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1
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
A. Branches of chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
I. MATTER
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is composed of tiny particles called atoms. There
are presently 106 different kinds of atoms (elements) in which each of these are represented by a symbol.
A. Physical States
Liquid has definite volume but takes the shape of the container
Chemistry
Intrinsic Properties are properties of the substance that are independent of the shape and
size of the substance. (e.g. temperature, pressure, etc.).
Extrinsic Properties are properties of the substance that are related to its size and shape.
(e.g. volume, mass, weight, etc.)
C. Changes Which Matter Undergoes
Physical Change involves changing one or more physical properties of a sample of matter
without changing its composition (e.g. evaporation, cutting of wire, crystallization, tearing of
paper).
Chemical Change results in the change in composition of matter (e.g. burning of paper,
rusting of iron).
D. Composition
Mixtures
Pure Substance
Heterogeneous Mixtures
marble, concrete, wood
Compounds
salt, water, carbon dioxide gas
Homogeneous Mixtures
sugar solution, pure air, metal alloys
Elements
hydrogen gas, gold, mercury, neon gas
Charges
positive
negative
neutral
Mass
1.0073 amu
0.00055 amu
1.0087 amu
Electric Charge
-19
1.602x10 C
-1.602x10-19 C
Unit mass in kg
1.673x10-27 kg
9.11x10-31 kg
1.675x10-27 kg
Example:
Answer:
The number of protons is 26. The number of protons and neutrons (mass
number) is 56. Thus, the number of neutrons is 56 26, or 30.
B. Atomic Weight
Equal to the average of the isotopic masses weighted according to the naturally occurring
abundance of the isotopes of the element.
Expressed relative to the value of exactly 12 amu for a carbon-12 atom.
Chemistry
Example:
E. Mole
Amount of a substance which contains 6.022 x 1023 particles (Avogadros number) of matter;
(the world particle can mean atom, molecule, or ion).
Equal to the gram molecular mass of a substance
Example:
Answer:
39.948g
= 2.50 mol Ar.
The number of atoms of argon is simply
6.022 1023 atoms
= 2.50 moles
mole
23
=1.51 x 10 atoms
Chemistry
A compound consists of 30.4% nitrogen and the rest oxygen. What is its
empirical formula?
1moleN
mole N = 30.4g N
= 2.17 mole N
14gN
1mol O
= 4.35 mole O
16.0g O
The smallest mole ratio of nitrogen to oxygen is 1:2. Thus, the empirical
formula is NO2.
G. Molecular Formulas and Molecular Masses
A molecular formula is similar to the empirical formula expect that it expresses the actual
number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance.
If a molecular formula is used, the corresponding formula mass is called a molecular mass.
Example:
Answer:
What are the masses of carbon and hydrogen in 50.0 g of methane (CH4)?
The molecular mass of methane is (4)1 + (1)12, or 16.
The percentage of C is 12/16 or 75.0%.
The percentage of hydrogen is 4/16 or 25.0%.
For a 50.0g sample the mass of hydrogen is
= 0.25 (50.0g)
= 12.5g
And that of carbon is
= 0.75 (50g)
= 37.5g
C. Oxidation State
It is the number of electron an atom can donate, accept, or share with other atoms to from a
compound.
The common oxidation states of some elements are the following:
Chemistry
Elements
F, Cl,
Br, I
O, S
N, P
C, Si
B, Al
Alkali
metals
Alkaline
earth
metals
Oxidation
state
1, -1
-1
-2
-3, +5
-4, +4
+3
+1
+2
Name
Compound
Name
Fe2S3
ferrous sulfide
AlF3
aluminum fluoride
BaO
barium oxide
Cr2O3
chromium(III) oxide
Cu2O
copper(I) oxide
ZnS
zinc sulfide
CaF2
calcium fluoride
SrO
strontium oxide
Na2S
sodium sulfide
MgCl2
magnesium chloride
Name
Compound
Name
BCl3
boron trichloride
SF6
sulfur hexaoxide
CCl4
carbon tetrachloride
PCl3
phosphorus trichloride
CO
carbon monoxide
PCl5
phosphorus pentachloride
NO2
nitrogen dioxide
B2Br4
diboron tetrabromide
N2 O
dinitrogen oxide
SO2
sulfir dioxide
Ternary compounds composed of more than two elements, usually a polyatomic ion and an
element. Naming them is by order: positive first, negative second
Compound
Chemistry
Name
Compound
Name
NH4Cl
ammonium chloride
Na4PO4
sodium phosphate
KC2H3O2
potassium acetate
NaCN
sodium cyanide
Mg(NO3)2
magnesium nitrate
BaC2O4
barium oxalate
NaHCC3
sodium bicarbonate
KMnO4
potassium permanganate
K2CrO4
potassium chromate
Na2S2O3
sodium thiosulfate
Binary acids a prefix hydro- and a suffix -ic are added to the base name of the nonmetallic
element, then the word acid.
Name
Formula
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydroiodic acid
Hydrosulfuric acid
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
H2S
Ternary acids composed of hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen. Naming them depends on
the of oxygen present in the acid, usually with the lesser number ending with ous and with
the greater number ending in ic; others follow the name of their polyatomic ions.
Name
Formula
Name
Formula
Name
Formula
Nitric acid
HNO3
Hypochloric acid
HClO
Phosphorous acid
H3PO3
Nitrous acid
HNO2
Chlorous acid
HClO2
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
Chloric acid
HClO3
Boric acid
H3BO3
Sulfurous acid
H2SO3
Perchloric acid
HClO4
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
Acetic acid
HC2H3O2
Oxalic acid
H2C2O4
Silicic acid
H2SiO3
2H2 + O2
2Hg + O2
CaO + CO2
Single replacement/single displacement the more reactive element replaces the less
reactive element in a compound.
