Chapter 2 - Literature

2.0

Introduction

The implementation of an automatic heater regulator was achieved

(Richard.M, 2010). The project was achieved with an LM35 sensor as the
temperature monitoring medium coupled with an ATS microcontroller
through an external ADC (Analogue to Digital converter). A 5volt DC power
supply obtained through a 7850 regulator connected to a full wave rectifier
output was used to power the system. The relay circuits were then
connected to the microcontroller through Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN)
driver, which then operate the heater connected to it.
Yet another research was carried out by (Comer.M.J, 1999) the design of the
older conventional regulator , which looked like a big square box having a
circular knob on it, popping out of the switch board, which are also called
Resistance regulator.
The box has a tapped resistor inside it, which is connected in series with the
motor of the fan. Basic circuit diagram of a Sconventional fan regulator
(Comer.M.J, 1999)
When the knob is at position 1, the maximum resistance is added in series
with the single phase AC motor of the fan. Thus, there will be maximum
voltage drop in this resistance of the regulator, and hence a reduced voltage
will applied to the motor of the fan. When we move knob to position 2,
resistance R2 will be dropped out, and only resistance from point 2 to point 5
1

will be in the circuit. Hence, in this case voltage applied to the motor will be
greater than that of previous case. Similarly, when the knob is moved
towards right, resistance in circuit will be decreasing, and when the knob is
at position 5, maximum voltage will be applied to the motor as there is no
external resistance in the circuit, and hence the speed of the fan will be
maximum. This was the basic working principle of a conventional ceiling fan
regulator.
2.1

BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE

Temperature has always been a very important feature. Its effect
spreads across physical, chemical and characteristics and processes.
For instance, many different reactions needed to keep the human
system functioning will only work around temperature of about 37C.
Hence,

the

temperature

body

develop

constant

elaborate

(Akasnksha.

P,

mechanism
Kajol

.A,

to

2013).

keep

the

Yet

the

measurement and study of this phenomenon (temperature) have been

slow in development. The history of temperature discovery dated as far
back as thousands of years ago. Since as at then, people have always
known fire to be hot and snow to be cold. It has always becomes an
important part of our life, ever since bakers and blacksmiths relied on
specific temperature to control chemical reactions. This process
requires certain degree of temperature control. However there arises

the need to monitor and measure these temperature variations which

is intended to be controlled.

2.2

BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE MONITORING

The ancient people are probably aware of the temperature variation.
They could note the temperatures by fire size or how close to it, in
order to get warm. These ancient people are at first, fire tenders
maintaining fire started by natural cause. Later they became fire
makers, by mastering the art of starting their own fire. Eventually they
became fire managers, as they attempt to gain the specific heat
needed to boil water, cook different kind of food, work with copper,
tin, bronze, iron and to make glasses.

Although they have no

quantitative device to determine how hot the fire was, so they choose
to develop recipes for building different type of fire and probably use
some physical indicator such as some minerals or metal melting to
indicate correctly temperature of the system. The ancient Greeks know
that air expanded when heated and applied the principle mechanically,
so they too developed no means of measuring temperature or amount
of heat needed (Akasnksha. P, Kajol .A, 2013).
The Italian scientist Galileo (1564 - 1642), is one of the first recorded to
attempt measuring temperature in 1592. His measuring device consist
of a bulb of air, which when heated, forced liquid (water, spirit, or wine)
3

down a column immersed in an open container of liquid. In about 1611

the thermometer was calibrated by Sanctorious sanctorious, a
colleague of Galileo, who noted the liquid level when the bulb was
cooled with melting snow and again when heated with candle. The
space on the column between those two was then subdivided into 110
equal parts. Jean ray (1552 1645), a French physician, invented the
first liquid thermometer in the year 1632. His thermometer consists of
a flask with a long slander neck partially filled with water. As the
temperature changes, the liquid level will rise or fall along the slander
neck in response. The 20th century also saw the refinement of the
temperature scale (Rrenato Nunes,Jose Delegado, 1998).
The LM35 can now be operated as a form of an effective temperature
monitoring device. It is a precision temperature sensor with output
linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature scale. It also operate
on a single phase supply and draws only about 60amperes of current.
Its self-heating is as low as 0.1degree at still air. LM35 can detect
effectively temperature within the range of -55C to 150C. However,
supply voltage required to operate an LM35 sensor ranges between 4
to 30volts DC (Rrenato Nunes,Jose Delegado, 1998).

