Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

Chng 1 : NGUYN T
I. Thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t
Kt lun : thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t gm:
Ht nhn nm tm nguyn t gm cc ht proton v ntron
V nguyn t gm cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn
Electron
me= 9,1094.10-31 kg
qe= -1,602.10 -19 C k hiu l eo qui c bng 1Proton
Ht proton l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t,mang in tch dng, k hiu p
m= 1,6726.10 -27 kg
q= + 1,602.10 -19 C k hiu eo, qui c 1+
Ntron
Ht ntron l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t, khng mang in , k hiu n.Khi
lng gn bng khi lng proton
II.Kch thc v khi lng ca nguyn t
1- Kch thc
Nguyn t cc nguyn t c kch thc v cng nh, nguyn t khc nhau c kch thc khc
nhau.
n v biu din A(angstron) hay nm(nanomet)
1nm= 10 -9 m ; 1nm= 10A
1A= 10 -10 m = 10 -8 cm
2- Khi lng
Khi lng nguyn t rt nh b, biu th khi lng ca nguyn t, phn t, p, n, e dng n
v khi lng nguyn t, k hiu u (vc)
1u = 1/12 khi lng 1 nguyn t ng v cacbon-12
1u = 19,9265.10 -27 kg/12
= 1,6605.10 -27kg
III-Ht nhn nguyn t
1. in tch ht nhn
Proton mang in tch 1+, nu ht nhn c Z proton th in tch ca ht nhn bng Z+
Trong nguyn t :
S n v in tch ht nhn = S p = S e
V d : nguyn t Na c Z = 11+ ngt Na c 11p, 11e
2. S khi
L tng s ht proton v ntron ca ht nhn
A=Z+N
V d 1: Ht nhn nguyn t O c 8p v 8n
A = 8 + 8 = 16
V d 2: Nguyn t Li c A =7 v Z = 3
Z = p = e = 3 ; N = 7 - 3 =4
Nguyn t Li c 3p, 3e v 4n
IV- Nguyn t ha hc
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1.nh ngha
Nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn
V d : Tt c cc nguyn t c cng Z l 8 u thuc nguyn t oxi, chng u c 8p, 8e
2.S hiu nguyn t
S n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca 1 nguyn t c gi l s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn
t (Z)
3.K hiu nguyn t
S khi

A
Z

S hiu nguyn t
23
11

V d :

Na

Cho bit nguyn t ca nguyn t natri c Z=11, 11p, 11e v 12n (23-11=12)
V - NG V
Cc ng v ca cng 1 nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau
v s ntron, do s khi ca chng khc nhau
V d : Nguyn t oxi c 3 ng v
16
8

O,

17
8

O,

18
8

Ch :
- Cc nguyn t ca cng 1 nguyn t c th c s khi khc nhau
- Cc ng v c tnh cht ha hc ging nhau
VI- Nguyn t khi v nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t ha hc
1- Nguyn t khi
Nguyn t khi ca 1 nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln
n v khi lng nguyn t
V khi lng nguyn t tp trung nhn nguyn t nn nguyn t khi coi nh bng s khi
(Khi khng cn chnh xc)
V d : Xc nh nguyn t khi ca P bit P cZ=15, N=16 Nguyn t khi ca P=31
2- Nguyn t khi trung bnh
Trong t nhin a s nguyn t ha hc l hn hp ca nhiu ng v(c s khi khc nhau)
Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc ng v .
aX + bY
A=
100
X, Y: nguyn t khi ca ng v X, Y
a,b : % s nguyn t ca ng v X, Y
V d : Clo l hn hp ca 2 ng v
35
17

Cl chim 75,77%

35
17

Cl

chim 24,23% nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo l:

75,77 24,23
A=
+
35.5
100
100
VII- Cu hnh electron nguyn t
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1.S chuyn ng ca cc electron trong nguyn t:

-Cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh trong khu vc xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t khng
theo nhng qu o xc nh to nn v nguyn t.
- Trong nguyn t: S e = s p = Z
2.Lp electron v phn lp electron
a.Lp electron:
- trng thi c bn, cc electron ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao (t
gn ht nhn ra xa ht nhn) v xp thnh tng lp.
- Cc electron trn cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau
Th t lp
1 2
3
4
5
6 7
Tn lp
K L M N O P Q
b.Phn lp electron:
- Cc e trn cng mt phn lp c mc nng lng bng nhau
- Cc phn lp c k hiu bng ch ci thng : s, p, d, f,
- S phn lp = s th t ca lp
V d:
+ Lp th nht (lp K,n=1) c 1 phn lp :s
+ Lp th hai (lp L,n=2) c 2 phn lp : s, p
+ Lp th ba (lp M,n=3) c 3 phn lp :s, p, d
+ Lp th t (lp N,n=4) c 4 phn lp: s, p, d, f
- Cc electron phn lp s gi l electron s, tng t ep, ed,
c. Obitan nguyn t :
L khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt electron l ln nht ( 90%) k
hiu l AO.
Trn 1 AO ch cha ti a 2 electron c gi l electron ghp i
Nu trong 1AO cha 1 lectron c gi l e c thn
Nu trong AO khng cha e c gi l AO trng.
- Phn lp s c 1 AO hnh cu.
- Phn lp p c 3 AO hnh s 8 ni cn i.
- Phn lp d c 5 AO hnh phc tp.
- Phn lp f c 7 AO hnh phc tp.
3.S electron ti a trong mt phn lp , mt lp:
a.S electron ti a trong mt phn lp :
Phn
Phn
Phn
Phn
lp s
lp p
lp d
lp f
S e ti a
2
6
10
14
2
6
10
Cch ghi
S
p
d
f14
- Phn lp s electron ti a gi l phn lp electron bo ha.

b. S electron ti a trong mt lp :
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Lp
Lp K Lp L
Lp M
Lp N
Th t
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
Sphnlp
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
S e ti a ( 2n2)
2e
8e
18e
32e
- Lp electron s e ti a gi l lp e bo ha.
14
Th d : Xc nh s lp electron ca cc nguyn t :
7 N
4.Cu hnh electron nguyn t
a.Nguyn l vng bn
- Cc e trong nguyn t trng thi c bn ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao.
- Mc nng lng ca : 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d...
- Khi in tch ht nhn tng ln s xut hin s chn mc nng lng gia s v d hay s v f.
+ Lp : tng theo th t t 1 n 7 k t gn ht nhn nht
+Phn lp: tng theo th t s, p, d, f.
b. Nguyn l pauli:
Trn 1obitan nguyn t cha ti a 2 electron v c chiu t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc
ring ca mi electron.
c. Qui tc hun :
Trong cng mt phn lp cc electron in vo cc obitan sao cho s lectron c thn l ln nht.
e. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:
- Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t biu din s phn b electrron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp
khc nhau.
- Quy c cch vit cu hnh electron :
+ STT lp e c ghi bng ch s (1, 2, 3. . .)
+ Phn lp c ghi bng cc ch ci thng s, p, d, f.
+ S e c ghi bng s pha trn bn phi ca phn lp.(s2 , p6 )
- Mt s ch khi vit cu hnh electron:
+ Cn xc nh ng s e ca nguyn t hay ion. ( s e = s p = Z )
+ Nm vng cc nguyn l v qui tc, k hiu ca lp v phn lp ...
+ Qui tc bo ho v bn bo ho trn d v f : Cu hnh electron bn khi cc electron in
vo phn lp d v f t bo ho ( d10, f14 ) hoc bn bo ho ( d5, f7 )
- Cc bc vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
Bc 1: in ln lt cc e vo cc phn lp theo th t tng dn mc nng lng.
Bc 2: Sp xp li theo th t cc lp v phn lp theo nguyn tc t trong ra ngoi.
Bc 3: Xem xt phn lp no c kh nng t n bo ho hoc bn bo ho, th c s sp xp li
cc electron cc phn lp ( ch yu l d v f )
V d: Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t sau
+ H( Z = 1)
+ Ne(Z = 10)
+ Cl(Z = 17) 1s22s22p63s23p5
+ Fe, Z = 26, 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
+ Cu ( Z = 29); Cr ( Z = 24)
-Cch xc nh nguyn t s, p, d, f:
+ Nguyn t s : c electron cui cng in vo phn lp s.
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Na, Z =11, 1s22s22p63s1

