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Age

Gender

boys are more

There
was
significant
gender
difference in all
the
three
aspects of oral
health
i.e.
knowledge,
attitude
and
practice. It can
be noticed that
female students
scored
higher
than
male
students in all
the
three
aspects of oral
health.

likely to respond
to

chronic

neglect

with

aggressive

or

delinquent
behavior

than

girls.
.historically
boys have been
more prone to
engage

in

aggressive
behavior

than

girls,

but

over

the

past

20

years

that

margin

of

difference

has

been
decreasing..

Women are the


fastest

growing

population

in

CHAND, SOHAIL, and


MUHAMMAD ARFAN
HADYAIT. 'ORAL
HEALTH-RELATED
KNOWLEDGE,
ATTITUDE, AND
PRACTICE AMONG
SCHOOL CHILDREN
FROM RURAL AND
URBAN AREAS OF
DISTRICT
SHEIKHUPURA,
PAKISTAN'. Pakistan
Oral & Dental
Journal 34.1 (2014): 109-

Educational
attainment
Father
Parental
educational
level
was found to be a
significant
factor.
Both father and
mother education
showed
similar
pattern of score in
knowledge, attitude
and practice of oral
health.
The
students of highly
educated
parents
showed
higher
level of knowledge,
attitude
and
practice
of
oral
health as compared
to illiterate or less
educated parents.
CHAND, SOHAIL, and
MUHAMMAD ARFAN
HADYAIT. 'ORAL HEALTHRELATED KNOWLEDGE,
ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE
AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN
FROM RURAL AND URBAN
AREAS OF DISTRICT
SHEIKHUPURA,
PAKISTAN'. Pakistan Oral &
Dental Journal 34.1 (2014):
109-112.

Educational attainment
Mother

General

Parental educational level


was
found
to
be
a
significant
factor.
Both
father
and
mother
education showed similar
pattern
of
score
in
knowledge, attitude and
practice of oral health. The
students
of
highly
educated parents showed
higher level of knowledge,
attitude and practice of
oral health as compared to
illiterate or less educated
parents.

The results in Table 2


showed that, in general,
there was very poor level of
knowledge, attitude and
practice in the population
under study. The score was
not exceeding 50% of the
desired level in all the three
aspects with the lowest
score in attitude about oral
health

CHAND, SOHAIL, and MUHAMMAD


ARFAN HADYAIT. 'ORAL HEALTHRELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE,
AND PRACTICE AMONG SCHOOL
CHILDREN FROM RURAL AND URBAN
AREAS OF DISTRICT SHEIKHUPURA,
PAKISTAN'. Pakistan Oral & Dental
Journal 34.1 (2014): 109-112.

CHAND, SOHAIL, and MUHAMMAD


ARFAN HADYAIT. 'ORAL HEALTHRELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND
PRACTICE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN
FROM RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF
DISTRICT SHEIKHUPURA,
PAKISTAN'. Pakistan Oral & Dental
Journal 34.1 (2014): 109-112.

both the juvenile


and

112.

adult

criminal

justice

systems,
according

to

LoganGreene..
*Ref Failure to
meet

childrens

basic

needs

linked

to

aggression

later
and

deliquency
[internet]

2015

April 22.
Forty-two
percent
reported that
they get the
health hygiene
activities once
per week, 28
percent
reported once
or twice per
week, and 17
percent
reported
everyday.

Female students
are
twice
as
likely as male
students
to
report
health
facility
or
friends
as
source
of
information
about
general
cleanliness and
personal
hygiene.
CHAND, SOHAIL, and

in Table 1, 98.1%
students
were
living in Kepez (City
center) and 1.9% in
villages. Although
67.7%
of
participants
mothers
had
primary
school
education
and
32.3% had high
school
education,
53.8%
of
their
fathers
had

In
addition,
40%
of
students
fathers
were
workers and 21.3% were
self-employed
whereas
68.6% of their mothers
were
housewives
and
19.2%
were
workers.
Moreover,
82.6%
of
participants had a nuclear
family, which comprised
mother, father, and a
sibling.
Cevizci, Sibel et al. 'Developing

Results
of
this
study
suggest that oral health
KAP
among
study
participants were poor and
needs to be improved.
CHAND, SOHAIL, and MUHAMMAD
ARFAN HADYAIT. 'ORAL HEALTHRELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND
PRACTICE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN
FROM RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF
DISTRICT SHEIKHUPURA,
PAKISTAN'. Pakistan Oral & Dental
Journal 34.1 (2014): 109-112.

