghatana in Maharashtra, Rajasthan
Kisan Union and Himachal Farmer Organisations.

Prakash Thakur, the chairman of the People for Environment Horticulture & Livelihood
of Himachal Pradesh, announcing his support for retail reforms claimed FDI is expected
to roll out produce storage centers that will increase market access, reduce the number of
middlemen and enhance returns to farmers. Highly perishable fruits like cherry, apricot,
peaches and plums have a huge demand but are unable to tap the market fully because of
lack of cold storage and transport infrastructure. Sales will boost with the opening up of
retail. Even though India is the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the
world, its storage infrastructure is grossly inadequate, claimed Thakur.

Sharad Joshi, founder of Shetkari Sangathana (farmers association), has announced his
support for retail reforms. Joshi claims FDI will help the farm sector improve critical
infrastructure and integrate farmer-consumer relationship. Today, the existing retail has
not been able to supply fresh vegetables to the consumers because they have not invested
in the backward integration. When the farmers' produce reaches the end consumer
directly, the farmers will naturally be benefited. Joshi feels retail reform is just a first step
of needed agricultural reforms in India, and that the government should pursue additional
reforms.

Suryamurthy, in an article in The Telegraph, claims farmer groups across India do not support
status quo and seek retail reforms, because with the current retail system the farmer is being
exploited. For example, the article claims:

Indian farmers get only one third of the price consumers pay for food staples, the rest is
taken as commissions and markups by middlemen and shopkeepers

For perishable horticulture produce, average price farmers receive is barely 12 to 15% of
the final price consumer pays

Indian potato farmers sell their crop for Rs. 2 to 3 a kilogram, while the Indian consumer
buys the same potato for Rs. 12 to 20 a kilogram.

Economists and entrepreneurs

Many business groups in India are welcoming the transformation of a long-protected sector that
has left Indian shoppers bereft of the scale and variety of their counterparts in more developed
markets.
B. Muthuraman, the president of the Confederation of Indian Industry, claimed the retail reform
would open enormous opportunities and lead to much-needed investment in cold chain,
warehousing and contract farming.
Organized retailers will reduce waste by improving logistics, creating cold storage to prevent
food spoilage, improve hygiene and product safety, reduce counterfeit trade and tax evasion on

expensive item purchases, and create dependable supply chains for secure supply of food staples,
fruits and vegetables. They will increase choice and reduce Indias rampant inflation by reducing
waste, spoilage and cutting out middlemen. Fresh investment in organized retail, the supporters
of retail reform claim will generate 10 million new jobs by 2014, about five to six million of
them in logistics alone.
Organized retail will offer the small Indian farmer more competing venues to sell his or her
products, and increase income from less spoilage and waste. A Food and Agricultural
Organization report claims that currently, in India, the small farmer faces significant losses postharvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply
chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small
shopkeepers. These experts claim India's post-harvest losses to exceed 25%, on average, every
year for each farmer.
Unlike the current monopoly of middlemen buyer, retail reforms offer farmers access to more
buyers from organized retail. More buyers will compete for farmers produce leading to better
support for farmers and to better bids. With less spoilage of staples and agricultural produce,
global retail companies can find and provide additional markets to Indian farmers. Walmart,
since its arrival in India's wholesale retail market, already sources and exports about $1 billion
worth of Indian goods for its global customers.
Not only do these losses reduce food security in India, the study claims that poor farmers and
others loose income because of the waste and inefficient retail. Over US$50 billion of additional
income can become available to Indian farmers by preventing post-harvest farm losses,
improving transport, proper storage and retail. Organized retail is also expected to initiate
infrastructure development creating millions of rural and urban jobs for Indias growing
population. One study claims that if these post-harvest food staple losses could be eliminated
with better infrastructure and retail network in India, enough food would be saved every year to
feed 70 to 100 million people over the year.
Supporters of retail reform, The Economist claims, say it will increase competition and quality
while reducing prices helping to reduce India's rampant inflation that is close to the double

digits. These supporters claim that unorganized small shopkeepers will continue to exist
alongside large organized supermarkets, because for many Indians they will remain the most
accessible and most convenient place to shop.
Amartya Sen, the Indian born Nobel prize winning economist, in a December 2011 interview
claims foreign direct investment in multi brand retail can be good thing or bad thing depending
on the nature of the investment. Quite often, claims Professor Sen, FDI is a good thing for India.

