Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 A stainless steel tube with an outside diameter of 60 mm and a wall thickness of 5 mm is used as
a compression member. If the axial normal stress in the member must be limited to 200 MPa,
determine the maximum load P that the member can support.
Solution
The cross-sectional area of the stainless steel tube is
A
The maximum normal stress in the tube must be limited to 200 MPa. Using 200 MPa as the allowable
normal stress, rearrange this expression to solve for the maximum load P
Ans.
Pmax allow A (200 N/mm2 )(863.938 mm2 ) 172,788 N 172.8 kN
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P1.2 A 2024-T4 aluminum tube with an outside diameter of 2.50 in. will be used to support a 27-kip
load. If the axial normal stress in the member must be limited to 18 ksi, determine the wall thickness
required for the tube.
Solution
From the definition of normal stress, solve for the minimum area required to support a 27-kip load
without exceeding a stress of 18 ksi
P
P 27 kips
Amin
1.500 in.2
A
18 ksi
The cross-sectional area of the aluminum tube is given by
A (D2 d 2 )
4
Set this expression equal to the minimum area and solve for the maximum inside diameter d
(2.50 in.) 2 d 2
(2.50 in.) 2
(1.500 in.2 )
(1.500 in.2 ) d 2
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.3/4
Solution
Cut a FBD through rod (1). The FBD should include the free end of the rod at A.
As a matter of course, we will assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension
(even though it obviously will be in compression). From equilibrium,
Fy F1 15 kips 0
40 ksi
The minimum rod diameter is therefore
Ans.
A1,min d12 0.375 in.2
d1 0.69099 in. 0.691 in.
4
Similarly, the normal stress in rod (2) must be limited to 40 ksi, which requires a minimum area of
F
75 kips
A2,min 2
1.875 in.2
40 ksi
The minimum diameter for rod (2) is therefore
Ans.
A2,min d 22 1.875 in.2
d 2 1.545097 in. 1.545 in.
4
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FIGURE P1.3/4
Solution
Cut a FBD through rod (1). The FBD should include the free end of the rod at A. We
will assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension (even though it obviously will
be in compression). From equilibrium,
Fy F1 15 kips 0
Ans.
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P1.5 Axial loads are applied with rigid bearing plates to the
solid cylindrical rods shown in Figure P1.5/6. The diameter
of aluminum rod (1) is 2.00 in., the diameter of brass rod (2)
is 1.50 in., and the diameter of steel rod (3) is 3.00 in.
Determine the axial normal stress in each of the three rods.
FIGURE P1.5/6
Solution
Cut a FBD through rod (1). The FBD should include the free end A. We will assume that the internal
force in rod (1) is tension (even though it obviously will be in compression). From equilibrium,
Fy F1 8 kips 4 kips 4 kips 0
F1 16 kips 16 kips (C)
From the given diameter of rod (1), the cross-sectional area of rod (1) is
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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P1.6 Axial loads are applied with rigid bearing plates to the
solid cylindrical rods shown in Figure P1.5/6. The normal
stress in aluminum rod (1) must be limited to 18 ksi, the
normal stress in brass rod (2) must be limited to 25 ksi, and
the normal stress in steel rod (3) must be limited to 15 ksi.
Determine the minimum diameter required for each of the
three rods.
FIGURE P1.5/6
Solution
The internal forces in the three rods must be determined. Begin with a FBD cut through rod (1) that
includes the free end A. We will assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension (even though it
obviously will be in compression). From equilibrium,
Fy F1 8 kips 4 kips 4 kips 0
F1 16 kips 16 kips (C)
Ans.
A1,min d12 0.8889 in.2
d1 1.0638 in. 1.064 in.
4
The normal stress in brass rod (2) must be limited to 25 ksi, which requires a minimum area of
F 14 kips
A2,min 2
0.5600 in.2
2 25 ksi
which requires a minimum diameter for rod (2) of
Ans.
The normal stress in steel rod (3) must be limited to 15 ksi. The minimum cross-sectional area required
for this rod is:
F
26 kips
A3,min 3
1.7333 in.2
3 15 ksi
which requires a minimum diameter for rod (3) of
Ans.
A3,min d32 1.7333 in.2
d3 1.4856 in. 1.486 in.
4
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FIGURE P1.7/8
Solution
Consider a FBD of joint B. Determine the angle between
rod (1) and the horizontal axis:
4.0 m
tan
1.600
57.9946
2.5 m
and the angle between rod (2) and the horizontal axis:
2.3 m
tan
0.7188
35.7067
3.2 m
Write equilibrium equations for the sum of forces in the
horizontal and vertical directions. Note: Rods (1) and (2)
are two-force members.
