Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nuclear Physics
Quick Quizzes
1.
(c). At the end of the first half-life interval, half of the original sample has decayed and
half remains. During the second half-life interval, half of the remaining portion of the
sample decays. The total fraction of the sample that has decayed during the two half-lives
1 1 1 3
is + = .
2 2 2 4
2.
( )
ln 2
ln 2
( )
ln 2 1
= T1 2
2B 2
1
(4 h) = 2 h .
2
3.
(a). Conservation of momentum requires the momenta of the two fragments be equal in
magnitude and oppositely directed. Thus, from KE = p 2 2m , the lighter alpha particle has
more kinetic energy that the more massive daughter nucleus.
4.
(a) and (b). Reactions (a) and (b) both conserve total charge and total mass number as
required. Reaction (c) violates conservation of mass number with the sum of the mass
numbers being 240 before reaction and being only 223 after reaction.
5.
(b). In an endothermic reaction, the threshold energy exceeds the magnitude of the Q
value by a factor of ( 1 + m M ) , where m is the mass of the incident particle, and M is the
457
458
CHAPTER 29
Since the nucleus was at rest before decay, the total linear momentum will be zero both
before and after decay. This means that the alpha particle and the daughter nucleus must
recoil in opposite directions with equal magnitude momenta, m v = mD vD . The kinetic
energy of the alpha particle is then
m2
m 1
1
1
m
( KE ) = m v2 = m D2 vD2 = D mD vD2 = D ( KE )D
2
2
m
m
m 2
Since the mass of the daughter nucleus will be much larger than that of the alpha particle,
the kinetic energy of the alpha particle, ( KE ) , is considerably larger than that of the
daughter nucleus, ( KE )D .
4.
An alpha particle is a doubly positive charged helium nucleus, is very massive and does
not penetrate very well. A beta particle is a singly negative charged electron and is very
light and only slightly more difficult to shield from. A gamma ray is a high energy photon,
or high frequency electromagnetic wave, and has high penetrating ability.
6.
8.
The much larger mass of the alpha particle as compared to that of the beta particle ensures
that it will not deflect as much as does the beta, which has a mass about 7000 times
smaller.
10.
14
6
14
7
on the carbon-14 nucleus. After the decay, we still have a net of six positive charges, as +7
from the nitrogen and 1 from the electron. Thus, in order to have conservation of charge,
the neutrino must be uncharged.
12.
We would have to revise our age values upward for ancient materials. That is, we would
conclude that the materials were older than we had thought because the greater cosmic
ray intensity would have left the samples with a larger percentage of carbon-14 when they
died, and a longer time would have been necessary for it to decay to the percentage found
at present.
14.
The amount of carbon-14 left in very old materials is extremely small, and detection
cannot be accomplished with a high degree of accuracy.
16.
(a) The nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons, which are ejected in the form of an
alpha particle. (b) In beta decay, the nucleus loses 1 neutron, but gains 1 proton, leaving
the total number of nucleons unchanged.
Nuclear Physics
4.
n a = 8.6 1013
6.
(a)
7.89 cm for
8.
(a)
1.9 10 15 m
(b)
7.4 10 15 m
10.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
12.
12
C , 8.21 cm for
13
(b)
7.89 cm
12
=
= 0.961
8.21 cm
13
7.93 MeV
16.
8.7 10 3 Bq
18.
(a)
20.
2.29 g
22.
1.72 10 4 yr
24.
1.66 10 3 yr
26.
12
6
8.06 d
C , 24 He ,
(b)
14
6
It is probably
131
53
I.
28.
235
92 U
231
90 Th
e231
91 Pa
227
89 Ac
223
87 Fr
223
88 Ra
e227
90 Th
219
85 At
219
86 Rn
e-
215
83 Bi
215
84 Po
e-
ea
211
82 Pb
e211
83 Bi
207
81 Tl
207
82 Pb
e211
84 Po
e-
459
460
CHAPTER 29
30.
4.28 MeV
32.
(a)
34.
1.67 10 4 yr
36.
9.96 10 3 yr
38.
4
2
66
28
Ni
66
29
Cu + 01e +
(b)
186 keV
(b)
2.79 MeV
He , 24 He
40.
17.3 MeV
42.
(a)
44.
22.0 MeV
46.