+Nguyn t p: c electron cui cng in vo phn lp p.
Br, Z =35, 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5
Hay 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5
+ Nguyn t d: c electron cui cng in vo phn lp d.
Co, Z =27, 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7
Hay 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2
+ Nguyn t f: c electron cui cng in vo phn lp f
c. Cu hnh e nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u(sgk)
d. c im ca lp e ngoi cng:
-i vi nguyn t ca tt c cc nguyn t, lp ngoi cng c nhiu nht l 8 e.
- Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt nh n tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t.
+Nhng nguyn t kh him c 8 e lp ngoi cng (ns2np6) hoc 2e lp ngoi cng
(nguyn t He ns2 ) khng tham gia vo phn ng ho hc .
+Nhng nguyn t kim loi thng c 1, 2, 3 e lp ngoi cng.
Ca, Z = 20, 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 , Ca c 2 electron lp ngoi cng nn Ca l kim loi.
+Nhng nguyn t phi kim thng c 5, 6, 7 e lp ngoi cng.
O, Z = 8, 1s22s22p4, O c 6 electron lp ngoi cng nn O l phi kim.
+Nhng nguyn t c 4 e lp ngoi cng c th l kim loi hoc phi kim.
Kt lun: Bit cu hnh electron nguyn t th d on tnh cht ho hc nguyn t.
PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON CHNG 1
I-Mt s im lu khi gii ton chng nguyn t.
Trong nguyn t ta lun c:
- S e = s p
- S n = S A s p
- p n 1,5p hay P N 1,5Z
- n,p,e thuc tp s nguyn dng.
( sau chng ta bin i bt ng thc t kim tra nghim )
II- Mt s bi ton v d
1. Bi ton v cc ht: xut nhiu cch gii, chn cch gii hay
V d 1:
Mt nguyn t c tng s cc loi ht l 13 . Hy xc nh s lng tng loi ht trong nguyn
t.
V d 2:
Tng s ht trong ht nhn nguyn t l 9. Hy xc nh s lng tng loi ht trong nguyn t.
V d 3:
Tng s ht trong nguyn t bng 115, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l
25. Xc nh s ht e ca nguyn t .

V d 4:
Ion M3+ c cu to bi 37 ht. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 9.
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a. Xc nh s lng tng ht trong M .

b. Vit cu hnh electron v s phn b cc e vo cc AO.
2. Bi ton v ng v : xut nhiu cch gii, cch gii hay
V d 1:
Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v 63Cu chim 73 % v 65Cu chim 27%. Xc nh khi lng
nguyn t trung bnh ca ng.
V d 2:
Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v 63Cu chim 73 % v A Cu. Xc nh s khi A bit khi lng
nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54.
V d 3:
Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v X Cu chim 73 % v Y Cu. Xc nh X,Y bit khi lng
nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54 v s khi ca ng v th hai ln hn ng v th
nht 2 n v.
V d 4:
Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v 63 Cu v 65 Cu. Xc nh % ca ng v th nht bit khi
lng nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54 .
V d 5:
Ion M+ v X2- u c cu hnh electron : 1s22s22p63s23p6.
a. Vit cu hnh e ca M v X.
b. Tnh tng s ht mang in trong hp cht c to bi 2 ion trn.

Chng 2 : BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC V

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NH LUT TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC

I- BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC
1. Nguyn tc sp xp :
* Cc nguyn t c xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
* Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt hng.
* Cc nguyn t c cng s e ha tr trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt ct.
2. Cu to bng tun hon:
a- nguyn t:
S th t ca nguyn t ng bng s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t .
b- Chu k: Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron, c
xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn. S th t ca chu k trng vi s lp electron ca
nguyn t cc nguyn t trong chu k .
* Chu k nh: gm chu k 1, 2, 3.
* Chu k ln : gm chu k 4, 5, 6, 7.
c- Nhm nguyn t: l tp hp cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh electron tng t nhau ,
do c tnh cht ha hc gn ging nhau v c xp thnh mt ct.
d- Khi cc nguyn t:
* Khi cc nguyn t s : gm cc nguyn t nhm IA v IIA
Nguyn t s l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp s.
* Khi cc nguyn t p: gm cc nguyn t thuc cc nhm t IIIA n VIIIA ( tr He).
Nguyn t p l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp p.
* Khi cc nguyn t d : gm cc nguyn t thuc nhm B.
Nguyn t d l cc nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp d.
* Khi cc nguyn t f: gm cc nguyn t thuc h Lantan v h Actini. Nguyn t f l
cc nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp f.
II-S BIN I TUN HON MT S TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T
1. Cc nguyn t nhm A: nguyn t s v p
* S th t nhm = s electron ha tr = s electron lp ngoi cng.
* S bin i tun hon v cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi
in tch ht nhn tng dn chnh l nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc
nguyn t.
2. Cc nguyn t nhm B: nguyn t d v f. ( kim loi chuyn tip).
* Cu hnh electron nguyn t c dng : (n1)da ns2(a=110)
* S electron ha tr = s electron lp n + s electron phn lp (n1)d nhng cha bo ha.
* t S = a + 2 , ta c : - S 8 th S = s th t nhm.
- 8 S 10 th nguyn t nhm VIII B.
3. S bin i mt s i lng vt l:
a S bin i bn knh nguyn t khi in tch ht nhn tng :
* Trong cng chu k : bn knh gim.
* Trong cng nhm A : bn knh tng.
b S bin i nng lng ion ha th nht ca cc nguyn t nhm A: Khi in tch ht
nhn tng :
* Trong cng chu k nng lng ion ha tng.
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* Trong cng nhm, nng lng ion ha gim.

Nng lng ion ha th nht (I1) ca nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu cn tch electron th nht
ra khi nguyn t trng thi c bn. ( tnh bng Kj/mol)
4. m in: ca mt nguyn t l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn
t khi to thnh lin kt ha hc.
Khi in tch ht nhn tng:
trong cng chu k, m in tng.
trong cng nhm, m in gim.
5. S bin i tnh kim loiphi kim:
a Trong cng chu k, khi in tch ht nhn tng:
* tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng dn.
b trong cng nhm A, khi in tch ht nhn tng:
* tnh kim loi tng, tnh phi kim gim dn.
6. S bin i ha tr:
Trong cng chu k , khi in tch ht nhn tng , ha tr cao nht vi oxi tng t 1 n 7,
ha tr i vi hidro gim t 4 n 1.
Ha tr i vi hidro= s th t nhm ha tr i vi oxi
Cng thc phn t ng vi cc nhm nguyn t ( R : l nguyn t )
R2On : n l s th t ca nhm.
RH8-n : n l s th t ca nhm.
Nhm
IA
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
Oxit
R20
RO
R2O3
RO2
R2O5
RO3
Hirua
RH4
RH3
RH2
7. S bin i tnh axit-baz ca oxit v hidroxit tng ng:
a Trong cng chu k , khi in tch ht nhn tng : tnh baz gim , tnh axit tng .
b Trong cng nhm A, khi in tch ht nhn tng : tnh baz tng, tnh axit gim.
* Tng kt :
N.L ion Bn knh
m
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
ha (I1)
n.t(r)
in
kim loi
Phi kim
baz
Chu k
(Tri sang phi)

VIIA
R2O7
RH

Tnh
axit

Nhm A
(Trn xung )
8. nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn
t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

III. QUAN H H GIA V TR NGUYN T V CU TO NGUYN T.

1.Mi quan h cu hnh v v tr trong HTTH.
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Ca
u hnh e
nguye
n t

To
ng soe

Stt nguye
n to

Nguye
n tos hoa
cp

Thuo
c nho
mA

Nguye
n tod hoa
cf

Thuo
c nho
mB

Soe ngoa
i cu
ng

Stt cu
a nho
m

Sol
pe

Stt chu k

V d : Xt i vi nguyn t P ( Z = 15)
-

To
ng soe
Nguye
n tos hoa
cp
Nguye
n tod hoa
cf
Soe ngoa
i cu
ng
Sol
pe
-

Ca
u hnh e
nguye
n t

: 16 ne
n Stt nguye
n to:16
: P ne
n thuo
c nho
mA
:
: 6e ne
n thuo
c nho
m VIA
: 3 l
p ne
n thuo
c chu k 3

2. Quan h h gia v tr nguyn t v tnh cht ca nguyn t.

V tr nguyn t suy ra:
Thuc nhm KL (IA, IIA, IIIA) tr B v H.
Ho tr trong h/c oxit cao nht v trong h/c vi hiro.
H/C xit cao v h/c vi hiro.
Tnh axit, tnh baz ca h/c oxit v hiroxit.
V d: Cho bit S th 16: Suy ra:
S nhm VI, CK3, PK
Ho tr cao nht vi xi 6, vi hiro l 2.
CT oxit cao nht SO3, h/c vi hiro l H2S.
SO3 l xit axit v H2SO4 l axit mnh.
3.So snh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc ng/t ln cn.
a.Trong chu k theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, c th v:
Tnh kim loi yu dn, tnh phi kim mnh dn.
Tnh baz, ca oxit v hiroxit y dn, tnh axit mnh dn.
b. Tong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, c th:
Tnh kim loi mnh dn, tnh phi kim yu dn.
Theo chu k : Tnh phi kim Si< P< S
Theo nhm A: Tnh phi kim As < P< N
4. Lu khi xc nh v tr cc nguyn t nhm B .
a. Nguyn t h d : (n-1)dansb vi a = 1 10 ; b = 1 2
+ Nu a + b < 8

a + b l s th t ca nhm .
+ Nu a + b > 10

(a + b) 10 l s th t ca nhm.
+ Nu 8 a + b 10 nguyn t thuc nhm VIII B
b. Nguyn t h f : (n-2)fansb vi a = 1 14 ; b = 1 2
+ Nu n = 6 Nguyn t thuc h lantan.
+ Nu n = 7 Nguyn t thuc h actini.
(a + b) 3 = s th t ca nguyn t trong h
V d : Z = 62 ; n = 6, a = 6, b = 2 6 + 2 3 = 5 , thuc th 5 trong h lantan.
PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON CHNG II
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A. Phng php v qui tc h tr:

- Qui tc tam xut.
- Phng php t n s v gii cc phng trnh.
- Phng php gi tr trung bnh.
A,x mol, MA
m
x.M A +y.MB
M A <M= hh =
<MB ,sau da vo gi thit bin lun
n hh
x+y
B,y mol, MB
- Phng php bo ton s mol electron.
Nguyn tc :

echo

enhan

, trong cc phn ng c s nhng v nhn electron

- Cch xc nh khi lng mui trong dung dch.