Students aged
9 years and
less
and
students from
public schools
are the most
likely to be
given
health
hygiene
activities
everyday (25
percent
and
19
percent
respectively).
'Djibouti School
Hygiene And
Sanitation
Survey'. Unicef
Djibouti 1 (2009):
1-118.

Different age
groups
demonstrated
no significant
differences in
their
responses, so
the frequency
tables present
the subjects as
a whole.

MUHAMMAD ARFAN
HADYAIT. 'ORAL
HEALTH-RELATED
KNOWLEDGE,
ATTITUDE, AND
PRACTICE AMONG
SCHOOL CHILDREN
FROM RURAL AND
URBAN AREAS OF
DISTRICT
SHEIKHUPURA,
PAKISTAN'. Pakistan
Oral & Dental
Journal 34.1 (2014): 109112.

In
study,

another
it

concluded
caries

was
that

primary school or
lower
education
and
46.3%
had
high
school
or
higher
education
[Table 2].
Cevizci, Sibel et al.
'Developing Students
Hand Hygiene
Behaviors In A Primary
School From Turkey: A
School-Based Health
Education
Study'. International
Journal of Medical
Science and Public
Health 4.2 (2015): 155161.

Students
Hand
Hygiene
Behaviors In A Primary School
From Turkey: A School-Based
Health
Education
Study'. International Journal of
Medical Science and Public
Health 4.2 (2015): 155- 161

experience

and occurrence of
In another study, 27.7%
untreated lesions in
of the students had an inadequate
paramount

teeth
personal hygiene. The number of

with age and oral


students
hygiene

with

poor

hygiene

status
increased with the decreasing

worsens

as

age
maternal education level and

advanced.

Also
household income level. The

females experienced
Togoo, Rafi et al.

frequency of having poor hygiene

Also, information regarding


oral
health
should be
included on wider basis in
the school curriculum in an
attempt to prevent and
control dental diseases
CHAND, SOHAIL, and MUHAMMAD
ARFAN HADYAIT. 'ORAL HEALTHRELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND
PRACTICE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN
FROM RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF
DISTRICT SHEIKHUPURA,
PAKISTAN'. Pakistan Oral & Dental

'Oral Hygiene
Knowledge And
Practices Among
School Children In
A Rural Area Of
Southern Saudi
Arabia'. Internatio
nal Journal of
Contemporary
Dentistry 3.1
(2012): 57-62.

more

as

was higher among male students

Journal 34.1 (2014): 109-112.

compared to males

and in those with a patriarchal

though oral hygiene

family type. The personal hygiene

status was poorer in

status was not correlated with

males.

parental age, student age group

Overall, 75 percent of
students reported that they
get this information at
home, 56 percent reported
school, and 36 percent
reported TV/radio. Other
sources of information were
mentioned by less than 10
percent of students

Schools should
provide
for
hygiene
education
to
kindergarten
and
early
grade school
children
to
supplement
the
training
provided
by
parents
and
gardians, too
ensure that all
children learn
at
an
appropriate
age how to
protect
themselves
and
others
from
preventable

Balwant, Rajnish

Arikan, Inci et al. 'Personal

Jain, and Simmi

Hygiene

Kharb.

'Dental

Primary School Students In

Caries And Oral

An Urban Area In The West

Hygiene

Of

decay

Rai,

and parental education level.

Status

Status

Turkey'.

Of 8 To 12 Year

Journal

School Children

Communication

Of

(2014): 31, 32.

Rohtak:

Brief

Report'.

Journal

of

Dental

5.1

(2006): 29.

of

Among

American
Research
2.7

Abdi Obesip, Ibrahim. 'Djibouti


School Hygiene And Sanitation
Survey'. Unicef Djibouti 1 (2009):
1-118.

