1.

INTRODUCTION

As a matter of facts there is no particular origin of research, any thing which is

discovered for the first time is considered to be a research. It is not necessary that
research will always be pre planned it may be due to a mistake also for i.e. Newton’s
discovery of law, it was not a planned process therefore research is considered as
discovery of new facts or to modify older ones in any branch of knowledge. It is
presumed by researchers that the origin of the research is curiosity because it is believed
that its only curiosity of a person to learn and search for new facts, it is curiosity only
which instigates the person to explore more and more. In simple words research can be
defined as any scholarly investigation in search for truths, for facts, for certainties.
Systematized efforts to gain knowledge is also known as research

Research can be defined to be search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to

establish facts. The primary purpose for applied research (as opposed to basic research) is
discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the
advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world
and the universe. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so

Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of

curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of
the nature and the properties of the world around us. It makes practical applications
possible. Scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations
and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided
into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines
1.1 Objectives of Research

The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of

scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden
and which has not yet been discovered. Though each research study has its own specific
purpose, some of them are as follows:-

i) To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it

( studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative
research studies).

ii) To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or

a group ( studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research
studies).

iii) To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with it is

associated with something else (studies with this objective in view are known
as diagnostic research studies).

iv) To test a hypothesis of casual relationship between variables ( such studies are
known as hypo- testing research studies).

1.2 Meaning of research

Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also define
research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.
In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
of current English lays down the meaning of research as “ a careful investigation or
inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.”. some people
consider research as a system a movement, a movement from the known to the unknown.
The inquisitiveness is the mother of all knowledge and the method, which man employs
for obtaining the knowledge of whatever the unknown, can be termed as research.

Research is an academic activity and as such the term should be used in a technical sense.
Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for
its advancement. It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison
and experiment. In short, the e term problem is research. As such the term ‘research’
refers to the systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating a
hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analyzing the facts and reaching certain
conclusion either in form of solution towards the concerned problem or certain
generalization for some theoretical formulation

1.3 Definition of research

Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to gain new knowledge.”

Clifford Woody define research as “defining and redefining problems, formulating

hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making
deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis or not.”

M. Stephenson define research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for

the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that
knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of art.”

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of current English lays down the meaning of research as
a “a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge.”

1.4 Types of research

The basic types of research are as follows:-

 i) Descriptive vs. analytical: Descriptive includes surveys and facts finding
enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is
description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. In social sciences
research we quit often use the term Ex post facto research for descriptive
research studies. In analytical research, on the other hand has to use facts or
information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation
of the material

ii) Applied vs. fundamental: Research can either be applied or fundamental

research. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate
problem facing a society or an industrial/business organization, whereas
fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the
formulation of theory

iii) Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on the

measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomenon that can
be expressed in terms of quantity. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is
concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomenon relating to or
involving quality or kind
.

iv) Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some abstract
ideas or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop
new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. On the other hand, empirical
research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regards
for system and theory. It is data based research, coming up with conclusions
which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment.

1.5 Significance of research

 i) Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes
the development of logical habits of thinking and organization.

ii) The increasingly complex nature of business and government has

focused attention on the use of research in solving operational
problems. For instance, government’s rest in part on an analysis of the
needs and desires of the people and on the availability of revenues to
meet these needs .The cost of needs has to be equated to probable
revenues and this is a field where research is most needed.

iii) Research has its significance in solving various operational and

planning problems of business and industry.

iv) Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social

relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems.

2. ORIGIN OF RESEARCH IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL SCIENCES

 i) Sociology : Sociology is the scientific or systematic study of human
societies. It is a branch of social science (with which it is informally
synonymous) that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical
analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social
structure and activity, often with the goal of applying such knowledge to the
pursuit of social welfare. Its subject matter ranges from the micro level of
face-to-face interaction to the macro level of societies at large

Sociology is a broad discipline in terms of both methodology and subject matter. Its
traditional focuses have included social stratification (or class), social relations, social
interaction, religion, modernity, culture and deviance, and its approaches have included
both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. This research is always been an
important part of sociology and uses its different types to make it more explained and
understandable i.e., empirical research, qualitative research, quantitative research etc.
these research types helps the sociologists to provide different types of information,
therefore research is considered to be an inseparable part of sociology.

ii) History : for writing history one has to utilize various processes right from the
collection of the source material up to the giving of the bibliography towards
the end of the book. A research has to be based on original sources, which
may be published or unpublished. It must also embody the original
contribution of the author. A mere narration of facts is no real history, for it
would be a mere catalogue of events and dates. The life breath of history is
interpretation, which also gives a definite viewpoint to a work of history.