5.0 rad
48.
(a)
2.00 J kg
(b)
4.78 10 4 C
50.
(a)
(b)
52.
(a)
10 h
(b)
3.2 m
54.
24 decays min
56.
58.
(a) 2.7 fm
(b)
2
(d) 7.4 fm, 3.8 10 N , 18 MeV
60.
12 mg
62.
6 109 yr
64.
(a)
60.5 Bq L
(b)
40.6 d
66.
(a)
4.28 10 12 J
(b)
1.19 10 57
10
5
1.5 10 2 N
(c)
2.6 MeV
(c)
Nuclear Physics
461
Problem Solutions
29.1
29.2
The average nuclear radii are r = r0 A1 3 , where r0 = 1.2 10 15 m = 1.2 fm , and A is the
mass number.
r = ( 1.2 fm ) ( 2 )
= 1.5 fm
13
For
2
1
For
60
27
For
197
79
Au ,
r = ( 1.2 fm )( 197 )
= 7.0 fm
For
239
94
Pu ,
r = ( 1.2 fm )( 239 )
= 7.4 fm
H,
Co ,
r = ( 1.2 fm )( 60 )
13
= 4.7 fm
13
13
An iron nucleus (in hemoglobin) has a few more neutrons than protons, but in a typical
water molecule there are eight neutrons and ten protons. So protons and neutrons are
nearly equally numerous in your body, each contributing (say) 35 kg out of a total body
mass of 70 kg.
1 nucleon
28
28
N = 35 kg
~10 protons and ~10 neutrons
-27
1.67 10 kg
29.3
From ME = n V = n r 3 , we find
3
3 ME
r =
4 n
13
3 ( 5.98 10 24 kg )
=
17
3
4 ( 2.3 10 kg m )
13
= 1.8 10 2 m
462
CHAPTER 29
29.4
The mass of the hydrogen atom is approximately equal to that of the proton,
1.67 10 27 kg . If the radius of the atom is r = 0.53 10 10 m , then
a =
3 ( 1.67 10 27 kg )
m
m
=
=
= 2.7 10 3 kg m 3
V ( 4 3 ) r 3 4 ( 0.53 10 10 m )3
n 2.3 1017 kg m 3
=
= 8.6 1013
3
3
a 2.7 10 kg m
29.5
(a)
Fmax
2
19
9
2
2
k e q1 q2 ( 8.99 10 N m C ) ( 2 )( 6 ) ( 1.60 10 C )
= 2 =
= 27.6 N
2
rmin
(1.00 1014 m )
(b) amax =
(c)
Fmax
27.6 N
=
= 4.16 10 27 m s 2
m
6.64 10 -27 kg
PEmax =
k e q1 q2
= Fmax rmin = ( 27.6 N ) ( 1.00 10 14 m )
rmin
1 MeV
= 2.76 10 13 J
= 1.73 MeV
13
1.60 10 J
Nuclear Physics
29.6
1
mv 2 = q ( V ) . Also, the centripetal
2
mv 2
= qvB , or v = qBr m
r
12
C , m=12u
2 12 ( 1.66 10 27 kg ) ( 1 000 V )
r=
= 7.89 cm
(1.60 1019 C ) ( 0.200 T )2
And
For
13
C , m=13u
r=
and
(b)
2 13 ( 1.66 10 27 kg ) ( 1 000 V )
= 8.21 cm
(1.60 1019 C ) ( 0.200 T )2
2m1 ( V ) qB2
r1
=
=
r2
2m2 ( V ) qB2
m1
m2
r12 7.89 cm
=
= 0.961 and
r13 8.21 cm
29.7
12u
= 0.961 , so they do agree.