Examples: 2Mg + TiCl4
2MgCl + Ti
Zn + CuSO4
ZnSO4 + Cu
Chemistry
2NaCl + BaSO4
Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2
BaCO3 + 2NaOH
B. Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry
Chemical equation representation of a chemical reaction; reactants are written on the left
side, products at the right side of the arrow.
Law of conservation of matter in a chemical reaction, total mass of reactants equals total
mass of the products.
Stoichiometric coefficients numbers written before a substance in balancing an equation.
C. Limiting Reactant
It is the reactant that restricts or controls the amount of product that will be produced.
D. Percent Yield
Not all reactions proceed to 100% completion, that is not all reactants are consumed to yield
the desired product. Some reactants undergo side-reactions to produce unintended products
(the by-products).
The percent yield is defined as the ratio of the actual yield over the theoretical yield times 100.
IV. GAS LAWS
A. Boyles Law
For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, gas volume is inversely proportional to gas
pressure.
v1
v2
Example:
Answer:
P2
P1
B. Charles Law
For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure the gas volume is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature of the gas (i.e., in Kelvin scale).
v1
v2
Example:
was the
Chemistry
T1
T2
What
Answer:
v2
T2
T1
v1
273 50C
5 L 5.42 L
273 25C
C. Gay-Lussacs Law
For a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, gas pressure is directly proportional to gas
temperature.
P1
P2
Example:
Answer:
T1
T2
D. Avogadros Law
At a fixed pressure and temperature, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount
of gas.
v1
v2
n1
n2
At STP or standard temperature and pressure (0C and 1 atm) the volume of a mole
gas is 22.4 L.
of
P1V1
T1
P2 V2
T2
... nR
Example:
moles
to a
Answer:
PV = nRT
Chemistry
PV
RT
P1V1
P2 V2
T1
(1.5 atm)(3 L)
0.17 mole
Latm
0.0821 moleK (47 273)K
T2
PT
1.5 atm (30 27)K
1 2
3 L
2.13 L
P T
2 atm (47 273)K
2 1
V2 V1
are
MW2
MW1
V. THERMOCHEMISTRY
A. Terminology
Heat (q) an energy transfer due to a temperature difference.
Work (w) a form of energy transfer between a system and its surroundings in the form of
compression of expansion of gas.
Internal energy (U) the total energy attributed to the particles of matter and their interactions
within a system; composed of thermal energy (energy associated with random molecular
motion) and chemical energy (energy associated with chemical bonds and intermolecular
forces).
Enthalpy (H) a thermodynamic function defined by H = U + PV. At constant temperature and
pressure, the change in enthalpy, H, is simply the heat of reaction.
Heat reaction (qrxn) heat exchange in a system when theres a chemical reaction at constant
temperature.
Heat capacity (c) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object or
substance by one degree; usually expressed in J/C.
Chemistry
10
Specific heat/molar heat capacity (cp) heat capacity per unit mass of a substance at
constant pressure.
Latent heat of fusion (Lf) heat absorbed to melt a substance at constant temperature.
Latent heat of vaporization (Lv) heat required to change a substance from its liquid phase
to its gaseous phase at constant temperature.
B. Calorimetry (heat measurement)
Change in temperature
q = heat capacity x temperature change
= CT
= mass of object x specific heat x temperature change
= mCpT, for water, specific heat is Cp = 1.0 cal/gC
Example:
Answer:
cal
q = 50g 0.093
100C 30C
gC
q = 325.5 cal
Phase change
1. Solid liquid
q = mLv, for water heat of fusion is: Lf = 80 cal/g
2. Liquid gas
q = mLf, for water heat of vaporization is: Lv = 540 cal/g
Example:
is
Answer:
Chemical reaction
1. Endothermic process a reaction wherein heat is absorbed by the system, indicated by a
positive change of enthalpy.
2. Exothermic process a reaction wherein heat is released by the system, indicated by a
negative change of enthalpy.
3. Hess Law states that if a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, the enthalpy of
reaction, H, is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps.
VI. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Chemistry
11
The Photoelectric Effect discovered by H. Hertz in 1888; described the emission of electrons
from metal surfaces when struck with light of appropriate frequency.
Photon proposed by Einstein in 1905; it means a particle of light consisting a particular amount
(a quantum) of energy. When it collides with an electron, it gives up its entire energy to the electron.
Bohrs Theory of a Hydrogen Atom introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913; states that 1) an electron
in an atom can only be in a certain allowed places, and 2) when it is in one of these allowed places
it possesses a certain amount of energy.
Wave-Particle Duality proposed by Louis de Broglie; states that small particles of matter may at
times display wave-like properties.
The Uncertainty Principle established by Werner Heisenberg; states that it is impossible to know
the precise location and velocity of an electron at the same time.
The Schrdinger Wave Equation formulated by Erwin Schrdinger; describes the wavemechanical model of electrons in an atom.
Orbital a region in an atom where the electron charge density or the probability of finding an
electron is high.
Quantum Numbers the three integral numbers needed to solve the equation of wave mechanics.
1. Principal quantum number (n) refers to the average distance of the orbital from the nucleus.
n = 1, 2, 3
2. Orbital angular quantum number (l) refers to the shape of the orbital. The specific orbital
types are s (sharp), p (principal), d (diffuse), and f (fundamental). Its value depends on the
principal quantum number.
l = 0, 1, 2 (n-1)
3. Magnetic quantum number (ml) refers to the spatial orientation of the
depends on the angular quantum number.
4. Spin quantum number (ms) refers to the spin of the electron, sometimes regarded as the
fourth quantum number. The value can be either +1/2 or -1/2.