S :
A,B
+ dd axit,d
dd mui
m gam
Kh C.
mmui = mcation + manion = mkimloi + manion
B. Mt s v d:
Bi 1: Ion X2+ c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng : 3d4 . Xc inh v tr ca X trong bng h
thng tun hon.
Bi 2: R c ho tr cao nht vi Oxi bng ho tr cao nht vi Hiro. Hp cht kh ca R vi
Hiro (R c ho tr cao nht) cha 25% H v khi lng.. Xc nh R ?
Bi 3: Cho 6,4g hn hp hai kim loi thuc hai chu k lin tip, nhm IIA tc dng ht vi dung
dch HCl d thu c 4,48 lt kh hiro (ktc).Xc nh cc kim loi ?
Bi 4: Khi ho tan hon ton 3 g hn hp 2 kim loi trong dung dch HCl d thu c 0,672 lt
kh H2 (kc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c a gam mui khan. Xc nh gi tr a ?
Bi 5: Hp cht kh vi hiro ca nguyn t R ng vi cng thc RH3. Oxit cao nht ca nguyn
t cha 74,07 % O v khi lng. Xc nh R ?
Bi 6: Ho tan hon ton 4,6g mt kim loi kim trong dung dch HCl thu c 1,321 lit kh
(ktc). Xc nh tn kim loi kim ?
Bi 7: Nguyn t R thuc nhm IIA to vi Clo mt hp cht, trong nguyn t R chim
36,036% v khi lng. Tn ca nguyn t R ?
Bi 8: Cho 3,425 gam mt kim loi thuc nhm IIA tc dng ht vi nc. Sau phn ng thu
c 560 cm3 kh hiro (ktc). Tn v chu k ca kim loi ?
Bi 9: Ho tan 2,4gam mt kim loi trong HCl c d thu c 2,24lt H2(kc). Vit cu hnh
electron v xc nh v tr ca kim loi trong bng HTTH ?
Bi 10: Ho tan hon ton 5,4gam kim loi trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng, d thu c
6,72lt kh SO2 (kc). Vit cu hnh electron v xc nh v tr ca kim loi trong HTTH.
Bi 11: Cho 6,4g hn hp hai kim loi thuc hai chu k lin tip, nhm IIA tc dng ht vi
dung dch hn hp gm HCl v H2SO4 long d thu c 4,48 lt kh hiro (ktc).Xc nh cc
kim loi ? Vit cu hnh electron ca mi kim loi .

Chng 3: LIN KT HO HC
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Cc nguyn t c xu hng lin kt vi nhau t cu hnh electron bn vng ca kh

him. Tun theo qui tc bt t (8 in t).
Qui tc bt t : Cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi nguyn t khc t cu hnh
c 8 in t (hoc 2 in t)
Tuy nhin vn c mt s trng hp ngoi l nh NO, PCl5, NO2...
1. LIN KT CNG HA TR.
1.1. nh ngha: L lin kt ho hc c hnh thnh do s dng chung cc cp e.
1.2. V d : H2, Cl2, HCl, CO2, HNO3...
1.3. iu kin : Cc nguyn t ging nhau hay gn ging nhau v bn cht ( thng l nhng
nguyn t phi kim nhm IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA )
1.4. Phn loi theo s phn cc :
+ Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc l lin kt cng ha tr m trong cp electron
dng chung khng b lch v pha nguyn t no.
V d : Cl2, H2.
+ Lin kt cng ha tr c cc l lin kt cng ha tr m cp electron dng chung b lch v
pha nguyn t c m in ln hn.
V d : HCl, H2O.
1.5.Ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht cha lin kt cng ho tr
a. Tn gi : Cng ho tr
b. Cch xc nh : Cng ho tr = s lin kt nguyn t to thnh
1.6.Tinh th nguyn t :
a. Khi nim : Tinh th c hnh thnh t cc nguyn t
b. Lc lin kt : Lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ho tr
c. c tnh : Nhit nng chy, nhit si cao.
d. V d : Tinh th kim cng
1.7.Tinh th phn t :
a. Khi nim : Tinh th c hnh thnh t cc phn t
b. Lc lin kt : Lc tng tc gia cc phn t
c. c tnh : t bn, cng nh, nhit nng chy v nhit si thp.
d. V d : Tinh th nc , tinh th it
2. LIN KT ION
2.1
Cc nh ngha .
a. Cation : L ion mang in tch dng
M Mn+ + ne( M : kim loi , n = 1,2,3 )
b. Anion : L ion mang in tch m
X + ne X n- ( X : phi kim, n =1,2,3 )
c. Lin kt ion: L lin kt ho hc hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion tri du.
2.2
Bn cht : S cho nhn cc e
2.3 V d :Xt phn ng gia Na v Cl2.
Phng trnh ho hc :
2.1e
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2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

S hnh thnh lin kt:
Na 1e Na +
Na + + Cl- NaCl ( vit theo dng cu hnh e )

Cl + 1e Cl
Lin kt ho hc hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia ion Na+ v ion Cl- gi l lin kt ion ,
to thnh hp cht ion.
2.4 iu kin lin kt : Xy ra cc kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh.
2.5 Tinh th ion:
+ c hnh thnh t nhng ion mang in tri du l cation v anion
+ Lc lin kt : C bn cht tnh in
+ c tnh : Bn, kh nng chy, kh bay hi
+ V d :
Tinh th mui n ( NaCl)
2.6 Ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht c lin kt ion
+ Tn gi : in ho tr
+ Cch xc nh : in ho tr = in tch ca ion
3. HIU M IN V LIN KT HO HC
* Xt cht AxBy , AB = A - B
0

0,4

1,7

LKCHT khng cc
LKCHT phn cc
Lin kt ion
V d : Da v m in ca cc cht hy xc nh loi lin kt ho hc tn ti trong cc hp cht
sau : O2. CO2, HCl, NaCl, CH4, AlCl3...
4. S LAI HO CC ORBITAN
a. Khi nim : S lai ho obitan nguyn t l s t hp (trn ln) mt s obitan trong
nguyn t c cc obitan lai ho ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.
* S obitan lai ho = Tng s cc obitan tham gia t hp.
* S lai ho c xt i vi cc nguyn t trung tm.
b. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp .
b1. Lai ho sp (lai ho ng thng) : S t hp 1AO(s) + 1AO(p) 2AO(sp)
Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, hai
AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 180o (ng thng)
V d : Xt trong phn t BeH2 , C2H2, BeCl2
b2. Lai ho sp2 (lai ho tam gic): S t hp 1AO(s) + 2AO(p) 3AO(sp2)
Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp 2) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, ba
AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 120o
V d : Xt trong phn t BeF3 , C2H4, BCl3...
b3. Lai ho sp3 (lai ho t din ): S t hp 1AO(s) + 3AO(p) 4AO(sp3)
Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp3) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, bn
AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 109o28'
V d :
Thng gp cc nguyn t O, C, N
Xt trong phn t CH4, H2O, NH3...
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c. p dng : Gii thch s lai ho ca cc nguyn t trung tm trong cc hp cht sau y :