13u
or v =
k e ( 2 e )( 79 e )
rmin
1
m v 2
2
2 k e ( 2 e )( 79 e )
m rmin
316 ( 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 )( 1.60 10 19 C )
463
= 1.9 107 m s
464
CHAPTER 29
(b) KEi =
29.8
1
m v 2
2
2
1
1 MeV
6.64 10 27 kg )( 1.85 107 m s )
(
10 13
2
1.60
(b) For
29.9
= 7.1 MeV
J
For
93
41
r = ( 1.2 fm )( 4 )
= 1.9 fm = 1.9 10 15 m
13
13
= 7.4 fm = 7.4 10 15 m
Nb ,
m = 41 mH + 52 mn mNb
= 41( 1.007 825u ) + 52 ( 1.008 665u ) ( 92.906 376 8 u ) = 0.865 028 u
Thus,
For
197
79
and
29.10
(a) For 12 H ,
m = 1( 1.007 825u ) + 1( 1.008 665u ) ( 2.014 102u ) = 0.002 388 u
and
Nuclear Physics
(b) For 24 He ,
m = 2 ( 1.007 825u ) + 2 ( 1.008 665u ) ( 4.002 602u ) = 0.030 378 u
and
(c) For
Fe ,
238
92
U,
and
29.11
For
15
8
O,
m = 8 ( 1.007 825u ) + 7 ( 1.008 665u ) ( 15.003 065 ) = 0.120 190 u
and
For
Eb
15
7
15
N,
m = 7 ( 1.007 825u ) + 8 ( 1.008 665u ) ( 15.000 108 ) = 0.123 987 u
and
Eb
Therefore,
15
15
Eb
15
= 3.54 MeV
465
466
29.12
CHAPTER 29
55
25
Mn
( in u )
( in u )
( in MeV )
(A Z)
25
30
54.938 048
0.517 527
8.765
Nucleus
Eb A
56
26
Fe
26
30
55.934 940
0.528 460
8.786
59
27
Co
27
32
58.933 198
0.555 357
8.768
Therefore, 56
26 Fe has a greater binding energy per nucleon than its neighbors. This gives
us finer detail than is shown in Figure 29.4.
29.13
For
23
11
Na ,
m = 11 ( 1.007 825u ) + 12 ( 1.008 665u ) ( 22.989 770 u ) = 0.200 285u
Eb ( m ) c 2 ( 0.200 285u )( 931.5 MeV u )
=
=
= 8.111 MeV nucleon
A
A
23
and
For
23
12
Mg ,
m = 12 ( 1.007 825u ) + 11 ( 1.008 665u ) ( 22.994 127 u ) = 0.195 088 u
so
23
11
23
This is attributable to less proton repulsion in 11
Na
29.14
42
43
The sum of the mass of 20
Ca plus the mass of a neutron exceeds the mass of 20
Ca . This
difference in mass must represent the mass equivalence of the energy spent removing a
43
42
Ca to produce 20
Ca plus a free neutron. Thus,
the last neutron from 20
20
20
Nuclear Physics
29.15
ln 2
, so the activity is
T1 2
3.0 1016 ) ln 2
(
N ln 2
R = N =
=
= 1.7 1010 decays s
4
T1 2
( 14 d ) ( 8.64 10 s d )
or
29.16
1 Ci
R = ( 1.7 1010 decays s )
= 0.46 Ci
10
3.7 10 decays s
R = R0 e
29.17
t ln 2 T1 2
ln 2
. Thus,
T1 2
= ( 1.1 10 4 Bq ) e
( 2.0 h ) ln 2
6.05 h
= 8.7 10 3 Bq
ln 2
ln 2
=
= 9.98 10 7 s 1
T1 2 ( 8.04 d ) ( 8.64 10 4 s d )
N=
29.18
0.842 = e ( 2.00 d )
Thus,
T1 2 =
ln 2
or
ln 2
, and R = 0.842R0 when t = 2.00 d , we find
T1 2
ln ( 0.842 )
= 8.60 10 2 d 1
2.00 d
ln 2
= 8.06 d
8.60 10 2 d 1
(b) Comparing the computed half-life to the measured half-lives of the radioactive
materials in Appendix B shows that this is probably
131
53
I or Iodine-131
467
468
CHAPTER 29
29.19
Recall that the activity of a radioactive sample is directly proportional to the number of
radioactive nuclei present, and hence, to the mass of the radioactive material present.
Thus,
R
N
m 0.25 10 3 g
=
=
=
= 0.25
1.0 10 3 g
R0 N 0 m0
From R = R0 e t , we obtain
29.20
T1 2 =
when t = 2.0 h
ln 2
ln ( 0.25 )
= 0.693 h 1
2.0 h
ln 2
= 1.0 h
0.693 h 1
Recall that the activity of a radioactive sample is directly proportional to the number of
radioactive nuclei present and hence, to the mass of the radioactive material present.