Rules for Assigning Electrons Orbitals
1. Paulis Exclusion Principle no two electrons in an atom can have the same set
of
quantum numbers.
2. Hunds Rule pf Maximum Multiplicity whenever orbitals of equal energy are available,
electrons occupy these orbitals singly before any pairing of electrons.
The Aufbau Process a method of writing the probable electron configuration of the elements in
the order of increasing atomic number.
Example:
Answer:
Chemistry
Give the electron configuration of gallium, Ga, with atomic number 31.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
12
Periodic table graphical arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic numbers such
that elements with similar properties are arranged in vertical columns.
Periodic Law when all the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers,
elements with similar properties will occur at periodic intervals.
Family / Group a vertical columns of elements in the periodic table that provides the number of
valence electrons. e.g., Family 1-A: H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr.
Series / Period horizontal row in the periodic table that provides the number of the last main
energy level. E.g., Series 3: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar.
A. The Main Groups in the Periodic Table
Group Number
Family Name
Group 1A:
Group 2A:
Group 3A:
Group 3A:
Group 4A:
Group 4A:
Group 5A:
Group 6A:
Group 7A:
The Halogens
Group 8A:
Group B:
Classifications of Elements
1. Metals good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile, malleable, and shiny. All metals are
solid at room temperature with the exception of liquid mercury. They are the elements, except
Hydrogen, that are on the left side of the border line including the Lanthanide and Actinide
metals.
2. Non-metals poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle, not shiny, with more varied physical
properties than metals. They are all the elements on the right side of the border line such as S,
Br, and Ar.
3. Metalloids with properties that fall between those of metals and non-metals. They are the
elements that are above and below the borderline plus elements of group 4A such as Al, C, and
As.
Trends in the Periodic Table
1. Electronegativity ability of an atom to attract electron.
2. Ionization energy energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
3. Electron affinity energy released when an electron is added to an atom.
VIII. CHEMICAL BONDING
Chemistry
13
State of
Matter
Volume/Shape
Density
Compressibility
Motion of
Molecules
Liquid
Has a definite
volume; its shape
follows the shape
of its container
High
Only slightly
compressible
Solid
Has a definite
shape and volume
High (generally,
solids are
denser than
liquids)
Incompressible
Chemistry
14
Surface Tension the amount of energy required to increase the surface by unit area. Liquids with
strong intermolecular forces of attraction exhibit greater surface tension.
Viscosity resistance to flow. Liquids which have strong intermolecular forces of attraction are less
fluid than those which have weak forces of attraction. Liquid sugar is thick and flows very slowly.
Intermolecular forces attractive forces that exist between molecules.
Types of IMF
1. Van der Waals Forces very weak intermolecular forces that exist between non-polar
molecules.
e.g.
(1)
CH4
(2)
H2
2. Dipole-Dipole Forces forces that act between polar molecules.
e.g.
(1)
HCl
(2)
H2 O
3. Hydrogen Bonding interaction between the hydrogen atoms bonded to an atom of a very
electronegative element (F, N, O).
e.g.
(1)
H2 O
(2)
NH3
IX. SOLUTIONS AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Two components of a solution
1. Solute dissolved substance, present in lesser quantity
2. Solvent dissolved medium, present in greater quantity
Types of solutions according to the solubility of solute
1. Saturated solution a solution containing the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved
by the solvent at a given temperature.
2. Unsaturated solution a solution containing less solute than the solvent can dissolve at a given
temperature.
3. Supersaturated solution a solution containing more solute than the solvent can dissolve.
Factors affecting solubility of solute
1. Nature of solute and solvent
2. Temperature
3. Size of particles, Surface area
4. Pressure (solids and liquids are not affected)
Henrys Law: the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the
solution.
Expressing Solution Concentration
1. Percent solution
a. % by mass = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100%
Example:
Answer:
Chemistry
100%
percent by mass
0.892g 54.6g
1.61%
15
XA
XB
Example:
nA
nA nB
Note:
nB
A = solute
B = solvent
nA nB
Answer:
26.0gNaCl
58.5g
/ moleNaCl
XA
26.0gNaCl
125.0gwater
XA 0.06
125.0gwater
18g
/
moleH
O
XB
125.0gwater
26.0gNaCl
58.5 / moleNaCl 18g / moleH O
XB 0.94
Example:
Answer:
Chemistry
moles of solute
liter of solution
16
16.0g
32.0g/mole
M=
0.2 liter
mole
M=2.5
liter
Example:
Answer:
1.25mole 46g
kg mole
g=2.5kg
g=143.75g
grams of solute
(eqv wt. of solute) x (liter of soln)
The equivalent weight of solute is determined by its change in valence in the particular
reaction
used. It follows that:
eqv. wt. (g/eqv) =
Chemistry
17
X. CHEMICAL KINETICS
Chemical Kinetics study of rates of chemical reactions, rate laws and reaction mechanisms.
Reaction Rate number of moles of a reactant consumed per unit time. Usually the unit used is
molars per second (M/sec).
Rate Law an equation or mathematical expression showing the relationship between reactant
concentrations and rate of reaction.
Rate Constant an experimentally determined constant of proportionality between the reaction rate
and the concentrations of reactants that appear in the rate law.
Law of Mass Action at constant temperature, the rate of reaction is usually proportional to some
power of concentration of each reactant.
Order of Reaction the sum of the powers of the concentration factors in the rate equation.
Reaction Mechanisms series of successive elementary steps by which reactants are converted
to products.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate:
Factors
increase
decrease
Increase
4. lower temperature
decrease
Increase
decrease
7. using a catalyst
Increase
Catalyst a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a
permanent change.
XI. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Chemical Equilibrium a state in which two opposing chemicals reactions are proceeding in
opposite directions at the same speed.