C2H2, BCl3, H2O.
5. S XEN PH CC OBITAN
a. Xen ph trc : Trc ca cc AO tham gia lin kt trng vi ng ni tm ca 2 nguyn
t i gi l s xen ph trc.
S xen ph trc to thnh lin kt (xch ma) bn, kh b ct t, cc hp cht c cha
lin kt thng c hng u tin " d th hn cng "
Gm cc loi xen ph : s s , s p , p p
b. Xen ph bn : Trc ca cc AO tham gia lin kt song song vi nhau v vung gc vi
ng ni tm ca 2 nguyn t i gi l s xen ph bn.
S xen ph bn to thnh lin kt (pi) km bn, linh ng , cc hp cht c cha lin kt
thng c hng u tin " d cng hn th ". Gm cc loi xen ph : p p
c. S to thnh lin kt n, i, ba.
+ Lin kt n : Lin kt cng ho tr do dng chung mt cp e, c vit l " __ ", cc lin
kt n u l lin kt bn vng.
+ Lin kt i :Lin kt cng ho tr do dng chung hai cp e , c vit l " = ", cc lin
kt i c to thnh t 1 + 1
+ Lin kt ba :Lin kt cng ho tr do dng chung ba cp e, c vit '' = ", c to bi 1
+1
+ Xt v bn lin kt th lin kt ba > lin kt i > lin kt n
+ Lin kt i hay ba cn c gi l lin kt bi.
6. HA TR : l biu th kh nng nguyn t nguyn t ny lin kt vi mt s nht nh nguyn
t nguyn t khc.
a. in ha tr :
L ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht ion, tnh bng in tch ca ion .
V d: CaCl2 l hp cht ion, ha tr Canxi l 2+ , Clo l 1b. Cng ha tr :
L ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht cng ha tr, tnh bng s lin kt m nguyn t
ca nguyn t c th to thnh vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc.
V d: CH4 l hp cht cng ha tr, ha tr ca Cacbon l 4, Hidr l 1.
c. p dng :
Xc nh ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau
NaCl, NH3, N2O5, CaSO4, HNO3, (NH4)2SO4...
7. S OXI HO
a. Khi nim : l in tch ca nguyn t (in tch hnh thc) trong phn t nu gi nh rng cc
cp electron chung coi nh chuyn hn v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn .
b. Cch xc nh s oxiho.
Qui c 1: S oxi ho ca nguyn t trong n cht bng khng
Fe0

Al0

H 02

O 02

Cl 02

Qui c 2 : Trong mt phn t tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng khng.

H2SO4 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0 x = +6
K2Cr2O7 2(+1) + 2x + 7(-2) = 0 x = +6
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Qui c 3: S oxiho ca cc ion n nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .Trong ion a

nguyn t tng s oxiho ca cc nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .
Qui c 4: Trong hu ht cc hp cht, s oxiho ca hir bng +1 ( tr hirua ca kim
loi NaH, CaH2...). S oxiha ca oxi bng -2 (tr trng hp OF2 v peoxit H2O2...)
c.Cch ghi s oxiho .
S oxiho t pha trn k hiu nguyn t, du ghi trc s ghi sau.
V d : Xc nh s oxiho ca cc nguyn t N,S,P trong cc cht sau :
a. NH3, N2, NO, N2O,N2O3,N2O4, N2O5, HNO3, NH4NO3, NaNO3, Ca3N2
b. H2S, FeS,FeS2,SO2, SO3, NaHSO3, H2SO4
c. PH3,Zn3P2, PCl3, PCl5,H3PO4,H3PO3, Ca3(PO4)2
d. ion NO3-, SO32-, SO42-, PO32-, PO438. LIN KT KIM LOI
a. Khi nim : l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th
do s tham gia ca cc e t do.
b. iu kin lin kt : Xy ra hu ht cc kim loi.
c. Mng tinh th kim loi
+ Lp phng tm khi : Nguyn t kim loi, ion kim loi nm tm v cc nh ca khi lp
phng.
V d : Li,Na,K,Rb,V,Cr,Fe,Nb,Mo,Ta,W,Eu
+ Lp phng tm din: Nguyn t kim loi, ion kim loi nm tm cc mt v cc nh ca khi
lp phng.
V d : Ca,Sr,Al,Ni,Cu,Ag,Au...
+ Lc phng: Nguyn t kim loi, ion kim loi nm tm cc mt ca hnh lc gic ng v cc
nh ca hnh lc gic.
V d : Be,Mg,Zn,Cd,Co,La...
d. Tnh cht ca tinh th kim loi :
Mng tinh th kim loi c cc e t do di chuyn c trong mng tinh th nn kim loi c mt s
tnh cht c bn : nh kim, dn in tt, dn nhit tt v c tnh do.

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh

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Chng 4: PHN NG OXYHO - KH

PHN NG XI HA KH l phn ng trong nguyn t (hay ion) ny nhng
electron cho nguyn t (hay ion) kia.
Trong mt phn ng oxiho - kh th qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh lun lun xy ra
ng thi.
iu kin phn ng xiha - kh l cht xiha mnh tc dng vi cht kh mnh to
thnh cht oxiha v cht kh yu hn.
1. CHT XIHA l cht nhn electron, kt qu l s oxiha gim.
Nu hp cht c nguyn t (hay ion) mang soh cao nht l cht xiha (SOH cao nht ng
vi STT nhm) hay soh trung gian (s l cht kh nu gp cht oxiha mnh).
Ion kim loi c soh cao nht Fe3+, Cu2+, Ag+

ANION NO 3 trong mi trng axit l cht xiha mnh (sn phm to thnh l NO 2, NO,
N2O, N2, hay NH +4 ); trong mi trng kim to sn phm l NH3 (thng tc dng vi kim loi m
oxit v hirxit l cht lng tnh); trong mi trng trung tnh th xem nh khng l cht oxiha.
H2SO4 C l cht oxiha mnh( to SO2, S hay H2S)
MnO 4 cn gi l thuc tm (KMnO4) trong mi trng H+ to Mn2+ (khng mu hay hng
nht), mi trng trung tnh to MnO2 (kt ta en), mi trng OH- to MnO42- (xanh).
HALOGEN
ZN
2. CHT KH l cht nhng electron, kt qu l s oxha tng.
Nu hp cht c nguyn t (hay ion) mang soh thp nht l cht kh (soh thp nht ng vi 8 STT nhm) hay cha s oxy ho trung gian (c thl cht oxiha khi gp cht kh mnh)
n cht kim loi , n cht phi kim (C, S, P, N).
Hp cht (mui, baz, axit, oxit) nh: FeCl2, CuS2 ,Fe(OH)3, HBr, H2S, CO, Cu2O
Ion (cation, anion) nh: Fe2+, Cl-, SO32--
3. QU TRNH OXIHA l qu trnh (s) nhng electron.
4. QU TRNH KH l qu trnh (s) nhn electron.
5. S OXI HO l in tch ca nguyn t (in tch hnh thc) trong phn t nu gi nh rng
cc cp electron chung coi nh chuyn hn v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn .
Qui c 1: S oxi ho ca nguyn t dng n cht bng khng
Fe0

Al0

H 02

O 02

Cl 02

Qui c 2: Trong phn t hp cht , s oxi ho ca nguyn t Kim loi nhm A l +n; Phi
kim nhm A trong hp cht vi kim loi hoc hyro l 8 - n (n l STT nhm)
Kim loi ho tr 1 l +1 : Ag+1Cl

Na +21 SO4

Kim loi ho tr 2 l +2 : Mg+2Cl2 Ca+2CO3

Kim loi ho tr 3 l +3 : Al+3Cl3
Ca oxi thng l 2 : H2O-2
Ring H2O 21

K+1NO3
Fe+2SO4

Fe +23 (SO4)3

CO 22

H2SO 42 KNO 3

F2O+2

Ca Hidro thng l +1 : H+1Cl H+1NO3 H +21 S

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Qui c 3 : Trong mt phn t tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng khng.

H2SO4 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0 x = +6
K2Cr2O7 2(+1) + 2x + 7(-2) = 0 x = +6
Qui c 4: Vi ion mang in tch th tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng in tch ion.
Mg2+ s oxi ho Mg l +2, MnO 4 s oxi ho Mn l : x + 4(-2) = -1 x = +7
6. CN BNG PHNG TRNH PHN NG OXI HO KH:
B1. Xc nh s oxi ho cc nguyn t. Tm ra nguyn t c s oxi ho thay i .
B2. Vit cc qu trnh lm thay i s oxi ho
Cht c oxi ho tng : Cht kh - ne s oxi ho tng
Cht c s oxi ho gim: Cht oxi ho + me s oxi ho gim
B3. Xc nh h s cn bng sao cho s e cho = s e nhn
B4. a h s cn bng vo phng trnh , ng cht v kim tra li theo trt t : kim loi phi
kim hidro oxi
2

+1
Fe +23 O 3 + H 02
Fe0 + H 2 O-2

2Fe+3 + 6e
2Fe0

qu trnh kh Fe3+

2H0 2e
qu trnh oxi ho H2
2H+
(2Fe+3 + 3H2
2Fe0 + 3H2O)
Cn bng :
Fe2O3 +
3H2
2Fe +
3H2O

Cht oxi ho cht kh

3+
Fe l cht oxi ho
H2 l cht kh
7. PHN LOI PHN NG XIHA KH
Mi trng
Mi trng axit MnO 4 + Cl- + H+
Mn2+ + Cl2 + H2O
2