Fx F2 cos(35.7067) F1 cos(57.9946) 0
Fy F2 sin(35.7067) F1 sin(57.9946) P 0
(a)
(b)
Unknown forces F1 and F2 can be found from the simultaneous solution of Eqs. (a) and (b). Using the
substitution method, Eq. (b) can be solved for F2 in terms of F1:
cos(57.9946)
F2 F1
(c)
cos(35.7067)
Substituting Eq. (c) into Eq. (b) gives
cos(57.9946)
F1
sin(35.7067) F1 sin(57.9946) P
cos(35.6553)
P
P
For the given load of P = 50 kN, the internal force in rod (1) is therefore:
50 kN
F1
40.6856 kN
1.2289
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Ans.
A1,min d12 312.9664 mm 2
d1 19.9620 mm 19.96 mm
4
The minimum area required for rod (2) is
F
(26.5553 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
A2,min 2
204.2718 mm 2
2
2
130 N/mm
which requires a minimum diameter for rod (2) of
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.7/8
Solution
Consider a FBD of joint B. Determine the angle between rod (1)
and the horizontal axis:
4.0 m
tan
1.600
57.9946
2.5 m
and the angle between rod (2) and the horizontal axis:
2.3 m
tan
0.7188
35.7067
3.2 m
Write equilibrium equations for the sum of forces in the horizontal
and vertical directions. Note: Rods (1) and (2) are two-force
members.
Fx F2 cos(35.7067) F1 cos(57.9946) 0
Fy F2 sin(35.7067) F1 sin(57.9946) P 0
(a)
(b)
Unknown forces F1 and F2 can be found from the simultaneous solution of Eqs. (a) and (b). Using the
substitution method, Eq. (b) can be solved for F2 in terms of F1:
cos(57.9946)
F2 F1
(c)
cos(35.7067)
Substituting Eq. (c) into Eq. (b) gives
cos(57.9946)
F1
sin(35.7067) F1 sin(57.9946) P
cos(35.6553)
P
P
For the given load of P = 27 kN, the internal force in rod (1) is therefore:
27 kN
F1
21.9702 kN
1.2289
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Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.9
Solution
Overall equilibrium:
Begin the solution by determining the
external reaction forces acting on the
truss at supports A and B. Write
equilibrium equations that include all
external forces. Note that only the
external forces (i.e., loads and
reaction forces) are considered at this
time. The internal forces acting in the
truss members will be considered
after the external reactions have been
computed. The free-body diagram
(FBD) of the entire truss is shown.
The following equilibrium equations
can be written for this structure:
Fx Ax 2 kips 0
Ax 2 kips
M A By (6 ft) (5 kips)(14 ft) (2 kips)(7 ft) 0
By 14 kips
Fy Ay By 5 kips 0
Ay 9 kips
Method of joints:
Before beginning the process of determining the internal forces in the axial members, the geometry of
the truss will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles of members AC and BC. Use
the definition of the tangent function to determine AC and BC:
7 ft
tan AC
0.50
AC 26.565
14 ft
7 ft
tan BC
0.875
BC 41.186
8 ft
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Joint A:
Begin the solution process by considering a FBD of joint A. Consider
only those forces acting directly on joint A. In this instance, two axial
members, AB and AC, are connected at joint A. Additionally, two
reaction forces, Ax and Ay, act at joint A. Tension forces will be
assumed in each truss member.
Fx FAC cos(26.565) FAB Ax 0
(a)
Fy FAC sin(26.565) Ay 0
(b)
Solve Eq. (b) for FAC:
Ay
9 kips
FAC
20.125 kips
sin(26.565)
sin(26.565)
and then compute FAB using Eq. (a):
FAB FAC cos(26.565) Ax
(20.125 kips) cos(26.565) ( 2 kips) 16.000 kips
Joint B:
Next, consider a FBD of joint B. In this instance, the equilibrium
equations associated with joint B seem easier to solve than those that
would pertain to joint C. As before, tension forces will be assumed in
each truss member.
Fx FAB FBC cos(41.186) 0
(c)
Fy FBC sin(41.186) By 0
(d)
Solve Eq. (d) for FBC:
By
14 kips
FBC
21.260 kips
sin(41.186)
sin(41.186)
Eq. (c) can be used as a check on our calculations:
Fx FAB FBC cos(41.186)
( 16.000 kips) ( 21.260 kips) cos(41.186) 0
Section properties:
For each of the three truss members:
d 4.00 in. 2(0.226 in.) 3.548 in.