R
N
m
=
=
R0 N 0 m0
and
R = R0 e t becomes
ln 2
ln 2
=
= 0.181 d 1
T1 2 3.83 d
Thus,
m = m0 e t
If m0 = 3.00 g and the elapsed time is t = 1.50 d , the mass of radioactive material
remaining is
m = m0 e t = ( 3.00 g ) e
29.21
0.181 d 1 ( 1.50 d )
= 2.29 g
and
t=
ln ( R R0 )
R
R0
ln ( R R0 )
= T1 2
ln 2
ln ( 1.00 10 3 )
= 4.31 10 3 yr
= ( 432 yr )
ln
2
29.22
or
t=
ln ( R R0 )
ln ( R R0 )
ln ( 0.125 )
4
= T1 2
= ( 5 730 yr )
= 1.72 10 yr
ln
2
ln 2
Nuclear Physics
29.23
(a) The initial activity is R0 = 10.0 mCi , and at t = 4.00 h , R = 8.00 mCi . Then, from
R = R0 e t , the decay constant is
ln ( R R0 )
t
ln ( 0.800 )
= 5.58 10 2 h 1
4.00 h
ln 2
(b) N 0 =
10
The number of
N0 =
ln 2
= 12.4 h
5.58 10 2 h 1
(10.0 10 Ci )( 3.70 10 s 1 Ci ) =
=
( 5.58 10 h ) (1 h 3 600 s )
R = R0 e t = ( 10.0 mCi ) e
(c)
29.24
R0
90
38
5.5810 2 h 1 ( 30 h )
= 1.9 mCi
5.00 kg
total mass
=
= 3.35 10 25
mass per nucleus ( 89.907 7 u ) ( 1.66 10 27 kg u )
The half-life of
90
38
R0 = N 0 =
( 3.35 1025 ) ln 2
N 0 ln 2
=
= 2.53 1016 counts s
7
T1 2
29.1
yr
3.156
10
s
yr
(
)(
)
ln ( R R0 )
ln R R
( ) (ln 2 )
= T1 2
2.53 1016 s 1 60 s
= ( 29.1 yr )
= 1.66 10 3 yr
ln 2
29.25
212
83
95
36
Bi
Kr
144
60
208
81
95
37
Tl + 24 He
Rb + 01e
Nd 24 He + 140
58 Ce
469
470
29.26
CHAPTER 29
12
5
234
90
29.27
12
6
C + 01e
4
Th 230
88 Ra + 2 He
14
6
C 147 N + 01e
40
20
40
Ca +01e + 19
K
98
44
Ru 24 He +
144
60
Nd
4
2
94
42
Mo
He + 140
58 Ce
29.28
235
92 U
231
90 Th
ea
231
91 Pa
227
89 Ac
e227
90 Th
223
87 Fr
ea
223
88 Ra
219
85 At
ea
219
86 Rn
215
83 Bi
ea
215
84 Po
211
82 Pb
e211
83 Bi
e211
84 Po
29.29
207
81 Tl
ea
207
82 Pb
56
The more massive 56
27 Co decays into the less massive 26 Fe . To conserve charge, the
charge of the emitted particle must be +1e. Since the parent and the daughter have the
same mass number, the emitted particle must have essentially zero mass. Thus, the
Co
56
26
Fe + e+ +
Nuclear Physics
29.30
238
92
U 24 He +
234
90
471
Th is
Q = ( m ) c 2 = m 238 U ( m 4 He + m 234 Th ) c 2
= 238.050 784 u ( 4.002 602 u + 234.043 583 u ) ( 931.5 MeV u )
= 4.28 MeV
29.31
The Q value of a decay, Q = ( m ) c 2 , is the amount of energy released in the decay. Here,
m is the difference between the mass of the original nucleus and the total mass of the
decay products. If Q > 0 , the decay may occur spontaneously.