Le Chateliers Principle if a system at chemical equilibrium is disturbed by some stress, the
system goes to a new equilibrium condition in such a way as to relieve the stress.
XII. ACIDS AND BASES
Properties of Acids and Bases
Acids
Chemistry
Taste sour
Bases
taste bitter
18
Definition Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon with the exceptions of
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates group, and the cyanide group. Even though these
compounds contain carbon, they were obtained from minerals and are considered to be inorganic
compounds.
General Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Property
Organic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
1. Solubility in water
Soluble
2. Solubility in organic
solvents
Soluble
Insoluble
3. Melting point
Low
Very high
4. Boiling point
Low
Very high
5. Electrical conductivity
Non-conductors
6. Molecular mass
High
Low
7. Structure
Complex
Simple
8. Particles
Molecules
Ions
9. Combustion
Mostly flammable
Usually
10. Isomerism
Common
Rare
Chemistry
Chemistry
19
Chemistry
20
9. What do you call a substance that is
composed of two or more elements bonded
chemically?
a. an isotope
b. an element
c. a compound
d. a mixture
10. Which of the following examples is a
physical change?
a. crystallization of sugar from sugar can juice
b. fermenting of ethanol to form wine
c. burning of a piece of candle
d. clotting of blood
11. Which of the following substances cannot be
further decomposed by ordinary chemical
means?
a. water b. sugar c. air
d. silver
12. Which of the following not a manifestation of
a chemical change?
a. reaction of a compound and an element to
form a new compound and an element
b. breaking down of compound into elements
c. combining of atoms of elements to form a
molecule
d. separation of the molecules in a mixture
13. What do you call a nuclear reaction resulting
from the interaction of two nuclei to form a
bigger nucleus and an accompanying release
of energy?
a. nuclear fission
b. alpha emission
c. nuclear fusion
d. natural radioactive decay
14. Which of the following materials cannot be
subjected to carbon dating to determine its
age?
a. a trunk of wood
b. a sword
c. a smear of blood on a piece of cloth
d. an ancient Egyptian scroll
15. What law states that the pressure of a gas is
directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant volume?
a. Charles Law b. Gay-Lussacs Law
c. Boyles Law d. Daltons Law
16. To what conditions does a gas behave like
an ideal gas?
a. low temperature and low pressure
b. low temperature and high pressure
c. high temperature and low pressure
21
Chemistry
Chemistry
22
weight = 34 g/mole) per 100 ml of solution.
What is the molarity of this solution?
a. 1.0 M
b. 1.5 M
c. 1.95 M
d. 1.8 M
39. A cylinder contains oxygen at a pressure of
10 atm and a temperature of 300K. The
volume of the cylinder is 10 liters. What is the
mass of oxygen in grams? Molecular weight
(MW) of oxygen is 32 g/mole?
a. 125.02
b. 130.08
c. 135.05
d. 120.04
40. The molecular diameter of CO is 3.19x10 -8 at
300K and pressure of 100 mmHg. What is the
mean free path of the gas in cm?
a. 6.86x10-3
b. 6.86x10-5
c. 2.86x10-4
d. 6.86x10-9
41. How many moles are there in one atom?
a. 3.6x10-23
b. 1.66x10-5
c. 2.86x10-4
d. 6.86x10-9
42. When 0.5g of liquid is completely evaporated
and collected in liter manometer, the pressure
is 0.25 atm and the temperature is 27C.
Assume ideal gas behavior, find the molecular
weight if the gas constant is 0.0821
L.atm/mole.K.
a. 49.2 g/mole
b. 12.3 g/mole
c. 2.2 g/mole
d. 64.0 g/mole
43. If the atomic weight of magnesium is 24.3
g/mol, calculate how many magnesium atoms
does 5g represent?
a. 1.24x1023 atoms
b. 1.76x1023 atoms
c. 3.44x1023 atoms
d. 2.76x1023 atoms
44. How many moles of iron does 25 g of Fe
represent? Note: the atomic weigh of iron (Fe)
is 55.8 g/mol.
a. 0.356 mol
b. 0.564 mol
c. 0.448 mol
d. 0.247 mol
45. How many oxygen atoms are present in 2.00
moles of oxygen molecules considering that is
a diatomic?
a. 2.40 x 1024 atoms
b. 3.43 x 1025 atoms
c. 5.67 x 1026 atoms
d. 1.34 x 1024 atoms
46. if the atomic mass of copper (Cu) if 63.5
g/mol, compute how many grams does 0.252
mole of copper (Cu) has?
a. 16 g
b. 18 g
d. 12 g
23
c. 73.9 g/mol
d. 67.5 g/mol
Chemistry
Chemistry
24
75. Which of the following statements regarding
organic substances is FALSE?
a. Organic substances generally dissolve in high
concentration acids
b. All organic matter contains carbon
c. Organic matter is generally stable at very high
temperatures
d. Organic substances generally do not dissolve
in water
76. What do you call
dissociates in solutions
and negative ions?
a. base
c. electrolyte
a substance that
to produce positive
b. acid
d. solute
Chemistry
25
92. What do you call a substance that cannot be
decomposed any further by a chemical
reaction?
a. ion
b. element
c. molecule
d. atom
93. One of the following is the standard pressure
and temperature. Which on?
a. 0C and zone atmosphere pressure
b. 0C and zero pressure
c. 0F and one atmosphere
d. 32F and zero pressure
94. Which of the following is the strongest type
of bonds?
a. Van de Waals
b. Metallic
c. Covalent
d. Ionic
95. Sublimation is a direct change from:
a. solid to liquid phase
b. solid to gaseous phase
c. liquid to gaseous phase
d. gaseous phase to liquid phase
96. What do you call hydrocarbons containing
carbon to carbon double bonds?
a. Alkanes
b. Alkenes
c. Alkynes
d. None of these
97. How are materials containing atoms with
less than valence electrons classified?
a. an insulator
b. a semi-conductor
c. a conductor
d. a compound
98. Which of the following has the
characteristics of both metals and nonmetals?
a. conductors
b. insulators
c. metalloids
d. meteors
99. Which are oxidizing and reducing agents in
the following reactions?