Checks!
Ans.
AC
FAC
20.125 kips
Ans.
BC
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.10
Solution
Overall equilibrium:
Begin the solution by determining the
external reaction forces acting on the truss at
supports A and B. Write equilibrium
equations that include all external forces.
Note that only the external forces (i.e., loads
and reaction forces) are considered at this
time. The internal forces acting in the truss
members will be considered after the external
reactions have been computed. The freebody diagram (FBD) of the entire truss is
shown. The following equilibrium equations
can be written for this structure:
Fx Ax 12 kN 0
Ax 12 kN
M A By (1 m) (15 kN)(4.3 m) 0
By 64.5 kN
Fy Ay By 15 kN 0
Ay 49.5 kN
Method of joints:
Before beginning the process of determining the internal forces in the axial members, the geometry of
the truss will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles of members AB and BC. Use
the definition of the tangent function to determine AB and BC:
1.5 m
tan AB
1.50
AB 56.310
1.0 m
1.5 m
tan BC
0.454545
BC 24.444
3.3 m
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Joint A:
Begin the solution process by considering a FBD of joint A. Consider
only those forces acting directly on joint A. In this instance, two axial
members, AB and AC, are connected at joint A. Additionally, two
reaction forces, Ax and Ay, act at joint A. Tension forces will be assumed
in each truss member.
Fx FAC FAB cos(56.310) Ax 0
(a)
Fy Ay FAB sin(56.310) 0
(b)
Solve Eq. (b) for FAB:
Ay
49.5 kN
FAB
59.492 kN
sin(56.310) sin(56.310)
and then compute FAC using Eq. (a):
FAC FAB cos(56.310) Ax
( 59.492 kN)cos(56.310) ( 12 kN) 45.000 kN
Joint C:
Next, consider a FBD of joint C. In this instance, the equilibrium
equations associated with joint C seem easier to solve than those that
would pertain to joint B. As before, tension forces will be assumed in
each truss member.
Fx FAC FBC cos(24.444) 12 kN 0
(c)
Fy FBC sin(24.444) 15 kN 0
(d)
Solve Eq. (d) for FBC:
15 kN
FBC
36.249 kN
sin(24.444)
Eq. (c) can be used as a check on our calculations:
Fx FAC FBC cos(24.444) 12 kN 0
(45.000 kN) ( 36.249 kN) cos(24.444) 12 kN 0
Section properties:
For each of the three truss members:
d 60 mm 2(4 mm) 52 mm
Checks!
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.11
Solution
Overall equilibrium:
Begin the solution by determining the external
reaction forces acting on the truss at supports A
and B. Write equilibrium equations that include all
external forces. Note that only the external forces
(i.e., loads and reaction forces) are considered at
this time. The internal forces acting in the truss
members will be considered after the external
reactions have been computed. The free-body
diagram (FBD) of the entire truss is shown. The
following equilibrium equations can be written for
this structure:
Fy Ay 30 kN 0
Ay 30 kN
Bx 19.821 kN
Fx Ax Bx 15 kN 0
Ax 15 kN Bx 15 kN (19.821 kN)
Ax 34.821 kN
Method of joints:
Before beginning the process of determining the internal forces in the axial members, the geometry of
the truss will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles of members AC and BC. Use
the definition of the tangent function to determine AC and BC:
1.6 m
tan AC
0.355556
AC 19.573
4.5 m
4m
tan BC
0.888889
BC 41.634
4.5 m
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Joint A:
Begin the solution process by considering a FBD of joint A. Consider
only those forces acting directly on joint A. In this instance, two axial
members, AB and AC, are connected at joint A. Additionally, two
reaction forces, Ax and Ay, act at joint A. Tension forces will be
assumed in each truss member.
Fx Ax FAC cos(19.573) 0
(a)
Fy Ay FAC sin(19.573) FAB 0
(b)
Solve Eq. (a) for FAC:
Ax
34.821 kN
FAC
36.957 kN
cos(19.573) cos(19.573)
and then compute FAB using Eq. (b):
FAB Ay FAC sin(19.573)
26.520 kN
cos(41.634) cos(41.634)
Eq. (d) can be used as a check on our calculations:
Fy FBC sin(41.634) FAB
Checks!
Ans.
AC
Ans.
BC
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.12
Solution
Equilibrium: Calculate the internal forces in members (1) and (2).
1.8 m
M C F1 (3 m) (15 kN/m)(1.8 m)
0
2
F1 8.100 kN
1.8 m
M B F2 (3 m) (15 kN/m)(1.8 m) 3 m
0
2
F2 18.900 kN
Stresses:
Ans.