2.3

BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLING

The manual temperature controlling techniques have recently been

used control heating and cooling systems when seeking to maintain
conducive temperature. The use of potentiometer used to be common
in regulating the operating level of some electrical device, but it never
counter the need to control such devices manually by pushing the
switch button. The potentiometer is a three terminal resistor with a
sliding contact that forms adjustable voltage divider. If only two of its
terminals are used (one side and the wiper), it acts as a variable
resistor or rheostat. Potentiometers comprises of a resistive element, a
sliding contact (wiper) that moves along the element making good
electrical contact with one part of it , electrical terminal at each end of
the element, a mechanism that move the wiper from one end to the
other, and a housing containing the element and the wiper (Rrenato
Nunes,Jose Delegado, 1998).
In modern designs, like the computer system; it employs the use of fan
as a cooling system meant to protect the CPU and other delicate
components from overheating (Cosmos.I.Q, 2007). The fan is operated
automatically, and the fan speed depends on the temperature level of
the CPU. The fan standard control, simply involves setting the fan to
run at a constant speed whenever the CPU is ON. This include setting
up

minimum,

corresponding

required

high,

desired

and
or

maximum
low

CPU

fan

speed

temperature.

and

its

At

low

temperature, the fan will run at a minimum speed. The fan will
5

continue to vary in line with the CPU temperature, until the

temperature level reach the high pre-set value, in which case the fan
will operate at a maximum speed.
2.4

CHALLENGES OF PREVIOUS WORKS

In recent times, several attempts have been made to design
automated systems to monitor and control the temperature over a
specified range. However at various point different challenges were
been encountered during such inventions. Some of which render such
inventions totally ineffective and unaffordable, while other merely
reduces some fractions of its efficiency. This project is therefore
designed to solve the notable challenges found with previous works.
Some of the challenges faced by the previous inventions are listed
below;
i. The use of a single switching relay, which only permits the system
to switch between two modes (OFF and ON) only. This makes the
control exercise very limited and ineffective.
ii. Unavailability of a display unit, most of similar projects done in the
past dont usually have an LCD, this makes it impossible for the user
to know the current value of temperature, and so cant detect if the
system is faulty.
iii. Employing the ATS microcontrollers as a control unit, this set of
microcontrollers always requires an external ADC, which could make

the work less portable, and also exhibit complex pin connection
settings.
In the course of this project, several steps have been taken to conquer
the above listed and common challenges during the design. The
project entails a multi-relay circuit to switch between at least three
levels of operation. It is also designed as a general system which could
be used to control heating and cooling devices simultaneously. The
project incorporates an LCD unit, which could easily verify if the system
is working appropriately with the displayed ambient temperature.
Lastly the system make use of a PIC microcontroller which has an
internal ADC device and also a very straightforward pin configuration.
In continuous research several other challenges could be found with
this current design as well, which might require further restructuring.

2.5

REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEMS

A remote control is an electronic device that is used to control an activity, process, or machine
from a distance, by radioed instructions or coded signals. The remote control can be contracted to
remote or controller. Commonly, remote controls are consumer IR devices used to issue
commands from a distance to televisions or other consumer electronics such as stereo systems,
DVD players and dimmers. Controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld
objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various settings such as television channel, track
number, and volume. In fact, for the majority of modern devices with this kind of control, the
remote contains all the function controls while the controlled device itself only has a handful of
7

essential primary controls. Most of these remotes communicate to their respective devices via
infrared (IR) signals and a few via radio signals. Earlier remote controls in the 1970sused
ultrasonic tones. Television IR signals can be mimicked by a universal remote, which is

able to

emulate the functionality of most major brand television remote controls. One of the earliest
examples of remote control was developed in 1898 by Nikola Tesla, and described in his patent,
U.S. Patent613,809, named Method of an Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving
Vehicle or Vehicles. In 1898, he demonstrated a radio-controlled boat to the public during an
electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. Tesla called his boat a "tele-automaton". (Nikola
T.1970)