Three-quarter of them
reported that they have
learned about hygiene and
cleanness from home, 56
percent have learned about
it at school, and 36 percent
have learned about it via
radio or television.
It is clear that students in
public schools are more
likely than those in private
schools to report that they
learn
about
general
cleanness and personal
hygiene at school (58
percent and 42 percent
respectively).

exposure
to
illness
and
other hygienic
hazards.
-Abdulla, S.A.,
Aziz,
K.F.,
Sheren,
N.A.
(2012).
Knowledge
and attitudes
of pupils in
some primary
schools
regarding
personal
hygiene
in
Erbil City. Kufa
Journal
for
Nursing
Sciences, Vol.
2, Issue1.

Ninety-four percent of
students reported that their
schools
provide
health
hygiene
activities.
Differentials are minor by
background characteristics.

Sixty-five
percent
receives health hygiene
activities during classes, 13
percent receive it during
breaks,
and
11
percentreceives it during
school .
'Djibouti School Hygiene And
Sanitation Survey'. Unicef
Djibouti 1 (2009): 1-118.

According to their answers


to these questions, it was
reported that 80.5% of
them washed their hands
before eating, 73.6% after
eating, 33.3% before toilet,
91.8% after toilet, and
83.4% of them after they
woke up in the morning.
Cevizci, Sibel et al. 'Developing
Students Hand Hygiene Behaviors
In A Primary School From Turkey:
A School-Based Health Education
Study'. International Journal of
Medical Science and Public
Health 4.2 (2015): 155- 161

Our results indicated that


37.4%
students
were
washing their hands for
between 30 s and 1 min,
and 24.5% for 25 s.
Students were asked about
their
habits
of
hand
hygiene. Of them, 40%
reported
that
they
preferred water or soap,
18% preferred wet napkin,
and 16% preferred towel.
Moreover, when students
were
questioned
about
their
knowledge
of
temperature of water in
hand
hygiene,
63.5%
answered that water needs
to be warm. In addition,
71.6% reported that jewelry
should be taken off and
97.5% reported that hands
need to be dried. When
hand-washing practices of
students before and after
training were compared, a
statistically
significant
improvement
in
aftertraining
practices
was
observed in compliance
with
before-training
practices (p o 0.001).
In
the
after-training

practices,
a
significant
improvement was not found
in the getting adequate
soap amount into hand
behavior,
which
was
present in the 12-point
hand-washing skill checklist
[Table 3]. Between the first
practice,
which
was
conducted before training,
and the second and third
practices,
which
were
conducted after training, a
statistically
significant
difference was observed in
terms of hand-washing skill
development (p o 0.001).
After the training, handwashing skill scores showed
a significant improvement
than
those
before
thetraining in both female
and male students (p o
0.001) [Table 4]. When
hand-washing skills of male
and female students were
compared, results showed
that mean score of female
students was higher than
that of male students.
Once
students
handwashing
habits
were
examined
according
to
classes, major differences

were found in all three


classes after training, which
was in the study scope. A
significant association was
found between students
hand-washing habits and
their mothers educational
level.
A
significant
improvement
in
handwashing skill mean scores
between
practices
was
foundamong
students
whose mothers had primary
school education or were
undergraduates than those
whose mothers had high
school or higher education
(p o 0.001). In addition, a
relationship
was
found
between students handwashing skill mean scores
and
their
fathers
educational level (p o
0.001).
Cevizci, Sibel et al. 'Developing
Students Hand Hygiene Behaviors
In A Primary School From Turkey:
A School-Based Health Education
Study'. International Journal of
Medical Science and Public
Health 4.2 (2015): 155- 161