Ans.
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P1.13 Bar (1) in Figure P1.15 has a crosssectional area of 0.75 in.2. If the stress in bar
(1) must be limited to 30 ksi, determine the
maximum load P that may be supported by
the structure.
FIGURE P1.13
Solution
Given that the cross-sectional area of bar (1) is 0.75 in.2 and its normal stress must be limited to 30 ksi,
the maximum force that may be carried by bar (1) is
F1,max 1 A1 (30 ksi)(0.75 in.2 ) 22.5 kips
Consider a FBD of ABC. From the moment equilibrium
equation about joint A, the relationship between the force in
bar (1) and the load P is:
M A (6 ft)F1 (10 ft)P 0
P
6 ft
F1
10 ft
Substitute the maximum force F1,max = 22.5 kips into this relationship to obtain the maximum load that
may be applied to the structure:
6 ft
6 ft
Ans.
P
F1
(22.5 kips) 13.50 kips
10 ft
10 ft
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Solution
Equilibrium:
Draw a FBD for the interval between A and B where
0 x a . Write the following equilibrium equation:
Fx (13 kN/m)(1.2 m x) F 0
F (13 kN/m)(1.2 m x)
The largest force in this interval occurs at x = a where F = 9.1
kN.
Ans.
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Solution
(a) x = 10 in.
Equilibrium: Draw a FBD for the interval between A and B
where 0 x a , and write the following equilibrium equation:
5,375 lb
4,379.944 psi 4,380 psi
1.227185 in.2
Ans.
(b) x = 30 in.
Equilibrium: Draw a FBD for the interval between B and C
where a x a b , and write the following equilibrium
equation:
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.16
Solution
Consider a FBD of board (2). The glue on the splice plates provides resistance to the 10,000 lb applied
load on both the top and bottom surfaces of board (2). Denoting the shear resistance on a glue surface as
V, equilibrium in the horizontal direction requires
Fx P V V 0
V
10,000 lb
5,000 lb
2
In other words, each glue surface must be large enough so that 5,000 lb of shear resistance can be
provided to board (2). Since the glue has a shear strength of 120 psi, the area of each glue surface on
board (2) must be at least
5,000 lb
Amin
41.6667 in.2
120 psi
The boards are 6-in. wide; therefore, glue must be spread along board (2) for a length of at least
41.6667 in.2
Lglue joint
6.9444 in.
6 in.
Although weve discussed only board (2), the same rationale applies to board (1). For both boards (1)
and (2), the glue must be applied along a length of at least 6.9444 in. on both the top and bottom of the
boards in order to resist the 10,000 lb applied load.
The glue applied to boards (1) and (2) must be matched by glue applied to the splice plates. Therefore,
the splice plates must be at least 6.9444 in. + 6.9444 in. = 13.8889 in. long. However, we are told that a
0.5-in. gap is required between boards (1) and (2); therefore, the splice plates must be 0.5-in. longer.
Altogether, the length of the splice plates must be at least
Ans.
Lmin 6.9444 in. 6.9444 in. 0.5 in. 14.39 in.
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FIGURE P1.17
Solution
Consider a FBD of the bar that is connected by the clevis,
including a portion of the pin. If the shear force acting on each
exposed surface of the pin is denoted by V, then the shear force
on each pin surface is related to the load P by:
Fx P V V 0
P 2V
The area of the pin surface exposed by the FBD is simply the cross-sectional area of the pin:
2
Apin d pin
(10 mm) 2 78.539816 mm 2
4
4
If the average shear stress in the pin must be limited to 95 MPa, the maximum shear force V on a single
cross-sectional surface must be limited to
V Abolt (95 N/mm 2 )(78.539816 mm 2 ) 7, 461.283 N
Therefore, the maximum load P that may be applied to the connection is
P 2V 2(7, 461.283 N) 14,922.565 N 14.92 kN
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.18
Solution
There are four bolts, and it is assumed that each bolt supports an equal portion of the external load P.
Therefore, the shear force carried by each bolt is
2,500 lb
V
625 lb
4 bolts
The bolts in this connection act in single shear. The cross-sectional area of a single bolt is
2
Abolt d bolt
(3 / 8 in.) 2 (0.375 in.) 2 0.110447 in.2
4
4
4
Therefore, the average shear stress in each bolt is
V
625 lb
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Solution
There are five bolts, and it is assumed that each bolt supports an equal portion of the external load P.