2.6

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

In overall, the system consists of several components as shown in Figure 1. Firstly, the range of
the highest and the lowest temperature are set in the microcontroller. Then a GSM modem
circuit is used to trigger the system to on or off state. When the system is on, the ambient
temperature will then be sensed by the temperature sensor. The output of the sensor will then
feed to the PIC Microcontroller. The PIC Microcontroller will generate the desired output signals
which are correspondent to the difference ambient temperatures by comparing the output voltage
from the temperature sensor with the preset values. These output signals will be sent to the firing
angle control circuit to trigger certain relay to control the firing angle of the Triac. Therefore, the
average power supply to the motor will be varied; hence, the speed of the motor can be
controlled.
2.7

GSM PHNOE SWITCH

A GSM Phone switch is used to permit the current flow across two or more terminal to allow
interaction between electrical components. In addition, it is also used to terminate the flow when
necessary. This switch is normally used to provide means for connecting two or more terminals
in order to permit the flow of current across them to allow the interaction between electrical
components. The proposal of having such a switch is to alleviate the problem faced by the aged
and physically challenged persons in trying to control some household appliances. Figure 2
shows the schematic diagram of GSM Phone circuit. The main processes in the circuit include
the input transducer, amplifier, memory, changing state and output stage.
A bistable multivibrator is formed by connecting two cross transistors. This bistable
multivibrator has the function of storing memory. It will store the state of either on or off until
the end of time. Once the clap on, the state of the bistable changed. The output of the amplifier is
converted to a sharp pulse by passing it through a low valued capacitor, 0.1F. With the help of
IN4001 diodes which helps it to be connected together steers the pulse to the base of the
transistor. When the first transistors stop conducting, the other transistor which is already at the
off state will remain off. Then, those two capacitors across the base resistors will start to action.
The capacitor that connected to the base of the transistor which was ON has voltage across it. In
the other hand, the transistor that was off has no voltage across the capacitor that is connected to
it.
In the output stage, there are a relay and a transistor. The relay is used as a switch to trigger
another circuitry. One of the coil terminals of the relay is joined to the collector of the transistor,
and remain coil terminal will be joint to a relay triggering source. The base of the transistor is
joined to the collector of one of the transistors in the bistable multivibrator. As the transistor is in
off state, the current from the source that nearby the collector will be flowed to the base and
hence the transistor is in on state and the relay triggering source can be flowed to the relay and
hence, the relay will be on and able to triggering the third party circuit.
CHAPTER THREE

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN

3.0

INTODUCTION
9

This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware Implementation of the

project. It discusses the design and working of the design with the help of block
diagram and circuit diagram and explanation of circuit diagram in detail. It explains
the features, timer programming, serial communication, interrupts of Lm35,
microcontroller. It also explains the various modules used in this project.

3.1

METHODOLOGY MODELLING TOOLS

The modelling tool used for this project work is the on feedback waterfall modelling
tool for this projects.

Figure 3.1 Non feedback methodology model

3.1.1

Factors considered in selecting waterfall model

In Royce's original waterfall model, the following phases are followed in order:
1. System and software requirements: captured in a product requirements
document
2. Analysis: resulting in models, schema, and business rules

10

3. Design: resulting in the software architecture

4. Coding: the development, proving, and integration of software
5. Testing: the systematic discovery and debugging of defects
6. Operations: the installation, migration, support, and maintenance of complete
systems

Thus the waterfall model maintains that one should move to a phase only when its preceding
phase is reviewed and verified.
Various modified waterfall models (including Royce's final model), however, can include slight
or major variations on this process.[3] These variations included returning to the previous cycle
after flaws were found downstream, or returning all the way to the design phase if downstream
phases deemed insufficient.