58.4% of study sample


brushed their teeth using

tooth brush and paste,


while 32.1% of the sample
used
Miswak
(wooden
toothbrush) as their teeth
cleaning aid. 2.3% of the
study
population
used
dental floss and 7.2% used
tooth picks for cleaning
their teeth.
Majority (64.3%) of the
study population brushed
their teeth once daily, while
16.6%
of
the
study
population
practiced
irregular
tooth
brushing.Only 32.6% of the
study
populations
were
supervised by their parents.
62.26% felt that high sugar
diet causes dental decay
where as 58.45% felt soft
drinks affect dental health
and
51.14%
of
study
population felt that they
can
keep
their
gums
healthy by brushing daily.
About 57.14% of the study
populations were aware
that
bleeding
gum
indicated
gum
disease,
while 28.24% were not
aware what exactly caused
bleeding
gums.
Around
52.01%
of
the
study

population visited dentist


only when there was pain,
while 22.57% never visited
the dentist. But 79.4% felt
regular visit to dentist was
essential. However more
that 67.28% responded fear
was their main reason for
not visiting the dentist.
Togoo, Rafi et al. 'Oral Hygiene
Knowledge And Practices Among
School Children In A Rural Area Of
Southern Saudi
Arabia'. International Journal of
Contemporary Dentistry 3.1
(2012): 57-62.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and


Practices.
The variables assessed
regarding
knowledge,
attitudes, and practices
included knowledge of prior
water treatment, use of
soap/sanitizer (46%, =7),
latrine
coverage
in
household and community
(60%, =9), hand washing
frequency (80%, = 12),
sanitation practice (latrine
use,
53%,
=8
),
householdwatertreatment,
waterstoragepractices(20%
,
=
3),
and
prior

knowledge
of
hygiene
practices (20%, =3 ). Only
5
studies
gathered
information
about
the
knowledge,
attitudes,andpracticesofsch
oolchildreninrelationtoinfect
ions(diarrhea,intestinalprot
ozoa,schistosomiasis)andth
e use of improved water
sources. Data regarding
drying material availability,
hygiene practices (taking
bath, brushing teeth, and
washing hair and feet),
sewage
spillage,
and
vaccinationweresparselycoll
ectedinthestudiedreviewed.
Joshiand, Ashish, and Chiom
Amadi. 'Impact Of Water,
Sanitation, And Hygiene
Interventions On Improving Health
Outcomes Among School
Children'. Journal of
Environmental and Public
Health 2013 (2013): 3-8.

In a study conducted in

KLE

University,Nehru

Nagar,

Belgaum, Karnataka, India the


knowledge

and

hand

practice

hygiene and using soap increased


after health education intervention.
The study concluded that the
change in behavior of school
children is possible if the health
education intervention is properly
implemented. The family structure,
which is the first main component
of the sociocultural environment in
that

the

children

grow,

is

determined

by

the

sociodemographic

characteristics

of the family, educational level of


parents, and family type. Although
there are some exceptions, the

higher education level of parents


facilitates accessing to information
and having positive behaviors as
well as positively contributes to
the development and education of
children.
Shrestha, Ashutosh.
'Improving Hand Washing
Among School Children: An
Educational Intervention In
South India'. US National
Library of Medicine enlisted
journal 8.1 (2015): 83, 84.
A study reported that 17%
of participants washed their
hands with soap after toilet,
while 45% used only water.
-Kim, H.S., Snow, M.W.,
White,
G.L.
(2008).
Inexpensive
and
timeeffecting
hand
hygiene
intervention
increase
elementary school children,
hand hygiene rates. Jsch
Health 78:230In addition to having proper
resources
and
facilities

hygiene
practices
are
heavily
influenced
by
pupils
knowledge
and
attitudes towards hygiene
-Hunter,
G.C.,
Lescano,
A.G., Oswald, W.E., et al
(2008). Direct observation
of hygiene in a Peruvian
shantytown: not enough
hand washing and too little
water. Trop Med Int. Health
13:142-8
School
teachers
are
considered
the
major
source of information for
their students and would
appear to be suitable as
health educators. School
teachers are expected to
be role models so that
students can emulated and
adopt their behaviour and
attitudes.
-Cairncross, S., Curits, V.
(2003). Effect of washing
hands
with
soap
on
diarrhea
risk
in
the
community,
a
systemic
review. Lancet Infectious
Disease 3:275-81
In a study, 87% wash their
teeth every morning; 70%