2CCl4 + K2CrO4 2Cl2CO + CrO2Cl2 + 2 KCl
a. there are no oxidizing and reducing agents in
this reaction
b. oxidizing agent: chromium; reducing agent:
chlorine
c. oxidizing agent: chlorine; reducing agent:
carbon
d. oxidizing agent: oxygen; reducing agent:
chlorine
100. How are elements numbered 58 to 71 in
the periodic table called?
a. Lanthanons
b. Actinons
d. Noble gas
Chemistry
26
to the bottom of the container. What is this
process called?
a. precipitation
b. hydration
c. dehydration
d. saturation
110. What is formed when acids will react with
active metals?
a. sulfur
b. oxygen
c. hydrogen
d. chloride
111. How much is the pH content of an acid?
a. between 4 and 6
b. between 2 and 7
c. between 1 and 5
d. between 0 and 7
112. The condition of a liquid electrolyte is
measured in terms of its:
a. specific gravity
b. acid content
c. voltage output
d. current value
113. What is a substance that speeds up a
chemical reaction without itself undergoing a
chemical change?
a. ingredients
b. reactants
c. solvent
d. catalyst
114. How are elements numbered 90 to 103 in
the periodic table called?
a. alkali
b. actinons
c. earth metals
d. tr ansition elements
115. What is defined as a value equal to the
number of gram moles of solute per 1000
grams of solvent?
a. Molarity (m)
b. Normality
c. Molarity (M)
d. Formality
116. Which of the following is NOT a part of an
atom?
a. electron
b. proton
c. neutron
d. coulomb
117. An element maybe defines as a substance,
all atoms of which have the same:
a. number of neutrons
b. radioactivity
c. atomic weight
d. atomic number
118. How does all B families and group VII in the
periodic table named?
a. light metals
b. rare earth metals
c. non-metals
d. transition metals
119. The device which measures the acid
content of the cell is called _____.
a. acid meter
b. hydrometer
c. hygrometer
d. pyrometer
Chemistry
27
a. acid
c. substance
b. fluid
d. none of these
b. a neutron
d. an electron
28
a. Group IIA
c. Group IIIA
b. Group IA
d. Group IVA
Chemistry
Chemistry
29
b. Cinnabar
d. Pyrite
Chemistry
30
187. The process of producing ions from neutral
species.
a. Fractional Distillation
b. Hydration
c. Recombination
d. Ionization
188. A chemical bond with sausage roll shape
formed by the sideways overlap of two d
orbitals.
a. Peptide Bond
b. Pi Bond
c. Saturated Bond
d. Delta Bond
189. Multidentate ligands have equal probability
of forming a coordination bond as do
monodentate ions.
a. Ligand Field Theory
b. Paulings Rule
c. Chelate Effect
d. Molecular Orbital Theory
190 It has no definite composition whose
members are composed of two or more
substances, each retaining its own identifying
properties.
a. Homogeneous Mixture
b. Heterogeneous Mixture
c. Aqueous Mixture
d. Ingeneous Mixture
191. A chemical compound having one or more
unpaired electrons which is capable of
bonding with another compound.
a. Labile
b. Resonance Hybrid
c. Free Radical
d. Isodemic Crystal
192. The mineral name for common table salt
a. Halite
b. Cassierite
c. Aragonite
d. Calcite
193. Any process that involves the loss of
electrons.
a. Reduction
b. Exsolution
c. Oxidation
d. Hydrolysis
194. Elements normally found in combination
with iron and nickel.
a. Noble Metals
b. Promethium
c. Tritium
d. Siderophile
195. Any substances that changes the rate of a
reaction without being used up.
a. Catalyst
b. Enztme
c. Reactor
d. Stimulus
Chemistry
31
c. Trans Effect
d. Heat of Combustion
b. Gypsum
d. Silicate
32
c. Hunds Rule
Chemistry
d. Paulings Rules
b. Acetone
d. Oil
33
of
b. Water
d. Kryptonite
Chemistry
Chemistry
34
263. The process whereby an initially
homogeneous solid solution separates into
two (or more) distinct crystalline minerals
without the addition or removal of materials to
or rom the system.
a. Reduction
b. Exsolution
c. Oxidation
d. Hydrolysis
264. The separation of component particles from
the bulk or mass.
a. Dissociation
b. Atomization
c. Fission
d. Reduction
265. An ion with positive change.
a. Cation
b. Anion
c. Muon
d. Neutrino
266. A cell which uses the flow of electrons from
a spontaneous chemical reaction to do
outside work.
a. Daniel Cell
b. Gravity Cell
c. Concentration Cell
d. Galvanic Cell
267. The anion OH-.
a. Hydride
c. Hydroxide
b. Oxide
d. Nitrate
35
Chemistry
Chemistry
36
c. CO2
d. C2H4
37
b. cohesive force is weaker than adhesive force
c. cohesive and adhesive forces are the same
d. cohesive force is stronger at the bottom
320. Which is a statement of quantitative
description?
a. one bottle holds more liquid than the other
b. the color of one liquid is darker than the other
c. the liquid in one bottle is more cloudy than the
other
d. the liquid in one bottle is 5 mL more than that
in the other
321. The mass number of an element is 16 and
its atomic number is 8. How many neutrons
does it have?
a. 16
b. 8
c. 24
d. 48
322. What kind of substance turns blue litmus
paper into red and is classified as a proton
donor?
a. a salt
b. an acid
c. a base
d. a metal
323. LPG or liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture
of C3H8 and C4H10. This mixture is ______ and
______.
a. propane, butane
b. ethane, methane
c. propane, methane
d. propane, butane
324. Which unit is used t express the amount of
energy absorbed or released during a chemical
reaction?
a. calorie
b. torr
c. degree
d. kilogram
325. A compound with an empirical formula of
CH2 has a molecular mass of 70. What is the
molecular formula?
a. C2H4 b. C4H8 c. CH2
d. C5H10
Chemistry
38
c. vapor pressure
d. heat of vaporization
a. 10 g
c. 30 g
Chemistry
b. 7 g
d. 5 g
39
14. b.
a sword
15. b.