Mi trng kim : MnO 4 + SO 3

2
2
+ OH-
MnO 4 + SO 4 + H2O
2
MnO2 + SO 24 +OHMi trng trung tnh : MnO 4 + SO 3 + H2O

Cht phn ng
Phn ng oxi ha- kh ni phn t: L phn ng oxiha- kh trong cht kh v cht
oxiha u thuc cng phn t.
nung

KClO3
MnO2

KCl +

3
2

O2

Phn ng t oxiha- t kh l phn ng oxiha kh trong cht kh v cht oxi ha u

thuc cng mt nguyn t ha hc, v u cng b bin i t mt s oxi ha ban u.
NaCl + NaClO + H2O
Cl2 + 2 NaOH
8. CN BNG ION ELECTRON
Phn ng trong mi trng axit mnh ( c H+ tham gia phn ng ) th v no tha Oxi th
thm H+ to nc v kia.
Phn ng trong mi trng kim mnh ( c OH- tham gia phn ng ) th v no tha Oxi th
thm nc to OH- v kia.
Phn ng trong mi trng trung tnh ( c H2O tham gia phn ng) nu to H+, coi nh H+
phn ng; nu to OH- coi nh OH- phn ng ngha l tun theo cc nguyn tc nu trn.
9. CP OXIHA KH l dng oxiha v dng kh ca cng mt nguyn t. Cu2+/Cu; H+/H2.
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10. DY IN HA l dy nhng cp oxiha kh c xp theo chiu tng tnh oxiha v chiu

gim tnh kh.
Cht oxiha yu
Cht oxiha mnh
Cht kh mnh
Cht kh yu

11. CC CH LM BI TP
Khi hon thnh chui phn ng tnh s oxiha bit l phn ng oxiha-kh hay khng.
chng minh hoc gii thch vai tr ca mt cht trong phn ng th trc ht dng s oxiha
xc nh vai tr v la cht phn ng.
Ton nh p dng nh lut bo ton electron da trn nh lut bo ton nguyn t theo s .
Mt cht c hai kh nng axit-baz mnh v oxiha-kh mnh th xt ng thi
Ring mt cht khi phn ng vi cht khc m c c 2 kh nng phn ng axit- baz v oxihokh th c xt ng thi ( th d Fe3O4 + H+ + NO3Hn hp gm Mn+, H+, NO3- th xt vai tr oxiha nh sau (H+, NO3-), H+, Mn+

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Chng 5 : NHM HALOGEN

A. TM TT L THUYT
I. V tr trong bng HTTH cc nguyn t.
Gm c cc nguyn t 9F 17Cl 35Br 53I 85At. Phn t dng X2 nh F2 kh mu lc nht,
Cl2 kh mu vng lc, Br2 lng mu nu , I2 tinh th tm.
D nhn thm mt electron t cu hnh bn vng ca kh him
X + 1e X- (X : F , Cl , Br , I )
F c m in ln nht , ch c s oxi ho 1. Cc halogen cn li ngoi s oxi ho 1 cn
c s oxi ho dng nh +1 , +3 , +5 , +7
Tnh tan ca mui bc AgF
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
tan nhiu trng vng lc vng m
II. CLO
35
37
Trong t nhin Clo c 2 ng v 17 Cl (75%) v 17 Cl (25%) M Cl=35,5
L cht kh, mu vng , mi xc , c v nng hn khng kh.
Cl2 c mt lin kt cng ha tr, d dng tham gia phn ng,l mt cht oxiha mnh.
Tham gia cc phn ng Clo l cht oxyho , tuy nhin clo cng c kh nng ng vai tr l cht
kh.
1.Tnh cht ho hc
a. Tc dng vi kim loi : (a s kim loi v c t0 khi mu phn ng) to mui clorua ( c ho
tr cao nht )
0

t
2Na + Cl2
2NaCl
0

t
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
0

t
Cu + Cl2
CuCl2
b. Tc dng vi phim kim(cn c nhit hoc c nh sng)
as
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Cl2 + 2S S2Cl2
0

t
2P + 3Cl2
2PCl3
Cl2 khng tc dng trc tip vi O2.
c. Tc dng vi mt s hp cht c tnh kh:
0

t
H2S + Cl2
2HCl + S

3Cl2 + 2NH3 N2 + 6HCl

Cl2 + SO2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl
d. Cl2 cn tham gia phn ng vi vai tr va l cht xiha, va l cht kh.
Tc dng vi nuc
Khi ho tan vo nc , mt phn Clo tc dng (Thun nghch)
Cl 02 + H2O HCl + HClO ( Axit hipoclor)
Axit hipoclor c tnh oxy ho mnh, n ph hy cc mu v th nc clo hay clo m c
tnh ty mu do.
Tc dng vi dung dch baz
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Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O ( nc javel)

2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + H2O
0

t
3Cl2 + 6KOH
KClO3 + 5KCl + 3H2O
e. Tc dng vi mui
Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2
Cl2 + 2FeCl2 2FeCl3
3Cl2 + 6FeSO4 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2FeCl3
Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2
f.Phn ng th, phn ng cng, phn ng phn hu vi mt s hp cht hu c
CH4 + Cl2 akt

CH3Cl + HCl
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 CH2Cl CH2Cl
C2H2 + Cl2 2C + 2HCl
2.iu ch : Nguyn tc l kh cc hp cht Cl- to Cl0
a. Trong phng th nghim
Cho HCl m c tc dng vi cc cht xiha mnh

2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O

2KMnO4 + 16HCl
t0
MnO2 + 4HCl
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
KClO3 + 6HCl KCl + 3H2O + 3Cl2
b. Trong cng nghip: dng phng php in phn

H2 + 2NaOH + Cl2
2NaCl + 2H2O
pdd/mnx

pnc
2Na+ Cl2 ( b sung thm kin thc v in phn)
2NaCl
( nu qu trnh in phn khng c mng ngn th sn phm thu c l dung dch nc javel)
Ngoi ra cn c th t HCl v O2 c xc tc l CuCl2 400oC.
4HCl + O2 CuCl2
2Cl2 + 2H2O
III. AXIT CLOHIDRIC (HCl)
Dung dch axit HCl c y tnh cht ho hc ca mt axit mnh
1. Ho tnh
a. TC DNG CHT CH TH dung dch HCl lm qu tm ho (nhn bit axit)
HCl
H+ + Clb. TC DNG KIM LOI (ng trc H trong dy Bktp) to mui (vi ha tr thp ca kim
loi) v gii phng kh hidr
t
Fe + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2
0

t
2Al + 6HCl
2AlCl3 + 3H2
Cu + HCl
khng c phn ng
c. TC DNG OXIT BAZ , BAZ to mui v nc
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
0

t
CuO + 2HCl
CuCl2 + H2O
0

t
Fe2O3 + 6HCl
2FeCl3 + 3H2O
d. TC DNG MUI (theo iu kin phn ng trao i)

CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

CaCO3 + 2HCl
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 19

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

AgNO3 + HCl
AgCl + HNO3
( dng nhn bit gc clorua )
Ngoi tnh cht c trng l axit , dung dch axit HCl c cn th hin vai tr cht kh
khi tc dng cht oxi ho mnh nh KMnO4 , MnO2
t
4HCl + MnO2
MnCl2 + Cl 02 + 2H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 3Cl2 + 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O
Hn hp 3 th tch HCl v 1 th tch HNO3 c c gi l hn hp nc cng toan
( cng thu) c kh nng ho tan c Au ( vng)
3HCl + HNO3 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O
NOCl NO + Cl
Au + 3Cl AuCl3
2.iu ch
a.PHNG PHP SUNFAT cho NaCl tinh th vo dung dch H2SO4 m c
0

t 400
2NaCltt + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
t 250
NaHSO4 + HCl
NaCltt + H2SO4
b.PHNG PHP TNG HP t hn hp kh hidro v kh clo
as
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
IV. MUI CLORUA

hidro clorua.