Chief Ministers of Indian states

Supporters of retail reform who have voiced the need to promote organized retail include Chief
Ministers of several states of India, several belonging to political parties that have no affiliation
with Congress-led central government of India. The list includes the Chief Ministers of
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. In a report submitted earlier in 2011,
these Chief Ministers urged the Prime Minister to prioritize reforms to help promote organized
retail, shorten the retail path from farm to consumer, allow organized retail to buy direct from
farmers at remunerative produce prices, and reduce farm to retail costs. Similarly, the Chief
Minister of Delhi has come out in support of the retail reform, as have the Chief Ministers of the
two farming states of Haryana and Punjab in north India., The Chief Ministers of Haryana and
Punjab claim that the announced retail reforms will immensely benefit farmers in their states.
The Chief Minister of the state of Maharashtra - the state with the highest GDP in India and
home to its financial capital Mumbai - has also welcomed the retail reform.
Tarun Gogoi, the Chief Minister of Assam, an eastern state in India, announcing his support to
the retail reform, claimed "this will go a long way in bringing about a sea change in rural
economy. The decision will boost agriculture and allied sectors, manufacturing, logistics,
integrated cold chains, refrigerated transportation and food processing facilities in a big way."
Criticising the BJP-organized opposition, Gogoi claimed that these parties who had just a few
years ago dubbed opening up retail as good for India, are now singing a different tune.

Current supermarkets

Existing Indian retail firms such as Spencer's, Foodworld Supermarkets Ltd, Nilgiri's and
ShopRite support retail reform and consider international competition as a blessing in disguise.
They expect a flurry of joint ventures with global majors for expansion capital and opportunity to
gain expertise in supply chain management. Spencer's Retail with 200 stores in India, and with
retail of fresh vegetables and fruits accounting for 55 per cent of its business claims retail reform
to be a win-win situation, as they already procure the farm products directly from the growers
without the involvement of middlemen or traders. Spencers claims that there is scope for it to
expand its footprint in terms of store location as well as procuring farm products. Foodworld,
which operates over 60 stores, plans to ramp up its presence to more than 200 locations. It has
already tied up with Hong Kong-based Dairy Farm International. With the relaxation in
international investments in Indian retail, Indias Food world expects its global relationship will
only get stronger. Competition and investment in retail will provide more benefits to consumers
through lower prices, wider availability and significant improvement in supply chain logistics.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology ill common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also
define also research as a scientific and systematic research for pertinent information a specific
topic. Research is an art of systematic investigation. Some people consider research as a
movement, a movement to the known to the unknown.

According to Clifford Woody: Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested
solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions mil reaching
conclusion, and at last carefully testing the conclusion to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis.

Marketing research is defined as a systematic gathering and analysis of the data concern with an
objective. The whole activity is divided into various parts and after compilation of that we reach
at certain findings, which enable us to marketing decision. It involves the diagnosis of
information needed and the selection of the relevant and inter-related variables.

Research Plan: Research Approach: SURVEY METHOD

Primary Source
Primary data consists of original information gathered for specific purpose. The primary data is
collected through questionnaire. The questionnaire is through common instrument collecting
primary collection. I collected the data through questionnaire from different small eating joints.

Research Instrument
The research instruments used for collecting the primary data were the questionnaire.

Questionnaire
The questionnaire was carefully developed tested and debugged before they were administered
on a large scale. Each questions contributed to the research objective here questionnaire is
structured types means there are concrete, definite and predetermined questions.

The questions are presented are exactly same wording and in the same an order to all
respondents. The questionnaire had a mix type of open ended, closed ended and multiple choice
questions. The questions were limited in numbers simple direct and unbiased technology was
adopted

Data Source:

Primary:

The data was collected through questionnaire comprising of 17 questions.

Secondary:

The data was collected through:

Data Collection Instrument:

Questionnaire

Sampling Procedure:
1. Sample Unit

Consumer visited Small Eating Joints

2. Sample Size

50 Respondents

3. Sampling Method

Random Sampling Method

DATA ANALYSIS

Question No. 1
Do you Visit mall?
Do you visit

Yes

No

No. of Respondents (%)

100%

0%

No. of Respondents (in no.)