3.1.2

Advantages of waterfall model:

The following benefits can be deriving in selecting this model which was considered
appropriate and well matches for the project;
It will provides better planning for the project
It will enable faster project implementation
It will improve the development and knowledge base approach on the project.

3.1.3

Structure of waterfall model with feedback:

The figure 3.1 below represents a feedback waterfall model; it is broken down into
number of phases I VI, each phase is linked to the next step using the forward loop
and also link to the previous step using the feedback loop. The looping creates a
proper check at every level. Each phase will critically evaluate to ensure it meet up

11

with the requirement of the phase before moving to the next step. Where there is
need to re-evaluate the previous step, the feedback loop is followed.
The following structure has been adopted for the discussion on the
methodology. Each phase will be treated separately; system requirement, analysis,
design and coding where necessary will be treated in chapter three. Chapter four
will discuss testing which will also look at all measurement and analysis of the
result. Chapter five will state the system acceptance alongside system appraisal.

3.2

METHOD INFORMATION COLLECTION

This is the approach followed to collect information relating to the project; the
available methods of data collections are mentioned.
(a) Questionnaire
(b) Google and Google Scholar Search
(c) Library
(d) Internet source
(e) Reading Journals
(f) Interview
(g) Observations
(h) Study documentation and
(i) Text Books.

12

3.2.1

Factors considered in methods of information collection

The main factors that influenced the decision on the sources of information includes;
Information Utilization
The project utilizes more than one source which are; Surfing the Internet Source,
Consulting Books, Google Search and Google Scholar, Reading Journals and
Observing similar designs work carried-out. The information collected was used to
develop the literature, improve on the project concept and the design approach, and
to understand the communication protocol for the sensors and the camera modules.

System Requirements
The major requirement for the systems are listed below:
Readable display unit: This is a digital display unit, the font size shall be 5x7 and
the display can hold 32 viewable characters.
Temperature sensor: the tempreture sensor senses the temtreture of the room
and relays the information to the microcontroller.
Power button (toggle): This button will determine power status in the device,
when toggle UP it will supply power to the system and when toggle DOWN it cut off
supply to the system.
The implementation of the project design can be divided in two parts.

Hardware implementation

Firmware implementation

Hardware implementation deals in drawing the schematic on the plane paper

according to the application, testing the schematic design over the breadboard
13

using the various ICs to find if the design meets the objective, carrying out the PCB
layout of the schematic tested on breadboard, finally preparing the board and
testing the designed hardware.

The firmware part deals in programming the microcontroller so that it can

control the operation of the ICs used in the implementation. In the present work,
we have used the Orcad design software for PCB circuit design, the MicroC software
development tool to write and compile the source code, which has been written in
the C language. The Flash maic programmer has been used to write this compile
code into the microcontroller. The firmware implementation is explained in the next
chapter.
The project design and principle are explained in this chapter using the block
diagram and circuit diagram. The block diagram discusses about the required
components of the design and working condition is explained using circuit diagram
and system wiring diagram.

3.4

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT AND ITS DESCRIPTION

The block diagram of the project is as shown in the figure 3.1
Power Supply

16 X 2 LCD
Pic16f877a
EEPROM

Oscillator

LM35

14

Fig 3.1 : BLOCK DIAGRAM

Brief explanation of functioning of each block of the system is given below
the detailed is given in next chapters

3.5

POWER SUPPLY

The design used 12V transformer. The circuit consists of microcontroller, transistors,
regulator, transistor LCD and some passive components. The regulator transistor is
designed to limit the output to 5V; this voltage will be maintain over the capability
of the circuit, the transistor oscillator is a high current type as it is turned ON for a
very short time of period to saturate the core of the transformer. The energy is then
released as a high voltage pulse. These pulses are then passed to the electrolytic
capacitor and appear as a 5V supply to the traffic light controller circuit.
U1
LM7805CT
2