Therefore, the shear force carried by each bolt is
265 kN
V
53 kN 53,000 N
5 bolts
Since the average shear stress must be limited to 120 MPa, each bolt must provide a shear area of at
least:
53,000 N
AV
441.6667 mm 2
2
120 N/mm
Each bolt in this connection acts in double shear; therefore, two cross-sectional bolt surfaces are
available to transmit shear stress in each bolt.
AV
441.6667 mm 2
Abolt
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FIGURE P1.24
Solution
To resist a shear force of 5,000 lb, the area of adhesive required on each pipe is
V
5,000 lb
AV
12.5 in.2
adhesive 400 psi
Consider the coupling on pipe (1). The adhesive is applied to the circumference of the pipe, and the
circumference C1 of pipe (1) is
C1 D1 (2.0 in.) 6.2832 in.
The minimum length L1 is therefore
AV
12.5 in.2
L1
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.21
Solution
The shear stress associated with removal of the slug exists on its perimeter. The perimeter of the slug is
given by
perimeter 2(3.00 in.) + (0.75 in.) 8.35619 in.
Thus, the area subjected to shear stress is
AV perimeter plate thickness (8.35619 in.)(0.50 in.) 4.17810 in.2
Given that the plate shears at = 30 ksi, the force required to remove the slug is therefore
Ans.
Pmin AV (30 ksi)(4.17810 in.2 ) 125.343 kips 125.3 kips
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Solution
To determine the shear force V that must be resisted by the shear key, sum moments about the center of
the shaft (which will be denoted O):
700 mm
700 mm 40 mm
M O (1,300 N)
(1,300 N)
V 0
2
2 2
V 45,500 N
Since the average shear stress in the key must not exceed 150 MPa, the shear area required is
V
45,500 N
AV
303.3333 mm2
2
150 N/mm
The shear area in the key is given by the product of its length L (i.e., 25 mm) and its width a. Therefore,
the minimum key width a is
A
303.3333 mm 2
a V
12.1333 mm 12.13 mm
Ans.
L
25 mm
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FIGURE P1.23
Solution
Since the normal stress in the steel column must not exceed 75 MPa, the maximum column load is
Pmax A (75 N/mm 2 )(14,500 mm 2 ) 1,087,500 N
The maximum column load must be distributed over a large enough area so that the bearing stress
between the base plate and the concrete slab does not exceed 8 MPa; therefore, the minimum plate area
is
P 1,087,500 N
Amin
135,937.5 mm 2
2
b
8 N/mm
The area of the plate is a b. Since b = 420, the minimum length of a must be
Amin 135,937.5 mm2 a b
135,937.5 mm2
324 mm
420 mm
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.24
Solution
The tensile stress in the bolt is 9,000 psi; therefore, the tension force that acts in the bolt is
Fbolt bolt Abolt (9,000 psi) (0.5 in.) 2 (9,000 psi)(0.196350 in.2 ) 1,767.146 lb
4
The contact area between the washer and the wood is
Ans.
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Solution
Equilibrium: Using the FBD shown,
calculate the beam reaction forces.
20 ft
M A By (20 ft) (2,100 lb/ft)(20 ft)
(4,600 lb)(28 ft) 0
2
By 27,440 lb
20 ft
M B Ay (20 ft) (2,100 lb/ft)(20 ft)
(4,600 lb)(8 ft) 0
2
Ay 19,160 lb
Bearing plate at A: The area of the bearing plate required for support A is
19,160 lb
AA
23.950 in.2
800 psi
Since the plate is to be square, its dimensions must be
Ans.
Bearing plate at B: The area of the bearing plate required for support B is
27, 440 lb
AB
34.300 in.2
800 psi
Since the plate is to be square, its dimensions must be
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.26
Solution
The cross-sectional area of the rod is:
84.4 MPa
471.239 mm2
(c) In the support plate, the area subjected to shear stress is equal to the product of the rod head
perimeter and the thickness of the plate.
AV (30 mm)(12 mm) 1,130.973 mm 2
and therefore, the average punching shear stress in the support plate is
39,760.782 N
35.2 MPa
1,130.973 mm 2
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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Solution
The average bearing stress produced in the bar by the pin is based on the projected area of the pin. The
projected area is equal to the pin diameter times the bar thickness. Therefore, the average bearing stress
in the bar is
5,600 lb
b
23,893.33 psi 23, 900 psi
Ans.
(0.625 in.)(0.375 in.)
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Figure P1.28
Solution
(a) The area of contact between the pipe column and one of the bearing plates is simply the crosssectional area of the pipe. To calculate the pipe area, we must first calculate the pipe inside diameter d:
D d 2t
d D 2t 8.625 in. 2(0.25 in.) 8.125 in.