40
40
Ca e+ + 19
K , the masses of the electrons do not automatically
(a) For the decay 20
cancel. Thus, we add 20 electrons to each side of the decay to yield neutral atoms
and obtain
40
20
Then,
40
Ca + 20e ) e+ + ( 19
K + 19e ) + e
Q = m 40 Ca
20
atom
m 40 K
19
atom
144
60
49
Caatom e+ + 40 K atom + e
or
Nd 24 He + 140
58 Ce , we may add 60 electrons to each side forming all
58
29.32
(a)
66
28
Ni
66
29
Cu + 10 e +
472
CHAPTER 29
(b) Because of the mass differences, neglect the kinetic energy of the recoiling daughter
nucleus in comparison to that of the other decay products. Then, the maximum
kinetic energy of the beta particle occurs when the neutrino is given zero energy.
That maximum is
29.33
3
1
H + e ) ( 23 He + 2 e ) + , or 13 H atom 23 Heatom + .
Therefore, using neutral atomic masses from Appendix B, the energy released is
E = ( m ) c 2 = ( m 3 H m 3 He ) c 2 = ( 3.016 049 u 3.016 029 u )( 931.5 MeV u )
= 0.018 6 MeV = 18.6 keV
29.34
The initial activity of the 1.00-kg carbon sample would have been
15.0 counts min
4
-1
R0 = ( 1.00 10 3 g )
= 1.50 10 min
1.00
g
ln ( R R0 )
= T1 2
14
ln ( R R0 )
ln 2
2.00 10 3 min 1
ln
1.50 10 4 min 1
= ( 5 730 yr )
= 1.67 10 4 yr
ln 2
29.35
ln ( R R0 )
= T1 2
ln ( R R0 )
ln 2
14
= ( 5 730 yr )
ln ( 0.600 )
= 4.22 10 3 yr
ln 2
Nuclear Physics
29.36
T1 2
( 5 730 yr ) 365.24 d 1 week
ln ( R R0 )
= T1 2
ln ( R R0 )
ln 2
951 week 1
ln
1
3
3.17 10 week
= ( 5 730 yr )
= 9.96 10 3 yr
ln 2
29.37
(a)
27
13
Al + 24 He 10 n +
30
15
(b) Q = ( m ) c 2 = ( m 27 Al + m 4 He mn m 30 P ) c 2
Q = [ 26.981 538 u + 4.002 602u 1.008 665 u 29.978 310 u ] ( 931.5 MeV u )
= 2.64 MeV
4
2
29.38
7
3
Li + 11H 24 He + 24 He
473
474
CHAPTER 29
29.39
(a)
29.40
21
10
24
Ne + 24 He 12
Mn + 10 n
U + 10 n 90
38 Sr +
(b)
235
92
144
54
(c)
2 11H 12 H + e+ +
Xe + 2 10 n
Q = ( m ) c 2 = ( m1 H + m 7 Li 2 m 4 He ) c 2
= 1.007 825u + 7.016 003u 2 ( 4.002 602 u ) ( 931.5 MeV u ) = 17.3 MeV
29.41
29.42
(a)
10
5
B + 24 He 11H +
13
6
(b)
13
6
C + 11H 24 He +
10
5
(a)
7
3
Li + 24 He
10
5
B + 10 n
(b) Q = ( m ) c 2 = ( m7 Li + m 4 He m10 B mn ) c 2
= [7.016 003u + 4.002 602u 10.012 936 u 1.008 665 u ] ( 931.5 MeV u )
= 2.79 MeV
29.43
(a) Requiring that both charge and the number of nucleons (atomic mass number) be
conserved, the reaction is found to be
197
79
0
Au + 10 n 198
80 Hg + 1 e +
Note that the antineutrino has been included to conserve electron-lepton number
which will be discussed in the next chapter.