Gay-Lussacs Law
16. c.
17. c.
Boyles Law
18. d.
He
19. d.
20. c.
no change in temperature
21. c.
22. a.
melting of ice
23. c.
24. c.
De Broglie
25. d.
Schrdinger
26. a.
27. b.
1.
c.
Answers &
Solutions
-31 F
2.
a.
2.27
3.
a.
5 million
4.
c.
ash
5.
b.
6.
a.
water
7.
d.
rusting of iron
8.
d.
9.
c.
a compound
10. a.
11. d.
silver
12. d.
13. c.
nuclear fusion
Chemistry
28. a.
29. d.
30. c.
31. a.
a proton donor
32. a.
33. b.
carbon
34. Solution
Solve for R of CO at the given (22.4 L)
volume and STP;
PV nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.4 L)
nT
(1 mol)(492)R
L atm
R 0.04553
mol R
R
L atm
m 1.25 g
35. Solution
2(Hydrogen)
2(Hydrogen) 1(Oxygen)
2(1.008)
%H
0.1119
2(1.008) 1(16)
%H 11.19%
%H
36. Solution
A
206
P Pb 82 Pb
The number of protons (P) =82
The number of neutrons (N) =20682 =124
P = 82 and N = 124
37. Solution
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
Ptotal Partial Pr essures
Ptotal Poc tan e Pair
86.1
(MW)oc tan e V
(MW )air V
86.1
0.064(8.314)(290) 0.91(8.314)(290)
114 V
29 V
V 0.894 m
Then :
mRTair
(0.91)(8.314)(290)
Pair
(MW )air V
(29)(0.894)
40
PV nRT
mRT
MW
PV(MW )
m
RT
(10 atm 101,325 Pa / atm)
m 130 g
PV
40. Solution
The mean free path () of CO:
kT
4 2r 2P
where :
J
8.314
R
mol
K
k
101,325
N
/
m
100 mmHg
760 mmHg
6.86 10 11m
6.86 10 9 cm
P 84.62 kPa
38. Solution
Moles of Solute
Liters of solution
5 grams
34 gm / mole
Molarity (M)
100 10 3 liters
Molarity (M) 1.47 moles / liters
Molarity (M) 1.5 M
Molarity (M)
39. Solution
The mass of Oxygen (O2):
Chemistry
41. Solution
Using Avogadros Number :
1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 particles
Where :
Particles can be molecules, atoms
or ions
1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 atoms
1
1 atom
moles
6.02 1023
1 atom = 1.66 x 10-24 moles
42. Solution
25 g of HCl
mRT
PV
MW
mRT
MW
PV
li atm
(0.5 g) 0.0821
(27 237)K
mol.K
MW
(0.25 atm)(1 li)
MW 49.26 g / mol
43. Solution
1 mol of Mg
24.3 g of Mg
mol of Mg
n 1.24 10 23 atoms
44. Solution
1 mol of Fe
25 g of Mg
0.448 mol of Fe
55.8 g of Fe
n 5 g of Mg
45. Solution
2 mol of O2
6.02 10 23 molecules of O 2
1 mol of O2
2 atoms O
1 molecules O2
2.408 1024 atoms of O
0.252 mol Cu
63.5 g Cu
1 mol of Cu
16 g of Cu
47. Solution
1 Ca atom 1 40.1 40.1 amu
2 O atoms 2 16 32 amu
2 H atoms 2 1 2 amu
formula weight 74.1 amu
Chemistry
1 mol of HCl
36.5 g of HCl
100%
formula or molecular wt.
Elements
Where : for sodium chloride (NaCl)
1 Na = 23 g
1 Cl = 35.5 g
MW = 58.5 g
23 g
Na
100%
58.5 g
Na 39.3%
50. Solution
Percentage of
total wt. of the element
100%
formula or molecular wt.