The pipe cross-sectional area is
160 in.2
b 0.5 ksi
If the width of the timber beam is 10.75 in., then the length L of the upper bearing plate must be
Ab
160 in.2
L
88.8889 in.2
b 0.9 ksi
Since the lower bearing plate is square, its dimension a must be
Ans.
Ab a a 88.8889 in.2
a 9.4281 in. 9.43 in.
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P1.29 A clevis-type pipe hanger supports an 8-indiameter pipe as shown in Figure P1.29. The hanger
rod has a diameter of 1/2 in. The bolt connecting the
top yoke and the bottom strap has a diameter of 5/8 in.
The bottom strap is 3/16-in.-thick by 1.75-in.-wide by
36-in.-long. The weight of the pipe is 2,000 lb.
Determine the following:
(a) the normal stress in the hanger rod
(b) the shear stress in the bolt
(c) the bearing stress in the bottom strap
FIGURE P1.29
Solution
(a) The normal stress in the hanger rod is
Ans.
Abolt
4
The bolt acts in double shear; therefore, its average shear stress is
2,000 lb
bolt
3, 259.493 psi 3, 260 psi
2(0.306796 in.2 )
Ans.
(c) The bearing stress in the bottom strap is based on the projected area of the bolt in contact with the
strap. Also, keep in mind that there are two ends of the strap that contact the bolt. The bearing stress is
thus
2,000 lb
b
8,533.334 psi 8,530 psi
Ans.
2(0.625 in.)(3/16 in.)
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Solution
Equilibrium: Using the FBD shown, calculate
the reaction forces that act on rigid bar ABC.
M A F1 sin(36.87)(600 mm)
Ans.
(b) Shear stress in pin B. The cross-sectional area of a 7-mm-diameter pin is:
Apin
(7 mm)2 38.485 mm 2
4
Pin B is a double shear connection; therefore, its average shear stress is
1,843.092 N
pin B
23.9 MPa
2(38.485 mm 2 )
(c) Shear stress in pin A.
Pin A is a single shear connection; therefore, its average shear stress is
1,026.709 N
pin A
26.7 MPa
38.485 mm2
Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.31
Solution
Equilibrium: Using the FBD shown, calculate the
reaction forces that act on the bell crank.
M B (1,100 N)sin(50)(65 mm)
F2 (150 mm) 0
F2 365.148 N
Fx Bx (1,100 N)cos(50)
365.148 N 0
Bx 341.919 N
Fy By (1,100 N)sin(50) 0
By 842.649 N
The resultant force at B is
Apin
4
Pin B is a single shear connection; therefore, its average shear stress is
909.376 N
pin B
11.58 MPa
78.540 mm 2
Ans.
(b) Bearing stress in the bell crank at B. The average bearing stress produced in the bell crank by the
pin is based on the projected area of the pin. The projected area is equal to the pin diameter times the
bell crank thickness. Therefore, the average bearing stress in the bell crank is
909.376 N
b
18.19 MPa
Ans.
(10 mm)(5 mm)
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FIGURE P1.32
Solution
Equilibrium: Using the FBD shown,
calculate the reaction forces that act on the
beam.
1.8 m
M C F1 sin(35)(1.8 m) (30 kN/m)(1.8 m)
0
2
F1 47.0731 kN
Fx Cx (47.0731 kN)cos(35) 0
Cx 38.5600 kN
1.8 m
M B C y (1.8 m) (30 kN/m)(1.8 m)
0
2
C y 27.0000 kN
The resultant force at C is
Apin
4
Pin A is a single shear connection; therefore, its average shear stress is
47,073.1 N
pin A
95.9 MPa
490.8739 mm 2
Shear stress in pin C.
Pin C is a double shear connection; therefore, its average shear stress is
47,073.1 N
pin C
47.9 MPa
2(490.8739 mm 2 )
Ans.
Ans.
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Solution
Equilibrium: Using the FBD shown, calculate
the reaction forces that act on the bell crank.
M B (7,000 N)sin(65)(200 mm)
F2 (150 mm) 0
F2 8, 458.873 N
Fx Bx (7,000 N)cos(65)
8,458.873 N 0
Bx 11,417.201 N
Fy By (7,000 N)sin(65) 0
By 6,344.155 N
The resultant force at B is
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(b) The bearing stress in the bell crank may not exceed 100 MPa. The projected area of pin B on the
bell crank must equal or exceed
13,061.423 N
Ab
130.614 mm 2
2
100 N/mm
The bell crank thickness is 8 mm; therefore, the projected area of the pin is Ab = (8 mm)d. Calculate the
required pin diameter d:
130.614 mm 2
Ans.
d
16.33 mm
8 mm
(c) The bearing stress in the support bracket may not exceed 165 MPa. The pin at B bears on two 6mm-thick support brackets. Thus, the minimum pin diameter required to satisfy the bearing stress limit
on the support bracket is
13,061.423 N
Ab
79.160 mm2
165 N/mm2
d
79.160 mm 2
6.60 mm
2(6 mm)
Ans.