Nuclear Physics
475
(b) We add 79 electrons to both sides of the reaction equation given above to produce
neutral atoms so we may use mass values from Appendix B. This gives
197
79
Au atom + 10 n 198
80 Hg atom +
80
29.44
m
KEmin = 1 + n
m 4 He
29.45
(a)
18
8
O + 11H 189 F +
1
0
1.008 665 u
Q = 1 +
17.6 MeV = 22.0 MeV
4.002
602u
476
CHAPTER 29
29.46
( heavy ion dose in rad ) RBEheavy ions = ( x-ray dose in rad ) RBEx-rays
or
29.47
20
5.0 rad
E = ( 25.0 rad ) 10 2
( 75.0 kg ) = 18.8 J
rad
29.48
= ( 200 rad ) 10 2
= 2.00 J kg
rad
m
29.49
E m
2.00 J kg
=
= 4.78 10 4 C
c
4 186 J kg C
= ( 10 rad s ) 10
= 0.10
rad
s
t
J
5
E m = c ( T ) = 4 186
( 50C ) = 2.1 10 J kg
kg C
1d
s
= 24 d
4
8.64 10 s
Nuclear Physics
29.50
477
exposure
5.0 rem yr
=
= 2.5 10 3 rem x-ray
3
production 2.0 10 x-ray yr
(b) The exposure due to background radiation is 0.13 rem yr . Thus, the work-related
exposure of 5.0 rem yr is
5.0 rem yr
38 times background levels
0.13 rem yr
29.51
(a) From N =
R0 e t
T1 2 R0
=
ln 2
t ln 2 T1 2
, the number of decays occurring during the
e
10-day period is
T1 2 R0
t ln 2 T1 2
N = N 0 N =
1 e
ln 2
1 e
ln
2
1
d
1.60 10 16 J
keV
11
E = 700
( 8.97 10 decays )
= 0.100 J
decay
1 keV
( 0.100 J
0.100 kg )
= 100 rad
-2 J kg
10
rad
478
CHAPTER 29
29.52
= 100 10 3
t ( 1.00 ) = 0.100
t
h
h
1.0 rem
= 10 h
0.100 rem h
(b) Assuming the radiation is emitted uniformly in all directions, the intensity of the
radiation is given by I = I 0 4 r 2
Therefore,
I 0 4 r 2
( 1.0 m )
Ir
=
=
2
I1 I 0 4 ( 1.0 m )
r2
and r = ( 1.0 m )
29.53
100 mrad h
I1
= ( 1.0 m )
= 3.2 m
10 mrad h
Ir
29.54
ln ( R R0 )
= T1 2
ln ( R R0 )
ln 2
= ( 14.0 d )
= 46.5 d
Assuming that the carbon-14 activity of a living organism 20 000 years ago was the same
as today, the original activity of the sample was
R0 = ( 15.0 decays min g )( 18 g ) = 2.7 10 2 decays min
The decay constant for carbon-14 is
ln 2
ln 2
=
= 1.21 10 4 yr 1
T1 2 5 730 yr
1.2110 4 yr 1 ( 20 000 yr )
= 24 decays min
Nuclear Physics
29.55
29.56
is
v=
2 ( 6.4 10 21 J )
2 ( KE )
=
= 2.8 10 3 m s
1.675 10 27 kg
mn
t=
x 10.0 10 3 m
=
= 3.6 s
2.8 10 2 m s
v
ln 2
ln 2 1 min
4
1
=
= 9.6 10 s
T1 2 12 min 60 s
Since the number remaining after time t is N = N 0 e t , the fraction having decayed in
this time is
fraction decayed =
29.57
(a)
N0 =
N0 N
( 9.610 4 s1 ) ( 3.6 s )
= 1 e t = 1 e
= 0.003 5 or 0.35%
N0
mass of sample
1.00 kg
=
= 2.52 10 24
mass per atom ( 239.05 u ) ( 1.66 10 27 kg u )
2.52 10 24 ) ln 2
(
N 0 ln 2
=
= 2.29 1012 Bq
(b) R0 = N 0 =
7
T1 2
( 24 120 yr ) ( 3.156 10 s yr )
479
480
CHAPTER 29
29.58
(a)
ln ( R R0 )
T1 2 ln ( R R0 )
ln 2
( 24 120 yr ) ln ( 0.100
2.29 1012 )
ln 2
r = r0 A1 3 = ( 1.2 10 15 m ) ( 12 )
13
= 1.07 10 6 yr
= 2.7 10 15 m = 2.7 fm
(b) With Z = 6 ,
F=
k e e ( Z 1) e
r2
5 ( 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 )( 1.60 10 19 C )