wash their hands before


and after meals.
-Abdulla, S.A., Aziz, K.F.,
Sheren,
N.A.
(2012).
Knowledge and attitudes of
pupils in some primary
schools regarding personal
hygiene in Erbil City. Kufa
Journal
for
Nursing
Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue1.
A study showed that 94% of
students
knows
the
requirement of personal
hygiene and majority of
them also knows that hand
washing is important for
disease
prevention
and
good appearance. It also
reveals that 60% of them
believed that clean cloths is
important
indicator
for
healthy
individuals
and
56% believed that disease
is the most important risk
factor
for
improper
personal
hygiene
and
would want to have more
health education about it.
-Abdulla, S.A., Aziz, K.F.,
Sheren,
N.A.
(2012).
Knowledge and attitudes of
pupils in some primary
schools regarding personal

hygiene in Erbil City. Kufa


Journal
for
Nursing
Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue1.
A study showed that there
was a relationship between
age and their knowledge
about personal hygiene.
It reveals that age have no
effect
on
their
daily
brushing of teeth.
It shows that age have no
effect
on
handwashing
before and after meals.
The result reveals that age
have significant indicator
on their knowledge about
infectious
disease
and
personal hygiene.
It shows that age have
certain effect on their
knowledge about criteria of
healthy individual.
-Abdulla, S.A., Aziz, K.F.,
Sheren,
N.A.
(2012).
Knowledge and attitudes of
pupils in some primary
schools regarding personal
hygiene in Erbil City. Kufa
Journal
for
Nursing
Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue1.

A
study
reveals
that
schools should
provide
for
hygiene
education
to
early
grade
school children
to supplement
the
training
provided
by
parents
and
guardians, to
ensure that all
children learn
at
an
appropriate
age how to
protect
themselves
and
others
from
preventable
exposure
to
illness
and
other hygienic
hazards.
-Kohl,
S.
(1994).
The

In a study on
the impact of
school
based
oral
health
education
program
of
school children
aged 12 and 15
years
old
in
Shimla City, the
result
showed
that the overall
mean
plaque
score
and
gingival
score
decreased
significantly
after oral health
education
IRRESPECTIVE
OF
GENDER.
(Vinay
et
al
2013)
-Ashish,
J.,
Deepak,
S.,
Kapil,
R.S.,
Pravesh,
J.,
Rajeshwar, P.L.,
Vinay
K.B.

As cited in National
Education
Association,
involving
parents
according to some
researchers greatly
affects behavioral
change
among
children.
-National Education
Association
(NEA2008). Educational
policy and practice
department center
for
great
public
schools, 1201

As
cited
in
National
Education
Association,
involving
parents
according
to
some
researchers greatly affects
behavioral change among
children.
-National
Education
Association
(NEA-2008).
Educational
policy
and
practice
department
center for great public
schools, 1201

Another study stated that


all children said that their
parents instructed them to
wash their hands, prompted
them to wash their hands,
supports the principle that
health education should be
included in the curriculum
of grades 1 through 12 and
continued
in
the
community through adult
education program.
-Kohl, S. (1994). The Nazi
connection
American
racism
and
German
National Sociolism. Oxford
University Press New York

Nazi
connection
American
racism
and
German
National
Sociolism.
Oxford
University
Press New York
Dental caries
among Filipino
children
ranked second
worst among
21
World
Health
Organization
(WHO)
Western
Pacific
countries.
A
recent
National Oral
Health Survey
(Department
of Education,
Health
and
Nutrition
Center, 2008)
showed
that
97 percent of
Grade
1

(2013). Impact
of school-based
oral
health
education
program on oral
health of 12 and
15 years old
school children.
J Educ Health
Promot., 2, 33.
Maternal education
level
was
associated
with
better oral hygiene
(Vanagas
2009,
Abiola 2009)
-Abiola,
A.A.,
Eyitope, O.O. et al
(2009).
Do
maternal
factors
influence the dental
health status of
Nigerian
school
children.
International
Journal of Pediatric
Dentistry 19 (6),
448-454
-Grabauskas,
V.,
Mickeviciene,
A.,
Milasauskiene, Z.,
Vanagas, G. (2009).
Associations