Cha ion m clorua (Cl-) v cc ion dng kim loi, NH +4 nh NaCl ZnCl2 CuCl2AlCl3
NaCl dng n, sn xut Cl2, NaOH, axit HCl
KCl phn kali
ZnCl2 ty g khi hn, chng mc g
BaCl2 cht c
CaCl2 cht chng m
AlCl3 cht xc tc
V. HP CHT CHA XI CA CLO
Trong cc hp cht cha xi ca clo, clo c soh dng, c iu ch gin tip.
Cl2O Clo (I) oxit
Cl2O7 Clo(VII) oxit
HClO Axit hipoclor
NaClO Natri hipoclorit
HClO2 Axit clor
NaClO2 Natri clorit
HClO3 Axit cloric
KClO3 kali clorat
HClO4 Axit pecloric
KClO4 kali peclorat
Tt c hp cht cha oxi ca clo iu l cht xiha mnh.
1.NC ZAVEN l hn hp gm NaCl, NaClO v H2O c tnh xi ha mnh, c tnh ty mu,
c iu ch bng cch dn kh Clo vo dung dch NaOH (KOH)
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
NaClO + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HClO ( c tnh ty mu)
(Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O)
2.KALI CLORAT cng thc phn t KClO3 l cht xiha mnh thng dng iu ch O2 trong
phng th nghim
2t
2KClO3 MnO

2KCl + O2
0

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh

H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

KClO3 c iu ch khi dn kh clo vo dung dch kim c c un nng n 1000c

0

3Cl2 + 6KOH 100

5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O

3.CLORUA VI cng thc phn t CaOCl2 l cht xiha mnh, c iu ch bng cch dn clo
vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 c: Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 + H2O
Nu Ca(OH)2 long: 2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 CaCl2 + Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O
4.AXIT HIPOCLOR : HClO
L mt axit yu , yu hn c axit cacbonic. Nhng n c tnh oxyho rt mnh.
CO2 + H2O + NaClO NaHCO3 + HClO
HClO HCl + O
4HClO + PbS 4HCl + PbSO4
5.AXIT CLOR : HClO2
L mt axit yu nhng mnh hn hipoclor v c tnh oxyho mnh c iu ch theo
phng trnh.
Ba(ClO2)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HClO2
6.AXIT CLORIC : HClO3
- L mt axit mnh tng t nh axit HCl , HNO3 v c tnh oxyho.
- Mui clorat c tnh oxyho, khng b thu phn.
7.AXIT PECLORIC : HClO4
- Axit pecloric l axit mnh nht trong tt cat cc axit. N c tnh oxyho , d b nhit phn
0

t
2HClO4
H2O + Cl2O7
Tng kt v cc axit cha oxy ca clo
Chiu tng tnh bn v tnh axit
HClO
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
Chiu tng tnh oxyho
VI. FLO l cht oxiha mnh, tham gia phn ng vi hu ht cc n cht v hp cht to florua
vi s oxyho -1.( k c vng)
1. Ho tnh
a.TC DNG KIM LOI & PHI KIM
Ca + F2 CaF2
2Ag + F2 2AgF
3F2 + 2Au 2AuCl3
3F2 + S SF6
b.TC DNG VI HIDRO phn ng xy ra mnh hn cc halogen khc , hn hp H2 , F2 n
mnh trong bng ti.
H2 + F2 2HF
Kh HF tan vo nc to dung dch HF. Dung dch HF l axit yu, c bit l ha tan c SiO2
0

t
4HF + SiO2
2H2O + SiF4 (s n mn thy tinh c ng dng trong k thut khc
trn knh nh v tranh khc ch).
c.TC DNG NC kh flo qua nc s lm bc chy nc (do gii phng O2).
2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2
Phn ng ny gii thch v sao F2 khng y Cl2 , Br2 , I2 ra khi dung dch mui hoc axit
trong khi flo c tnh oxiha mnh hn .
2.iu ch HF bng phng php sunfat

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh

H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 21

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
t
CaF2(tt) + H2SO4()
CaSO4 + 2HF
Hp cht vi oxi : OF2
2F2 + 2NaOH 2NaF + H2O + OF2 ;OF2 l cht c tnh c v tnh oxyho mnh
VII. BRM V IT l cc cht xiha yu hn clo.
1.TC DNG VI KIM LOI to mui tng ng
0

2Na + Br2
2Na + I2

t
2NaBr

t
2NaI

t
2Al + 3Br2
2AlBr3
0

t
2Al + 3I2
2AlI3
2.TC DNG VI HIDRO
non
g
H2 + Br2 un
2HBr

H 2 + I2
2 HI phn ng xy ra thun nghch.
hot ng gim dn t Cl Br I
Cc kh HBr, HI tan vo nc to dung dich axit
H O ddaxit HBr
H O dd axit HI.
HBr +
HI +
2
2

V mnh axit th li tng dn t HCl < HBr < HI

Br2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O 2HBrO3 + 10HCl
Cc axit HBr , HI c tnh kh mnh c th kh c axit H2SO4 c
2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + H2O
8HI + H2SO4 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O
2HI + 2FeCl3 FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl
VIII. NHN BIT dng Ag+ (AgNO3) nhn bit cc gc halogenua.

AgCl (trng)
Ag+ + Cl-
+
Ag + Br
AgBr (vng nht)

a
(2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2 )
Ag+ + I-
AgI (vng m)

I2 + h tinh bt xanh lam

NHN BIT MT S HP CHT V C
I. Nhn bit mt s anion ( ion m)
CHT
THUC
DU HIU
PHNG TRNH PHN NG
TH
TH
Cl
Dung dch
- Kt ta trng
Ag+ + X- AgX
BrAgNO3
- Kt ta vng nht
( ho en ngoi nh sng do phn ng
I
- Kt ta vng
2AgX 2Ag + X2)
3PO4
- Kt ta vng
3Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4
2SO4
BaCl2
- Kt ta trng
Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4
SO32Dung dch
- Phai mu dd KMnO4
SO32- + 2H+ H2O + SO2
HSO3HCl hoc
- Phai mu dd KMnO4
HSO3- + H+ H2O + SO2
CO32H2SO4 long - Khng mi
CO32-+ 2H+ H2O + CO2
HCO3- Khng mi
HCO3-+ H+ H2O + CO2
2S
- Mi trng thi
S2-+ 2H+ H2S
H2SO4
- Kh khng mu ho nu
NO3- + H2SO4 HNO3 + HSO4NO3v vn Cu
trong khng kh.
3Cu+8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)3 +2NO + 4H2O
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 22

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

SiO32-

Axt mnh

- kt ta keo trng

II. Nhn bit mt s cht kh .

CHT
THUC
KH
TH
Cl2
- dd KI + h tinh bt

DU HIU
- ho xanh m

- dd KMnO4 ( tm)

- mt mu tm

- dd Br2 ( nu )
- dd CuCl2
- ngi mi
- tn que dim
- dd KI + h tinh bt

- mt mu nu
- kt ta en
- mi trng thi
- bng chy
- ho xanh m

H2

- kim loi Ag
- t, lm lnh

CO2
CO

- dd Ca(OH)2
- dd PdCl2

- ho xm en
- c hi nc
Ngng t
- dd b c
- dd b sm mu

NH3

- qu m
- HCl c
- khng kh
- H2O, qu m

- ho xanh
- khi trng
- ho nu
- dd c tnh axit

SO2
H2S
O2
O3

NO
NO2

3. Nhn bit mt s cht kh .

CHT
THUC
KH
TH
- dd KMnO4
SO2
( tm)
- dd Br2
( nu )
H2S
- dd CuCl2
- ngi mi
O2
- tn que dim

DU HIU
- mt mu tm
- mt mu nu

2NO + O2 2NO2
SiO32- + 2H+ H2SiO3 ( kt ta)

PHNG TRNH PHN NG

Cl2 + 2I- 2Cl- + I2
(I 2 + h tinh bt mu xanh m)
5SO2+ 2KMnO4 + 2H2O
2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4 .
SO2 + Br2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr
- H2S + CuCl2 CuS + 2HCl
Mu en
2KI + O3 + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2
(I 2 + h tinh bt mu xanh m)
2Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2
2H2 + O2 2H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
CO + PdCl2 + H2O CO2 + Pd + 2 HCl
Mu en
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
2NO + O2 2 NO2 ( mu nu)
NO2 + H2O HNO3 + NO

PHNG TRNH PHN NG

5SO2+ 2KMnO4 + 2H2O
2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4 .
SO2 + Br2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr

- kt ta en
- mi trng thi
- bng chy

- H2S + CuCl2 CuS + 2HCl

Mu en

- dd KI + HTB

- ho xanh m

- kim loi Ag

- ho xm en

2KI + O3 + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2

(I 2 + h tinh bt mu xanh m)
2Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2

O3

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh

H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 23

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

Chng 6: OXI LU HUNH

I. V TR, CU TO.
Cc nguyn t thuc PNC nhm VI gm 8O 16S 34Se 52Te 84Po c 6 electron ngoi cng do
d dng nhn 2e t cu hnh bn vng ca kh him. Vy tnh xiha l tnh cht ch yu.
Cu to nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm VIA .
- Ging nhau : u c 6e lp ngoi cng, c 2 c thn ( vit cu hnh e theo orbitan). s
oxiho -2 trong hp cht c m in nh hn ( kim loi, hir )
- Khc nhau: Tr O , cc nguyn t cn li S , Se, Te trng thi kch thch c th xut hin
4 hoc 6 e c thn iu ny gii thch s oxiho + 4 hoc + 6 ca S,Se,Te trong cc hp cht vi
cc nguyn t c m in ln hn ( oxi , flo )
- Ngoi tnh oxiho S,Se,Te cn c kh nng th hin tnh kh.
16
8

II. XI trong t nhin c 3 ng v

17
8

18
8

O , Oxi l mt phi kim hot ng v l mt cht

1 +2

xiha mnh v th trong tt c cc dng hp cht , oxi th hin s oxi ho 2 (tr : F2 O, H 2 O2 cc

1

peoxit Na 2 O 2 ),duy tr s sng , s chy.

