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AbstractA novel modified microstrip-fed ultrawideband (UWB) printed Pythagorean tree fractal monopole antenna
is presented. In this letter, by inserting a modified Pythagorean
tree fractal in the conventional T-patch, much wider impedance
bandwidth and new resonances will be produced. By only increasing the tree fractal iterations, new resonances are obtained.
The designed antenna has a compact size of 25 25 1 mm3 and
operates over the frequency band between 2.6 and 11.12 GHz for
VSWR
2. Using multifractal concept in modified Pythagorean
tree fractal antenna design makes monopole antennas flexible
in terms of controlling resonances and bandwidth. In this letter,
the improvement process of the impedance bandwidth has been
presented and discussed.
Index Terms2-D fractal, fractal
Pythagorean tree, ultrawideband (UWB).
monopole
antenna,
I. INTRODUCTION
N THE past decades, fast development of wireless communication has urged the need for dual-band, multiband, and
ultrawideband (UWB) antennas. Specifically, its commercial
application on UWB systems was further developed after the
Federal Communications Commission assigned an unlicensed
3.110.6-GHz bandwidth. Planar antennas with different
feeding structures (coplanar waveguide type, coaxial, and microstrip) and shapes have been found as suitable candidates to
fulfill UWB system requirements. Because of the self-similarity
[1], [3] and space-filling characteristics [4], fractal concepts
have emerged as a novel method for designing compact UWB,
wideband, and multiband antennas [1], [9].
This letter presents the design of a novel modified
Pythagorean tree fractal (MPTF)-based antenna using multifractal technique for UWB application. Based on simulation
results, the MPTF exhibited very good miniaturization ability
due to its self-similar properties, without significantly reducing
the bandwidth and the efficiency of the antenna.
It was also found that as the fractal iteration increases, the
radiation patterns just like Euclidean-shape patches do not undergo any changes. The MPTFs geometry possesses several degrees of freedom compared to a conventional Euclidean shape
(square, ellipse, etc.) that can be exploited to achieve further size
reduction or keep the bandwidth to a satisfactory level.
Manuscript received March 23, 2011; accepted April 28, 2011. Date of publication May 12, 2011; date of current version May 31, 2011. This work was
supported by the Iran Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC).
J. Pourahmadazar is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch, Urmia, Iran (e-mail: javad.
poorahmadazar@gmail.com).
C. Ghobadi and J. Nourinia are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran (e-mail: ch.ghobadi@urmia.ac.ir;
j.nourinia@urmia.ac.ir).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this letter are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2011.2154354
Fig. 1. Illustration of the first five iterations for Pythagorean tree fractal [11].
POURAHMADAZAR et al.: NOVEL MODIFIED PYTHAGOREAN TREE FRACTAL MONOPOLE ANTENNAS FOR UWB APPLICATIONS
485
and .
Fig. 2. First five iterations of MPTF monopole structure from down to up with
different colors: (Ant I) first iteration; (Ant II) second iteration; (Ant III) third
iteration; (Ant IV) fourth iteration; (Ant V) fifth iteration.
W = 25;L = 25;W =
S for MPTF antennas (Ant IIII) with optiW = 25;L = 25;W = 1:875;L = 6;g = 1:5;L =
7:5
1:5;L = 7:5
486
TABLE I
SUMMARY OF MEASURED CHARACTERISTICS OF MPTF ANTENNAS IN THE TABLE. THE IMPEDANCE BAND IS THE FREQUENCY RANGE WHERE THE VSWR
IS EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 2. f IS THE CENTER FREQUENCY. BW IS THE BANDWIDTH AND GAIN OF EACH RESONANCE BAND WITH H LENGTH.
IS THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY. Q IS THE QUALITY FACTOR. (" = 4:4; tan = 0:024; h = 1 mm; g = 1:5 mm; W = 1:875 mm; L = 6 mm)
Fig. 7. Measured E (xz )-plane and the H (yz )-plane radiation patterns of the first three iterations of MPTF proposed antenna: Ant I at 4.82 GHz, Ant II at 4.36
and 8.34 GHz, and Ant III at 3.96, 7.62, and 8.39 GHz.
Ant I: First iteration of MPTF antenna contains two fingers with length of 5.5 mm from the measured results in
Fig. 4. It is observed that the Ant I resonates at 4.82 GHz
(3.2110.68 GHz, 107%) and impedance bandwidth
increases 61.84% in comparison to T-patch monopole
antenna.
Ant II: Second iteration of MPTF antenna contains four
fingers with length of 2.8 mm. The measured results
indicate that the Ant II resonates at 4.36 and 8.34 GHz
(3.0810.82 GHz, 111%).
Ant III: Third iteration of MPTF antenna contains eight
fingers with length of 1.4 mm. The measured results in
Fig. 4 indicate that the Ant III resonates at 3.96, 7.62, and
8.39 GHz (2.6811 GHz, 121%).
Ant IV: Fourth iteration of MPTF antenna contains
16 fingers with length of 1.4 mm. The measured results in
Fig. 4 indicate that the Ant IV resonates at 3.79, 7.23, and
7.96 GHz (2.8311.12 GHz, 121%).
Ant V: Fifth iteration of MPTF antenna contains 32 fingers
with length of 0.7 mm. The measured results in Fig. 4 indicate that the Ant V resonates at 4.11, 7.22, and 8.26 GHz
(2.6411.14 GHz, 123.3%).
The impedance bandwidths of first five MPTF antennas
are 7.47, 7.74, 8.32, 8.29, and 8.5 GHz,
(IV) for VSWR
respectively. From the simulation results in Figs. 5 and 6, it is
POURAHMADAZAR et al.: NOVEL MODIFIED PYTHAGOREAN TREE FRACTAL MONOPOLE ANTENNAS FOR UWB APPLICATIONS
487
A novel MPTF monopole planar antenna with a very compact size was presented and investigated. We showed that by
increasing MPTF iteration and optimizing antenna parameters
with proper values, a very good impedance matching and improvement bandwidth can be obtained. This would be the result of the fractals space-filling and its special layout properties. The operating bandwidth of the proposed MPTF antennas
covers the entire frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Both
measured and simulated results suggest that the proposed MPTF
antenna is suitable for UWB communication applications.
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