T1
4

TS_PQ4_12

LINE
VOLTAGE

D1
C2
2.2F

VREG

COMMON

1B4B42

POWER SUPPLY

I.e. Vin =12V

According to Hauman(1988)
Drop out voltage for I.C = 2V
Vdc = 1.41 Vac -------------------- (i)

15

C1
2.2F

Idc = 191.6mA
Idc = 0.62 Vac -------------------- (ii)
Therefore total voltage = 12 + 2 + 1.14 = 15.41V
From equation (i)
Vdc = 1.41 X 12 = 16.92V
Vac = Vdc = 16.92V

1.41

1.41

This means input voltage to ICs is 12V

From equation (ii)
Iac = Iac = 191.6
0.62

0.62

Iac = 309mA
This is the maximum current (Iac) each IC can carry effectively without
deviation in its characteristics.
The circuit is designed with an exit delay which is determined by the charging
time of capacitor C6
Hence: Time constant ( = C6 R11

Where C6 = 100 f , R11 = 220k

16

= 100 X 10-6 X 220 X 103

= 22s

Therefore at switch ON, it will take the capacitor about 22 seconds to charge.
The transistor Q1 has a gain of 258 i.e = 258
Biasing is by fixed bias or Base resistor method and it is used as a switch in
the circuit.
Let Ic = Zero signal collector current
IB = IC - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (i)

Ic = IB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (i)
Applying Kirchooffs Voltage law
Vcc = IB RB + VBE
RB = VCC - VBE = IB = VCC,
IB

RB

IB is approximately VCC

(Mehta, 2000)

RB
IB =

12

1.2 mA

10000

17

Testing with the multi-meter, = 258

From equation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (ii)
Ic = 1.2MA X 258
Ic = 0.30 96A = 309.6 ma
Stability of the transistor is given by
S=+1
1- (dIB) - - - - - - - - - - - - (iii)
(dIc)
But (dIB) is approximately Zero (Mehta, 2000)
(dIc)
S=+1
S= 258 + 1
S = 259

3.5.1 COMPONENT OF POWER SUPPLY

18

Fig 3.2 components of power supply

Transformer:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these
voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input
available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This
is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a
required level.
Rectifier:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.
The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used
because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier
and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this
point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
19

Voltage regulator:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to
obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The
first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the
required output voltage levels

3.6

OTHER PASSIVE COMPONENT

Passive components are component, which cannot amplify power and
require an exeteral power source to operate. They include, resistor,
capacitor, diode, and inductor etc.

3.6.1

Resistor

Resistor is a component of an electric circuit that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric
current. Resistors can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or
provide large amounts of heat or light.
An electric current is the movement of charged particles called electrons from one region to
another. The amount of resistance to the flow of current that a resistor causes depends on the
material it is made of as well as its size and shape. Resistors are usually placed in electric
circuits, which are devices formed when current moves through an electrical conductor (a
material that allows the current to flow without much resistance, such as copper wire) and when
the conductor makes a complete loop.
When a voltage, or electric potential, is applied to opposite ends of a circuit, it causes current to
flow through the circuit. As the current flows, it encounters a certain amount of

20

resistance from the conductor and any resistors in the circuit. Each material has a characteristics
resistance. For example, wood is a bad conductor because it offers high resistance to current;
copper is a better conductor because it offers less resistance. In any electric circuit, the current in
the entire circuit is equal to the voltage across the circuit divided by the resistance of the circuit.
Resistors are often made to have a specific value of resistance so that the characteristics of the
circuit can be accurately calculated.