History, it is said to be the written objectively. What is really meant by the

expression is that the whole narrative of facts, the interpretation of facts, and
the conclusion deduced therefrom, must be always based on the solid
foundation of historical facts carefully selected from the vast mass of source
 materials having varying degrees of credibility. Therfore it can be easily seen
that from collecting of material to writing there is a great need of research,
without research it is impossible to have history, i.e., Newton discovered law
of gravitational force and it became history and after that, now also research is
required for writing on to that subject so research and history are deepley
connected with each other or you can say that research is an integral part of
history which cannot be separated from it.

iii) Psychology: Psychology is defined as an study of state of mind, it is an

subject which studies the cause of all the things, it is a typical subject with the
typical objectives, it requires study of different perspective of a person under
different situations or circumstances, which require a great research work such
as, analyzing, creating hypothesis, and then testing whether hypothesis is fit
for treatment or not, therefore psychology is greatly depended upon research,
only an good research work can help a psychologist to achieve success in
study/case, so it is clearly seen that without research psychology is
incomplete, and origin of research in psychology cannot be said exactly but it
is proved that research is being used with psychology since psychology since
psychology came into existence.

iv) Political science: political science has always been most interesting
subject for most of the researchers, it is a subject in which each and every
field requires a good work of research, from the small colony to the whole
country, from individual to the group research is required, they need to
identify target voters, needs of the society, past work, its impact, & the work
which public wants to be done in future, policies need to be implemented in
the society, ways of getting votes, how to change the mind of the voters and
even advertisements, campaigns & pamphlet are result of good research,
therefore it can be seen that research is required in each and every field even
in policy making government and politicians need to research about the
market trends and formulate the policies accordingly. So origin of research in
political science is from the beginning when political science came into
existence. it can be proved because political science or any other subject
cannot be move or study further because every thing / subject has an end and
research is a subject which restricts the end by providing new facts and
knowledge to the subject.

3. ORIGIN OF RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF LAW

Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, contained a civil code that was
probably broken into twelve books. It was based on the concept of Ma'at, characterised
by tradition, rhetorical speech, social equality and impartiality.

By the 22nd century BC, the ancient Sumerian ruler Ur-Nammu had formulated the first
law code, which consisted of casuistic statements ("if ... then ..."). Around 1760 BC, King
Hammurabi further developed Babylonian law, by codifying and inscribing it in stone.
Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as
stelae, for the entire public to see; this became known as the Codex Hammurabi. The
most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British
Assyriologists, and has since been fully transliterated and translated into various
languages, including English, German, and French.

The Old Testament is likely the oldest surviving body of law still relevant to modern
legal systems. It dates back to 1280 BC, and takes the form of moral imperatives as
recommendations for a good society

The small Greek city-state, Ancient Athens, from about 8th century BC was the first
society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry; excluding women and the slave
class. However, Athens had no legal science, and no word for "law" as an abstract
concept .Yet Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the
development of democracy.

Roman law was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were
developed by professional jurists, and were highly sophisticated. Over the centuries
between the rise and decline of the Roman Empire, law was adapted to cope with the
changing social situations, and underwent major codification during Justinian I.

Although it declined in significance during the Dark Ages, Roman law was rediscovered
around the 11th century when mediæval legal scholars began to research Roman codes
and adapt their concepts. In mediæval England, the King's judges developed a body of
precedent, which later became the common law. A Europe-wide Lex Mercatoria was
formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice; rather than
with the many splintered facets of local laws. The Lex Mercatoria, a precursor to modern
commercial law, emphasised the freedom of contract and alienability of property]As
nationalism grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, Lex Mercatoria was incorporated into
countries' local law under new civil codes. The French Napoleonic Code and the German
became the most influential. In contrast to English common law, which consists of
enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges
to apply. However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging. EU
law is codified in treaties, but develops through the precedent laid down by the European
Co.