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P1.34 A structural steel bar with a 25 mm 75 mm rectangular cross section is subjected to an axial
load of 150 kN. Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses in the bar.
Solution
The maximum normal stress in the steel bar is
F (150 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
max
80 MPa
A
(25 mm)(75 mm)
The maximum shear stress is one-half of the maximum normal stress
Ans.
Ans.
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P1.35 A steel rod of circular cross section will be used to carry an axial load of 92 kips. The
maximum stresses in the rod must be limited to 30 ksi in tension and 12 ksi in shear. Determine the
required diameter for the rod.
Solution
Based on the allowable 30 ksi tension stress limit, the minimum cross-sectional area of the rod is
F
92 kips
Amin
3.0667 in.2
max
30 ksi
For the 12-ksi shear stress limit, the minimum cross-sectional area of the rod must be
F
92 kips
Amin
3.8333 in.2
2 max 2(12 ksi)
Therefore, the rod must have a cross-sectional area of at least 3.8333 in.2 in order to satisfy both the
normal and shear stress limits.
The minimum rod diameter D is therefore
2
d min 3.8333 in.2
d min 2.2092 in. 2.21 in.
4
Ans.
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Solution
The angle for the inclined plane is 35. The
normal force N perpendicular to plane AB is
found from
N P cos (40 kN)cos35 57.3406 kN
and the shear force V parallel to plane AB is
V P sin (70 kN)sin35 40.1504 kN
The cross-sectional area of the bar is 400 mm2, but the area along inclined plane AB is
A
400 mm 2
An
488.3098 mm 2
cos
cos35
The normal stress n perpendicular to plane AB is
N (57.3406 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
n
Ans.
Ans.
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Solution
The angle for the inclined plane is 60. The
normal force N perpendicular to plane AB is
found from
N P cos (18 kips)cos60 9.0 kips
and the shear force V parallel to plane AB is
V P sin (18 kips)sin 60 15.5885 kips
The cross-sectional area of the bar is (1.75 in.)(0.75 in.) = 1.3125 in.2, but the area along inclined plane
AB is
1.3125 in.2
An A / cos
2.6250 in.2
cos 60
The normal stress n perpendicular to plane AB is
N
9.0 kips
n
Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.38/39
Solution
The angle for the inclined plane is 55. The normal force N
perpendicular to plane AB is found from
N P cos (80 kips)cos55 45.8861 kips
and the shear force V parallel to plane AB is
V P sin (80 kips)sin55 65.5322 kips
The cross-sectional area of the post is (4 in.)(4 in.) = 16 in.2, but the area
along inclined plane AB is
16 in.2
An A / cos
27.8951 in.2
cos55
Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.38/39
Solution
The general equations for normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane in terms of the angle are
P
(a)
n
(1 cos 2 )
2A
and
P
(b)
nt
sin 2
2A
The cross-sectional area of the square bar is A = (50 mm)2 = 2,500 mm2, and the angle for plane AB is
55.
The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 120 MPa; therefore, the maximum load P that can be
supported by the square bar is found from Eq. (a):
2 A n
2(2,500 mm 2 )(120 N/mm 2 )
P
911,882 N
1 cos 2
1 cos 2(55)
The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 90 MPa. From Eq. (b), the maximum load P based the shear
stress limit is
2 A nt 2(2,500 mm 2 )(90 N/mm 2 )
P
478,880 N
sin 2
sin 2(55)
Thus, the maximum load that can be supported by the bar is
Pmax 479 kN
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.40
Solution
The general equations for normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane in terms of the angle are
P
(a)
n
(1 cos 2 )
2A
and
P
(b)
nt
sin 2
2A
The cross-sectional area of the square post is A = (6 in.)2 = 36 in.2, and the angle for plane AB is 40.
The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 800 psi; therefore, the maximum load P that can be
supported by the square post is found from Eq. (a):
2 A n
2(36 in.2 )(800 psi)
P
49,078 lb
1 cos 2
1 cos 2(40)
The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 400 psi. From Eq. (b), the maximum load P based the shear
stress limit is
2 A nt 2(36 in.2 )(400 psi)
P
29, 244 lb
sin 2
sin 2(40)
Thus, the maximum load that can be supported by the post is
Pmax 29,200 lb 29.2 kips
Ans.