3.6.2

Capacitor

Capacitor, or electrical condenser, device for strong an electrical charge, in its simplest form a
capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a non-conducting layer called the dielectric.
When one plate is charged with electricity from a direct-current or electrostatic source, the other
plate will have induced in it a charge of the opposite sign; that is, positive if the original charge is
negative and negative if the charge is positive. The Leyden jar is a simple form of capacitor in
which the two conducting plates are metal foil coatings on the inside and outside of a glass bottle
or jar that serves as the dielectric. The electrical size of a capacitor is its capacitance, the amount
of electric charge it can hold.
Capacitors are produced in a wide variety of forms. Air, mica, ceramics, paper, oil, and vacuums
are used as dielectric, depending on the purpose for which the device is intended.
Capacitance, ability of a circuit system to store electricity, the capacitance of a capacitor is
measured in farads and is determined by the formula c = q/v, where q is the charge (in coulombs)
on one of the conductors and v is the potential difference (in volts) between
the conductors. The capacitance depends only on the thickness, area, and composition of
the capacitors dielectric.

21

3.6.3

DIODE

The diode used in this project, perform the work of rectification. They are three type of
rectification; half, full and bridge rectifier. But in this project work bridge rectifier was used

3.7

LCD

LCD (liquid crystal display) screen is an electronics display module and find a wide
range of applications.
A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic module and is very commonly used in various
device and circuit. These module are preferred over seven segments and other
muilti segment LEDS. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special and even custom characters
unlike in seven segments, animations and so on
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.
In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely command and data
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a prefixed task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc the data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII valve of
the character to be displayed on the LCD.
showwn below;

22

The physical app earance of the lcd is

D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0

E
RS
RW

VCC
CV
GND

U1

Fig 3.0

LCD

+5V
+12V

LIVE(HOT)

RL1

C4

D5

10uF

LCD1

LM016L

DIODE
RELAY_1
MCLR
12V
LOAD-1

+5V

RL2

D4

R1

U1
22pF

RELAY_2

19

X1
11.059200Mhz

C3

12V

18

XTAL1

(VCC)40

XTAL2

22pF

+12V

MCLR

RST

P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7

LIVE(HOT)

D3

+12V

29
30
31

DIODE

U2

RELAY_3
12V

RELAY_1
RELAY_2
RELAY_3
RELAY_4
RELAY_5

LOAD_3

+12V

9
16
15
14
13
12
11
10

COM
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C

1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

ULN2003A

P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
P2.7/A15

PSEN
ALE
EA

P1.0/T2
P1.1/T2EX
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7

20(GND)

RL3

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
15
16

C2

DIODE

3
LOAD_2

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

VSS
VDD
VEE
1
2
3

LIVE(HOT)

4
5
6

10k

RS
RW
E

R2
+12V

P3.0/RXD
P3.1/TXD
P3.2/INT0
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/T0
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD

1k

39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

+5V

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

R5

PIN2(IR_TSOP1636)

100R

PIN1(IR_TSOP1636)

R6

C1

10k

PIN3(IR_TSOP1636)

1uF

AT89C52

LIVE(HOT)

RL4

D2
DIODE
RELAY_4

12V

7 LOAD_4

+12V
LIVE(HOT)

RL5
8

D1

DIODE
RELAY_5
12V

LOAD_5

FILE NAME:

IR_AUTOMATION_.DSN

DESIGN TITLE:

8/6/2012
C:\Documents and Settings\walmag.WALMAG-00647DFB\Desktop\roger\IR_AUTOMA
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PATH:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

S/NO.

COMPONENT

QTY

UNIT PRICE

TOTAL

(N)

(N)

1.

RESISTOR

20

160

2.

DIODE

25

100

400

400

3.
SWITCH
4.

REGULATOR

450

450

5.

BUZZER

1000

1000

6.

IC SOCKET

200

400

7.

LCD

1800

1800

8.

CRYSTAL
OSCILLATOR

800

800

24

9.

TRANSFORME
R

400

400

10.

CAPACITOR

70

350

11.

CASING

4000

4000

12.

VERO BOARD

200

200

13.

BREAD BOARD

700

700

14.

SOLDERING
LEAD

1 (ROLL)

1500

1500

15.

SOLDERING
IRON

700

700

16.

LEAD SUCKER

450

450

17.

Transport and
miscellaneous

12000

12000

GRAND TOTAL

25

25,110

26