Islamic law and jurisprudence developed during the Middle Ages. The methodology of
legal precedent and reasoning by analogy used in early Islamic law was similar to that of
the later English common law system. This was particularly the case for the Maliki
school of Islamic law active in North Africa, Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily.
Between the 8th and 11th centuries, Maliki law developed several legal institutions
Ancient India and China represent distinct traditions of law, and have historically had
independent schools of legal theory and practice. The Arthashastra, probably compiled
around 100 AD (although it contains older material), and the Manusmriti (c. 100–
300 AD) were foundational treatises in India, and comprise texts considered authoritative
legal guidance. Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and Pluralism, and was cited
across Southeast Asia. This Hindu tradition, along with Islamic law, was supplanted by
the common law when India became part of the British Empire Malaysia, Brunei,
Singapore and Hong Kong also adopted the common law. The eastern Asia legal tradition
reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences. Japan was the first country to
begin modernising its legal system along western lines, by importing bits of the french
but mostly the German Civil Code This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising
power in the late 19th century. Similarly, traditional Chinese law gave way to
westernisation towards the final years of the Ch'ing dynasty in the form of six private law
codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law. Today Taiwanese law retains
the closest affinity to the codifications from that period, because of the split between
Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalists, who fled there, and Mao Zedong’s communists who won
control of the mainland in 1949. The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic
of China was heavily influenced by Soviet Socialist law, which essentially inflates
administrative law at the expense of private law rights. Due to rapid industrialisation,
today China undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social
and political, rights. A new contract code in 1999 represented a move away from
administrative domination. Furthermore, after negotiations lasting fifteen years, in 2001
China joined the World Trade Organization with later common law institutionsurt of
Justice

This shows that different laws which are there in our society in a modified form are the
result of different countries which they have done thousands of years ago, this also shows
the prevalence of law and research in that time and proves that law is a result of research
done by different people of different countries, and law & research both exist at the same
time.

3.1 Importance of research in law

i) You can arrange to have legal research and writing done by a variety of
services. One might think that nowadays in the democracy that we live in all
the laws would be easily accessible to any ordinary citizen, but unfortunately
that's not true. Of course, you might be able to do some kind of limited legal
research on your own but that's all. For instance, if you know the number of a
specific law you'd like to read, then you might stand a chance. However, if
you are searching to find how a genuine law applies to your area of concern,
then you'd have to read hundreds of pages until you find it and that simply
won't do.
ii) Outside legal research is very useful especially when you want to research a
whole area of law. In case you know how the law is organized, you might try,
otherwise don't waste your time as you won't succeed. There is only one
reason why our laws are so arduous, concealed and complex and it is because
it gives power to legal professionals such as lawyers and legislators. This is
how they get work which we could have otherwise done by ourselves.
Consequently, if you need to understand a specific area of law concerning
your business or rights, then you'd better consult a professional who will do
your advanced search, or else you might waste many hours in vain trying to
do it by yourself.

iii) Generally you can try to cope without legal researchers. Often there are times
when you can learn how to do legal research on a certain topic and you might
be quite successful at it. For instance, writer says that once he fought for
saving some of the last wetlands in the San Francisco bay. As his campaign
lacked money for legal researchers they did it by there own. However, in our
case there has already been much pioneering environmental work done, so it
was not that difficult to do advanced legal search; we even managed to find
the existing endangered species laws we needed. Legal research can easily
frighten you and make you quit when you try it for the first time, that was the
situation with us. However, we were determined to succeed and didn't give up.
After all, if you put some considerable efforts into fighting with the legal
system, then even you, an ordinary citizen can take part in the democratic
process
 iv) Research helps in the modification of laws by adding to them different
concepts according to the need of society.

v) Research helps in the formulation of new laws which can be done by using
the various research techniques, research helps in knowing present scenario
and formulate laws by keeping in view present need of society.

4.CONCLUSION

By ending this project I want to conclude that, research is a subject which is present in
each & every thing/subject, even in our daily life, it is a subject which makes all other
subjects interesting & unending because research is the subject which provides new
concepts and facts and adds more & more to that subject. However there is no evidences
about origin of research in different subjects, but it is proved that research is inherited in
each and every subject and research is the only subject which makes all other subjects
going on.
5. BIBLOGRAPHY