50

Interpretation
All the candidates interviewed visited mall.

Question No. 2
With whom you prefer to visit mall?

Prefer to visit

Friend

Spouse

Colleagues

Alone

60%

20%

4%

16%

30

10

malls
No. of
Respondents (%)
No. of
Respondents (in
no.)

Interpretation
Out of 50 respondents: 60% preferred to visit malls with Friends.
20% preferred to visit malls with their spouse.
Question No. 3
How much time you spend in a mall?
Time spent on
visiting

Hour

1-2 hrs

More than 3 hours

malls
No. of Respondents

20%

50%

30%

10

25

15

(%)
No. of Respondents
(in no.)

Interpretation
Out of 50 respondents 25 respondents spend approx.1-2 hrs in a mall.
Out of 50 respondents 15 respondents spend approx.more than 3 hrs in mall.
Out of 50 respondents 10 respondents spend approx. less than 1hrs. In mall.

Question No. 4
Does the person with whom you visit mall influence you?
Person who influence

Yes

No

No. of Respondents (%)

40%

60%

No. of Respondents (in no.)

20

30

Interpretation
Humans are social being, different person has different perception and attitude, so they purchase
according to their own need like.

Question No. 5
Do you visit the mall, by advertising influence?
Advertisement

Yes

No

Sometime yes

Cant say

40%

24%

16%

20%

influence
No. of
Respondents

(%)
No. of

20

12

10

Respondents (in
no.)

Interpretation
Out 50 respondents: 20 respondents responded that they come to know things through advertisement.
12 respondents responded that they are not affected by advertisement.
08 respondents responded that sometime yes and sometime they dont know.

Question No. 6
Why do you choose mall for shopping?
Choosing

Less

malls for

time

shopping

Economical

Brands

Variety

Quality

All
under
one
roof

Convenient

No. of

14%

24%

26%

8%

14%

6%

8%

12

13

Respondents
(%)
No. of
Respondents
(in no.)

Interpretation
7 respondents said less time, 12 respondents said its economical, 13 respondents said they get
brands.
Question No. 7
Do you go for unplanned (spot Purchases) shopping / Purchases?

Unplanned

Yes

No

Cant say

54%

32%

14%

27

16

purchases or spot
purchases
No. of Respondents
(%)
No. of Respondents
(in numbers)

Interpretation
Out of 50 respondents
54% respondents made unplanned purchases.
32% respondents said they dont make unplanned purchases.
14% respondents said that they were not sure

Question No. 8
Which of the following media you find the ads of any shopping mall?
Mode of

Newspaper

T.V

Radio

Hoardings

Others

30%

50%

10%

8%

2%

15

25

advertisement
No. of
Respondents
(%)
No. of
Respondents
(in numbers)

Interpretation
Out of 50 respondents
30% respondents get aware through Newspaper.
25% respondents get aware of the ads through T.V.
10% respondents get aware through Radio channels.
8% respondents get aware through hoardings.

FINDINGS AND OBSERVATIONS

1. Almost every person contacted or interviewed said that he/she has visited malls.
Maximum number of respondents said they are aware of malls.
2. From analysis we found out that most of the people were affected and attracted with
offers and schemes.
3. It has been found out that most of the people in Pune city visit malls for refreshment and
enjoy.
4. Consumers choose malls to stop because they all want variety and brands and shopping at
malls according to the consumers is economic as compared to shopping at other places.
5. Most of the people who were interviewed by me responded that brand loyal and most of
them stack to the brand they like.
6. Advertising plays a very crucial part in the consumer decision making process.
7. Most of the respondents take on the spot decision of buying different products because of
the various attractive product displays and pretty combination which the store tries on the
mannequins is mostly dependent by the customers, show that most of the consumers are
attracted towards different fancy displays.
8. For most of the respondents quality plays a very important role because most of the
respondents said that they want quality products and thats also one reason for most of
the respondents sticking to particular brands.
9. We can also say that location, variety convenience and economical products are not the
only things which attract the customer but there are some other factors which play a
major role in attracting the customers as mentioned.

LIMITATION

Time constraint

The allotted time to conduct the survey was 15 days. Therefore it became a bit difficult to cover
the entire city of Pune. However, the key areas were aptly covered.