Tc dng hu ht vi kim loi (tr Au v Pt), cn c t0 to xit
o

t
2Mg + O2
2MgO

Magi oxit

t
4Al + 3O2
2Al2O3

Nhm oxit

t
3Fe + 2O2
Fe3O4
Oxit st t (FeO, Fe2O3)
Tc dng hu ht vi phi kim (tr halogen), cn c t0 to ra oxit
o

t
S + O2
SO2
o

t
C + O2
CO2
o

t
N2 + O2
2NO t0 khong 30000C hay h quang in
Tc dng vi H2 (n mnh theo t l 2 :1 v s mol), t0
o

t
2H2 + O2
2H2O
Tc dng vi cc cht c tnh kh.

2SO2
CH4

+
+

O2
2O2

V2O5 ,300 C

2SO3

t
CO2 + 2H2O

Tc dng vi cc cht hu c.
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
C2H5OH + O2 lenmemgiam
CH3COOH + H2O
III. ZN l dng th hnh ca oxi v c tnh xha mnh hn O2 rt nhiu
O3 + 2KI + H2O
I2 + 2KOH + O2 (oxi khng c)
Do to ra KOH nn O3 lm xanh qu tm dd KI (dng trong nhn bit ozon)
2Ag + O3
Ag2O + O2 (oxi khng c phn ng)
IV. HIR PEOXIT : L cht c 2 kh nng l c tnh oxiho v c tnh kh.
Tnh oxiho: H2O2 + 2KI I2 + 2KOH
H2O2 + KNO2 KNO3 + H2O

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh

H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 24

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

Tnh kh :

H2O2 + Ag2O 2Ag + O2 + H2O

5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
V. LU HUNH l cht xiha nhng yu hn O2, ngoi ra S cn ng vai tr l cht kh khi tc
dng vi oxi ( phn tch da trn dy s oxiho ca S )
S l cht oxiha khi tc dng vi kim loi v H2 to sunfua cha S2Tc dng vi nhiu kim loi (c t0,to sn phm ng s oxy ho thp ca kim loi)
o

Fe + S0

FeS-2

Zn + S0

st II sunfua

ZnS-2 km sunfua

Hg + S
HgS-2 thy ngn sunfua, phn ng xy ra t0 thng

Tc dng vi H2: to hidro sunfua mi trng ung ( trng thi )

o

t
H2 + S
H2S-2
hidrosunfua
S l cht kh khi tc dng vi cht xiha to hp cht vi soh dng (+4, +6)
Tc dng vi phi kim (tr Nit v Iod)
o

S + O2

SO2

kh sunfur, lu hunh ixit, lu hunh (IV) xit.

S + 3F2
SF6
Ngoi ra khi gp cht xiha khc nh HNO3 to H2SO4
VI. HIDRSUNFUA (H2S) l cht kh mnh v trong H2S lu hunh c s oxi ho thp nht (-2),
tc dng hu ht cc cht xiha to sn phm ng vi soh cao hn.
Tc dng vi oxi c th to S hoc SO2 ty lng xi v cch tin hnh phn ng.
t0

2H2S + 3O2 2H2O + 2SO2 (d xi, t chy)

0

t tthap
2H2S + O2 2H2O + 2S
(Dung dch H2S trong khng kh hoc lm lnh ngn la H2S ang chy)
Tc dng vi clo c th to S hay H2SO4 ty iu kin phn ng
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O 8HCl + H2SO4
H2S + Cl2 2 HCl + S (kh clo gp kh H2S)
Dung dch H2S c tnh axit yu 2 nc : Khi tc dng dung dch kim c th to mui axit
hoc mui trung ho
1:1
H2S + NaOH
NaHS + H2O
::2
H2S + 2NaOH 1
Na2S + 2H2O
VII. LU HUNH (IV) OXIT cng thc ha hc SO2, ngoi ra c cc tn gi khc l lu
hunh dioxit hay kh sunfur, hoc anhidrit sunfur.
+4

Vi s oxi ho trung gian +4 ( S O2). Kh SO2 va l cht kh, va l cht oxi ho v l

mt oxit axit.
+4
+6
SO2 l cht kh ( S - 2e S )
Khi gp cht oxi ho mnh nh O2, Cl2, Br2 : kh SO2 ng vai tr l cht kh.
+4

2 S O2

V2O5 ,300 C
O2
2SO3

+4

+6

S O 2 + Cl2 + 2H2O 2HCl + H2 S O 4

+4

5 S O 2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 25

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
+4
0
SO2 l cht oxi ho ( S + 4e S ) Khi tc dng cht kh mnh
+4

S O 2 + 2H2S 2H2O + 3 S

+4

+ Mg MgO
S O2
Ngoi ra SO2 l mt oxit axit

1:1
SO2 + NaOH
NaHSO3 (

nNaOH

2)

nSO2

1:2
SO2 + 2 NaOH
Na2SO3 + H2O (

nNaOH

1)

nSO2

mol
NaHSO3 : x
< 2 th to ra c hai mui
mol
nSO2
Na2 SO3 : y
VIII. LU HUNH (VI) OXIT cng thc ha hc SO3, ngoi ra cn tn gi khc lu hunh tri
oxit, anhidrit sunfuric.
L mt xit axit
Tc dng vi H2O to axit sunfuric
SO3 + H2O H2SO4 + Q
SO3 tan v hn trong H2SO4 to leum : H2SO4.nSO3
Tc dng vi baz to mui
SO3 + 2 NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
IX. AXT SUNFURIC H2SO4 trng thi long l mt axit mnh, trng thi c l mt cht
xiha mnh.
dng long l axt mnh lm qu tm, tc dng kim loi(trc H2) gii phng H2, tc
dng baz, oxit baz v nhiu mui.
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- l qu tm ho mu .
H2SO4 + Fe FeSO4 + H2
H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
H2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 HCl
H2SO4 + Na2SO3 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
H2SO4 + CaCO3 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
dng c l mt cht xiha mnh
Tc dng vi kim loi: oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au v Pt) to mui ho tr cao v
thng gii phng SO2 (c th H2S, S nu kim loi kh mnh nh Mg ).
Nu 1<

nNaOH

t
2Fe + 6 H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3+ 3SO2+ 6H2O
0

t
Cu + 2 H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2+ 2H2O
Al, Fe, Cr khng tc dng vi H2SO4 c ngui, v kim loi b th ng ha.
Tc dng vi phi kim (tc dng vi cc phi kim dng rn, t0) to hp cht ca phi kim ng
vi s oxy ho cao nht
0

t
2H2SO4() + C CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh

H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 26

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
0

t
2H2SO4() + S 3SO2 + 2H2O
Tc dng vi mt s cht c tnh kh.
0

t
FeO + H2SO4 () Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O
0

t
2HBr + H2SO4 () Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
Ht nc ca mt s cht hu c.
C12H22O11 + H2SO4() 12C + H2SO4.11H2O
X. NHN BIT MT S CHT LIN QUAN.
1. MUI SUNFUA V NHN BIT GC SUNFUA (S2- ) hu nh cc mui sunfua iu khng
tan, ch c mui ca kim loi kim v kim th tan (Na2S, K2S, CaS, BaS). Mt s mui khng tan
v c mu c trng CuS en, PbS en, CdS vng, SnS gch, MnS hng.
nhn bit S2- dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2
Pb2+ + S2- PbS ( en, khng tan trong axit, nc)
2. MUI SUNFAT V NHN BIT GC SUNFAT (SO42-)
C hai loi mui l mui trung ha (sunfat) v mui axit (hidrsunfat).
Phn ln mui sunfat tan, ch c BaSO4, PbSO4 khng tan c mu trng, CaSO4 t tan c
mu trng.
Nhn bit gc SO42- (sunfat) dng dung dch cha Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Pb2+
Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 ( kt ta trng, khng tan trong nc v axit)
XI. IU CH
0

t
1. IU CH XI : 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 (xc tc MnO2), iu ch trong PTN
Phn hu oxi gi hay nhit phn kalipemangenat
Trong CN chng ct phn on khng kh lng, in phn nc
( Vit cc ptp)
2. IU CH HIDRSUNFUA (H2S) :Cho FeS hoc ZnS tc dung vi dung dch HCl
FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S
t S trong kh hir
0

t
H2 + S H2S
3. IU CH SO2 c rt nhiu phn ng iu ch

O2

SO2

t
Na2SO3 + H2SO4()
Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
0

t
Cu +2H2SO4() CuSO4 + 2H2O +SO2
0

t
4FeS2 + 11O2
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
t ZnS, FeS, H2S, S trong oxi ta cng thu c SO2.