Elements
Where : for potassium sulfate (K2SO4)
2 K = 2 x 39.1 = 78.2 g
1 S = 1 x 32.1 = 32.1 g
4 O = 4 x 16 = 34.0 g
MW = 174.3 g
64 g
100%
174.3 g
Na 36.7%
Na
46. Solution
48. Solution
41
51. Solution
The total weight of the product :
Zn = 1.63 g
O = 0.40
Wtotal = 2.03
The percentage of Zn in the 2.30 g weight:
1.63 g
100% 80.3%
2.03 g
Zn 80.3%
Zn
52. Solution
Balance the Equation :
3H2 + N2 2NH3
Based on the balanced equation, the mole
ratio can be computed as:
2 mol NH3
mole ratio
3 mol H2
42
2 mol NH3
n 5 mol of NH3
3 mol of H2
53. Solution
The sequence of conversions needed in
the calculations can be written:
moles O2 moles H2O moles of H2O
Balance the Equations:
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Based on the balanced equation, the mole
ratio can be computed as:
2 mol H2O
mole ratio
1 mol O2
The number of moles of the 0.010 mol of
O2 can be computed using the mole-ratio:
6.02 1023 molecules
mol of O2
Nm 0.020 mol of O2
36.2 g / mol
2L
mol
55. Solution
mRT
MW
mRT
MW
PV
PV
MW 73.98 g / mol
56. Solution
The density of Cl2 at STP:
71 g 1 mol
(Cl2 )
3.17 g / L
mol 22.4 li
Chemistry
3 mol O2
n 1.125 mol O2
V 25.2 L O2
N
/
m
J
(691 10 3 M3 )
Pa N m
57. Solution
Balance the Equation :
2KclO3 2KCl + 3O2
Based on the balanced equation, the moleratio method:
3 mol O2
Mole ratio
2 mol KClO3
mol
MW
(1.65g) 8314
mol.K
(40 273)K
101325 Pa
(630 torr)
760 torr
58. Solution
PV nRT
nRT
P
V
L atm
P
7L
P 1.74 atm
59. Solution
PV nRT
43
PV
RT
1 atm
(70 L)
14.7 psi
n
L atm
n 389.3 mol O2
PV nRT
Vtotal
2000psi
60. Solution
The molecular weight of sucrose
(C12H22O11):
MW = 12(12) + (1)(22) + 12(11)
= 342 g/mole
The molarity (m) of the solution with
sucrose as solute :
mass of solute
molarity(m)
kg solvent
65 g
342 g / mol
m
0.63
0.300
m 0.63 mole / kg
61. Solution
PV nRT
PV
n
RT
(0.6 atm)(0.45)L
P
(0.0821 L atm / mol K)(87 273)K
P 0.0091 mole
62. Solution
The total number of moles of the combined
gases:
ntotal nhydrogen nhelium
1 mole H
2
ntotal (1 g H2 )
2 g H2
1 mole H
2
(10 g H2 )
4 g H2
ntotal 3 mole
The total volume can be solved using ideal
gas equation:
Vtotal
Vtotal
0.0821 L atm
mol K
5 atm
14.4 liters
63. Solution
The molecular weight of KCl:
MW = 39.1 + 35.5 = 74.6 g/mol
moles of solute
molarity(M)
L of solution
150 g
74.6 g / mol
M
2.51
0.8 L
M 2.51 mole / L
64. Solution
moles of solute
L of solution
x
0.6 mole 74.6 g / mol
L
0.4 L
molarity(M)
L
mole
x 17.904 g
x (0.4 L)
65. Solution
The stoichiometry equation is :
Ca + O CaO
The equation shows that one mole of
oxygen and one mole of calcium are
required to make one mole of CaO.
3.13 2.25
nO
0.055 mole
16
nCa 0.055 mole
The atomic weight of Ca:
m
2.25
WCa Ca
nCa 0.055
WCa 40.9 g / mole
66. Solution
Chemistry
ntotal RT
Ptotal
Chemistry
44
The Equivalent Weight:
molecular wt
Equiv Wt
No. of replacable H
Equiv Wt
98 g / mole
32.7 g / mol
2
x
32.7
0.5
0.700
x 11.45 g
70. Solution
Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
(unbalanced)
By inspection; the balanced equation will
be:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Na=1(2)=2
C=1
O=1(3)=3
Cl=2(1)=2
Na=1(1)=2
C=1
O=1+1(2)=3
Cl=2(1)=2
71. Solution
The molecular weight of water (H2O):
Where: Hydrogen = 1 and Oxygen = 16
MW = (1)(2)+16(1)
MW = 18 amu (atomic mass unit)
72. Solution
The molecular weight of BaCl22H2O:
1 Ba = 1 x 137.3 = 137.3 amu
2 Cl = 2 x 35.5 = 71.0
2H2O = 2 x 18.00 = 36.0 amu
MW = 244.3 amu
73. Solution
P + HNO3 + H2O NO + H2PO4
(unbalanced)
By inspection; the balanced equation will
be:
3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O 5NO + 3H2PO4
P=3(1)=3
H=5+(2)(2)=9
O=5(3)+2(1)=17
P=3(1)=3
H=(3)(3)=9
O=5(1)+3(4)=17
N=5(1)=5
45
103.
a.
a compound
104.
b.
alkalinity
b.
galvanic cell
74.
b.
covalent bond
105.
75.
c.
106.
b.
107.
d.
76.
c.
electrolyte
77.
a.
salt
78.
b.
108.
b.
neutron
109.
a.
precipitation
110.
c.
hydrogen
on limestone
111.
d.
between 0 and 7
a.
specific gravity
79.
c.
112.
80.
d.
Sodium (Na)
113.
d.
catalyst
b.
actinons
81.
a.
electron
114.
82.
a.
115.
a.
Molarity (m)
d.
coulomb
83.
d.
116.
84.
a.
exothermic
117.
d.
atomic number
insulator
118.
d.
transition metals
b.
hydrometer
85.
b.
86.
d.
Lithium
119.
87.
c.
120.
a.
Groups
a.
Anion
88.
d.
group VIIA
121.
89.
b.
Chlorine
122.
b.
one electron
b.
Metalloids
90.
b.
normality
123.
91.
d.
cohesion
124.
d.
Ion
a.
Secondary cell
92.
b.
element
125.
93.
a.
126.
c.
Group VIIA
pressure
127.
c.
94.
c.
Covalent
95.
b.
96.
b.
Alkenes
depends on volume.
97.
c.
a conductor
128.
d.
atom
a.
acid
98.
c.
metalloids
129.
99.
a.
130.
d.
Double displacement
131.
c.
Endothermic
Lanthanons
132.
c.
c.
Valence electrons
d.
cation
100.
a.
101.
a.
Ionic bonding
133.
102.
a.
electrolysis
134.
Chemistry
d.
Atomic number
136.
a.
Light metals
137.
c.
138.
139.
46
171.
d.