Students with adequate


knowledge
of
fecal-oral
contamination is a major
cause
of
transmissible
diseases
such
as
gastrointestinal infections
are less likely to have
prevalent
parasitic
infections.
-Barr, M.M., McGovern, M.
(2000). Death education:
knowledge, attitude and
perspectives
of
Irish
parents
and
teachers.
Death studies 24(4): 32533

students and
82 percent of
Grade
2
students
surveyed
suffered from
tooth
decay.
The Grade 1 to
6 students had
an average of
9/3
decayed
teeth;
40
percent
/41
percent of the
decayed teeth
had
progressed
into
decay
with
pulpal
involvement.
The
prevalence of
Grade 1 to 6
students with
pulpally
involved teeth
was
85
percent
and
56
percent
respectively.
-Benzian,
H.,
HeinrichWeltzien,
R.,
Monse, B. et al

between
parental
skills
and
their
attitudes
toward
importance
to
develop good oral
hygiene skills in
their
children.
Medicina (Kaunas)
45 (9), 718-723

(2009). PUFAAn index of


clinical
consequences
of
untreated
dental caries.
Community
Dent
Oral
Epidemiol.
Parents
anxiety
and
dental
avoidance
were
also
found to be
risk factor in
dental caries
for five year
old children.
-Skaret,
E.,
Wang,
N.,
Wigen,
T.
(2009). Dental
avoidance
behaviour
in
parents
and
children
as
risk indicators
for caries in 5
year
old
children.
International
Journal
of

Parental attitudes toward


childrens oral health were
significantly
associated
with their own oral health
behaviour
and
understanding
the
importance of development
of oral hygiene skills in
their children (Vanagas et
al 2009) and mothers oral
health status is a strong
predictor of the oral health
status of their children.
-Grabauskas,
V.,
Mickeviciene,
A.,
Milasauskiene, Z., Vanagas,
G.
(2009).
Associations
between parental skills and
their
attitudes
toward
importance
to
develop
good oral hygiene skills in
their children. Medicina
(Kaunas) 45 (9), 718-723

Pediatric
Dentistry, 19
(6), 431-437
Another study
with 12 to 13
age group on
the
effectiveness
of
dental
health
education,
showed
that
the reduction
of plaque and
gingival score
reductions
were
highly
significant and
were
not
influenced by
socioeconomic
status
-Sequeira, P.S.,
Shenoy,
R.P.
(2013).
Effectiveness
of
school
dental
education
program
in
improving oral
health

When respondents were


asked the materials used in
cleaning
their
teeth,
toothbrush and toothpaste
exhibits
the
highest
percentage of 94.60% while
dental floss obtain the
lowest
percentage
of
0.70%.
The use of dental floss was
still unpopular among the
respondents.
Most of the respondents
brush their teeth more than
twice a day with 67%
followed by once a day.
-Beloso-delos Reyes, J.J.V.,
Dotado-Maderazo,
J.U.
(2014). Knowledge, attitude
and practices on oral health
of public school children of
Batangas City. Asia Pacific
Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research vol. 2, no. 4: 16978
A study to the school
children of Dagupan City in
which they reported that
the respondents were not
brushing
their
teeth
regularly due to the low
level of knowledge and
indigence. (Padlan 2013)

knowledge
and
oral
hygiene
practices and
status of 12to 13- yearoldschool
children.
Indian J Dent
Res 21: 253-9
In a study on
the impact of
school based
oral
health
education
program
of
school children
aged 12 and
15 years old in
Shimla
City,
the
result
showed
that
the
overall
mean plaque
score
and
gingival score
decreased
significantly
after
oral
health
education
IRRESPECTIVE
OF
GENDER.
(Vinay et al

-Padlan, E. (2013). Oral


hygiene habits of grade 1
pupils at the Bocayao Sur
Elementary
School
in
relation to dental caries,
The Journal of the Philippine
Dental Association, Volume
63 n. 1:43-68

2013)
-Ashish,
J.,
Deepak,
S.,
Kapil,
R.S.,
Pravesh,
J.,
Rajeshwar,
P.L., Vinay K.B.
(2013). Impact
of
schoolbased
oral
health
education
program
on
oral health of
12
and
15
years
old
school
children.
J
Educ
Health
Promot., 2, 33

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