( 2.7 10
-15
m)
or F = 1.5 10 2 N
(c) The work done is the increase in the electrical potential energy, or
W = PE r PE r = =
k e e ( Z 1) e
r
0=
5 ( 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 22 )( 1.60 10 19 C )
2.7 10 15 m
1 MeV
= 4.2 10 13 J
= 2.6 MeV
-13
1.60 10 J
(d) Repeating the previous calculations for
r = r0 ( 238 )
13
and
W=
= 7.4 fm , F =
k e e ( 91) e
r
238
92
k e e ( 91) e
r2
= 18 MeV
Nuclear Physics
29.59
87
t=
T1 2 ln ( N N 0 )
ln 2
1.82 1010
10
4.8
10
yr
ln
(
) 1.93 1010
= 4.0 109 yr
=
ln 2
(b) It could be no older . It could be younger if some 87 Sr were initially present
29.60
N=
60
( )
R T1 2
ln 2
19
= ( 10 Ci ) 3.7 1010
= 8.8 10
Ci ln2
1 yr
The number that was present 30 months (2.5 years) ago must have been
N0 =
N
t ln 2 T1 2
2.5 yr ) ln 2 5.2 yr
=Ne
= ( 8.8 1019 ) e (
= 1.2 10 20
t
e
60
Co was
481
482
CHAPTER 29
29.61
( R0 )total = ( 2.5
mCi mL ) ( 10 mL ) = 25 mCi
Therefore, the initial activity of the 5.0-mL sample which will be drawn from the 250-mL
working solution was
( R0 )sample = ( R0 )total
5.0 mL
5.0 mL
4
= ( 25 mCi )
= 0.50 mCi = 5.0 10 Ci
250 mL
250 mL
t ln 2 T1 2
24
= ( 5.0 10 4 Ci ) e ( 48 h ) ln 2 (14.96 h )
= 5.4 10 5 Ci = 54 Ci
29.62
and
1 =
ln 2
ln 2
=
= 9.9 10 10 yr 1 for
9
T1 2 0.70 10 yr
2 =
ln 2
ln 2
=
= 1.55 10 10 yr 1 for
T1 2 4.47 109 yr
235
92
238
92
If there were N 0 nuclei of each isotope present at t = 0 , the ratio of the number
remaining would be
ln ( N 235 N 238 )
N 235 N 0 e 1t
=
= e ( 2 1 ) t , and the elapsed time is t =
2 t
2 1
N 238 N 0 e
With a measured value of 0.007 for this ratio, the estimated age is
t=
ln ( 0.007 )
= 6 109 yr
( 1.55 9.9 ) 1010 yr 1
Nuclear Physics
29.63
483
= 5.0 10 Ci m = 5.0 10 Ci m
1.0 10 4 km 2 10 3 m
2
R0 =
29.64
ln ( R R0 )
T1 2 ln ( R R0 )
ln 2
( 28.7 yr ) ln ( 2.0 Ci
5.0 10 2 Ci )
ln 2
40
= 2.3 10 2 yr
K atom is
N=
40
t=
ln ( R R0 )
T1 2 ln ( R R0 )
ln 2
131
= 40.6 d
484
CHAPTER 29
29.65
R = R0 e t = R0 e
59
t ln 2 T1 2
= ( 20.0 Ci ) e
10 3 h ln 2 ( 45.1 d )( 24 h d )
= 10.5 Ci
800 min -1
Roil =
( 6.5 L )
L
1 min 1 Ci
= 5.2 10 3 min -1
= 2.3 10 3 Ci
4
-1
60
s
3.7
10
s
Therefore, the fraction of the iron that was worn away during the test is
fraction =
Roil 2.3 10 3 Ci
=
= 2.2 10 4
10.5 Ci
R
29.66
4.4 10 5 kg
= 4.4 10 8 kg h
1 000 h
4 11Hatom 24 Heatom + 2 +
Since the neutrinos and the photon are massless, the available energy is
Q = ( m ) c 2 = 4 m1 H m 4 He c 2
= 4 ( 1.007 825 u ) 4.002 602 u ( 931.5 MeV u )
= 26.7 MeV ( 1.60 10 13 J MeV ) = 4.28 10 12 J
Nuclear Physics
(b) N =
mSun 1.99 10 30 kg
=
= 1.19 10 57
m1 H 1.67 10 -27 kg
(c) With 4 hydrogen nuclei consumed per reaction, the total energy available is
1.19 10 57
N
12
45
E = Q =
( 4.28 10 J ) = 1.27 10 J
4
4
1.27 10 45 J
E
=
= 3.39 1018
P 3.76 10 26 J s
1 yr
11
s
= 1.07 10 yr
7
3.156 10 s
485
486
CHAPTER 29