4. IU CH SO3 : 2SO2 + O2

V2O5 ,300 C
2 SO3 .

SO3 l sn phm trung gian iu ch axit sunfuric.

5. SN XUT AXIT SUNFURIC ( trong CN) T QUNG PYRIT ST FeS2
0

t FeS2

t
4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2

Oxi ho SO2

V2O5 ,300 C
2SO2 + O2
2SO3

Hp nc:

SO3 + H2O

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh

H tr kin thc h hc 10

H2SO4
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 27

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

T LU HUNH
t S to SO2:

S + O2

SO2
O

Oxi ho SO2

V2O5 ,300 C
2SO2 + O2
2SO3

SO3 hp nc

SO3 + H2O

H2SO4

Chng 7 : TC PHN NG CN BNG HO HC

I. Tc phn ng
1. Khi nim : Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc
cht sn phm trong mt n v thi gian.
2. Biu thc : Xt phn ng aA + bB cC + dD (* )
v : Tc trung bnh ca phn ng
(C C1 )
C
v=
= 2
; du + : Tnh theo cht sn phm ; du - : Tnh theo cht tham gia
t
(t 2 t1 )
C : Bin thin nng ca cht tham gia phn ng hoc cht sn phm
t : Bin thin thi gian.
3. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
a. Nng : Tng nng cht phn ng tc phn ng tng

Gii thch : Ta c

v = k . C Aa .C Bb

Trong :

v tc ti thi im nht nh
k hng s tc
CA,CB nng ca cc cht A,B.
b. Nhit : Tng nhit tc phn ng tng.
Gii thch : Theo Qui tc Van't Hoff : c tng nhit ln 10 oC th tc phn ng tng t 2 - 4
ln.
Biu thc lin h

t 2 t1
vt 2
= 10
vt1

trong = 2 4 ( nu tng 10oC )

c. p sut : i vi phn ng c cht kh, tng p sut tc phn ng tng

Gii thch : p sut cng ln th tch gim khong cch gia cc phn t cng nh tn s
va chm trong 1 n v thi gian nhiu s va chm c hiu qu tng tc phn ng tng.
d. Din tch b mt : Tng din tch b mt tc phn ng tng
Gii thch : Tng din tch b mt tng tn s va chm gia cc phn t s ln va chm c
hiu qu tng tc phn ng tng.
e. Cht xc tc:
nh ngha : Cht xc tc l cht lm bin i vn tc phn ng, nhng khng c mt trong thnh
phn ca sn phm v khng b mt i sau phn ng.
Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng ; khng lm chuyn dch cn bng.
Cht xc tc dng : Lm tng tc phn ng
Cht xc tc m ( cht c ch ) : lm gim tc phn ng.
II. Cn bng ho hc
1. Phn ng thun nghch, phn ng mt chiu
V d :
Ca + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2
Phn ng mt chiu
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 28

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO

Phn ng thun nghch

2. Cn bng ho hc
a. Khi nim : Cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc ca phn ng
thun bng tc phn ng nghch.
b. Biu thc: aA + bB cC + dD (* )
Kc : hng s cn bng.

[ C ] .[ D ]
[ A] a .[ B] b
C

Ta c : K c =

trong :

{A} ,{B}.. nng cc cht ti thi im cn bng

a,b,c,d h s cc cht trong phng trnh ho hc

Cc cht rn coi nh nng khng i v khng c mt trong biu thc.
Hng s cn bng ch ph thuc vo nhit khng ph thuc vo cc yu t khc.
3. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ho hc.
Nguyn l L Sa t li : Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng khi chu mt
tc ng t bn ngoi nh bin i nng , nhit , p sut th cn bng s chuyn dch theo
chiu chng l s bin i .
a. Nng : Tng nng cht tham gia phn ng cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun
v ngc li.
b. p sut : Tng p sut cn bng chuyn dch v pha c s phn t kh t hn, Gim p
sut cn bng dch v pha c s phn t kh nhiu hn.
c. Nhit : Tng nhit cn bng chuyn dch v chiu thu nhit, gim nhit cn bng
chuyn dch v chiu to nhit
H > 0 : Thu nhit
* Lu : H = H 2 H 1 nu
H < 0 : To nhit

III. Nhng ch quan trng

a. Cn bng ho hc l cn bng ng
Ngha l ti thi im cn bng c thit lp khng c ngha l phn ng dng li m vn xy ra
nhng tc ca phn ng thun bng tc phn ng nghch. ( vt=vn).
b.Khi bin i h s trong phng trnh ho hc biu din cn bng ho hc th hng s cn bng
cng bin i theo.
Th d :
2A + B C + D
Kcb
4A + 2B 2C + 2D
K'cb = (Kcb)2
IV . Cu hi v bi tp
1. Cho mt mu vi nng 10g vo 200ml dung dch HCl 2M. Tc phn ng thay i nh th
no nu:
a. Nghin nh vi trc khi cho vo ?
b. dng 100ml dung dch HCl 4M ?
c. tng nhit ca phn ng ?
d. Cho thm vo 500ml dung dch HCl 4M ?
e. Thc hin phn ng trong nghim ln hn ?
2. Cho H2 + I2 2 HI.
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 29

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

Vn tc phn ng thay i th no khi nng ca hiro tng gp hai ln.

3. Tc ca phn ng tng ln bao nhiu ln khi nhit ca phn ng tng t 20 oC 80oC.
Bit c tng 10oC th tc tng ln:
a. 2 ln
b. 3 ln
4. Cho phn ng tng hp NH3
N2 + 3H2
2NH3 H < 0 .
Cn tc ng nhng yu t no thu c nhiu NH3 nht ?
5. Cn bng ca phn ng sau s chuyn dch v pha no khi:
Tng nhit ca h.
H p sut ca h .
Tng nng cc cht tham gia phn ng.
a) N2 + 3H2 2 NH3 + Q.
CaO + CO2 Q.
b) CaCO3
c) N2 + O2 2NO + Q.
d) CO2 + H2 H2O + CO Q.
e) C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH + Q.
f) 2NO + O2 2NO2 + Q.
g) Cl2 + H2 2HCl + Q.
2SO2 + O2 Q.
h) 2SO3
6. Cho 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 + 44 Kcal.
Cho bit cn bng ca phn ng chuyn dch theo chiu no khi:
a. Tng nhit ca h.
b. Tng nng ca O2 ln gp i .
7. Cn bng phn ng CO2 + H2 CO + H2O c thit lp t0C khi nng cc cht trng
thi cn bng nh sau:
[ CO2] = 0,2 M; [H2] = 0,8 M ; [CO] =0,3 M; [H2O] = 0,3 M.
a) Tnh hng s cn bng ?
b) Tnh nng H2, CO2 ban u.
8. Cho phn ng PCl5 (k) PCl3 (k) + Cl2 (k)
C hng s cn bng 503oC l 33,33mol/lit . Tnh nng cn bng ca cc cht bit nng ban
u ca PCl5 l 1,5M v Cl2 1M
9. Cho phn ng thun nghch
N2 + O2 2NO c hng s cn bng 2400oC l Kcb = 35.10-4
Bit lc cn bng nng ca N2 v O2 ln lt bng 5M v 7M. Tnh nng mol/lit ca NO lc
cn bng v nng N2 v O2 ban u.
10. Xt cn bng : Cl2 (k) + H2 (k) 2HCl (k)
a. nhit no hng s cn bng l 0,8 v nng cn bng ca HCl l 0,2M. Tnh nng
ca Cl2 v H2 lc ban u, bit rng lc u lng H2 ly gp 3 ln Cl2.
b. Nu tng p sut ca h th c nh hng g n cn bng khng ? ti sao ?
11. Cho cn bng 2A(k) B(k) + C(k)
a. nhit no Kcb = 1/729. Tnh xem c bao nhiu % A b phn hu.
b. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng cng nhit trn khi c vit
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 30

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

A(k) 1/2B(k) + 1/2 C(k)

B(k) + C(k) 2A(k)
12. Xt cn bng sau : CaCO3 (r) CaO(r) + CO2(k) H > 0
Cn bng s chuyn dch nh th no khi bin i mt trong cc iu kin sau
- Tng nhit
- Thm lng CaCO3
- Ly bt CO2
- Tng p sut chung bng cch nn th tch ca h gim xung.
13. Trong qu trnh sn xut gang , xy ra phn ng
Fe2O3(r) + 3CO(r) 2Fe (r) + 3CO2 (k) H > 0
C th dng nhng bin php g tng tc phn ng ?
H > 0
14. Xt cn bng CO(k) + H2O(k) CO2(k) + H2
Bit rng nu thc hin phn ng gia 1 mol CO v 1 mol H2O th trng thi cn bng c 2/3 mol
CO2 c sinh ra. Tnh hng s cn bng cca phn ng ?

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh

H tr kin thc h hc 10

Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 31