Availability of data:
Most of the restaurants and eating joints were not in favor of us conducting the survey inside
their premises as it would disturb their customers. Non-willingness of the respondents to answer
the questionnaire was also a hurdle.

Reliability of data:-

Reliability of data always remains a prime concern when humans are surveyed. Mon-interest,
poor understanding, unclear questions, inability to think instantly and customer biases creeps in
apprehensiveness in the minds of the researcher while tabulating and analyzing the data.

CONCLUSION

Consumers behavior is often studied because certain decisions are significantly affected by their
behavior or expected actions. For this reason consumer behavior is said to be applied discipline.
1. In a general sense, the most important reason for studying consumer behavior is the
significant role it plays in our lives. Much of our time is spent directly in the market
place, eating or engaging in other activities. A large amount of additional time is spent
thinking about products and services, talking to friends about them, and seeing or hearing
advertisements about them. In addition, the goods people eat and the manner in which
they use them significantly influence how they live their daily lives. These general
concerns alone are enough to justify our study of consumer behavior. However, many
seek to understand the behavior of consumers for what are thought to be more immediate
and tangible reasons.

2. The main reason behind this project was to find out the behavior of the consumer buying
behavior while shopping at mall because most of the population surveyed preferred to
shop at malls and how day by day the consumers demands are increasing and through this
project I came to know that what are the various behavior of a typical customer who
shops at mall.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Customers are becoming price conscious they are having many options in the market considering
the consumer buying behavior the malls and other shopping centers should take certain definite
steps like retaining customers by giving those schemes discounts and better service.
The trend today has been to combine shopping with various offerings for ex in a mall apart
from shopping a customer enjoys food courts and many others services which todays modem
malls provide.
Shopping has made people spend not just on their requirements of goods to be bought but to look
on the totality of the experience have a quick bite at Mc Donalds in the mall are let
the kids play fun games while one is busy shopping or even taking the family out to movie and
having a dinner ALL UNDER ONE ROOF
The benefits of this totality offering are that many vendors get to have people patronized their
offerings while the shopping experience i.e. being enhanced more business is got by the stores at
the venue. Shopping is no longer a onetime agenda for people. Various options are opening up.
During the analysis it was found that customers become loyal to few malls and department stores
and visit them often as compared to other. Although it was found all of them keep approximately
same kinds of brands and products and the same pleasing environment. All this in mind we need
to differentiate our mall from others in the city to build up our own set of customers. It was
found that the major problem faced by the customers is the crowed at the cash counter. The life
of todays generation has become very fast. They dont want to wait in a queue for a longer
period. Thus we must provide more cash counters in our mall.

One advantage is that there is only one mall in the city that is magnum mall others are the
department stores. So enhance it and make it better to make it different i.e. by having special
attraction like body spa, Gym in the mall. There should be a provision for ATMs in the mall too.

Annexure
Questionnaire on Consumer shopping behavior in BIG BAZAAR

Hi..!! Please spare some time to fill in this survey. The survey is voluntary and will help us to
gather more information to make our project.

Do you visit mall?

a. Yes

b.

No

With whom you prefer to visit malls?

a. Friends

b.

spouse c.

Colleague

d.

Alone

How much time do you usually spend in a mall?

a. Hour

b.

1-2 hours

c.

More than 3 hours

Does the person with whom you visit mall influence you?
a. Yes

b.

No

Do you visit the mall, by advertisement influence?

a. Yesb.

No

c.

Sometimes yes

d.

Cant say

Why do you choose mall for shopping?

a. Less time
e.

Quality

b.

Economic
f.

c.

Brands d.

All under one g.

Variety

Convenience

 Which of the following media you find the ads of any shopping mall?
a. News

b.

T.V.

c.

Radio

d.

Hoardings

How frequently do you visit mall?

a. Weekly

b.

Monthly

c.

Occasionally

c.

Brand name

Why you opt for a particular mall?

a. Quality

b.

Services

Do you go for unplanned (spot) shopping / purchases?

a. Yesb.

No

c.

Cant say

Feed back / Suggestions:..

..

d.

word of mouth

..

Name..
Occupation.
Thanking you

Bibliography

Books and magazines:

Consumer Behavior
-

Fourth edition by David L. London & Albert J. Delia Bitta.

Research methodology (Methods & Technology)

Revised Second edition by C.R.Kothari

Through net surfing:

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.answers.com