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FIGURE P1.41
Solution
The general equations for normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane in terms of the angle are
P
(a)
n
(1 cos 2 )
2A
and
P
(b)
nt
sin 2
2A
The angle for plane AB is 50.
The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 150 MPa; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area A
required to support P = 280 kN can be found from Eq. (a):
P
(280 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
A
(1 cos 2 )
(1 cos 2(50)) 771.2617 mm 2
2 n
2(150 N/mm 2 )
The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 100 MPa; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area A
required to support P = 280 kN can be found from Eq. (b):
P
(280 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
A
sin 2
sin 2(50) 1,378.7309 mm 2
2 nt
2(100 N/mm 2 )
To satisfy both the normal and shear stress requirements, the cross-sectional area must be at least Amin =
1,379.7309 mm2. Since the bar width is 90 mm, the minimum bar thickness t must be
1,378.7309 mm 2
tmin
15.3192 mm 15.32 mm
Ans.
90 mm
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Solution
The general equations for normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane in terms of the angle are
P
(a)
n
(1 cos 2 )
2A
and
P
(b)
nt
sin 2
2A
The angle for inclined plane AB is calculated from
3
tan 3
71.5651
1
The cross-sectional area of the bar is A = wt = (6.00 in.)(1.50 in.) = 9.0 in.2.
The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 16 ksi; therefore, the maximum load P can be found from
Eq. (a):
2 A n
2(9.0 in.2 )(16 ksi)
P
1, 440 ksi
1 cos 2 1 cos 2(71.5651)
The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 8 ksi. From Eq. (b), the maximum load P based the shear
stress limit is
2 A nt 2(9.0 in.2 )(8 ksi)
P
240 kips
sin 2
sin 2(71.5651)
Thus, the maximum load that can be supported by the bar is
Pmax 240 kips
Ans.
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Solution
The general equations for normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane in terms of the angle are
P
(a)
n
(1 cos 2 )
2A
and
P
(b)
nt
sin 2
2A
The angle for inclined plane AB is calculated from
3
tan 3
71.5651
1
The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 12 ksi; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area A
required to support P = 30 kips can be found from Eq. (a):
P
30 kips
A
(1 cos 2 )
(1 cos 2(71.5651)) 0.2500 in.2
2 n
2(12 ksi)
The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 8 ksi; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area A required
to support P = 30 kips can be found from Eq. (b):
P
30 kips
A
sin 2
sin 2(71.5651) 1.1250 in.2
2 nt
2(8 ksi)
To satisfy both the normal and shear stress requirements, the cross-sectional area must be at least Amin =
1.1250 in.2. Since the bar width is 1.25 in., the minimum bar thickness t must be
1.1250 in.2
tmin
0.900 in. 0.900 in.
Ans.
1.25 in.
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Solution
The general equation for normal stress on an inclined plane in terms of the angle is
P
n
(1 cos 2 )
2A
and the angle for inclined plane AB is
3
tan 0.75
36.8699
4
The cross-sectional area of the rectangular bar is A = (3.00 in.)(2.00 in.) = 6.00 in.2.
(a)
(a) Since the normal stress on plane AB is given as 6 ksi, the magnitude of load P can be calculated from
Eq. (a):
2 A n
2(6.0 in.2 )(6 ksi)
P
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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Solution
The general equation for shear stress on an inclined plane in terms of the angle is
P
nt
sin 2
2A
and the angle for inclined plane AB is
3
tan 0.75
36.8699
4
The cross-sectional area of the rectangular bar is A = (100 mm)(75 mm) = 7,500 mm2.
(a)
(a) Since the shear stress on plane AB is given as 12 MPa, the magnitude of load P can be calculated
from Eq. (a):
2 A nt 2(7,500 mm 2 )(12 N/mm 2 )
P
187,500 N 187.5 kN
Ans.
sin 2
sin 2(36.8699)
(b) The general equation for normal stress on an inclined plane in terms of the angle is
P
n
(1 cos 2 )
2A
therefore, the normal stress on plane AB is
187,500 N
n
(1 cos 2(36.8699)) 16.00 MPa
2(7,500 mm 2 )
(c) The maximum normal stress at any possible orientation is
P 187,500 N
max
25.0 MPa
A 7,500 mm 2
and the maximum shear stress at any possible orientation in the block is
P
187,500 N
max
12.50 MPa
2 A 2(7,500 mm 2 )
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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