Molarity
172.
a.
products
a.
ionic
173.
b.
molecule
a.
an ion
174.
c.
Covalent Bonding
140.
b.
decomposition or analysis
175.
c.
Group VIA
141.
c.
alkynes
176.
d.
enthalpy of vaporization
142.
a.
insulator
177.
a.
cleavage
143.
d.
Mole
178.
b.
Pi Bond
144.
a.
sulfuric acid
179.
a.
Phenolphthalein
145.
d.
red
180.
a.
Isomer
146.
c.
between 7 and 14
181.
c.
Compound
147.
d.
reverse osmosis
182.
d.
148.
b.
183.
d.
Pyrite
a proton
184.
c.
Diamond
149.
b.
Group IA
185.
d.
hydrolysis
150.
b.
metallic bonding
186.
c.
cycloalkanes
151.
d.
Cobalt
187.
d.
Ionization
152.
c.
DNA
188.
d.
Delta Bond
153.
b.
Reactants
189.
c.
Chelate Effect
154.
a.
Isotonic solutions
190.
b.
Heterogeneous Mixture
155.
a.
alkanes
191.
c.
Free Radical
156.
b.
atom
192.
a.
Halite
157.
a.
cavitation
193.
c.
Oxidation
158.
c.
noble gas
194.
d.
Siderophile
159.
c.
thermocouple
195.
a.
Catalyst
160.
a.
blue
196.
c.
mole
161.
c.
osmosis
197.
d.
Concentrated Reaction
162.
a.
N2O5
198.
c.
Endothermic
163.
b.
it loses electrons
199.
a.
enthalpy of formation
164.
c.
single displacement
200.
a.
Chemical Property
165.
c.
14
201.
a.
Twin
166.
c.
an insulator
202.
a.
Volatile
167.
a.
condensation
203
c.
Activation Energy
168.
c.
Avogadros Law
204.
d.
Heat of Combustion
169.
c.
volume
205.
c.
Bismuth
170.
a.
atomic weight
206.
a.
Reduction
Chemistry
47
207.
c.
enthalpy of reaction
244.
b.
208.
c.
Electronegativity
245.
a.
Lava
209.
b.
Hydrophilic
246.
d.
Basaltic
210.
d.
Calcite
247.
c.
Granitic
211.
d.
Solute
248.
b.
Ionic Bonding
212.
a.
Hydration
249.
c.
Epitaxis
213.
d.
Photodissociation
250.
d.
Steno Law
214.
c.
Galena
251.
a.
Iron
215.
a.
inert
252.
b.
216.
d.
253.
d.
Ozone
217.
c.
Polar Reaction
254.
d.
Lanthanide
218.
d.
Colloid
255.
c.
Hydrophobic
219.
d.
Enzyme
256.
d.
substance
220.
c.
Sigma Bond
257.
d.
Alkali metals
221.
a.
Fractional Distillation
258.
a.
Peptide Bond
222.
a.
Dialysis
259.
d.
Group IIA
223.
c.
Hunds Rule
260.
d.
blue
224.
b.
period
261.
b.
Colligate Property
225.
a.
Detergent
262.
b.
enthalpy of fusion
226.
c.
Photosensitization
263.
b.
Exsolution
227.
b.
Organic Chemistry
264.
a.
Dissociation
228.
c.
Periodic Table
265.
a.
Cation
229.
a.
Atom
266.
d.
Galvanic Cell
230.
b.
Nobel Gases
267.
c.
Hydroxide
231.
b.
Promethuim
268.
b.
Fugacity
232.
a.
graphite
269.
b.
233.
d.
atomic radius
270.
a.
Amethyst
234.
a.
Tyndall Effect
271.
c.
Alane
235.
a.
Halide
272.
b.
Protein
236.
b.
Exothermic
273.
d.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
237.
a.
Bond Energy
274.
d. no crystalline structure
238.
b.
Anion
275.
d. colloidal dispersion
239.
c.
pH
276.
b. milk
240.
c.
Suspension
277.
d. uranium
241.
a.
Flux
278.
b. ion
242.
a.
Homogeneous Mixture
279.
a. number
243.
d.
Isodemic Crystal
280.
c. 98
Chemistry
48
315.
b. esters
reactants
316.
c. 6.5%
282.
317.
a. cigarette smoking
283.
318.
b. petroleum
319.
320.
electrons
284.
285.
adhesive force
286.
d. all three
287.
d. nitrogen
321.
b. 8
288.
b. He
322.
b. an acid
289.
c. water
323.
a. propane, butane
290.
d. oxidation-reduction
324.
a. calorie
291.
b. lower left
325.
d. C5H10
292.
c. 40 g
326.
293.
a. C6H6
327.
b. heat of fusion
294.
d. AgF
328.
a. solution
295.
b. 50.0 mL
329.
d. compound
296.
d. 12
330.
297.
c. 33.6
331.
a. upper right
298.
b. 17
332.
b. sublimation
299.
333.
d. 54
300.
c. table salt
334.
H
c. H:C:H
H
301.
b. 118
302.
b. O3
335.
c. 1.25
336.
a. 10 g
337.
b. electrical
338.
a. Zn(s)
339.
d. NaNO3(s)
340.
c. tripled
341.
d. number of protons
342.
d. soap
343.
344.
d. C3H8
345.
c. 0 K
346.
b. molecule-ion
sodium chloride
303.
a. CH2O
304.
a. potassium sulfate
305.
306.
d. 342.0 amu
307.
a. 180.0 amu
308.
b. 1.32 M
309.
c. 1.2 cal
310.
a. Al2O3
311.
c. 22.41 L
312.
b. Cl2
313.
a. pressure increases
314.
Chemistry
electrons
b. soil
348.
c. 55.3 torr
Chemistry
49